WO2022158440A1 - 薬物送達用組成物、その製造方法及びその用途 - Google Patents
薬物送達用組成物、その製造方法及びその用途 Download PDFInfo
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- 229960002110 vincristine sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005212 vindesine sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
- A61K47/6923—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being an inorganic particle, e.g. ceramic particles, silica particles, ferrite or synsorb
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- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/14—Type of nucleic acid interfering N.A.
- C12N2310/141—MicroRNAs, miRNAs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drug delivery composition that has high accumulation in target tissues/organs and sufficiently reduced accumulation in normal organs, a method for producing the same, and uses thereof.
- the calcium phosphate co-precipitation method is known as a non-viral nucleic acid introduction method into cells. Although this method has advantages such as low toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and simple operation, it has the disadvantage of low nucleic acid introduction efficiency and low expression efficiency.
- the pH in the endosome is acidic (approximately pH 5.5)
- the incorporated complex particles are exposed to changes in the external pH from around pH 7 to pH 5, thereby rapidly dissolving the complex particles and releasing the nucleic acid. release, resulting in high cell transduction efficiency.
- the present inventors finely dispersed the average particle size to 50 nm or less by subjecting conventional carbonate apatite particles to ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic cleaner that is commonly used for cleaning test tubes and the like.
- These microparticles markedly improve the efficiency of substance uptake into cells, and when intravenously administered to a tumor model mouse loaded with a drug having antitumor activity, the drug is efficiently delivered to the tumor tissue, while liposomes and Compared to atelocollagen, the accumulation in the liver and kidney is reduced, and we have succeeded in greatly improving the antitumor activity with a smaller amount of drug than before (Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 2).
- sCA apatite
- Non-Patent Document 2 since intravenous administration of sCA alone to cynomolgus monkeys caused liver dysfunction (Non-Patent Document 2), it was suggested that sCA still accumulates in normal organs such as the liver even when sCA is used. In addition, systems based on inorganic ions, typified by sCA, have a problem of low delivery efficiency of genes to lesions (Non-Patent Document 3).
- DDS drug delivery system
- An object of the present invention is to realize higher accumulation in lesions and reduction in accumulation in normal organs including the liver, thereby achieving a safe and effective therapeutic effect with a smaller amount of drug. It is to provide effective DDS technology.
- the present inventors have found that drug introduction using sCA still accumulates not only in target tissues/organs (e.g., cancer lesions) but also in normal organs such as the liver, spleen, and lungs, with particularly high accumulation in the liver. (Fig. 7).
- the present inventors focused on the fact that macroscopically micron-sized particles still exist even after particles with an average particle size of 50 nm or less account for the majority due to ultrasonic treatment (non Patent document 2). Therefore, intensive studies were conducted, including filtration of sCA particles, nanoparticle formation by laser, use of other crushing treatments, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification of the surface of sCA particles, but none of these methods can eliminate the residual giant particles. I didn't get it.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the present inventors did not pegylate the surface of the sCA particles, but incorporated PEG like a "nail" when the particles were formed, and combined it with a crushing treatment to achieve micronization.
- MicroRNA (miR-34a) was loaded on sCA to which a PEG derivative was added at the time of particle formation, and the sonicated product was added to miR-34a-sensitive colon cancer cells. It showed the same level of cytotoxicity as conventional washed sCA.
- the average particle diameter of the Covaris-treated particles measured by DLS was 650 nm, but when measured by AFM after being diluted 50 times, the fine particles were around 30 nm, and the volume of the particles measured by DLS accounted for the majority. Therefore, we thought that it would bring about the anti-tumor effect of nucleic acids, and verified it.
- size fractionation into particles of 10 to 50 nm, 50 to 200 nm and 200 to 1000 nm was performed, and the amount of nucleic acid (MIRTX: Non-Patent Document 5) loaded in each fraction was measured.
- MIRTX Non-Patent Document 5
- fractions and conventional sCA were intravenously administered to nude mice subcutaneously transplanted with MIRTX-sensitive pancreatic cancer cells, the fraction of 200 to 1000 nm had a nucleic acid amount that was 1/8 of the amount of nucleic acid loaded on sCA. Nevertheless, it inhibited tumor growth significantly more than conventional sCA. On the other hand, fractions with smaller particle sizes did not exhibit tumor growth inhibitory effects. From the above, the present inventors demonstrated that the fraction of 200 to 1000 nm is the substance of the antitumor effect. A new DDS prepared in this way was named cNaD1 (controlled inorganic nanoparticle Drug 1 ).
- Fluorescently labeled nucleic acids were loaded onto sCA or cNaD1 and administered intravenously to tumor-bearing mice, then the tumors and normal organs of the mice were excised, and fluorescence intensity was measured. At 1 dose, the tumor glowed in the same way as when sCA was administered, while the accumulation in normal organs including the liver was greatly reduced compared to sCA.
- cNaD1 exhibited a therapeutic effect superior to that of sCA with a significantly smaller amount of nucleic acid than sCA
- the present inventors used a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 2000 to incorporate the PEG derivative during particle formation.
- a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 2,000 was used, it showed a single peak with an average particle size of 740 nm in DLS, without the need for ultrasonication or fractionation using a hollow fiber membrane. It could be used as a carrier for delivery.
- cNaD2 particles prepared using a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 2000 were named cNaD2.
- the PEG derivative used here is a derivative in which one end is methylated and the other end is added with an ester of carboxylic acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and has a property of being easily hydrolyzed.
- the present inventors thought that the terminal 5-membered ring was unnecessary because the amount of nucleic acids in the particles increased as the hydrolysis progressed, and synthesized a PEG derivative with a free carboxylic acid terminal from monomethylated PEG. , was used to make particles and compare the nucleic acid loading with cNaD2. As a result, particles made with any of the synthesized monomethylmonocarboxylic acid PEGs could be loaded with nucleic acids equivalent to or greater than cNaD2. Fluorescence-labeled nucleic acids were mounted on particles made using PEG monomethylmonocarboxylate, and the accumulation in tumors and livers after administration to tumor-bearing mice was investigated. , and accumulation in the liver was markedly reduced. On the other hand, when ordinary PEG without a terminal carboxylic acid was used, tumor specificity was as low as or lower than that of sCA.
- the PEG used for cNaD is preferably a PEG derivative having one or more carboxylic acids at the end.
- these particles cNaD3 to cNaD6
- these particles were loaded with fluorescent nucleic acids and intravenously administered to tumor-bearing mice, similar to cNaD1 and cNaD2, they showed excellent tumor accumulation and normal organs such as the liver. It was confirmed that the accumulation was reduced.
- the inventors have completed the present invention based on these findings.
- [Section 1] A composition containing carbonate apatite particles loaded with a drug, wherein the particles have an average particle size of greater than 500 nm and no greater than 1000 nm, and polyethylene glycol having one or more carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof or salts thereof at the ends.
- PEG polyethylene glycol having one or more carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof or salts thereof at the ends.
- PEG polyethylene glycol having one or more carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof or salts thereof at the ends.
- a composition characterized in that primary particles are formed in the presence of a (PEG) derivative, and the PEG derivative is incorporated into the primary particles.
- PEG polyethylene glycol having one or more carboxylic
- a method for producing the composition according to item 1, comprising subjecting carbonated apatite particles loaded with a drug and a PEG derivative to ultrasonication using a single-point concentrated ultrasonic irradiation device.
- Carbonated apatite particles loaded with a drug and a PEG derivative are prepared by mixing a first solution containing the drug and calcium ions, a second solution containing phosphate ions and bicarbonate ions, and the PEG derivative.
- Item 9. The method of Item 9.
- [Item 11] 11.
- the method of claim 9 or 10 further comprising concentrating the composition of claim 1 using a hollow fiber membrane.
- a composition for drug delivery comprising the composition according to any one of Items 1 to 8.
- Item 13 Item 13.
- [Item 14] 13 A drug delivery composition according to Item 12, wherein the drug has anti-inflammatory activity and the target tissue is an inflamed tissue.
- a composition is provided.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing changes in particle size due to ultrasonic treatment of carbonate apatite particles formed in the absence of a PEG derivative.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing changes in particle size due to ultrasonic treatment of carbonate apatite particles formed in the presence of a PEG derivative (SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the effect of the amount of PEG derivative (SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS) added on particle formation.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of agarose gel electrophoresis for verifying nucleic acids in particles after sonication and wet crushing.
- FIG. 4 shows that the cytotoxicity of miR-34a is equivalent regardless of the presence or absence of the addition of PEG derivatives, even if the sonication method is changed.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the measurement results of nucleic acid (MIRTX) loading of each size fraction of sCA-MIRTX and PCANP-MIRTX.
- MIRTX is a microRNA having antitumor activity described in Non-Patent Document 5.
- FIG. 4 shows the antitumor effects of MIRTX-loaded sCA and PCANP-MIRTX size fractions.
- FIG. 2 shows the uptake of Alexa750-labeled NC (Negative Control) siRNA loaded on 200-1,000 nm size fractions of sCA and PCANP into tumors and normal organs.
- FIG. 2 shows the particle size of PCANP (200-1000 nm).
- FIG. 3 shows the therapeutic effect of miR-136 loaded on sCA and cNaD2 on colon cancer DLD1.
- FIG. 2 shows the therapeutic effect of cNaD2-mounted microRNA on a large tumor (600 mm 3 ) prepared from colon cancer patient-derived PDX (patient derived xenograft).
- FIG. 2 shows the therapeutic effect of cNaD2-mounted Sdc4 siRNA on cancer stem cell model cells prepared from pancreatic cancer Panc-1.
- FIG. 1 shows nucleic acid accumulation in tumors 1 hour after administration of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded onto sCA or cNaD2 to tumor-bearing mice.
- FIG. 1 shows nucleic acid accumulation in tumors 1 hour after administration of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded onto sCA or cNaD2 to tumor-bearing mice.
- FIG. 4 shows nucleic acid accumulation in normal organs 4 hours after administration of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded onto sCA or cNaD2 to tumor-bearing mice.
- FIG. 2 shows the particle size of cNaD2.
