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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/444—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. amrinone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a compound for use as a drug for inhibiting ferroptosis, more particularly, for preventing and/or treating disorders associated with ferroptosis.
• Ferroptosis is a new type of non-apoptotic regulated cell death that was first described in 2012, and usually involves high intracellular levels of free iron and lipid peroxidation. This death pathway is directly linked to the ability of the cell to regulate its internal oxidative stress, notably via the activity of the lipid repair enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4).
• GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4
• the failure of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defenses causes an accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result notably from lipid peroxidation by Fe 2+ , through the Fenton’s reaction, leading to membrane damage and cell death.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• ferroptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of many human diseases [Li et al., Cell Death Dis., 2020, 11(88); Tang et al, Cell Research, 2021, 31 : 107-125; Sun et al. , Biomed. Pharmacother., 2020, 127, 110108], affecting the heart, the brain, the eyes, the liver, the skin, the kidneys, the lungs, the bowel or the whole body.
• Ferroptosis involves three primary metabolisms including thiol, lipid and iron leading to an iron-dependent generation of lipid peroxidation and, ultimately to cell death.
• Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated tissue necrosis mainly caused by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent membrane damage.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• MDA malondialdehyde
• oxPE oxidized phospatidylethanolamine
• oxPS oxidized phosphatidylserine
• oxPI oxidized phosphatidylinositol
• biochemical ferroptosis biomarkers can be measured and quantified by assays in bodily fluids (blood, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) or highlighted by immunohistochemistry labeling on biopsies of damaged tissues.
• ferroptosis-associated biomarkers could vary (increase > or decrease ⁇ ) in quantity and/or activity relative to normal physiological thresholds.
• reference values for serum
• Iron metabolism by measuring iron and ferritin levels in serum is over the physiological thresholds (serum iron, in male > 180 pg/dl, in female > 160 pg/dl; [Pagana el al., Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - Elsevier eBook on VitalSource, 14th Edition, Elsevier, 2019, ISBN: 9780323609678]), ferritin, in male >300 ng/ml, in female > 200 ng/ml, [Wang et al., Biochim Biophy. Acta, 2010, 1800(8): 760-769]);
• Glutathione redox status (by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as well as glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) in plasma using ELISA) (GSH ⁇ 717 pmol/L, GSSG > 5.32 pmol/L; ratio GSH/GSSG ⁇ 156; GPx, in male ⁇ 20 UI/gHb, in female ⁇ 26 UI/gHb), [Hal eng J. et al, Rev. Med. Med, 2007]);
• Oxidative stress by measuring levels of total Q10 and reduced and active form of Q10 (Q10H2) in plasma (in male QI 0 ⁇ 3.44 pmol/1 and Q10H2 ⁇ 3.04 pmol/1; in female Q10 ⁇ 1.88 pmol/1 and Q10H2 ⁇ 1.64 pmol/1, [Kaikkonen et al, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1999, 59: 457-466]);
• Lipid peroxidation is over the physiological thresholds (> 10 pmol/L for 4-HNE [Chen and Niki, IUBMB Life, 2008, 58(372-373)] and > 3 pmol/L for MDA using thiobarbituric acid method [Banjare et al., J. Sci. Soc., 2017; 44(137-9)]).
• ACSL4 expression can be monitored by transcriptomic and proteomic approaches.
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the heart include myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury, notably occurring after artery ligation, and cardiomyopathy, notably doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy [Li et al., 2020], among others [Li et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2020, 160, 303-318; Qin et al., Biomed. Pharmacother., 2021, 141, 111872],
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the brain include strokes, notably ischemic stroke [Li et al., 2020] or hemorrhagic stroke [Li et al., JCI Insight, 2017, 2(7):e90777], traumatic brain injury [Xie et al., CNS Neurosci Ther., 2019, 25:465-475], contusion spinal cord injury [Zhang et al., Neural Regen.
• neurodegenerative disorders in particular chronic neurodegenerative disorders, more particularly Alzheimer's disease [Li et al., 2020], Huntington’s disease [Mi et al., Neuromolecular Med., 2019, 21, 110-119], Parkinson's disease [Do Van et al., Neurobiol Dis., 2016, 94: 169-78], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease) [Li et al., 2020], Friedreich's ataxia [Cotticelli et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 2019, 369(1): 47-54], periventriculor leukomalacia [Skouta et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 4551-4556] and dementia, which may be linked to one or several of the previous pathologies.
• Alzheimer's disease [Li et al., 2020]
• Huntington’s disease [Mi et al., Neuromolecular Med., 2019, 21, 110
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the eyes include retinal disorders, notably Stargardts ’disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular dry AMD [Sun et al., Invest Ophth Vis Sci., 2018, 59(9), 2482; Chen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2021, 296, 100187],
• AMD age-related macular degeneration
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the liver include chronic liver diseases and acute liver failure.
• chronic liver diseases mention should be made of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) [Qi et al., Am J Pathol., 2020, 190(1)], chronic infections such as hepatitis B and C [Cappeltti et al., IntJMol Sci., 2020, 21(14)] and alcoholic liver disease [Zhou et al., Hepatol Commun., 2019, 3(5)].
• NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
• Acute liver failure may notably result from a drug-induced liver injury (DILI), such as acetaminophem (APAP)-induced liver injury [Yamada et al., Cell Death Dis., 2020, 11(2)], or from an ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by a septic or hemorrhagic shock [Friedmann Angeli et al., Nat Cell Biol., 2014, 16(12): 1180-91],
• DILI drug-induced liver injury
• APAP acetaminophem
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the skin include skin inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis [Li et al., Cell Death Dis., 2020, 11(88)], and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome) [Zhang et al., J Invest Dermatol., 2020, 140(7), S79],
• AKI acute kidney injury
• FA folic acid
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the lungs include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [Yoshida et al., Nat Commun., 2019, 10, 3145], bronchial asthma [Tao et al, Oxid Med Cell Longev., 2020], lung injury caused by a bacterial infection, notably by Pseudomonas aeruginosa [Dar et al., J Clin Invest.,
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• pulmonary fibrosis such as radiation induced-lung fibrosis (RILF) [Li et al, J Inflamm., 2019, 16: 11] and paraquat-induced pulmonary damage [Rashidipour et al., Toxicology, 2020, 433-434: 152407],
• RILF radiation induced-lung fibrosis
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the bowel include necrotizing enterocolitis [Subramanian et al, Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2020, 72(3)] and inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease [Mayr et al., Nat Commun., 2020,
• Pathologies associated with ferroptosis affecting the whole body include haemochromatosis [Imoto et al., Transfus Apher Sci., 2018, 57(4), 524-531], hemolytic disorders [Youssef et al., 2019, Ferroptosis in Hemolytic Disorders. In: Tang D. (eds) Ferroptosis in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham.], cytokinic storm during a viral infection [Edeas et al, Int J Infect Dis., 2020, 97; Yang and Lai, Cell Death Discov.,
• ferroptosis inhibition is a new and attractive therapeutic strategy for the above diseases.
• ferroptosis inhibitors with high potential, good stability and low toxicity.
• the inventors have discovered new inhibitors of ferroptosis regulated cell death, which appear to be very attractive for preventing and/or treating disorders associated with ferroptosis.
• the present invention relates to a compound of the following general formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein: - X is N(R 1 ), and - Y is N or N+(O-) and Z is C(R 3 ), or Y is CH and Z is N, or Y and Z are CH; and wherein: ⁇ R 1 and R 2 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, CN, NO2, OR7, SR8, NR9R 1 0, C(O)R 1 1, CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 1 3, NR 1 4C(O)R 1 5, C(O)NR 16 R 17 , S(O)R S , SO 2 R S ’, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl or a heterocycl
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is intended to mean what is useful to the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, and what is generally safe and non-toxic, for a pharmaceutical use.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate is intended to mean, in the framework of the present invention, a salt or solvate of a compound which is pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined above, and which possesses the pharmacological activity of the corresponding compound.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise: (1) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acid and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic, benzenesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxynaphtoic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, muconic, 2-naphtalenesulfonic, propionic, succinic, dibenzoyl-L- tartaric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic, trimethylacetic, and trifluoroacetic acid and the like, and (2) base addition salts formed when an acid proton present in the compound is either replaced by a metal ion, such as an alkali metal ion, an alkaline-earth metal ion, or an aluminium i
• Acceptable organic bases comprise diethanolamine, ethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine and the like.
• Acceptable inorganic bases comprise aluminium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide.
• Acceptable solvates for the therapeutic use of the compounds of the present invention include conventional solvates such as those formed during the last step of the preparation of the compounds of the invention due to the presence of solvents.
• halogen refers to a fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine atom.
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl refers to a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
• (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl refers to a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group as defined above in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom as defined above. This means that the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group is substituted by at least one halogen atom. It can be for example a trifluoromethyl group.
• aryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group comprising preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms and comprising one or more, notably 1 or 2, fused rings, such as, for example, a phenyl or naphtyl group, advantageously a phenyl group.
• heterocyclic refers to a saturated, unsaturated (i.e.
• aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic group comprising two fused, bridged or spiro rings, preferably fused rings, advantageously comprising 5 to 10, notably 5 or 6, atoms in each ring, in which the atoms of the ring(s) comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms.
• a saturated heterocyclic group is more particularly a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocyclic group such as a pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl or thiomorpholinyl group.
• An unsaturated heterocyclic group is more particularly an unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group, each cycle comprising 5 or 6 members, such as a pyrrolinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolinyl, triazolinyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyridazinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydrotriazinyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl, indolinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 2,3-di
• An aromatic heterocyclic group is more particularly an aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group, each cycle comprising 5 or 6 members, such as a pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl (such as 1, 3, 5-triazinyl), indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl or quinoxalinyl group.
• aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl refers to an aryl group as defined above bound to the molecule via a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above.
• the -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-aryl group is a benzyl group.
• heterocyclyl -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl refers to a heterocyclyl group as defined above bound to the molecule via a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above.
• the -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- heterocyclyl group is 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocyclic group as defined above bound to the molecule via a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above.
• the term “(C 1 -C 6 )alkylcarbonyl”, as used in the present invention, refers to a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above bound to the molecule via a -C( O)- group, including, but not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl and the like.
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy refers to a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group as defined above bound to the molecule via an oxygen atom, including, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec- butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and the like.
• (C 1 -C 6 )thioalkoxy refers to a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group as defined above bound to the molecule via a sulfur atom, including, but not limited to, thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, n-thiopropoxy, iso-thiopropoxy, n-thiobutoxy, iso-thiobutoxy, sec-thiobutoxy, t-thiobutoxy, n-thiopentoxy, n-thiohexoxy, and the like.
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino refers to a -NHAlk group with Alk representing a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above, including, but not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino, n- butylamino, iso-butylamino, sec-butylamino, t-butylamino, n-pentylamino, n- hexylamino, and the like.
• di(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino refers to a -NAlk 1 Alk 2 group with Alk 1 and Alk 2 representing, independently of one another, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group as defined above, including, but not limited to, dimethylamino, diethylamino, ethylmethylamino and the like.
