WO2022173263A1 - Appareil et procédé de production d'hydrogène par reformage de déchets plastiques au moyen d'un chalumeau à plasma électromagnétique - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé de production d'hydrogène par reformage de déchets plastiques au moyen d'un chalumeau à plasma électromagnétique Download PDF

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WO2022173263A1
WO2022173263A1 PCT/KR2022/002173 KR2022002173W WO2022173263A1 WO 2022173263 A1 WO2022173263 A1 WO 2022173263A1 KR 2022002173 W KR2022002173 W KR 2022002173W WO 2022173263 A1 WO2022173263 A1 WO 2022173263A1
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reforming
hydrogen
torch
plasma torch
carbon dioxide
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PCT/KR2022/002173
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English (en)
Korean (ko)
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엄환섭
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엄환섭
주식회사 데이탐코리아
(주)우만이에스지
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Publication of WO2022173263A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022173263A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/342—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0238—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a carbon dioxide reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/042—Purification by adsorption on solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0861—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by plasma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for mass production of hydrogen by reforming waste plastics using an electromagnetic plasma torch, and more particularly, oxygen atoms, hydrogen oxide molecules, hydrogen atoms, carbon monoxide molecules, etc. It relates to an apparatus and method for mass production of hydrogen by reforming waste plastic using
  • ethylene is a compound in which two hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon atoms having double bonds.
  • Polyethylene is a complex compound in which countless ethylene molecules are connected.
  • vinyl chloride as shown in FIG. 1 , one hydrogen atom in an ethylene molecule is substituted with a chlorine atom.
  • PVC is a compound in which many of these vinyl chloride molecules are also connected and combined.
  • Vinyl chloride is flammable, toxic and known to cause cancer. It is said that 13 million tons of vinyl chloride are synthesized annually. However, when these dangerous substances are combined with polyvinyl chloride and transformed into polyvinyl chloride, they are considered non-toxic and are scattered around us, such as building materials, and these are returned to waste plastic and pollute the earth.
  • the present invention is to satisfy the above-mentioned needs, and an object of the present invention is to produce hydrogen by reforming waste plastics at a high temperature.
  • C 12 H 26 ⁇ C 5 H 11 + C 7 H 15 , C 12 H 26 ⁇ C 4 H 9 + C 8 H 17 , C 12 H 26 ⁇ C 3 H 7 + C 9 H 19 , and C 12 H 26 ⁇ C 2 H 5 + C 10 H 21 , etc. is split in one millionth of a second. So what about the molecules that are formed by decomposition of diesel? For example, the molecule C 10 H 21 decomposes into C 10 H 21 ⁇ C 2 H 4 + C 8 H 17 in 100 millionths of a second.
  • the flame temperature in the electromagnetic plasma torch is very high.
  • the center is 6,500 degrees Celsius, but the temperature drops towards the end of the flame.
  • Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0864695 describes the properties of vapor electromagnetic wave plasma flame.
  • 3 is a graph showing the density of oxygen (n O ) hydrogen (n H ) atoms and hydrogen oxide (OH) molecules (n OH ) as the temperature T g of the flame of the steam torch.
  • T g means the absolute temperature. It can be seen that the density of oxygen atoms in the flame at an absolute temperature of 2000K is 10 14 /cm 3 . When this amount of oxygen atoms attack the low molecular weight hydrocarbon compound, reformation can occur easily.
  • Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1166444 describes a carbon dioxide electromagnetic wave plasma torch.
  • the generation of oxygen atoms in the electromagnetic plasma torch flame made of carbon dioxide can be observed in FIG. 4 .
  • the density of oxygen atoms (n O ) is very high as 5 ⁇ 10 17 /cm 3 , and this density of oxygen atoms is formed in 1/100,000th of a second. Therefore, by injecting an electromagnetic plasma torch made using water vapor or carbon dioxide gas into a high-temperature reforming chamber, it is very easy to reform low molecular weight polyethylene waste plastic and mass-produce syngas.
  • polyvinyl chloride As shown in Figure 1, the structure of polyvinyl chloride is also similar to that of a light oil molecule, but only vinyl chloride molecules form a complex. will decompose In particular, it decomposes while releasing hydrogen chloride (HCl).
  • HCl hydrogen chloride
  • a vinyl chloride molecule decomposes itself into acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) and hydrogen chloride according to the reaction scheme C 2 H 3 Cl ⁇ C 2 H 2 + HCl, and the decomposition constant is shown in FIG. 5 . It decomposes within 1/1000 of a second even at an absolute temperature of 1400K in the reforming chamber. And acetylene is easily decomposed by the oxygen atom mentioned above.
  • the present invention provides a basis for improving the global environment by generating a large amount of active particles such as oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, hydrogen oxide molecules, carbon monoxide molecules, and the like, and using them for reforming waste plastics.
  • the present invention removes waste plastic polluting the earth by using active particles such as oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, hydrogen oxide molecules, etc. generated in large quantities.
  • the present invention produces hydrogen, the most environmentally friendly source of high-quality energy by reforming waste plastic pollutants that are destroying the global environment.
  • the present invention provides conditions for efficiently reforming general hydrocarbon compounds including biogas.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing chemical molecular formulas such as ethylene polyethylene vinyl chloride (Vinyl Chloride) polyvinyl chloride according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing the chemical molecular formula of light oil (Diesel) according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG 3 is a graph showing the density of oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and hydrogen oxide molecules in the flame of a steam plasma torch according to an embodiment of the present invention as a function of the temperature T g of the flame.
  • FIG 4 is a graph showing the density of oxygen atoms (n O ) and the time it takes to form the density (t half ) as a function of the temperature T g of the flame area in a carbon dioxide plasma torch flame according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the decomposition constant of vinyl chloride itself decomposed in the reforming chamber at a high temperature according to an embodiment of the present invention as a function of the temperature T of the reforming chamber.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an apparatus and method for producing hydrogen by reforming waste plastic with an electromagnetic plasma torch according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an apparatus and method for producing hydrogen by reforming waste plastic with an electromagnetic plasma torch according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • an apparatus and method for producing hydrogen by reforming waste plastics with an electromagnetic plasma torch include a waste plastic preprocessor 10, a reforming chamber 20, an electromagnetic torch system 30, It consists of an oxygen supply unit 40 , a heat exchanger 50 , a water gas reaction 60 and a PSA 70 .