- FIG. 3 shows a comparison of nucleic acid loadings of carbonate apatite particles (sCA-C1-Iris, sCA-C1-Hamari), cNaD2 and sCA prepared in the presence of PEG monomethylmonocarboxylate.
- the upper row shows the amount of nucleic acid per amount of particles, and the lower row shows the amount of nucleic acid per amount of Ca.
- PEG monomethyl monocarboxylate Handai-C1, Hamari-C1
- sCA and sCA surface-modified PEG particles Pegylation
- PEG monomethyl monocarboxylate Handai-C1, Hamari-C1
- HO-PEG-OH HO-PEG-OH
- sCA and sCA surface-modified PEG particles Pegylation
- FIG. 16-1 is a diagram showing changes over time in FIG.
- FIG. 16-3 is a diagram showing changes over time in FIG. 16-3.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the ratio ( ⁇ g/mg) of nucleic acids and calcium constituting sCA, PEG-modified particles of sCA (pegylation), and particles of cNAD3 to cNAD6.
- Carbonate apatite particles (cNaD6) prepared in the presence of PEG dicarboxylate show the same accumulation in tumor and liver as carbonate apatite particles (cNaD3) prepared in the presence of monomethylmonocarboxylate PEG. be.
- FIG. 3 shows the therapeutic effect of MIRTX loaded on cNaD3 against colon cancer DLD1.
- FIG. 4 shows the uptake of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded on sCA, freshly prepared or lyophilized cNaD3 into mouse subcutaneous tumors and liver.
- FIG. 4 shows nucleic acid accumulation in inflamed joints of the extremities 40 minutes after administration of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded onto sCA or cNaD1 to rheumatoid arthritis model mice.
- FIG. 2 shows nucleic acid accumulation in the liver 45 minutes after administration of Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA loaded onto sCA or cNaD1 to rheumatoid arthritis model mice.
- the present invention provides a composition containing carbonated apatite particles loaded with a drug, wherein the particles have an average particle diameter of more than 500 nm and 1000 nm or less, primary particles are formed in the presence of a PEG derivative, and the A composition (hereinafter also referred to as "the composition of the present invention") is provided, characterized in that a PEG derivative is incorporated into primary particles.
- Carbonated apatite and carbonated apatite particles that can be used in the present invention are known.
- Carbonic apatite has a chemical structure in which some of the hydroxyl groups (OH ⁇ ) of hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) are replaced with carbonate groups (CO 3 2 ⁇ ), and has the general formula It can be represented by Ca 10-m X m (PO 4 ) 6 (CO 3 ) 1-n Y n .
- X may be any element as long as it can partially replace Ca in carbonate apatite, and examples thereof include Sr, Mn, and rare earth elements.
- m is usually a positive number of 0 or more and 1 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.1 or less, more preferably 0 or more and 0.01 or less, and still more preferably 0 or more and 0.001 or less.
- Y is a unit capable of partially substituting CO 3 in carbonate apatite, and examples thereof include OH, F, and Cl.
- n is usually a positive number of 0 or more and 0.1 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.01 or less, more preferably 0 or more and 0.001 or less, still more preferably 0 or more and 0.0001 or less .
- Carbonate apatite particles can be obtained according to a known method. For example, it can be obtained by preparing an aqueous solution containing calcium ions, phosphate ions and bicarbonate ions.
- concentration of each ion in the aqueous solution is not particularly limited as long as carbonate apatite particles are formed, and can be appropriately set with reference to the following.
- the calcium ion concentration in the aqueous solution is usually 0.1 mM or higher, preferably 0.5 mM or higher, and more preferably 1 mM or higher.
- the upper limit of calcium ion concentration is usually 1 M or less, preferably 100 mM or less, more preferably 10 mM or less.
- the phosphate ion concentration in the aqueous solution is usually 0.1 mM or higher, preferably 0.5 mM or higher, and more preferably 1 mM or higher.
- the upper limit of the phosphate ion concentration is usually 1 M or less, preferably 100 mM or less, more preferably 10 mM or less.
- the bicarbonate ion concentration in the aqueous solution is usually 1.0 mM or higher, preferably 5 mM or higher, and more preferably 10 mM or higher.
- the upper limit of the bicarbonate ion concentration is usually 10 M or less, preferably 1 M or less, more preferably 100 mM or less.
- the sources of calcium ions, phosphate ions, and bicarbonate ions are not particularly limited as long as they can supply these ions to the aqueous solution, but for example, salts of these ions can be added to the aqueous solution.
- CaCl2 or CaCl2.2H2O can be used as a calcium ion source
- NaH2PO4.2H2O can be used as a phosphate ion source
- NaHCO3 can be used as a carbonate ion source.
- the other substances can be added to the aqueous solution when forming the carbonated apatite particles.
- the "other substances” include any drug and PEG derivatives described below.
- the type of drug is not particularly limited, various physiologically active substances can be used when the carbonate apatite particles are used as carriers of substances to cells or living organisms.
- the term "loaded” includes a state in which the carbonate apatite particles and the other substance are adhered to each other in an arbitrary manner to form a complex in a state in which the other substance can be transported.
- Examples of the drug include nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, antisense nucleic acids, siRNA, miRNA, and aptamers, enzymes, peptides or proteins, polypeptides such as various peptide hormones, various anticancer agents, and treatment of central nervous system diseases.
- Drugs various antibiotics, drugs for peripheral nerve diseases, drugs for sensory organ diseases, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, drugs for respiratory system diseases, drugs for gastrointestinal diseases, hormone preparations, drugs for urogenital diseases, skin diseases
- Examples include, but are not limited to, therapeutic drugs, dental and oral disease therapeutic drugs, vitamins, nutritional tonics, cell activators, anti-allergic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the like. These drugs may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the drug when it is a nucleic acid, it may be DNA, RNA, or chimeric molecules thereof. Also, the nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double-stranded. Although the length of the nucleic acid is not particularly limited, small nucleic acid molecules such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), siRNA, miRNA, and aptamers are preferred.
- ASO antisense oligonucleotides
- siRNA siRNA
- miRNA miRNA
- aptamers are preferred.
- the drug can include compounds with antitumor activity.
- Cancer types that can be targeted by the compositions of the present invention are not particularly limited, and include any cancer.
- it may be cancer derived from epithelial cells, but it may also be non-epithelial sarcoma or blood cancer.
- gastrointestinal cancer e.g., esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, colon cancer (colon cancer, rectal cancer), liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct cell cancer), gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, anal cancer
- cancer of the urinary system e.g.
- Examples of compounds having antitumor activity incorporated in the composition of the present invention include alkylated compounds such as cyclophosphamide hydrate, ifosfamide, thiotepa, busulfaran, melphalan, nimustine hydrochloride, ranimustine, dacalpazine, and temozolomide.
- alkylated compounds such as cyclophosphamide hydrate, ifosfamide, thiotepa, busulfaran, melphalan, nimustine hydrochloride, ranimustine, dacalpazine, and temozolomide.
- Antimetabolites such as methotrexate, pemetrexed sodium hydrate, fluorouracil, doxifluridine, capecitabine, tagafur, cytarabine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, fludarabine phosphate, nelarabine, cladribine, levofolinate calcium; doxorubicin hydrochloride, daunorubicin hydrochloride, pralubicin, Antibiotics such as epirubicin hydrochloride, idarubicin hydrochloride, aclarubicin hydrochloride, amrubicin hydrochloride, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, bleomacin hydrochloride, pperomacin hydrochloride, dinostatin stimaramer, calicheamicin , vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, vindesine sulfate, paclitaxel, etc.;
- platinum agents Irinotecan hydrochloride hydrate, topotecan hydrochloride, etoposide, topoisomerase inhibitors such as sobuzoxan, corticosteroids such as prednisolone and dexamethasone, thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide, protease inhibitor bortezomib, etc. but not limited to them.
- a low-molecular-weight anticancer drug (eg, molecular weight of 1000 or less) can also be linked to a water-soluble polymer directly or via a hydrazone to form a high-molecular drug.
- a water-soluble polymer is not particularly limited, examples thereof include polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide (PHPMA), styrene/maleic acid copolymer, and the like.
- compounds having antitumor activity include, for example, anti-EGFR antibody, anti-CD40 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-HER2 antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody.
- antibodies such as anti-CD20 antibodies or fragments thereof, and sensitive substances that are targets of photodynamic therapy (eg, polymeric zinc protoporphyrin (P-ZnPP) and albumin-binding indocyanine green (ICG)).
- siRNA siRNA, shRNA, dsRNA, microRNA, antisense nucleic acid (antisense DNA, antisense RNA), stabilized artificial nucleic acid BNA, ribozyme, decoy nucleic acid, aptamer and the like.
- miRNAs having an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of cancer stem cells e.g., hsa-miR-136-5p, hsa-miR-3065-3p, hsa-miR-4727-5p, hsa-miR-378g, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-362-5p, hsa-miR-608) (WO2018/181877); miR4689 having excellent therapeutic effect on colorectal cancer, especially colorectal cancer with mutations in the KRAS gene and miR4685-3p (WO2015/133522); miR-29b, which has been shown to have an antitumor effect against various cancers such as bile duct cancer, lung cancer, and acute leukemia; KLF5 involved in carcinogenesis, cell cycle control miR-4711-5p that suppresses the expression of important TFDP1 and MDM2 (WO2020/246380); siRNA against syndecan 4
- nucleic acids are not limited to natural nucleic acids, as long as they have an activity equal to or greater than that of natural nucleic acids, and one or more nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence are substituted with other nucleotides, deleted/inserted or added. It may be a mutant nucleic acid containing.
- variants of miR-29b can include nucleic acids disclosed in WO2015/133521.
- the miRNA may be a mature miRNA, a hairpin precursor miRNA (pri-miRNA), or a pre-miRNA in which a part of the pri-miRNA is cleaved.
- the siRNA may also be a mature siRNA or a hairpin precursor (shRNA).
- the loop portion of pre-iRNA or shRNA may be substituted with an amino acid (eg, proline, glycine, lysine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, glycylglycine) derivative linker developed by Bonac.