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 7 , SR 8 , NR 9 R 10 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , NR 14 C(O)R 15 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , S(O)R S , SO 2 R S ’, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents,
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 7 , SR 8 , NR 9 R 10 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , NR 14 C(O)R 15 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined above.
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, OR 7 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , SO 2 R S ’, a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, a heterocyclyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 18, SR 19 , NR 20 R 21 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, notably a halogen atom, NO2, OR 18 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, OR 7 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , a heterocyclyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined above.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e.
• aromatic notably saturated or aromatic, monocyclic group, in which the atoms of the ring comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms, such as a morpholinyl, a pyridinyl or a piperazinyl, for instance a morpholinyl or pyridinyl group.
• R S and R S ’ represent, independently of each other a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, in particular, an aryl group, such as a phenyl group.
• R 7 -R 10 , R 12 , R 14 and R 16 -R 17 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group
• R 11 , R 13 and R 15 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, a (C 1 - C 6 )alkylamino or a di((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino group, notably a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino or a di((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino group
• R 7 to R 17 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, typically a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl or an aryl group, wherein the aryl group, which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 7 , SR 8 , NR 9 R 10 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , NR 14 C(O)R 15 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , S(O)R S , SO 2 R S ’, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents,
• R S and R S ’ represent, independently of each other a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, in particular, an aryl group, such as a phenyl group.
• R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 7 , SR 8 , NR 9 R 10 , C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)R 13 , NR 14 C(O)R 15 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined above.
• R 2 represents C(O)R 11 , CO 2 R 12 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom OR 18 , SR 19 , NR 20 R 21 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, and wherein R 18 to R 21 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• R 2 represents CO 2 R 12 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably CO 2 R 12 , C(O)NR 16 R 17 or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 18 , SR 19 and NR 2 0R 21 , notably OR 18 , and wherein R 18 to R 21 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e. not aromatic) or aromatic, notably saturated, monocyclic group, in which the atoms of the ring comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms, such as a morpholinyl, a pyridinyl or a piperazinyl group, notably a piperazinyl group.
• R 7 -R 10 , R 12 , R 14 and R 16 -R 17 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group
• R 11 , R 13 and R 15 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, a (C 1 - C 6 )alkylamino or a di((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino group, notably a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino or a di((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl)amino group
• R 7 to R 17 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, typically a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl or an aryl group, wherein the aryl group, which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR30, NR 31 R 32 , C(O)R 33 , CO 2 R 34 , OC(O)R 35 , NR 36 C(O)R 37 , C(O)NR 38 R 39 , an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 44, SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, and wherein R 29 to R 39 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -
• R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , C(O)R 33 , CO 2 R 34 , OC(O)R 35 , NR 36 C(O)R 37 or C(O)NR 38 R 39 , wherein R 29 to R 39 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, or an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , OC(O)R 35 , NR 36 C(O)R 37 , a heterocyclyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 44 , SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 and a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl a group, preferably, R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, NR 31 R 32 , OC(O)R 35 , a heterocyclyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consist
• R 44 to R 47 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , C(O)R 33 , CO 2 R 34 , OC(O)R 35 , NR 36 C(O)R 37 or C(O)NR 38 R 39 , preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , OC(O)R 35 or NR 36 C(O) R 37 , more preferably a hydrogen atom or OC(O)R 35 , wherein R 29 to R 37 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl, or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, typically a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e.
• aromatic notably aromatic, monocyclic group, in which the atoms of the ring comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms, such as a pyridinyl, a pyrimidinyl, a pyrazolyl, a piperazinyl or a piperidinyl group, for instance a a pyridinyl, a pyrimidinyl or a pyrazolyl group.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• R 4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 44 , SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R
• R 4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined above.
• R 4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , an aryl, or a heterocyclyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 44, SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, in particular C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 - C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, preferably C(O)R 48 and a (C 1 -C 6 )
• R 4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, NR 31 R 32 , an aryl or a heterocyclyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, preferably C(O)R 48 and a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e.
• aromatic or aromatic, notably saturated, monocyclic group, in which the atoms of the ring comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms, such as a piperazinyl, a piperidinyl, a pyridinyl, a pyrimidinyl or a pyrazolyl group, for instance a piperazinyl or a piperidinyl group.
• R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, said aryl group, which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, being preferably a phenyl and being optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO2, OR 55 , SR 56 , NR 57 R 58 , C(O)R 59 , CO 2 R 60 , OC(O)R 61 , NR 62 C(O)R 63 , C(O)NR 64 R 65 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, advantageously a halogen atom, OR 55 ,
• R 44 to R 54 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, notably an aryl group, preferably a phenyl group.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• R4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 44 , SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49
• R 4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , an aryl, or a heterocyclyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 44, SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, in particular C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, preferably C(O)R 48 and a (C 1 -C 6 ) substituents, preferably C(O
• R 4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, NR 31 R 32 , an aryl or a heterocyclyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of C(O)R 48 , CO 2 R 49 , C(O)NR 53 R 54 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, preferably C(O)R 48 and a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• R 4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 or NR 31 R 32 , preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or OR 29 , more preferably a hydrogen atom.
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e.
• R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, said aryl group, which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, being preferably a phenyl and being optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO2, OR 55 , SR56, NR57R58, C(O)R 59 , CO 2 R 60 , OC(O)R 61 , NR 62 C(O)R 63 , C
• R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom.
• R 44 to R 54 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, notably an aryl group, preferably a phenyl group.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• R 4 is as defined above and R 4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, OR 29 or NR 31 R 32 , wherein R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom, preferably R 4b represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or OR 29, more preferably a hydrogen atom.