  • the waste plastic preprocessor 10 pulverizes various incoming waste plastics or vinyl into small particles (pellets) and supplies them to the reforming chamber 20, or heats the waste plastic particles to 250 degrees Celsius to form a liquid reforming chamber ( 20) is supplied.
  • the reforming chamber 20 maintains a high temperature environment so that the waste plastic material supplied from the waste plastic preprocessor 10 is maintained at a high temperature while the waste plastic material is reformed by water vapor or carbon dioxide introduced from the electromagnetic torch system 30 .
  • the inner wall of the reforming chamber 20 is made of a material that can withstand a high temperature for a long time (one month or more).
  • the inner surface is coated with a heat-resistant ceramic material called HACT180 that can withstand up to 1800 degrees Celsius, and the next layer is a thermal insulation ceramic called INCT120.
  • Graphite which has a melting point of 3550 degrees Celsius, is also suitable as a heat resistor.
  • the electromagnetic torch system 30 generates a plasma torch flame using water vapor or carbon dioxide, and converts the torch flame in which a large amount of active particles such as oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, hydrogen oxide (OH) molecules, and carbon monoxide molecules are generated in the flame to the reforming chamber ( 20) is supplied.
  • the electromagnetic wave torch system 30 is composed of a magnetron, a power supply unit, a circulator, a directional coupler, a stub tuner, a waveguide, and a discharge tube. , and also transfers the high-temperature thermal energy contained in the torch to the reforming chamber 20 .
  • the electromagnetic wave torch system 30 generates a torch flame using expensive electric energy and provides it to the reforming chamber 20 . Therefore, there may be economic difficulties in providing all the energy required for reforming with the electromagnetic torch. Conversely, it is also possible to burn some of the energy-rich waste plastic material and provide it with some of the reforming energy.
  • the oxygen supply unit 40 supplies oxygen to the reforming chamber 20 to partially oxidize the waste plastic material, thereby procuring a portion of energy required for reforming.
  • the waste plastic material is reformed into syngas in the reforming chamber 20.
  • the temperature generally approaches 1,000 degrees Celsius.
  • the syngas temperature must be cooled through the heat exchanger 50 .
  • most of the waste plastic is polyethylene, a small amount of hydrogen chloride generated by the decomposition of polyvinyl chloride contained in some may be included in the syngas. So, hydrogen chloride is removed in the process through the heat exchanger 50 .
  • high-temperature steam is generated, and this steam is used when generating a steam torch in the electromagnetic wave torch system 30 .
  • Syngas sufficiently cooled in the heat exchanger 50 is converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen while passing through the water gas reaction (60) process.
  • the water gas reaction 60 also uses a portion of water vapor. Water gas reaction is carried out at 200 degrees Celsius or less.
  • the synthesis gas after the water gas reaction (60) is a mixed gas of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This synthesis gas is finally separated from carbon dioxide and hydrogen through a purification process called PSA (70). Part of the carbon dioxide generated here is used to generate a carbon dioxide plasma torch in the electromagnetic torch system 30 .
  • PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption
  • referred to here refers to the gas purification process.
  • polyethylene is modified with steam plasma.
  • Polyethylene the main component of plastics, is a complex in which numerous ethylene molecules are bound. So, for convenience of analysis, we will assume that it is a compound with N ethylene molecules attached. So, the chemical formula of this hypothetical molecule is (C 2 H 4 ) N. The enthalpy of this molecule is assumed to be -E kJ/mole. When reforming this compound with a steam torch, the comprehensive chemical reaction is
  • N means an integer number, not a nitrogen atom.
  • the enthalpies of water vapor and carbon monoxide were calculated to be -241.8 kJ/mole and -110.5 kJ/mole, respectively. Since carbon monoxide is converted into hydrogen by water gas reaction (60) CO + H 2 O ⁇ CO 2 + H 2 , 6N moles of hydrogen are generated by reforming 1 mole of the hypothetical compound.
  • the reforming chamber 20 of this size has an internal capacity of about 1.8 cubic meters, and the energy lost in the reforming process is about 140 kW. Most of the energy loss is the energy that syngas carries, and some of it is lost through conduction and the like. So, the energy required for the reforming process is (302.8+0.62E/N)kW.
  • the total energy input is independent of the number N and the enthalpy of the hypothetical compound -EkJ/mole. That is, it depends only on the energy of the carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • the hydrogen energy produced is 300 rubles when calculated as the enthalpy of water generated by the H 2 + (1/2)O 2 ⁇ H 2 O reaction -285.8kJ/mole (High Value: this value is generally adopted as the gasifier efficiency)
  • polyethylene is modified with carbon dioxide plasma.
  • the comprehensive chemical reaction is
  • DH (345N+E) kJ/mole, which is an endothermic reaction.
  • the enthalpy of carbon dioxide was calculated to be -393.5 kJ/mole.
  • 6N moles of hydrogen are generated per mole of the hypothetical compound.
  • the amount of hydrogen generated per mole of the polyvinyl chloride virtual compound is 5N moles.
  • the hypothetical number of moles of polyvinyl chloride required to produce 300 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour is 2678.6 moles, which corresponds to 0.74/N mole/s. So the required reforming energy is (126.7+E/N)kW.
  • the energy loss through reforming also increases by 20% to 168kW.
  • the energy to be input to the reforming chamber 20 is (294.7+E/N)kW.
  • the enthalpy of hypochlorous acid (HClO) was calculated to be -76.8 kJ/mole.
  • the energy input to polyvinyl chloride is (818-E/N)kW. Therefore, the energy input to the reforming chamber 20 including the reforming material is 1113 kW. If 60kW of energy required outside the reforming chamber 20 is added to this, the total is 1173kW.
  • the polyvinyl chloride required to produce 300 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour is 167 kg.
  • Example 1 would be realistic because most of the waste plastic is polyethylene and some polyvinyl chloride is introduced. However, even if a little polyvinyl chloride is mixed in the waste plastic, the generated hydrogen chloride must be removed from the heat exchanger (50).
  • PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption
  • N the number of ethylene molecules in the ethylene molecular complex