- Nucleic acids mounted in the compositions of the present invention may be subjected to various modifications generally applied to nucleic acids, if necessary, in order to impart resistance to degradation by nucleases.
- modifications include, for example, modification of the sugar chain moiety such as 2'-O methylation; modification of the base moiety; modification of the phosphate moiety such as phosphorothioate, amination, lower alkyl amination, and acetylation. mentioned.
- the composition of the present invention can deliver a drug not only to tumor tissue but also to other disease sites, such as inflamed tissue, with high selectivity. Compounds with action can be mentioned.
- Inflamed tissue to which the compositions of the present invention can target is not particularly limited and includes sites of inflammation in any inflammatory disease.
- inflammatory diseases include various autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, scleroderma, polymyositis, Sjögren's syndrome, ANCA-associated vasculitis, Behcet's disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed cryoglobulinemia, polymorphism).
- Sclerosis Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia, type 1 diabetes, Basedow's disease, Hashimoto's disease, Addison's disease, IPEX, APS type-II, autoimmune myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, bronchial asthma, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, polyarthritic type of idiopathic juvenile arthritis, etc.) can include, but are not limited to.
- Compounds having anti-inflammatory activity are not particularly limited, and examples include steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., hydrocortisol, prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ethenzamide, diflunisal, loxoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, COX-2 inhibitors), antirheumatic drugs (e.g., gold sodium thiomalate, penicillamine, lobenzarit, auranofin, bucillamine, actarit, salazosulfapyridine, mizoribine, methotrexate, leflunomide, tacrolimus) , infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, tocilizumab, abatacept), etc., but any known anti-inflammatory drug or therapeutic drug for the above inflammatory diseases can
- miR-29a and miR-29b can be mentioned as miRNAs having therapeutic activity against inflammatory bowel disease (WO2018/199121).
- compositions of the invention loaded with CpG oligonucleotides can target cells infected with various pathogens.
- Infected cells to which the compositions of the invention can target are not particularly limited and include cells infected with any pathogen, including, for example, influenza virus, avian influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, SARS virus, AIDS virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, measles virus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, poliovirus, papillomavirus, herpes virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, cholera virus, rabies virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg Viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers such as disease, Lassa fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; , Rickettsia, Salmonella, etc.; Fungi such as Cryptococcus Aspergillus;
- pathogen including, for example, influenza virus, avian influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus
- composition of the present invention carries a CpG oligonucleotide and is used as a vaccine adjuvant
- the composition can also carry an antigen protein or peptide derived from the pathogen as a drug and as an active ingredient.
- the concentration of the drug in the aqueous solution used to prepare the carbonate apatite particles can be appropriately set according to the purpose of use.
- a compound having antitumor activity when used as a drug, it can be used at a concentration of, for example, 10-1000 ⁇ M, 20-500 ⁇ M, or 40-200 ⁇ M.
- a nucleic acid such as siRNA, it can be used at, for example, 0.1 to 1000 nM, 0.5 to 500 nM, or 1 to 200 nM.
- the formation of primary particles of carbonate apatite is carried out in the presence of a PEG derivative, resulting in the incorporation of the PEG derivative into the primary particles.
- the term "primary particles” refers to particles obtained by adding a drug and a PEG derivative to an aqueous solution containing calcium ions, phosphate ions and bicarbonate ions to form carbonate apatite particles. , the drug and the PEG derivative are loaded, but by subsequent treatment (e.g., sonication or size fractionation), the final form of the carbonate apatite particles contained in the composition of the present invention is transformed into the PEG derivative and its reaction product. (eg, hydrolyzate) may not be included.
- the PEG derivative is not particularly limited as long as it has one or more carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof or salts thereof at the terminal, and examples thereof include PEG derivatives represented by the following general formula.
- R 1 examples include a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a C 1-3 alkyl group (eg, methyl group), a C 1-3 alkoxy group (eg, methoxy group), an amino group, —COOR 2 ), and the like.
- R 2 examples include, in addition to a hydrogen atom, any substituent capable of forming an ester with a carboxylic acid (eg, NHS, p-nitrophenyl).
- PEG derivatives and reactants thereof eg, hydrolysis product
- COOR 2 is an ester derivative
- R 2 is preferably a substituent that readily non-enzymatically hydrolyzes to form a free carboxylic acid or a salt thereof (eg, alkali metal salt, ammonium salt, etc.).
- X 1 and X 2 include, for example, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, —Y—CO(CH 2 ) m — (m is an integer of 1 to 3), a C 1-5 alkyl group, a single bond, etc.
- Y is a single bond, C 1-3 alkyl group (eg, methyl group), C 1-3 alkoxy group (eg, methoxy group), amino group, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, C 1-3 alkylamino group ( Examples include ethylamino group), C 1-3 alkylthio groups (eg, ethylthio group), and the like, and the average particle size is larger than 500 nm during particle formation or after ultrasonic treatment if necessary. It is not limited to them as long as it can produce carbonate apatite particles of 1000 nm or less.
- the PEG derivative may have a branched structure with R 1 as a linker and the above general formula as a structural unit.
- the average molecular weight of the PEG derivative is not particularly limited, for example, the average molecular weight can be 1000-20000.
- the PEG derivative may have an average molecular weight of 1000-15000. Therefore, in the above general formula, n can be any integer that can give the average molecular weight.
- the PEG derivative may have an average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 10,000. As used herein, "about 2000” means 1500 or more and less than 2500, and "about 10000” means 9500 or more and less than 10500.
- the PEG derivative may have an average molecular weight of 1000-5000. If the molecular weight of the PEG derivative is within this range, carbonated apatite particles having an average particle size of more than 500 nm and less than or equal to 1000 nm can be obtained without ultrasonic treatment or size fractionation after primary particle formation. More preferably, the average molecular weight of the PEG derivative in this embodiment may be 1000-3000, more preferably about 2000.
- the PEG derivative is a compound having one or more terminal carboxylic acids or salts thereof.
- a drug e.g., nucleic acid
- the use of PEG derivatives having one or more terminal carboxylic acids or salts thereof advantageously allows formation of carbonate apatite particles immediately after dissolution of the derivatives.
- PEG derivatives used in the present invention include the following six types. 1. MeO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —CO(CH 2 ) 2 COO—NHS (average molecular weight 10000) 2. MeO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —CO(CH 2 ) 2 COO—NHS (average molecular weight 2000) 3. MeO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —CO(CH 2 ) 2 COOH (average molecular weight 2000) 4. MeO( CH2CH2O ) n- ( CH2 ) 2NHCO ( CH2 ) 2COOH ( average molecular weight 2000) 5. MeO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —CH 2 COOH (average molecular weight 2000) 6. HOOC(CH 2 ) 2 COO—(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —CO(CH 2 ) 2 COOH (average molecular weight 2000)
- the concentration of the PEG derivative in the aqueous solution used for producing carbonated apatite particles can be, for example, 0.25-4 mg/ml, preferably 0.5-3 mg/ml, more preferably 1-2 mg/ml.
- each ion source, drug, and PEG derivative is not particularly limited, and the aqueous solution may be prepared in any mixing order as long as the desired carbonated apatite particles are obtained.
- the aqueous solution may be prepared in any mixing order as long as the desired carbonated apatite particles are obtained.
- the third solution can be mixed simultaneously or sequentially to prepare an aqueous solution, but is not limited thereto.
- the aqueous solution for producing the carbonated apatite particles may contain components other than the above-described ion sources and other substances as long as the carbonated apatite particles are formed.
- Ca or CO 3 in the carbonate apatite may be partially replaced by adding fluoride ions, chloride ions, Sr, Mn, etc. into the above composition in an aqueous solution.
- the amounts of fluorine ions, chloride ions, Sr, and Mn to be added are preferably within a range that does not significantly affect the pH solubility and particle size range of the formed composite particles.
- an aqueous solution for producing carbonated apatite particles can be prepared using various media and buffers for cell culture.
- the carbonated apatite particles can be obtained by adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution containing each of the above ions to within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 and allowing it to stand (incubate) for a certain period of time.
- the pH of the aqueous solution when forming the carbonated apatite particles is preferably 7.0 or higher, more preferably 7.1 or higher, still more preferably 7.2 or higher, even more preferably 7.3 or higher, particularly It is preferably 7.4 or higher, most preferably 7.5 or higher.
- the pH of the aqueous solution when forming carbonated apatite particles is preferably 8.5 or less, more preferably 8.0 or less.
- the temperature condition of the aqueous solution when forming the carbonated apatite particles is not particularly limited as long as the carbonated apatite particles are formed.
- the upper limit of the temperature condition is usually 80°C or lower, preferably 70°C or lower.
- the incubation time of the aqueous solution for forming the carbonated apatite particles is not particularly limited as long as the carbonated apatite particles are formed. 60 minutes. The presence or absence of particle formation can be confirmed, for example, by observing under a microscope.
- the average particle size of the carbonate apatite particles contained in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is greater than 500 nm and 1000 nm or less, but preferably 600 nm to 800 nm.
- the average particle size can be measured by a dynamic scattering method (DLS) using a device known per se (eg, nanoparticle analyzer nanoPartica SZ-100V2 (manufactured by Horiba Ltd.), etc.).
- the particle size distribution by DLS exhibits a single peak.
- the incubation described above is followed by sonication and sizing.
- the amount of the PEG derivative or its reactant contained in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can generate carbonate apatite particles having an average particle size of more than 500 nm and 1000 nm or less. It is usually 0.5 to 2.5% by weight, preferably 1 to 2% by weight, and more preferably 1.2 to 1.8% by weight.
- the average particle size is more than 500 nm and 1000 nm or less, preferably 600 nm to 800 nm.
- Compositions containing certain subsets of carbonate apatite particles can be obtained.
- Covaris uses a frequency that is completely different from that of a general sonicator, and by concentrating the ultrasonic energy generated from a dish-shaped ultrasonic wave generator into one pole and irradiating it, it efficiently emits high output and stable energy. It is a special sonicator that has the characteristics that it can be used for sample processing.