• R5 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, CN, OR 29 , SR 30 , NR 31 R 32 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, said alkyl or haloalkyl group being optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OR 40 , SR 41 and NR 42 R 43 , an aryl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group (which may be part of a aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or heterocyclyl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group) is optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group
• R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, an aryl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, said aryl group, which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, being preferably a phenyl and being optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, CN, NO 2 , OR 55, SR 56 , NR 57 R 58 , C(O)R 59 , CO 2 R 60 , OC(O)R 61 , NR 62 C(O)R 63 , C(O)NR 64 R 65 , a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and a (C 1 - C 6 )haloalkyl group, advantageously a halogen atom, OR 55 ,
• R 29 to R 32 represent, independently of each other, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• R 5 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group, said alkyl or haloalkyl group being optionally substituted by one or more substituents, notably one substituent, selected from the group consisting of OR 40, SR 41 and NR 42 R 43 , an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, wherein said aryl or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, OR 44 , SR 45 , NR 46 R 47 , a (C 1 -
• R 5 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, said alkyl or haloalkyl group being optionally substituted by OR 40 , and said heterocyclyl being optionally substituted by one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group.
• R 5 represents a hydrogen atom.
• the aryl group which may be part of an aryl-(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a phenyl group.
• the heterocyclyl group which may be part of a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is in particular a 5- or 6-membered, saturated, unsaturated (i.e. not aromatic) or aromatic, notably saturated, monocyclic group, in which the atoms of the ring comprise one or more, advantageously 1 to 3, heteroatoms selected from O, S and N, preferably O and N, the remainder being carbon atoms, such as a piperazinyl group.
• R 40 to R 43 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom.
• R 44 to R 54 represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or an aryl group, notably an aryl group, preferably a phenyl group.
• the (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group which may be part of an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or a heterocyclyl-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, is preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl or an aryl-(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group, or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkylcarbonyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, SH, NH2, a (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, a (C 1 -C 3 )thioalkoxy and a (C 1 -C 3 )alkylamino group, preferably R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl, an ethyl, a benzyl or a (C 1 - C 6 )alkylcarbonyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2 and SH, in particular R 6 represents a hydrogen atom or an ethyl group, notably an ethyl group.
• X is N
• Y is N(R 2 )
• Z is C(H)
• the compound for use according to the invention is thus of the following general formula (I.i): wherein R 2 , R 4 , R 4b , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in any one of the above embodiments.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group, notably a methyl or an ethyl group, advantageously R 6 represents an ethyl group.
• X is N(R 1 )
• Y is N and Z is C(R 3 )
• the compound for use according to the invention is thus of the following general formula (I.ii.a): wherein R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 4b , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in any one of the above embodiments.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, an ethyl or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkylcarbonyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 and SH, advantageously R 6 represents a hydrogen atom or an ethyl group, notably an ethyl group.
• X is N(R 1 )
• Y is N+(O-)
• Z is C(R 3 )
• the compound for use according to the invention is thus of the following general formula (I.ii.b): wherein R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 4b , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in any one of the above embodiments.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group, notably a methyl or an ethyl group, advantageously R 6 represents an ethyl group.
• X is N(R 1 )
• Y is CH and Z is N
• the compound for use according to the invention is thus of the following general formula (I.ii.c): wherein R 1 R 4 , R 4b , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in any one of the above embodiments.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom or a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, preferably a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group, notably a methyl or an ethyl group, advantageously R 6 represents an ethyl group.
• X is N(R 1 ) and Y and Z are CH, and the compound for use according to the invention is thus of the following general formula (I.ii.d): wherein R 1 , R 4 , R 4b , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in any one of the above embodiments.
• R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group or an aryl- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, a (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl group or an aryl-(C 1 - C 3 )alkyl group, notably a hydrogen atom, a methyl, an ethyl or a benzyl group, advantageously R 6 represents a hydrogen atom an ethyl or a benzyl group, typically a hydrogen atom or an ethyl group.
• the compound for use according to the invention may be notably selected from the group consisting of compounds 1 to 44, represented below, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof.
• the compound for use according to the invention may be selected from the group consisting of compounds 1 to 28, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof.
• the compound for use according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of compounds 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, 29, 32, 34-44, in particular 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, 34-44, notably 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof.
• the present invention is also directed to a compound of general formula (I) as defined above, for preventing and/or treating a disorder associated with ferroptosis.
