WO2022148220A1 - 一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法 - Google Patents

一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022148220A1
WO2022148220A1 PCT/CN2021/138519 CN2021138519W WO2022148220A1 WO 2022148220 A1 WO2022148220 A1 WO 2022148220A1 CN 2021138519 W CN2021138519 W CN 2021138519W WO 2022148220 A1 WO2022148220 A1 WO 2022148220A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pedal
cylinder
control unit
brake
booster
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PCT/CN2021/138519
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
赵万忠
吴刚
王春燕
周小川
张自宇
周青华
刘利峰
刘晓强
孟琦康
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南京航空航天大学
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Publication of WO2022148220A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022148220A1/zh

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/042Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/74Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive
    • B60T13/745Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive acting on a hydraulic system, e.g. a master cylinder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/06Disposition of pedal

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of automobile braking, in particular to a braking system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics and a control method thereof.
  • the hydraulic braking system has the characteristics of high reliability and wide application.
  • the current proposed braking systems basically aim to achieve the above functions, and they mostly start with the decoupling of the pedal and the master cylinder pressure.
  • the brake-by-wire method uses a pedal feel simulator to achieve decoupling, but the pedal feel is different from the real braking state; some braking systems choose the driver's pedal force and motor assist to couple through the feedback disk, and use the displacement difference sensor to collect the inside and outside of the feedback disk.
  • the control algorithm is more complicated to control the size of the booster by the ring shape change.
  • Other booster systems that only use springs, hydraulic chamber compensation, etc. to control the pedal force are not ideal for practical applications, because when the master cylinder directly leads to the feedback compensation chamber through the oil circuit , pedal feel and hydraulic pressure with the purpose of regenerative braking coordination can not have both.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a brake system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics and a control method thereof, aiming at the defects involved in the background technology, which can design various control rates of pedal force curves to meet individual requirements.
  • Driving needs when there is a problem with the motor, the redundant system can provide a failback backup to meet the driver’s needs under the premise of ensuring braking safety.
  • a brake system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics comprising a base, a first power assist adjusting device, a second power assist adjusting device, a pedal mechanism, a master brake cylinder, a fuel tank, a pedal displacement sensor, a pressure sensor, and a hydraulic control unit and electronic control unit;
  • the base, the master brake cylinder and the oil tank are all fixed on the frame, wherein the master brake cylinder is used to output hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic control unit, and the oil tank is used to store and supply hydraulic oil to the master brake cylinder;
  • the first power-assisted adjustment device includes a first power-assisted motor, a driving gear, a driven gear, a bearing, a bearing bush, a flat head nut and a flat head screw;
  • the base is provided with a first chute and a second chute, and the first and second chute are provided with sliding blocks;
  • the outer wall of the bearing bush is fixedly connected with the slider in the first chute, and the axis of the bearing bush is parallel to the first chute;
  • the outer ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the bearing casing, and the inner ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with the cylindrical body of the flat head nut coaxially;
  • the outer wall of the cylindrical body of the flat head nut is also provided with a flat key/spline, and the working surface of the flat key/spline is parallel to the axis of the flat head nut;
  • the driven gear is a hollow gear that is sleeved outside the flat key/spline of the flat nut, the inner wall of which is matched with the flat key/spline of the flat nut, so that the driven gear cannot rotate around its axis relative to the flat nut but can. Free sliding along the working face of the flat nut key/spline;
  • the first booster motor is fixed on the frame, and its output shaft and the driving gear are coaxially fixed; the driving gear and the driven gear are meshed;
  • the flat head end of the flat head screw is fixedly connected with the slider in the second chute, the axis of the flat head screw is parallel to the second chute, the flat head nut and the flat head screw thread are matched, and the flat head nut and the flat head screw The equivalent friction angle between them is greater than the thread lift angle, that is, it is self-locking;
  • the second booster adjusting device includes a second booster motor, a worm gear, a first transmission gear, a second transmission gear, a sleeve and a rack;
  • the sleeve is sleeved outside the shaft of the flat-head screw, and one end of the flat-head screw is coaxially connected to the flat end;
  • the rack is arranged on the outer wall of the sleeve, and the rack is parallel to the axis of the sleeve ;
  • the second booster motor is fixed on the frame, and its output shaft and the turbine worm are coaxially fixed;
  • the first transmission gear and the second transmission gear are coaxially fixed, and the first transmission gear and the The turbine worm is engaged, and the second transmission gear is engaged with the rack;
  • the pedal mechanism includes a pedal, a pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder, a solenoid valve and a simulator;
  • the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder is used to feedback the pedal force, the outer wall of the cylinder is provided with a chute parallel to its axis, and a slider is arranged in the chute; the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder is in the outer wall chute of the cylinder.
  • the sliding block is fixed on the base, so that the cylinder body of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder can slide freely relative to the base along the chute on its outer wall; the bottom of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder body abuts the flat head
  • the head end of the nut is coaxial with the flat head nut;
  • the pedal is connected to the push rod of the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder through a moment arm, and is used to push the push rod of the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder to make the pedal force simulating the hydraulic cylinder
  • the cylinder pushes the translation nut to move;
  • the simulator is connected to the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder through a solenoid valve, and is used to control the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder to provide feedback force when the solenoid valve is closed;