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un appareil et un procédé de production en masse d'hydrogène par reformage de déchets plastiques au moyen d'un chalumeau à plasma électromagnétique et, plus spécifiquement, concerne un appareil et un procédé de production en masse d'hydrogène par injection de vapeur ou de dioxyde de carbone dans un système de chalumeau à plasma électromagnétique pour reformer, avec une efficacité élevée, un composé de déchets plastiques dans une chambre de reformage à haute température au moyen de particules actives qui peuvent être générées dans une flamme de chalumeau telles que des atomes d'oxygène, des molécules d'oxyde d'hydrogène, des atomes d'hydrogène, des molécules de monoxyde de carbone et analogues. Les gaz de synthèse générés par le reformage dans la chambre de reformage sont principalement le monoxyde de carbone et l'hydrogène. Le monoxyde de carbone est converti en hydrogène par une réaction du gaz à l'eau, et l'hydrogène est raffiné par adsorption modulée en pression (PSA). Par conséquent, les déchets de vinyle et les déchets plastiques qui sont les plus fatals pour l'environnement de la Terre sont éliminés tandis que l'hydrogène, qui est l'une des sources d'énergie les plus écologiques, est produit.
PCT/KR2022/002173 2021-02-14 2022-02-14 Appareil et procédé de production d'hydrogène par reformage de déchets plastiques au moyen d'un chalumeau à plasma électromagnétique WO2022173263A1 (fr)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11814288B2 (en) 2021-11-18 2023-11-14 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Oxy-fuel heated hydrogen production process
US11859517B2 (en) 2019-06-13 2024-01-02 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Power production with cogeneration of further products
US11891950B2 (en) 2016-11-09 2024-02-06 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Systems and methods for power production with integrated production of hydrogen

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KR20130084585A (ko) * 2012-01-17 2013-07-25 송병무 플라즈마를 이용한 폐기물의 자원화장치
KR101546815B1 (ko) * 2014-09-29 2015-08-25 인하대학교 산학협력단 플라즈마를 이용한 폐기물 가스화 처리장치 및 방법
KR20160139154A (ko) * 2015-05-27 2016-12-07 엄환섭 전자파 수증기 토치를 이용한 수소 발생장치

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US11891950B2 (en) 2016-11-09 2024-02-06 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Systems and methods for power production with integrated production of hydrogen
US11859517B2 (en) 2019-06-13 2024-01-02 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Power production with cogeneration of further products
US11814288B2 (en) 2021-11-18 2023-11-14 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Oxy-fuel heated hydrogen production process

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