• the disorders associated with ferroptosis may be myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, notably occurring after artery ligation; cardiomyopathy, notably doxorubicin- induced cardiomyopathy; strokes, notably ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke; traumatic brain injury; contusion spinal cord injury; neurodegenerative disorders, in particular chronic neurodegenerative disorders, more particularly Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease), Friedreich's ataxia and dementia; retinal disorders, notably Stargardt’s disease or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular dry AMD; chronic liver diseases, notably non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), chronic infections such as hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease; acute liver failure, notably resulting from a drug- induced liver injury (DILI), such as acetaminophem (APAP)-induced liver injury, or from an ischemia-
• the disorder associated with ferroptosis is selected from the group consisting of cardiomyopathy, notably doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy; contusion spinal cord injury; neurodegenerative disorders, in particular chronic neurodegenerative disorders, more particularly Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease), Friedreich's ataxia and dementia; retinal disorders, notably Stargardt’s disease or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular dry AMD; acute liver failure, notably resulting from a drug-induced liver injury (DILI), such as acetaminophem (APAP)-induced liver injury, or from an ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by a septic or hemorrhagic shock; skin inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis; toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome); acute kidney injury (AKI), such as oxalate-, folic acid (FA)
• DILI
• the disorder associated with ferroptosis is selected from the group consisting of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, notably occurring after artery ligation; strokes, notably ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke; traumatic brain injury; neurodegenerative disorders, in particular chronic neurodegenerative disorders, more particularly Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease); retinal disorders, notably Stargardt’s disease or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular dry AMD; chronic liver diseases, notably non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); acute liver failure, notably resulting from a drug-induced liver injury (DILI), such as acetaminophem (APAP)- induced liver injury, or from an ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by a septic or hemorrhagic shock; and acute kidney injury (AKI), such as folic acid (FA)-induced AKI
• the disorder associated with ferroptosis is selected from the group consisting of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular chronic neurodegenerative disorders, more particularly Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease); retinal disorders, notably Stargardt’s disease or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular dry AMD; acute liver failure, notably resulting from a drug-induced liver injury (DILI), such as acetaminophem (APAP)-induced liver injury, or from an ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by a septic or hemorrhagic shock; and acute kidney injury (AKI), such as folic acid (FA)-induced AKI and cisplatin-induced AKI.
• DILI drug-induced liver injury
• APAP acetaminophem
• AKI acute kidney injury
• FA folic acid
• the present invention also relates to a method for inhibiting ferroptosis, comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective dose of a compound of formula (I) as defined above.
• the present invention relates to a method for preventing and/or treating disorders associated with ferroptosis, as defined above, comprising the administration to a person in need thereof of an effective dose of a compound of formula (I) as defined above.
• the present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, for the manufacture of a drug for inhibiting ferroptosis.
• the present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, for the manufacture of a drug for preventing and/or treating disorders associated with ferroptosis, as defined above.
• the present invention also relates to the use, in particular a non-therapeutic use, of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, for the in vitro preservation and/or protection of biological materials such as cells, tissues, body fluids and organs.
• zn vitro means outside of the organism from which the biological material derives.
• the expression “preservation and/or protection of biological materials” refers to an improved survival of said biological material, allowing its conservation over time. As is clear from the present description, this improved survival is obtained by preventing ferroptosis-induced cell death in said biological materials.
• the present invention also relates to the in vitro use of a compound of formula (I) as defined above as an agent for inhibiting ferroptosis-induced cell death in a biological material.
• the present invention is also directed to a method for inhibiting ferroptosis- induced cell death in a biological material, which comprises exposing said biological material to a compound of formula (I) as defined above.
• the biological material is preferably a cell sample or a tissue sample.
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for use as a drug for inhibiting ferroptosis, particularly for preventing and/or treating disorders associated with ferroptosis, as defined above.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is intended to mean, in the framework of the present invention, a substance which is pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined above, formulated alongside the active ingredient(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, included for the purpose of long-term stabilization, bulking up solid formulations that contain potent active ingredients in small amounts, to confer a therapeutic improvement on the active ingredient in the final dosage form (such as facilitating drug absorption, reducing viscosity, or enhancing solubility), or to enhance the taste or the appearance of the pharmaceutical composition.
• the appropriate excipients can be easily and wisely selected by the skilled person, taking into account notably the dosage form and the route of administration.
• compositions for use according to the invention may be formulated notably for oral administration, for topical administration or for injection, wherein said compositions are intended for mammals, including humans.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be administered orally in a solid or liquid (solution or suspension) form.
• a solid composition can be in the form of tablets, gelatin capsules, powders, granules and the like.
• the main active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical vehicle such as gelatin, starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, talc, gum arabic and the like.
• the tablets may be coated with sucrose or with other suitable materials, or they may be treated in such a way that they have a prolonged or delayed activity and they continuously release a predetermined amount of active principle.
• the active ingredient can be mixed or granulated with dispersing agents, wetting agents or suspending agents and with flavor correctors or sweeteners.
• the active ingredient can be introduced into soft or hard gelatin capsules in the form of a powder or granules such as mentioned previously or in the form of a liquid composition such as mentioned below.
• a liquid composition can contain the active ingredient together with a sweetener, a taste enhancer or a suitable coloring agent in a solvent such as water.
• the liquid composition can also be obtained by suspending or dissolving a powder or granules, as mentioned above, in a liquid such as water, juice, milk, etc. It can be for example a syrup or an elixir.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in any form allowing an application to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes: cream, gel, ointment, patch, etc.
• aqueous suspensions, isotonic saline solutions or sterile and injectable solutions which contain pharmacologically compatible dispersing agents and/or wetting agents are used.
• the compounds of the invention as active ingredients may be used in doses ranging between 0.01 mg and 2,000 mg per day, given in a single dose once per day or administered in several doses throughout the day, for example twice a day in equal doses.
• the dose administered per day is advantageously between 5 mg and 500 mg, even more advantageously between 10 mg and 200 mg.
• the compounds of the invention will be typically formulated into a pharmaceutical composition as described above prior to administration to a patient.
• the effective dose of the active ingredient can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine tests including assessment of the effect of administration of the active ingredient on the disorders which are sought to be prevented and/or treated by said administration.
• such tests can be implemented by analyzing both quantitative and qualitative effect of the administration of different amounts of the active ingredient on a set of markers (biological and/or clinical) characteristics of said disorder, in particular from a biological sample of a person.
• markers biological and/or clinical characteristics of said disorder
• the suitable dose and the associated dosing regimen for treating a given disease in a given patient will depend on several other factors, such as the stage of the disease as well as the physical and medical condition of the patient.