- the ultrasonic irradiation conditions include, for example, Peak Incident Power (PIP): 250 W, Duty Factor (DF): 50%, Cycles per Burst (CPB): 200, Processing time: 1200 seconds, etc.
- PIP Peak Incident Power
- DF Duty Factor
- CPB Cycles per Burst
- Processing time 1200 seconds
- the ultrasonic treatment can be performed in the presence of albumin (that is, albumin added to the dispersion containing the carbonate apatite particles). This is because by performing ultrasonic vibration treatment in an environment where albumin and carbonate apatite particles coexist, carbonate apatite particles having a finer particle size can be obtained, and reaggregation of particles can be suppressed. is.
- albumin that is, albumin added to the dispersion containing the carbonate apatite particles
- the amount of albumin to be added to the dispersion containing carbonate apatite particles is not particularly limited as long as the effect of miniaturization and/or inhibition of reaggregation is obtained. ⁇ 10 mg/ml, more preferably 0.1 to 5 mg/ml can be added.
- Confirmation that a subset of carbonate apatite particles having an average particle size of more than 500 nm and 1000 nm or less was obtained by the above-described ultrasonic treatment was performed by measuring the particle size distribution by DLS and calculating the average particle size. Preferably, it can be carried out by confirming that the particle size distribution exhibits a single peak. It can also be carried out by observing and photographing the dispersion after ultrasonication using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to confirm whether a clear image of particles can be obtained.
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the dispersion liquid after ultrasonic treatment is diluted and analyzed using AFM, fine particles of about 30 nm can be confirmed when an appropriate concentration of PEG derivative is added.
- contamination with such fine particles may reduce the amount of nucleic acid loaded and adversely affect highly selective drug delivery to target tissues. Therefore, by size-fractionating the particles in the dispersion, a subset of carbonate apatite particles having a target average particle size of more than 500 nm and not more than 1000 nm (the peak area of the particle size distribution measured by DLS) is concentrated. Purification is preferred.
- a method for size fractionation for example, a method known per se such as ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography can be used, but preferably, a plurality of hollow fiber membranes can be used in combination.
- NOF SUNBRIGHT registered trademark
- ME-100CS which is a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 10,000
- a peak region appeared between 200 and 1000 nm in the particle size distribution after ultrasonic treatment measured by DLS. Therefore, using hollow fiber membranes with pore sizes of 1000 nm and 200 nm, the former excludes particles larger than 1000 nm, and then passes through the latter to exclude particles smaller than 200 nm, thereby concentrating the fraction with a particle size of 200-1000 nm. ⁇ Can be refined.
- the composition of the present invention obtained as described above has a remarkably increased drug-loading capacity per particle as compared with conventional sCA, which means that the drug can be delivered to target tissues such as tumors and inflamed tissues. is one of the reasons for increasing
- the drug is a nucleic acid such as miRNA
- composition of the present invention can be administered parenterally (for example, intravenous administration, arterial (internal administration, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, local injection, intraperitoneal administration, etc.).
- parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions containing antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostatic agents, tonicity agents and the like.
- aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may contain suspending agents, solubilizers, thickeners, stabilizers, preservatives and the like.
- the formulation can be enclosed in a container such as an ampoule or a vial in units of unit doses or multiple doses. It can also be lyophilized by a method known per se and stored in such a state that it can be dissolved or suspended in an appropriate sterile vehicle just before use.
- the composition of the present invention Compared to conventional sCA, the composition of the present invention has higher accumulation in target tissues such as tumors and reduced accumulation in normal organs such as the liver, resulting in sufficient treatment with a smaller amount of drug. Since it is effective, it can be used as a composition for in vivo drug delivery to mammals including humans.
- the content of carbonate apatite particles in the composition is, for example, 0.1 to 100% by weight of the total composition.
- the dosage of the composition of the present invention varies depending on the purpose of administration, administration method, type of disease, severity, and condition of the subject (sex, age, body weight, etc.). When administered, it is, for example, 0.02 mg/kg or more and 5 mg/kg or less, preferably 0.1 mg/kg or more and 5 mg/kg or less.
- composition of the present invention can be used to introduce drugs into cells in vitro. In that case, it can be carried out by adding the composition of the present invention to the culture medium of the cells of interest and culturing them.
- Target cells are not particularly limited, and any cells such as bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast, fungi, plant cells, insect cells, and animal cells can be used.
- Example 1 Creation of cNaD1 (controlled inorganic nanoparticle drug 1) and PCANP (PEG-dependent size-controlled carbonate apatite nanoparticle) (1) Preparation of carbonate apatite particles incorporating PEG derivatives 0.37 g of NaHCO 3 , 1 M NaH 2 PO 4.2H 2 O (90 ⁇ L) and 1 M CaCl 2 (180 ⁇ L) were added to dissolve.
- carbonated apatite particles containing no PEG derivative were similarly prepared. After incubation for 30 minutes, the amount of particles (turbidity) in the liquid was visually observed. When the PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 10,000 was added, particles were formed, although the amount of particles was slightly smaller than when the PEG derivative was not added. . On the other hand, when a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 2,000 was added, the particle size was clearly reduced. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, a PEG derivative with an average molecular weight of 10,000 was used, and the carbonate apatite particles were prepared with an incubation time of 60 minutes.
- Negative control miRNA-loaded carbonate apatite particles were left untreated or subjected to Senjyo ultrasonic treatment or Covaris ultrasonic treatment to investigate changes in particle size.
- the particle size was measured by the dynamic scattering method (DLS) using a nanoparticle analyzer (nanoPartica SZ-100V2) manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.
- the untreated or ultrasonically treated particles were photographed directly without dilution with an atomic force microscope (AFM) (compact atomic force microscope NaioAFM manufactured by Nanosurf). The results are shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2.
- Particles were formed by varying the amount of PEG derivative added to 25 mL buffer (25, 50, 100 mg), and observed by AFM after Covaris treatment and 50-fold dilution. As a result, when 25 and 50 mg of PEG derivatives were added, the particle sizes were measured to be 34 and 28 nm, respectively (Fig. 2). Therefore, in subsequent experiments, PEG derivatives were added at a concentration of 50 mg/25 mL unless otherwise specified.
- mPES modified polyethersulfone
- Pore size 1 ⁇ m, surface area: 95 cm 2
- Molecular weight cutoff 750 kD, surface area: 20 cm 2
- Molecular weight cutoff 100 kD, surface area: 20 cm 2 1) using hollow fiber membranes to remove particles larger than 1,000 nm and then using 2) hollow fiber membranes to remove particles smaller than 200 nm, corresponding to the peak area of cNaD1 measured by DLS Particle fractions between 200 and 1,000 nm were obtained.
- particles smaller than 200 nm are passed through the hollow fiber membrane of 3) to remove particles smaller than 50 nm to obtain a particle fraction of 50 to 200 nm, and particles smaller than 50 nm are passed through the hollow fiber membrane of 4).
- a particle fraction of 10-50 nm was obtained by removing particles smaller than 10 nm by passing through a filter.
- Particles in which cNaD1 is thus divided into different size fractions by hollow fiber membranes are sometimes called PEG-dependent size-controlled carbonate apatite nanoparticles (PCANPs).
- the nucleic acid amount of sCA-MIRTX was 28.5 ⁇ g, whereas the nucleic acid amount of PCANP-MIRTX was 3.5 ⁇ g (approximately one-eighth that of sCA-MIRTX) in 200-1,000 nm-sized particles. Nucleic acids in 50-200 nm and 10-50 nm size particles were below the detection limit. Nucleic acid content was also estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis, confirming the same results.
- MIRTX-sensitive pancreatic cancer cell panc1 was subcutaneously implanted in nude mice to form subcutaneous tumors (2 cells/mouse).
- the following 6 groups were compared for antitumor effect.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the PCANP-MIRTX (200-1000 nm) administration group had significantly smaller tumor weights on day 12 than the Control (non-administration) group, the sCA-miR NC administration group, and the sCA-MIRTX administration group (P values are ⁇ 0.01, ⁇ 0.01, ⁇ 0.05).
- the sCA-MIRTX administration group had significantly smaller tumors than the non-administration group, but no significant difference was observed between sCA-miR NC and sCA-miR NC.
- Neither the PCANP-MIRTX(50-200) administration group nor the PCANP-MIRTX(10-50) administration group showed a significant difference in tumor weight from the non-administration group and the sCA-miR NC administration group.
- a Senjyo-treated sample (sCA) of carbonate apatite particles loaded with fluorescently labeled nucleic acids with Alexa750 in the absence of PEG derivatives and a sample (sCA) processed with carbonate apatite particles loaded with fluorescent nucleic acids in the presence of PEG derivatives (SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS)
- Apatite particles were treated with Covaris and fractionated to a particle size of 200-1,000 nm (PCANP-MIRTX(200-1000)).
- Cancer cells HT-29 were administered through the tail vein of mice implanted. After 4 hours, the tumor and normal organs were excised and the fluorescence intensity was measured by IVIS. The results are shown in FIG.
- the fluorescent nucleic acid loaded on PCANP is one-eighth the amount of sCA (5 ⁇ g), and in tumors it glows in the same way as when the nucleic acid loaded on sCA (40 ⁇ g) is administered, whereas in normal tumors such as the liver The accumulation in organs was greatly attenuated compared to sCA.
- Particle size measurement The particle size distribution of PCANP (200-1000) was measured by DLS (using MALVERN's zeta potential measuring device Zetasizer Nano-ZS type), and the maximum peak was 717.4 nm. A single peak with an average particle size of 664.6 nm was obtained (Fig. 8).
- Example 2 Preparation of cNaD2 using a PEG derivative with a lower molecular weight
- PCANP(200-1000) has a reduced particle amount and nucleic acid amount compared to conventional sCA ( Figure 5) shows that when administered intravenously to mice, it accumulates in tumor tissue at levels equal to or greater than sCA and exhibits superior antitumor activity compared to sCA, while its accumulation in normal tissues is markedly reduced compared to sCA. was found (Figs. 6 and 7). Carbonated apatite particles with such new functions are called cNaD1 (controlled inorganic nanoparticle drug 1 ).