• the present invention also relates to a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition as defined above for use as a therapeutically active ingredient in a combination or in an add-on therapeutic regimen in a person in need thereof, in particular for inhibiting ferroptosis, more particularly for preventing and/or treating disorder associated with ferroptosis.
• the compound of formula (I) of the present invention is administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially to a person in need thereof with a second active ingredient.
• the compound of formula (I) and/or the pharmaceutical composition as defined above may be provided in a combination product, comprising additional products, in particular a second active ingredient, particularly intended for simultaneously, separately or sequentially administration.
• the second active ingredient is typically relevant for the disorder to be prevented and/or treated.
• the present invention also relates to a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition as defined above and a delivery device (a device allowing administration of said composition), in particular suitable for parenteral, enteral administration or local administration.
• a delivery device a device allowing administration of said composition
• delivery devices include but are not limited to autoinjectors, in particular multichamber syringes, transdermal patchs, pre-filled syringe or a needle free device.
• the present invention is also directed to a compound selected from the group consisting of:
• the compound according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of compounds 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, 34-44, notably 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof.
• the present invention relates also to a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, 29, 32, 34-44, notably 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, 34- 44, in particular 4-6, 8-18, 22, 28, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, for use as a drug.
• Figure 1 represents the dose-dependent protection from ferroptosis induced by erastin (Era), glutamate (Glu) or RSL3 ((lS,3R)-RAS-selective lethal) of mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 by compound 6.
• Figure 2A represents the dose-dependent protection from ferroptosis, induced by erastin (Era), of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by compound 6.
• Figure 2B represents the dose-dependent protection from ferroptosis, induced by erastin (Era) or RSL3 ((lS,3R)-RAS-selective lethal), of human neuroblastoma cell line SH- SY5Y by compound 25.
• Figure 3 represents the ischemia-reperfusion model used in example II.2.
• Figures 4-16 represent the viability of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (hRGEC) treated with increasing concentrations of compounds 1, 27, 5, 26, 25, 14, 11, 6, 12, 15, 13, 22 and 20 after hypoxic cold storage (4°C, 24h) and reoxygenation step (37°C, 6h).
• hRGEC human renal glomerular endothelial cells
• Figures 17-18 represent the viability of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (hRGEC) treated with increasing concentrations of compounds 24 and 7 after hypoxic cold storage (4°C, 24h) and reoxygenation step (37°C, 4h (grey) and 6h (black)).
• hRGEC human renal glomerular endothelial cells
• Figures 19-24 represent the viability of rat kidney cells (NRK-52E) treated with increasing concentrations of 24 compounds of the invention after a 24h treatment with 200 pm of cisplastin.
• Figure 25 represents the dose-dependent protection of a human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cell line) from the NalCh-induced retinal cell death by compounds 7, 1, 8, 9, 27, 25, 22 and 24.
• Figures 26-28 represent the dose-dependent protection from ferroptosis, induced by erastin (Era), of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by compounds 16, 17 and 18.
• Figure 29 shows the cell survival of RPE cells after treatment with compound 1 (SBL- 02) before induction of phototoxicity compared to crocetine (CRO), positive control (CONT-A2E) and negative control (CONT+A2E).
• CRO crocetine
• CONT-A2E positive control
• CONT+A2E negative control
• Figure 30 shows photopic ERG measured at an intensity of 30 cd.s/m2 in mice treated in intravitreal (IVT) with compound 1 (SBL2) or its vehicle.
• IVT intravitreal
• SBL2 compound 1
• SBL2 compound 1
• Figure 33 shows the quantification of the thickness of the retinas (expressed as distance from the optic nerve) of mice with or without intravitreal treatment with compound 1 (SBL2).
• Figure 36 shows the quantification of the thickness of the retinas of mice with or without intraperitoneal treatment with compound 7 (SBL2).
• Figures 37-39 show the effect of compounds 7 (SBL-01), 1 (SBL-02), 14 (SBL-571), 22 (SBL-962) and 3 (SBL-1495) on dopaminergic neurons (TH staining) survival after 6- OHDA injury.
• Figures 40 and 41 show the creatinine and urea plasma level in the anesthetised rat model of ischaemic acute renal failure induced by transient bilateral renal artery occlusion in the rat, with or without treatment with compound 7 (sibiriline).
• A2E A-retinylidene- A-retinylethanolamine
• BDNF Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
• DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
• ENT ear, nose, throat
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• FCS fetal calf serum
• HRGEC Human Renal Glomerular Endothelial Cells
• hRPE-1 human Retinal Pigment Epithelial cell line
• IVT intravitreal
• OCT optical coherence tomography
• PBS Phosphate buffered saline
• PMBC 1 4-Methoxybenzyl chloride iPrOH : isopropanol nPrOH : //-propanol.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• RPE retinal pigment epithelium r.t. : Room temperature
• LDA was freshly prepared by adding dropwise a nBuLi solution in hexanes (54 ml, 2.5 M, 135 mmol) to a diisopropylamine (19 ml, 135 mmol) solution in anhydrous THF (150 ml) at -5°C and stirring for 20 min. Then a solution of 3-picoline (7 g, 75 mmol, 1 eq) in anhydrous THF (100 ml) was added dropwise at 0°C and the orange mixture was stirred for 20 min before dropwise addition of a solution of 4-ethoxybenzonitrile (11.1 g, 75 mmol, 1 eq) in anhydrous THF (100 ml).
• 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-indole was obtained by Fisher indole synthesis, using phenylhydrazine and 4-methoxyacetophenone as starting materials, as described in Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2013, 23, 2671-2674.
• the desired compound was obtained as a light brown solid (56%).