- Example 1 (1) when SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS (NOF Corporation) with an average molecular weight of 2,000 was used as the PEG derivative, the amount of carbonate apatite particles was significantly reduced. It was suggested that particles with properties similar to cNaD1 may be formed without the Therefore, we formed carbonate apatite particles cNaD2 loaded with nucleic acid in the presence of a PEG derivative (SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS), and evaluated its antitumor effect and tumor/normal organ accumulation.
- SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS NOF Corporation
- the amount of nucleic acid was 20 ⁇ g/dose for the sCA-administered group and 5 ⁇ g/dose for the cNaD2-administered group, on days 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, a total of 8 doses.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the sCA-136 group showed no significant suppression of tumor growth despite administration of four times the amount of nucleic acid as in the cNaD2-136 group.
- the tumor size and tumor weight were significantly reduced in the cNaD2-136 group, which received only 5 ⁇ g each time.
- the amount of nucleic acid that has been shown to have an antitumor effect with sCA-miRNA and sCA-siRNA so far was 40-50 ⁇ g, so by using cNaD2, even a mere 5 ⁇ g of nucleic acid has an antitumor effect. That is epoch-making.
- sCA-NC negative control miRNA
- sCA-miRNA miR-136 or MIRTX
- cNaD2-miRNA miR-136 or MIRTX
- mice and 6 tumors were used without administration of siRNA.
- a control group in which 20 ⁇ g/time of negative control siRNA loaded on sCA was intravenously injected in parallel was also set (3 mice, 6 tumors). The results are shown in FIG. cNaD2-Sdc4 siRNA markedly suppressed proliferation of supercancer stem cells.
- Tumor/organ accumulation PDX patient derived xenograft
- PDX patient derived xenograft
- 25 ⁇ g of negative control siRNA (NC siRNA) labeled with Alexa750 was loaded onto sCA. It was injected intravenously via the tail vein.
- N siRNA negative control siRNA
- Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA were loaded on cNaD2 and injected intravenously.
- IVIS was used to examine the accumulation of fluorescent nucleic acid in the tumor.
- cNaD2 was used, even at a dose of 5 ⁇ g of nucleic acid, the tumor accumulation increased more than when 25 ⁇ g of sCA was administered.
- nucleic acids in the blood is high, such as in the liver, so the accumulation of nucleic acids in normal organs was observed with IVIS 4 hours later.
- sCA accumulated in the liver, lung, kidney, and spleen, but cNaD2 showed almost no nucleic acid accumulation (Fig. 12-2). Comparing the average radiative efficiencies, when the same 25 ⁇ g of nucleic acid was administered, sCA accumulated more than 10 times more than cNaD2 in the liver and more than 4 times more in the lung and spleen.
- N siRNA negative control siRNA
- CaCl 2 total amount of Ca: 5.8 mg
- the nucleic acid load of cNaD2 increased with the passage of time after dissolution of the PEG derivative, and the amount of nucleic acid per amount of Ca (NA/Ca ratio) was particularly high two to three days after dissolution of the PEG derivative.
- the PEG derivative solution As the PEG derivative solution, the PEG derivative was dissolved in water, and after 15 minutes, 1 day, and 2 days, the same experiment was performed using three different solutions, and particles were formed in the absence of the PEG derivative.
- the case (sCA) and particle performance were compared.
- Table 4 shows the results.
- the nucleic acid loading of cNaD2 was remarkably higher than that of sCA, but the nucleic acid loading increased with time after dissolution of the PEG derivative, and the NA/Ca ratio was the highest two days after dissolution of the PEG derivative.
- Example 3 Production of cNaD (cNaD3-cNaD6) Using PEG Derivatives with a Terminal Carboxylic Acid (1) Nucleic Acid Loading Capacity of Particles Using Monomethylmonocarboxylic Acid PEG
- carboxylic acid and N - A PEG derivative having an ester with succinimide (NHS) was used, but the amount of nucleic acid in the PCANP2 particles formed increased with the passage of time after dissolution of the PEG derivative, indicating that the terminal ester was gradually hydrolyzed. , suggesting the possibility that the nucleic acid loading capacity of particles increases as the number of molecules with free carboxylic acids at their ends increases.
- monomethylmonocarboxylic acid PEG (C1-Iris, C1-Hamari) has a nucleic acid-loading capacity equal to or greater than that of cNaD2, and can load significantly more nucleic acids than sCA.
- Figures 15-1 and 15-2 show the results of administration with a constant amount of Ca (0.1 mg).
- Particles prepared using monomethylmonocarboxylic acid PEG Handai-C1, Hamari-C1 showed about three times the accumulation of sCA (Fig. 15-1).
- sCA monomethylmonocarboxylic acid
- PEG monomethylmonocarboxylate nucleic acid accumulation was low (Fig. 15-2). Comparing the average radiation efficiencies, PEG monomethylmonocarboxylate accumulated less than one-fifth of sCA in the liver.
- Table 5 shows the dosage in each group when the amount of Ca was kept constant. PEG monomethyl monocarboxylate gave a higher NA/Ca ratio and delivered more nucleic acid than sCA (Table 5).
- Figures 16-1 to 16-4 show the results of administering a constant amount of nucleic acid (15 ⁇ g). Nucleic acid concentration was measured using NanoDrop, and IVIS was used to confirm that the amount of fluorescence contained inside the particles was equivalent before administration. Particles prepared using monomethyl monocarboxylic acid PEG (Handai-C1, Hamari-C1) showed more than twice the accumulation of sCA in tumors after 1 hour (Fig. 16-1). After 4 hours, all tumor accumulations were attenuated (Fig. 16-2).
- cNaD4 CH3O ( CH2CH2O ) n- ( CH2 ) 2NHCO(CH2)2 - COOH ( average molecular weight 2000) 2 )
- cNaD5 CH3O ( CH2CH2O ) n - CH2COOH (average molecular weight 2000)
- cNaD6 HOOC( CH2 )2COO-( CH2CH2O ) n - CO( CH2 ) 2 - COOH (average molecular weight 2000))
- the ratio of nucleic acid uptake to calcium in the particles is cNaD4 (amide bond exists between PEG and carboxyl group) and cNaD3 (ester bond exists between PEG and carboxyl group).
- Particles (cNaD6) prepared using dicarboxylic acid PEG showed accumulation equivalent to cNaD3 (more than twice that of sCA), while sCA, Pegylation, and HO-PEG-OH groups showed accumulation in normal organs including the liver.
- cNaD6 the accumulation of nucleic acids was as low as with cNaD3. Comparing the average radiative efficiencies, in the liver, PEG dicarboxylate showed accumulation less than one-fifth that of sCA, similar to PEG monomethylmonocarboxylate.
- cNaD3 Carbonic apatite particles (cNaD3) loaded with MIRTX were prepared and administered to nude mice (4 mice, 2 tumors/mouse) subcutaneously implanted with MIRTX-sensitive colon cancer cells DLD1. Tumor effects were investigated. MIRTX-loaded cNaD3 was administered to mice through the tail vein on day 1 when the tumor size reached 60 mm 3 . A dose of 25 ⁇ g/dose of nucleic acid was administered on days 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, and 13 a total of 6 times. The results are shown in FIG. Significant reduction in tumor size was observed on day 15 in the cNaD3-MIRTX administration group compared to the non-administration group (Parent) (Fig. 19).
- Example 4 Accumulation of PCANP in Inflamed Tissue Carbonic apatite particles loaded with a negative control siRNA (NC siRNA) labeled with Alexa750 in the presence of a PEG derivative (SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS) were treated with Covaris (cNaD1-Alexa750), and human It was intravenously injected into the tail vein of SKG mice (purchased from CLEA Japan) that spontaneously develop autoimmune arthritis that is immunopathologically very similar to rheumatoid arthritis. For comparison, sCA loaded with Alexa750-labeled NC siRNA was similarly administered. The accumulation of fluorescent nucleic acid in the inflamed joints of the extremities after 40 minutes and in the liver after 45 minutes was observed by IVIS.
- NC siRNA negative control siRNA labeled with Alexa750 in the presence of a PEG derivative
- Covaris cNaD1-Alexa750
- Luminescence in the lower abdomen indicates retention of the fluorescent substance (Alexa750) in the urine in the bladder, and luminescence in the upper abdomen indicates accumulation of Alexa750 in the liver.
- Example 5 Incorporation of PEG Derivatives into cNaD2 and cNaD3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT- IR) was used to analyze physical properties.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- FT- IR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- EDTA.2Na.2H 2 O 100 mg
- fumaric acid.2Na 10.0 mg
- the weight of EDTA.2Na.2H 2 O in the 1 H NMR measurement sample was calculated.
- 1 H NMR of each sample was measured, and the ratio of the integrated value of disodium fumarate and PEG was substituted into the prepared calibration curve to calculate the weight of PEG contained in the dried cNaD1.
- the ratio of PEG contained in dried cNaD1 was 1.2-1.8% (w/w) (Table 6).
- Example 6 Zeta potential of cNaD2 and cNaD3 sCA (with Senjyo ultrasonic treatment), cNaD2 and cNaD3 (none loaded with nucleic acid) prepared under the same conditions except for the presence or absence and type of PEG derivative was measured using a Zetasizer Plate reader. As a result, the zeta potential of all particles was around 0, but it shifted slightly positive when the PEG derivative was incorporated (Table 7).
- the carbonate apatite particles of the present invention When administered in vivo, the carbonate apatite particles of the present invention have higher accumulation in lesions such as tumor tissues, and markedly reduced accumulation in liver and other normal organs. Therefore, it is extremely useful as a safe and effective drug delivery composition that exhibits desired therapeutic effects with a smaller amount of drug.
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Abstract
Description
以上より、本発明者らは、200~1000nmの画分が抗腫瘍効果の本体であることを実証した。また、このようにして作成した新しいDDSをcNaD1(Controlled inorganic Nanoparticle Drug1)と命名した。
[項1]
薬物を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子を含有する組成物であって、該粒子の平均粒子径が500nmより大きく1000nm以下であり、末端に1以上のカルボン酸もしくはその誘導体又はその塩を有するポリエチレングリコール(PEG)誘導体の存在下で一次粒子が形成され、該一次粒子にPEG誘導体が取り込まれていることを特徴とする、組成物。
[項2]
前記PEG誘導体の平均分子量が1000~20000である、項1に記載の組成物。[項3]
前記組成物が、前記PEG誘導体及び/又はその反応物を含有する、項1又は2に記載の組成物。
[項4]
前記PEG誘導体の平均分子量が1000~5000である、項3に記載の組成物。
[項5]
前記PEG誘導体が末端に1以上のカルボン酸又はその塩を有する、項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
[項6]
薬物が核酸である、項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
[項7]
薬物が抗腫瘍活性を有する、項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
[項8]
さらにアルブミンを含有する、項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
[項9]
項1に記載の組成物の製造方法であって、薬物及びPEG誘導体を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子を、一点集中型超音波照射装置を用いて超音波処理することを含む、方法。
[項10]
薬物及びPEG誘導体を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子が、薬物及びカルシウムイオンを含む第1の溶液、リン酸イオン及び炭酸水素イオンを含む第2の溶液並びにPEG誘導体を混合することにより調製される、項9に記載の方法。
[項11]
中空糸膜を用いて、請求項1に記載の組成物を濃縮することをさらに含む、項9又は10に記載の方法。
[項12]
項1~8のいずか1項に記載の組成物を含有してなる、薬物送達用組成物。
[項13]
薬物が抗腫瘍活性を有し、標的組織が腫瘍である、項12に記載の薬物送達用組成物。
[項14]
薬物が抗炎症活性を有し、標的組織が炎症組織である、項12に記載の薬物送達用組成物。
R2としては、例えば、水素原子の他、カルボン酸とエステルを形成し得る任意の置換基(例、NHS、p-ニトロフェニル)が挙げられるが、PEG誘導体やその反応物(例、加水分解産物)が、粒子形成時や、必要に応じて超音波処理を行った後で、平均粒子径が500nmより大きく1000nm以下である炭酸アパタイト粒子を生成させ得る限り、それらに限定されない。COOR2がエステル誘導体の場合、R2としては、非酵素的に容易に加水分解して遊離のカルボン酸又はその塩(例、アルカリ金属塩、アンモニウム塩等)を生じる置換基であることが好ましい。
X1及びX2としては、例えば、酸素原子、窒素原子、-Y-CO(CH2)m-(mは1~3の整数)、C1-5アルキル基、単結合等が挙げられ、
Yとしては、単結合、C1-3アルキル基(例、メチル基)、C1-3アルコキシ基(例、メトキシ基)、アミノ基、酸素原子、硫黄原子、C1-3アルキルアミノ基(例、エチルアミノ基)、C1-3アルキルチオ基(例、エチルチオ基)等が挙げられるが、粒子形成時や、必要に応じて超音波処理を行った後で、平均粒子径が500nmより大きく1000nm以下である炭酸アパタイト粒子を生成させ得る限り、それらに限定されない。
あるいは、PEG誘導体は、R1をリンカーとして、上記一般式を構成単位とする分岐鎖型の構造を有していてもよい。
1.MeO(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COO-NHS(平均分子量10000)
2.MeO(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COO-NHS(平均分子量2000)
3.MeO(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COOH(平均分子量2000)
4.MeO(CH2CH2O)n-(CH2)2NHCO(CH2)2COOH(平均分子量2000)
5.MeO(CH2CH2O)n-CH2COOH(平均分子量2000)
6.HOOC(CH2)2COO-(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COOH(平均分子量2000)
従って、当該炭酸アパタイト粒子を含む本発明の組成物は、粒子形成時に使用したPEG誘導体又はその反応物(例、加水分解産物)を含有している。
そこで、このような実施態様においては、Covarisと呼ばれる一点集中型超音波照射装置を用いて超音波処理を行うことにより、平均粒子径が500nmより大きく1000nm以下である、好ましくは、600nm~800nmである炭酸アパタイト粒子のサブセットを含む組成物を得ることができる。
Covarisは、一般的なソニケーターとは全く異なる周波数を用い、ディッシュ状の超音波発生部より発生させた超音波エネルギーを一極に集中させて照射することで、高出力で安定したエネルギーを効率よくサンプル処理に利用できるという特徴を有する特殊な超音波処理装置である。当該装置として、例えば、エムエス機器株式会社のCovaris型 S220を用いることができる。また、超音波の照射条件としては、例えば、Peak Incident Power(PIP):250W、Duty Factor(DF):50%、Cycles per Burst(CPB):200、処理時間:1200秒等が挙げられるが、当業者であれば、製造者が提供する手引書に従って、適宜照射条件を変更することができる。
(1)PEG誘導体を取り込ませた炭酸アパタイト粒子の調製
蒸留水100 mLに、0.37 gのNaHCO3、1 M NaH2PO4・2H2O (90μL) 及び1 M CaCl2(180 μL) を加えて溶解した。これに、式:CH3O-(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COO-NHSで表される分子量の異なる2種のPEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS (日油); 平均分子量2,000及びSUNBRIGHT ME-100CS (日油); 平均分子量10,000)のいずれかを200 mg加え、pH 7.5に調整した。50 mLのファルコンチューブに該バッファー溶液を25 mL分注し(以下、「25 mLバッファー」ともいう)、50 μgの核酸と1 M CaCl2(100 μL) を加えて、37℃でインキュベートした。比較のために、PEG誘導体を加えない炭酸アパタイト粒子を同様に調製した。
30分間インキュベート後に、液体中の粒子量(混濁度)を肉眼的に観察したところ、平均分子量10,000のPEG誘導体を添加した場合は、添加しない場合より粒子量はやや少ないものの粒子は形成されていた。一方、平均分子量2,000のPEG誘導体を添加した場合は、明らかに粒子量が少なくなった。そこで、以後の実験では、平均分子量10,000のPEG誘導体を用いることとし、また、インキュベーション時間を60分間として炭酸アパタイト粒子を調製した。
従来のsCA粒子作製に使用されている水槽式超音波洗浄処理、高出力な超音波エネルギーを効率よく照射することができる一点集中型超音波照射装置を用いた特殊超音波処理、並びに湿式微粒化装置を用いた湿式破砕処理を実施し、粒子の分散化の程度を比較した。
水槽式超音波洗浄処理(以下、「Senjyo」と略記する場合がある)は、株式会社エスエヌディの超音波洗浄機US-101を用いて行った。上記(1)のファルコンチューブを水槽内に留置し、発振周波数38 kHz, 出力80 Wの設定で10分間超音波処理を行った。
特殊超音波処理(以下、「Covaris」と略記する場合がある)では、エムエス機器株式会社のCovaris型 S220を使用して、以下の照射条件にて超音波照射を行った。
PIP:250 W
DF:50%
CPB:200
処理時間:1200 sec
しかし、いずれの場合もAFMで撮影するには粒子が大きく、明瞭な像は得られなかった
(図1-1下)。
湿式破砕処理は、スギノマシン社の湿式微粒化装置(スターバーストminimo)を用いて、表1に示す条件にて行った。粒子径の測定は、DLS(装置はMALVERN社のゼータ電位測定装置ゼータサイザーナノ Nano-ZS型を用いた)により実施した。
次に、アガロースゲル電気泳動によって炭酸アパタイト粒子に搭載されたNegative control miRNAの量を調べた。結果を図3に示す。該miRNA単独では25 bp付近にバンドがみられた。PEG誘導体を添加して作製した炭酸アパタイト粒子をSenjyo超音波処理した場合と、Covaris処理した場合とでは、粒子内のmiRNA量は同等であった。一方、セラミックスボールを20~30回衝突させて湿式破砕処理した場合(Starburst)は、大幅に核酸のロスが生じた。
Senjyo超音波処理後の保全された核酸のin vivoでの効果は証明されているので(Mol Cancer Ther. 2018 May;17(5):977-987. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163; Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2018 Sep 7;12:658-671. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.07.007; PLoS One. 2015 May 13;10(5):e0127119. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127119; Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Apr;13(4):976-85. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163; Br J Cancer. 2020 Mar;122(7):1037-1049. doi: 10.1038/s41416-020-0758-1; Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2015 Mar 10;4(3):e231. doi: 10.1038/mtna.2015.5; PLoS One. 2015 Mar 4;10(3):e0116022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116022; Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 18;9:783. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00783; Mol Cancer Ther. 2015. PMID: 25904505)、Covaris処理した粒子でも同様の効果が期待された。
miR-34aを搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子(sCA-miR34a)にSenjyo超音波処理又はCovaris超音波処理を行った。得られた粒子を大腸癌細胞HCT116の培地に添加してインキュベートし、48時間後及び72時間後に、Cell counting kit-8(Dojindo)を用いて細胞生存率を測定し、各粒子のin vitroでの細胞障害性を評価した。本実験では、25 mLバッファーにPEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS)を添加しないサンプル(peg0)、50 mg添加したサンプル(peg50)及び100 mg添加したサンプル(peg100)を調製し、試験した。peg0をSenjyo処理したものが従来のsCA粒子に相当する。sCA-miR34aで処理しなかったHCT116細胞を100%として、各時間での細胞生存率を算出した。その結果、Covaris処理した粒子は、PEG誘導体の添加の有無・添加量にかかわらず、Senjyo処理した粒子と同等(細胞生存率が48時間で約80%、72時間で約60%)の細胞障害性を示した(図4)。