• the vial was placed under argon and a mixture of dioxane (1.8 ml) and water (0.2 ml) was added before stirring 16h at 100°C. After cooling the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water, extracted with EtOAc (3x10 ml), washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (70:30 PE:EtOAc) to afford a yellow solid (50 mg, 65%).
• HMDS 2.6 g, 16 mmol, 1 eq
• ethyl chloroformate 4.34 g, 40 mmol, 2.5 eq
• the reaction was stirred for 16h while returning to r.t., recooled to 0°C and more HMDS (0.5 eq) and ethyl chloroformate (1.25 eq) were added.
• the mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 and THF was removed under vacuum.
• the resulting red oil was dissolved in MeOH (50 ml) and NaOH (2N, 50 ml) was added. After 5h, saturated NH4Cl was added and MeOH was removed under vacuum.
• 6-chloro-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine 150 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1 eq was suspended in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) under argon and cooled to -78°C.
• Boron tribromide (1M solution in CH 2 Cl 2 , 1.65 ml, 1.65 mmol, 3 eq) was added dropwise and the dark brown mixture was stirred 6h while slowly warming to r.t.. The reaction was carefully quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (10 ml) and cooled to 0°C before addition of 2M NaOH (10 ml).
• Ferroptosis is involved in several pathologies or dysfunctions of the organism, and notably in acute kidney injury associated with ischemia-reperfusion or resulting from the administration of cisplatin during anti-cancer chemotherapy (in particular during the treatment of head and neck (ENT), lung, endometrial or bladder cancers). Ferroptosis is also involved in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, or in neurological disorders associated with excitotoxicity, such as trauma and stroke. II.1.
• the excitotoxicity model used was the mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells treated with glutamate [Dixon et al., Cell, 2012, 149(5), 1060-1072]. Ferroptosis and oxidative stress are both associated in this glutamate-induced cell death [Chu et al., Neural Regen. Res., 2020, 15(3), 528-536]. Phenotypic screening was also carried out with additional cell death inducers, erastin and RSL3 ((1S,3R)-Ras-selective lethal), in HT22 and SH- SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cells).
• Erastin and RSL3 are well described molecules, used as chemical tools for the study of ferroptosis regulation and neuronal pathologies [Lewerenz et al., Front. Neurosci., 2018, 12: 214; Reichert et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21, 8765].
• Material and Methods Mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line (HT22, ATCC) and human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y, ATCC) were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) at 37°C under 5% CO 2 atmosphere.
• DMEM Modified Eagle Medium
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 5,000 and 10,000 cells/well for HT22 and SH-SY5Y cell lines, respectively.
• Cells were treated with 0.5- 1 ⁇ M Erastin (HT22 cells) or 10 ⁇ M Erastin (SH-SY5Y cells) or 5-10mM glutamate (HT22 cells) or 0.5 ⁇ M RSL3 (HT22 cells) or 5 ⁇ M RSL3 (SH-SY5Y cells) for 24h in presence of increasing concentrations of inhibitors.
• Cells treated with DMSO only were used as controls.
• Table 1 EC50 calculated from results obtained using phenotypic assays HT-22 + glutamate, erastin or RSL3 and SH-SY5Y + erastin or RSL3
• Renal tubular necrosis that occurs during ischemia-reperfusion is a cell death by ferroptosis [Linkermann et al, PNAS, 2014, 11(47) 16836-16841],
• UW University of Wisconsin
• hRGEC Human renal glomerular endothelial cells
• hypothermia/hypoxia cells were washed twice with PBS then incubated in UW solution in 95%N 2 /5%CO 2 (Bactal 2 gaz, Air Liquide France) atmosphere at 4 °C for 24 h. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of inhibitors at the hypoxia step.
• reoxygenation step cells were washed and incubated in PBS + 2% serum or in M200 medium + 4% serum in 5% CO 2 and 21% O 2 atmosphere at 37°C for 6 h. Controls were cells not subjected to this protocol and were continuously oxygenated, incubated in PBS supplemented with 2% of FBS.
• Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity Model Nephrotoxicity associated with the use of cisplatin in the treatments of various cancers (in particular ENT and lung cancers) is due to the accumulation of cisplatin in the kidneys before its elimination. High cisplatin concentration in the kidney is known to trigger cell death by ferroptosis, causing acute tubular necrosis leading to acute kidney injury [Hu et al., Cell Death Dis., 2020, 11 :73] .
• Rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) were grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, ATCC) supplemented with 5% FBS. Cells were maintained at 37°C under 5% CO 2 atmosphere. NRK-52E cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at 10,000 cells/well. Cells were treated with 200 ⁇ M cisplatin (Sigma) for 24h in presence of increasing doses of inhibitors or DMSO for control cells. Cell viability was assessed by MTS assay (CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation assay, Promega).
• Age-related macular degeneration, or AMD is characterized by a loss of vision caused by a degeneration of the central cells of the retina, called the macula.
• Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the loss of retinal cells and notably by triggering ferroptosis [Totsuka et al, Exp. Eye Res., 2019, 181-316-324].
• One model used to study retinal cell death is the human ARPE-19 cell line, a pigmentary retinal epithelial cell line, in the presence of sodium iodate (NalOs, a potent oxidizing agent) [Hanus et al. Cell Death Discov. 2016, 2, 16054] [Chan et al., J. Biomed. Sci., 2019, 26:40], Resveratrol was used as a positive control, insofar it inhibits ferroptosis by playing its well-documented role as an antioxidant agent.
• RPE retinal pigment epithelium
• the molecules are tested at 10 and 30 ⁇ M unless toxicity at this concentration.
• the negative control corresponds to cells treated with A2E and vehicle.