(3-1)粒子のサイズによる分離
上記(2-1)で示されたように、25 mLバッファーにPEG誘導体(平均分子量10,000)を添加し、Covaris超音波処理を行った炭酸アパタイト粒子(cNaD1)の、DLSで測定した平均粒子径は650 nmであったが、蒸留水で50倍希釈してAFMで測定すると、微小な粒子のサイズは28~34 nmであった。DLSで測定したものが粒子の容積として大部分を占め、核酸の抗腫瘍効果をもたらすと想定されたため、このことを実証すべく粒子のサイズ分画を行った。
1) 孔サイズ:1 μm, 表面積:95 cm2
2) 孔サイズ:0.2 micrometer, 表面積:28 cm2
3) 分画分子量:750 kD, 表面積:20 cm2
4) 分画分子量:100 kD, 表面積:20 cm2
1) の中空糸膜を用いて1,000 nmより大きな粒子を除去し、次いで2) の中空糸膜を用いて200 nmより小さな粒子を除去することで、DLSで測定したcNaD1のピーク領域に相当する200~1,000 nmの粒子画分を得た。さらに、200 nmより小さな粒子を3) の中空糸膜に通して50 nmより小さな粒子を除去することで50~200 nmの粒子画分を得、50 nmより小さな粒子を4) の中空糸膜に通して10 nmより小さな粒子を除去することで10~50 nmの粒子画分を得た。このようにcNaD1を中空糸膜によって異なるサイズ分画に分けた粒子をPEG-dependent size-controlled carbonate apatite nanoparticle(PCANP)と称することがある。
PEG誘導体の非存在下にMIRTX(miR-29b-1-5pの完全相補鎖;Mol Cancer Ther. 2018 (上述))を搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子をSenjyo処理したサンプル(sCA-MIRTX)、並びにPEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS)の存在下にMIRTXを搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子をCovaris処理し、上記のようにして3つにサイズ分画した各サンプル(PCANP-MIRTX)の核酸量を、超微量分光光度計NanoDrop(Thermo Scientific社)を用いて測定した。結果を図5に示す。sCA-MIRTXの核酸量は28.5 μgであったのに対し、PCANP-MIRTXの核酸量は、200~1,000 nmサイズの粒子中に3.5 μg(sCA-MIRTXの約8分の1)であった。50~200 nm及び10~50 nmサイズの粒子中の核酸は検出限界以下であった。
アガロースゲル電気泳動でも核酸量の推定を行い、同じ結果であることを確認した。
MIRTX感受性の膵癌細胞panc1をヌードマウスの皮下に移植し、皮下腫瘍(2個/匹)を作った。以下の6群で抗腫瘍効果を比較検討した。
1) Control(非投与)群:マウス3匹, 腫瘍6個
2) sCA-miR NC(PEG誘導体の非存在下にnegative control miRNAを搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子をSenjyo処理した粒子)投与群:マウス3匹, 腫瘍6個
3) sCA-MIRTX投与群:マウス4匹, 腫瘍8個
4) PCANP-MIRTX(200-1000)投与群:マウス4匹, 腫瘍8個
5) PCANP-MIRTX(50-200)投与群:マウス3匹, 腫瘍6個
6) PCANP-MIRTX(10-50)投与群:マウス3匹, 腫瘍6個
sCA-miR NC及びsCA-MIRTX投与群では20 μg/回、PCANP-MIRTX(200-1000)投与群では2.5 μg/回、PCANP-MIRTX(50-200)及びPCANP-MIRTX(10-50)投与群では検出感度以下の核酸を、day0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10に計8回尾静脈より投与した。結果を図6に示す。
PCANP-MIRTX(200-1000nm)投与群は、Control(非投与)群、sCA-miR NC投与群、sCA-MIRTX投与群に比べてday12における腫瘍重量が有意に小さくなった (P値はそれぞれ<0.01, <0.01, <0.05)。
一方、sCA-MIRTX投与群は、非投与群に比べて有意に腫瘍が小さくなったが、sCA-miR NCとの間には有意差を認めなかった。
PCANP-MIRTX(50-200)投与群、PCANP-MIRTX(10-50)投与群も、非投与群、sCA-miR NC投与群と腫瘍重量に有意な差は認めなかった。
PCANP(200-1000)の粒子径分布をDLS(装置はMALVERN社のゼータ電位測定装置ゼータサイザーナノ Nano-ZS型を用いた)により測定したところ、最大ピーク 717.4 nm, 平均粒子径664.6 nmの単一ピークが得られた(図8)。
実施例1(3)において、PCANP(200-1000)は従来のsCAに比べて粒子量及び搭載する核酸量は低減しているものの(図5)、マウスに静脈内投与すると、腫瘍組織にsCAと同等以上に集積し、sCAより優れた抗腫瘍活性を発揮する一方、正常組織への集積はsCAに比べて顕著に減弱することが見出された(図6,7)。このような新しい機能を備えた炭酸アパタイト粒子をcNaD1(controlled inorganic nanoparticle drug1)と呼称する。実施例1(1)において、PEG誘導体として平均分子量2,000のSUNBRIGHT ME-20CS(日油)を用いた場合に、炭酸アパタイトの粒子量が顕著に少なくなったのは、Covaris処理やサイズ分画を行うことなく、cNaD1と同様の特性を有する粒子が形成される可能性が示唆された。そこで、PEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS)の存在下に核酸を搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子cNaD2を形成させ、その抗腫瘍効果と腫瘍/正常臓器集積性を評価した。
PEG誘導体として、SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS(日油)を用い、実施例1(1)と同様にして炭酸アパタイト粒子を作製した。インキュベーションは37℃で60分間実施した。
(2-1)大腸癌DLD1に対するmiR-136搭載したcNaD2の治療効果
miR-136感受性の大腸癌細胞DLD1を用いてヌードマウスに皮下腫瘍を作製し、sCAとcNaD2の両者で抗腫瘍効果を比較検討した(マウスは3-5匹、腫瘍は4-5個)。腫瘍サイズが100 mm3となった時点をday 0として、negative control miRNAを搭載したsCA(sCA-NC)、miRNA-136を搭載したsCA(sCA-136)、miRNA-136を搭載したcNaD2(cNaD2-136)をヌードマウスの尾静脈から投与した。核酸量として、sCA投与群は20 μg/回、cNaD2投与群は5 μg/回を、day 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13に計8回投与した。結果を図9に示す。コントロール(sCA-NC)群と比べて、sCA-136群では、核酸量としてcNaD2-136群の4倍量を投与しているにもかかわらず、有意な腫瘍増殖の抑制がみられなかった。一方、毎回5 μgしか投与しなかったcNaD2-136群では有意に腫瘍サイズと腫瘍重量が小さくなった。これまでにsCA-miRNAやsCA-siRNAで抗腫瘍効果を認めてきた核酸量は40-50 μgであったことから、cNaD2を用いることで、僅か5 μgの核酸量でも抗腫瘍効果を認めたことは画期的である。
大腸癌患者由来のPDX(patient derived xenograft)を用いてヌードマウスに大きな皮下腫瘍を作製し、sCAとcNaD2の両者で抗腫瘍効果を比較検討した。マウスはsCA-NC 3匹、sCA-miRNA 4匹、cNaD2 4匹を用意し、マウス1匹につき腫瘍を2か所移植した。腫瘍サイズが600 mm3とかなり大きくなった時点をday 0として、sCA-NC (negative control miRNA), sCA-miRNA (miR-136又はMIRTX), cNaD2-miRNA (miR-136又はMIRTX)をヌードマウスの尾静脈から投与した。核酸量として、いずれの群も20 μg/回を day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8に計9回投与した。結果を図10に示す。コントロール(sCA-NC)群と比べて、sCA-miRNA群では腫瘍増殖の抑制がみられなかったが、cNaD2-miRNA群ではsCA-miRNAと比べてday8, day9で有意に腫瘍体積の縮小を認めた。
膵癌細胞株Panc-1を基に1細胞からヌードマウスに皮下腫瘍を作ることのできるスーパー癌幹細胞(super Panc-1 CSC)を作製した。これをヌードマウスに移植し、腫瘍体積が70 mm3を超えた時点をday 0として、cNaD2に搭載したSyndecan-4(SDC4)に対するsiRNA(cNaD2-Sdc4 siRNA)を、20 μg/回の核酸量でday 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9に計9回尾静脈から投与した(マウス4匹、腫瘍8個)。コントロールとして、siRNAを投与しないスーパー癌幹細胞移植マウス3匹、腫瘍6個をおいた。また、sCAに搭載したnegative control siRNAを20 μg/回、並行して静注した対照群もおいた(マウス3匹、腫瘍6個)。結果を図11に示す。cNaD2-Sdc4 siRNAはスーパー癌幹細胞の増殖を著しく抑制した。
ヌードマウスに大腸癌患者由来のPDX(patient derived xenograft) を移植して皮下腫瘍を作成し、Alexa750で標識したnegative control siRNA(NC siRNA)25 μgをsCAに搭載して尾静脈から静注した。同様にcNaD2にAlexa750標識NC siRNAを、それぞれ5, 10, 25 μg搭載して静注した。1時間後にIVISを用いて蛍光核酸の腫瘍への集積を調べた。その結果、cNaD2を使うと5 μgの核酸量でもsCAで25 μgを投与した以上に腫瘍集積は高まり、sCAと同じ25 μgの核酸量では、cNaD2はsCAの5倍以上の腫瘍集積を示した(図12-1)。
cNaD2の粒子径分布をDLS(装置はMALVERN社のゼータ電位測定装置ゼータサイザーナノ Nano-ZS型を用いた)により測定したところ、最大ピーク 793.4 nm, 平均粒子径740.0 nmの単一ピークが得られた(図13)。
cNaD2において、PEG誘導体溶解からの時間経過による粒子性能を経時的に調べた。
蒸留水300 mLに、1.11 gのNaHCO3、1 M NaH2PO4・2H2O (270 μL) 及び1 M CaCl2(540μL) を加えて溶解し、pH 7.4に調整した。50 mLのファルコンチューブに該バッファー溶液を25 mL分注し、0.1 mg/mLのPEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS (日油))を0.5 mL(50 μg)加えた。該PEG誘導体溶液として、PEG誘導体を水に溶解してから、5分後、1時間後、8時間後、1日後、2日後及び3日後の6通りの溶液を使用した。10 μg/μLのnegative control siRNA (NC siRNA)(53.2 μg) と1 M CaCl2 (100 μL)(Ca量は合計5.8 mg) を加えて攪拌し、37℃で60分間インキュベートした。比較のために、PEG誘導体を加えない炭酸アパタイト粒子(sCA)を同様に調製した。インキュベーション終了後、4℃、12,000 rpmで遠心処理し、上清を除去して生理食塩水(pH 8)0.5 mLで粒子を集め、Ca濃度、核酸濃度を測定した。結果を表3に示す。cNaD2の核酸搭載量はPEG誘導体溶解から時間が経過するほど高くなり、PEG誘導体溶解から2~3日後に、Ca量あたりの核酸量(NA/Ca比)は特に高かった。