• the positive control corresponds to cells treated with A2E and crocetin (100 ⁇ M) 48h before illumination. The treatments are done in quadruplicate and the experiments are performed 4 times. Results
• the test results depicted in Figure 29 show that compound 1 (named SBL-02 in Fig.29) is able to protect RPE cells significantly against phototoxicity at 10 and 30 ⁇ M. II.6.
• mice lacking ATP -binding cassette transporter 4 (ABCA4) and retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8) mimic features of human Stargardt’s disease and age-related macular degeneration. Intense light exposure can accelerate retinal degeneration in Abca4 -/_ Rdh8 _/ “ mice.
• BLD Blue light damage
• the pupils of the mice are dilated with 0.5% Midriaticum.
• a representative image of each eye was extracted and included in separate report documents (4 OCT attachments).
• the following day, measurements of the electrical activity of the retina were made by measuring scotopic and photopic electroretinograms (ERG).
• the scotopic ERG is performed after a night in the dark in order to measure the electrical response of the rods which represent 97% of the photoreceptors in the mouse. At higher intensities, the cones also respond. This is followed by a photopic ERG which records the response of the cones only.
• Three measurements corresponding to the activity of 1) rod and cone photoreceptors, 2) inner retinal bipolar cells and 3) cones only, are obtained.
• the eyes are then harvested and prepared for subsequent histological analysis. In the IP experiments, one eye is dissected and the retina and RPE are frozen separately. These tissues can be used for further measurements.
• Compound 1 in powder form is taken up in DMSO in order to obtain a solution at 20 mM. These solutions are stored at -20°C and are thawed extemporaneously to prepare a solution diluted 89 times in PBS. These solutions give a final concentration in the eye of around 50 ⁇ M for compound 1, and 0.25% DMSO.
• a vehicle is prepared from pure DMSO to achieve a final 0.25% in the vitreous. Mice are lightly anaesthetised with isoflurane during the IVT procedure. A volume of 1.5 ⁇ L is injected into the vitreous of the left eye.
• the B-wave amplitude of SBL2 I is very close to that of the NINI (untreated and non-injected) mice.
• the photopic ERG of the injected eyes is partially preserved compared to that of the non-injected eyes ( Figure 30). The same was true for SBL2 I compared to VEH I.
• the solutions are prepared extemporaneously from water-soluble lyophilisates of compound 7 (SBL1) - cyclodextrin (final CD concentration, 15%) and the corresponding placebos.
• the volume to be injected is calculated according to the weight of the mice and corresponds to 10 ml/kg. Mice were injected 3 and 1 h before and 1 and 3 h after the start of the BLD.
• 6- Hydroxydopamine 6- Hydroxydopamine
• DA dopamine
• Rat dopaminergic neurons were cultured as described by Schinelli et al.. J Neurochem., 1988, 50(6). The cells were seeded at a density of 40 000 cells/well in 96 well-plates (precoated with poly-D-lysine; Greiner, Ref: 655940, Batch: E20093UL) and were cultured at 37°C in a humidified air (95%)/CO 2 (5%) atmosphere. Half of the medium was changed every 2 days with fresh medium. In these conditions, after 5 days of culture, astrocytes are present in the culture and release growth factor allowing neurons differentiation. In this condition, 2 to 5 % of neurons are dopaminergic neurons.
• 6-OHDA (Sigma, Ref: 162957, Batch MKCK5243) was reconstituted in define culture medium at 40 ⁇ M (stock solution).
• the control medium was prepared in the same conditions.
• primary mesencephalic neurons were pre-treated for 1 hour with test compounds or reference compound (BDNF, 50ng/mL) and then intoxicated with 6-OHDA at a final concentration of 20 ⁇ M for 2 days incubation in order to induce a neuronal cell death of about 50% +/-5%.
• test compounds or reference compound BDNF, 50ng/mL
• 6-OHDA at 20 ⁇ M induces a significant decrease of dopaminergic neurons survival (48% of cellular death, p ⁇ 0.0001).
• the reference molecule, BDNF at 50ng/mL is able to partially rescue neurons from cell death (15% of cellular death, p ⁇ 0.0001).
• the experiment was carried out using male Wistar rats (Janvier Labs, C.S. 4105, Saint- Berthevin F-53941, France), weighing 200 - 260 g on the day of surgery. Before surgery, the animals were housed in groups 2-4 in polysulfone cages (floor area 1500 cm 2 ) under standard conditions: room temperature (22 ⁇ 2°C), hygrometry (55 ⁇ 10%), light/dark cycle (12h/12h), air replacement (15-20 volumes/hour), water and food (SAFE, ref. A04) ad libitum. The animals were allowed to acclimate to environmental conditions for at least 5 days prior to experimentation.
• Rats were anesthetised with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg i.p.), and placed on a servocontrolled heating table to maintain rectal temperature close to 37°C. After endotracheal intubation animals were mechanically ventilated. The abdominal cavity was exposed by medial laparotomy, both left and right renal arteries will be identified, carefully dissected from the renal vein and clamped for 40 min. During this clamping period the abdominal cavity was kept closed. The clamps were released, perfusion to the kidneys re-established and the abdominal cavity sutured. Animals where reperfusion were incomplete, as judged visually, were excluded.
• Post-surgical analgesia was ensured by subcutaneous administration of buprenorphine (10 50 ⁇ g/kg, sc) twice daily for 2 days (including the day of surgery). After surgery, the animals were individually housed. The animals were observed and weighted daily and the sutures were examined and disinfected with antiseptic solution (povidone-iodine) if needed.
• antiseptic solution povidone-iodine

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