(1)モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGを用いた粒子の核酸搭載能
実施例1及び2では、末端にカルボン酸とN-スクシンイミド(NHS)とのエステルを有するPEG誘導体を用いたが、PEG誘導体溶解から時間が経過するに従って形成するPCANP2粒子中の核酸量が増加することから、末端のエステルが徐々に加水分解されて、末端に遊離カルボン酸を有する分子が増えるほど粒子の核酸搭載能が増大する可能性が示唆される。
そこで、市販のメトキシPEG-OH(2 kDa)に無水コハク酸を反応させて、SUNBRIGHT ME-20CS (日油) の加水分解産物と同一構造のモノメチルモノカルボン酸PEG(C1-Iris, C1-Hamari)を合成し(IrisやHamariはモノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGを製造した会社名を示す;以下同様)、実施例2(5)と同様にして粒子を形成させ(cNaD3と総称する、cNaD3:CH3O (CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2COOH (平均分子量2000))、その核酸搭載能をsCAやcNaD2と比較した。結果を図14に示す。モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEG(C1-Iris, C1-Hamari)はcNaD2と同等以上の核酸搭載能を有し、sCAと比べて顕著に多い核酸を搭載できることが示された。
モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEG(Handai-C1, Hamari-C1:cNaD3)を用いてAlexa750で標識したNC siRNAを搭載した粒子を作製し、大腸癌由来PDXを皮下移植したヌードマウスに尾静脈より投与した。比較のために、PEG誘導体の非存在下で粒子形成させたsCA、HO-PEG-OH(Sigma)を用いて粒子形成させたもの、並びにsCAの表面をPEG修飾したもの(Pegylation)を、同様に担癌マウスに投与した。各サンプルにつき、Ca濃度と核酸濃度を測定し、Ca量又は核酸量を揃えて投与を行った。1時間後に腫瘍への集積を、4時間後に正常臓器への集積をIVISで観察した。
モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEG(Handai-C1, Hamari-C1)を用いて作製した粒子では、1時間後に腫瘍においてsCAの2倍以上の集積を示した(図16-1)。4時間後では腫瘍への集積はいずれも減弱した(図16-2)。一方、sCAやPegylation、HO-PEG-OH群では4時間後に肝臓をはじめとする正常臓器への集積がみられたが、モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGでは核酸の集積は低かった(図16-3)。平均放射効率を比較すると、肝臓ではモノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGはsCAの10分の1以下の集積を示した。1時間後では、sCAやPegylation、HO-PEG-OH群では更に高い集積を示したが、モノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGでは核酸の集積は低かった(図16-4)。
末端にカルボン酸を有するPEG誘導体cNaD3の効果が示されたので、更に以下の3種の末端にモノカルボン酸またはジカルボン酸を有するPEG誘導体を用い、実施例1(1)と同様にして炭酸アパタイト粒子(cNaD4~cNaD6)を新たに作製した。
1) cNaD4:CH3O (CH2CH2O)n-(CH2)2NHCO(CH2)2-COOH (平均分子量2000)
2) cNaD5:CH3O (CH2CH2O)n-CH2COOH (平均分子量2000)
3) cNaD6:HOOC(CH2)2COO-(CH2CH2O)n-CO(CH2)2-COOH (平均分子量2000))
粒子中のカルシウム量に対する核酸の取り込み量の比率(NA/Ca ratio)はcNaD4(PEGとカルボキシル基との間にアミド結合が存在)ではcNaD3(PEGとカルボキシル基との間にエステル結合が存在)と同レベルであった。cNaD5ではやや低減したが、それでもsCAの2倍程度であった。PEG両端にカルボキシル基を有するジカルボン酸PEG誘導体を用いて作ったcNaD6でも、cNaD3と同程度の高いNA/Ca ratioを達成した(図17)。
ジカルボン酸PEGを用いてAlexa750で標識したNC siRNAを搭載した粒子を作製し、大腸癌由来PDXを皮下移植したヌードマウスに尾静脈より投与した。比較のために、cNaD3、PEG誘導体の非存在下で粒子形成させたsCA、HO-PEG-OH(Sigma)を用いて粒子形成させたもの、並びにsCAの表面をPEG修飾したもの(Pegylation)を、同様に担癌マウスに投与した。各サンプルにつき、Ca濃度と核酸濃度を測定し、核酸量を一定(15 μg)にして投与を行った。1時間後に腫瘍と正常臓器への集積をIVISで観察した。その結果を図18に示す。
ジカルボン酸PEGを用いて作製した粒子(cNaD6)では、cNaD3と同等(sCAの2倍以上)の集積を示した一方、sCAやPegylation、HO-PEG-OH群では肝臓をはじめとする正常臓器への集積がみられたが、cNaD6では核酸の集積はcNaD3と同様に低かった。平均放射効率を比較すると、肝臓では、ジカルボン酸PEGはモノメチルモノカルボン酸PEGと同様、sCAの5分の1以下の集積を示した。
MIRTXを搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子(cNaD3)を作製し、MIRTX感受性の大腸癌細胞DLD1を皮下移植したヌードマウス(4匹、腫瘍2個/匹)に投与して抗腫瘍効果を検討した。腫瘍サイズが60 mm3となった時点をday 1として、MIRTXを搭載したcNaD3をマウスの尾静脈から投与した。核酸量として25 μg/回を、day 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13に計6回投与した。結果を図19に示す。cNaD3-MIRTX投与群では、非投与群(Parent)と比べて、day 15に有意な腫瘍サイズの縮小が認められた(図19)。
ヌードマウスに大腸癌患者由来のPDXを移植して皮下腫瘍を作製し、Alexa750で標識したnegative control siRNA(NC siRNA)25 μgをsCAに搭載して尾静脈から静注した。同様にcNaD3にAlexa750標識NC siRNAを25 μg搭載して静注した。cNaD3として、用時調製したものと、凍結乾燥して長期保存したものとを用いた。1時間後に腫瘍への集積を、4時間後に肝臓への集積をIVISで観察した。その結果、いずれの場合もcNaD3を使うとsCAと比べて顕著な腫瘍集積を示し、一方、肝臓への集積はほとんど見られなかった(図20)。
PEG誘導体(SUNBRIGHT ME-100CS)の存在下にAlexa750で標識したnegative control siRNA(NC siRNA)を搭載した炭酸アパタイト粒子をCovaris処理し(cNaD1-Alexa750)、ヒト関節リウマチと免疫病理学的に酷似した自己免疫性関節炎を自然発症するSKGマウス(日本クレアより購入)に尾静脈から静注した。比較のために、sCAにAlexa750標識NC siRNAを搭載して同様に投与した。40分後に四肢の炎症関節、45分後に肝臓への蛍光核酸の集積をIVISで観察した。その結果、cNaD1を使うとsCAと比べて四肢の炎症関節への顕著な集積を示し(図21-1)、一方、肝臓への集積はほとんど見られなかった(図21-2)。下腹部の発光は膀胱内に尿中の蛍光物質(Alexa750)が貯留したものを示し、上腹部の発光はAlexa750の肝臓への集積を示す。
cNaD2及び2種のcNaD3(sCA-C2-Handai, sCA-C1-HAMARI)について、X線回折法(XRD)とフーリエ変換赤外分光法(FT-IR)を用いて物性解析を行った。比較のために、sCA及びPEG-OH(Sigma社製)を用いて作製した粒子(sCA-SIGMA(-OH))についても、同様に解析した。XRDにはBurker AXS社製のX線回折装置(D8 ADVANCE)を、FT-IRには同社製のFT-IRTENSOR IIをそれぞれ使用した。XRDの結果、cNaD2、cNaD3及びsCA-SIGMA(-OH)では、PEG由来のピークが検出され、粒子中にPEGが取り込まれていることが示唆された(図22)。同様に、FT-IRでもcNaD2、cNaD3及びsCA-SIGMA(-OH)にPEG由来のピークが検出された。
PEG誘導体の有無・種類が異なる以外は同一の条件下で作製したsCA(但し、Senjyo超音波処理あり)、cNaD2及びcNaD3(いずれも核酸を搭載していない)について、Zetasizer Plate readerを用いてゼータ電位を測定した。その結果、いずれの粒子もゼータ電位は0付近であったが、PEG誘導体を取り込むとわずかに正にシフトした(表7)
Claims (14)
- 薬物を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子を含有する組成物であって、該粒子の平均粒子径が500nmより大きく1000nm以下であり、末端に1以上のカルボン酸もしくはその誘導体又はその塩を有するポリエチレングリコール(PEG)誘導体の存在下で一次粒子が形成され、該一次粒子にPEG誘導体が取り込まれていることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 前記PEG誘導体の平均分子量が1000~20000である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、前記PEG誘導体及び/又はその反応物を含有する、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記PEG誘導体の平均分子量が1000~5000である、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記PEG誘導体が末端に1以上のカルボン酸又はその塩を有する、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 薬物が核酸である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 薬物が抗腫瘍活性を有する、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- さらにアルブミンを含有する、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物の製造方法であって、薬物及びPEG誘導体を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子を、一点集中型超音波照射装置を用いて超音波処理することを含む、方法。
- 薬物及びPEG誘導体を搭載してなる炭酸アパタイト粒子が、薬物及びカルシウムイオンを含む第1の溶液、リン酸イオン及び炭酸水素イオンを含む第2の溶液並びにPEG誘導体を混合することにより調製される、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 中空糸膜を用いて、請求項1に記載の組成物を濃縮することをさらに含む、請求項9又は10に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~8のいずか1項に記載の組成物を含有してなる、薬物送達用組成物。
- 薬物が抗腫瘍活性を有し、標的組織が腫瘍である、請求項12に記載の薬物送達用組成物。
- 薬物が抗炎症活性を有し、標的組織が炎症組織である、請求項12に記載の薬物送達用組成物。
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