  • the pedal displacement sensor is arranged at the input end of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder push rod, and is used to measure the pedal displacement signal;
  • the pressure sensor is arranged at the output end of the hydraulic oil pipeline of the brake master cylinder, and is used to measure the pressure of the brake master cylinder;
  • the hydraulic control unit is connected to the master brake cylinder through a pipeline, and is used for regulating the hydraulic pressure of the four wheel cylinders of the automobile;
  • the electronic control unit is respectively electrically connected with the pedal displacement sensor, the solenoid valve, the pressure sensor, the first booster motor, the second booster motor and the hydraulic control unit, and is used for controlling the solenoid valve, The first booster motor, the second booster motor, and the hydraulic control unit work.
  • the invention also discloses a conventional braking method of the braking system based on the variable-length brake master cylinder push rod, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step A.1) the driver steps on the pedal, the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to disconnect, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is connected, at this time, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the cylinder does not move, and the pedal feel is completely controlled by the simulation.
  • the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to disconnect, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is connected, at this time, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the cylinder does not move, and the pedal feel is completely controlled by the simulation.
  • Step A.2.1 calculate the master cylinder target pressure P 0 according to the brake energy efficiency factor C, so that the energy efficiency factors of the front and rear wheel brakes are the same, then:
  • r is the tire rolling radius
  • is the braking force distribution coefficient of the front and rear axles
  • D is the diameter of the cylinder
  • n is the number of cylinders on one side
  • R is the working radius of the brake caliper
  • Step A.2.2 calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step A.4) the electronic control unit performs the target thrust control of the first to second booster motors:
  • Step A.4.1 the electronic control unit controls the second booster adjustment device to output thrust first according to F2;
  • Step A.4.2 at the same time, the electronic control unit takes the measured deviation between the output hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder and the target pressure as the input of the PID control algorithm, calculates the required remaining effective thrust F 1a in real time, and adjusts the first power assist adjustment device. Perform output thrust control.
  • the invention also discloses a method for adjusting the linear relationship between the hydraulic pressure of the brake master cylinder and the pedal displacement of the brake system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics.
  • the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step B.1 the driver steps on the pedal, the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to energize, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is disconnected; the pedal pushes the simulated hydraulic cylinder on the flat end of the flat nut to make it slide along the guide rail as a whole, through The thread transmits the force to the flat head screw;
  • Step B.2.1 then calculate the master cylinder target pressure P 0 according to the brake energy efficiency factor C, so that the energy efficiency factors of the front and rear wheel brakes are the same, then:
  • r is the tire rolling radius
  • is the braking force distribution coefficient of the front and rear axles
  • D is the diameter of the cylinder
  • n is the number of cylinders on one side
  • R is the working radius of the brake caliper
  • Step B.2.2 calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step B.3) the electronic control unit performs power assist control on the second power assist adjustment device, which specifically includes the following sub-steps:
  • Step B.3.1 the controller refers to the reserved pedal force F p2 (x 2 ) obtained by referring to the preset pedal force characteristic curve according to the measured pedal push rod displacement signal x.
  • the simulator outputs the characteristic As a reference for pedal force characteristics during control;
  • Step B.4 the electronic control unit carries out speed regulation control to the first power assist adjustment device, and the target rotational speed is determined by the preset pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curve, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step B.4.3 further calculate the speed control target of the first power assist device:
  • ⁇ m1 (K mp -1)(i 1 ⁇ v p )/D
  • dx mc is the displacement of the brake master cylinder push rod
  • dx p is the displacement of the pedal push rod
  • Step B.4.5 determine the coefficient K mp according to the sensitivity of the preset pedal displacement-braking force sensitivity characteristic curve
  • Step B.5) the electronic control unit controls the first booster motor to work according to the rotational speed control target ⁇ m1 , and provides a reserved booster F p2 (x 2 ), together with the sleeve at the output end of the second booster adjusting device, pushes the brake main motor. Cylinder push rod to establish hydraulic pressure and realize the function of variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics;
  • Step B.6 while the first power assist adjusting device provides power, it generates equal and opposite forces at both ends of the flat head nut, the force at the end of the flat head screw is used to help establish the hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder, and one end of the pedal simulation cylinder is fed back to the driver. the pedal force of the operator.
  • the invention also discloses an active braking method of a braking system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics, the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step C.1) the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to be turned on, and the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator to be disconnected;
  • Step C.2) the electronic control unit calculates the target total braking force according to the emergency degree of the current working condition, and provides the maximum braking force demand F ⁇ max of the braking system;
  • Step C.3 calculate the master cylinder target pressure P 0 according to the brake energy efficiency factor C, so that the energy efficiency factors of the front and rear wheel brakes are the same, then:
  • r is the tire rolling radius
  • is the braking force distribution coefficient of the front and rear axles
  • D is the diameter of the cylinder
  • n is the number of cylinders on one side
  • R is the working radius of the brake caliper
  • Step C.4) calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step C.5) the electronic control unit performs the effective thrust distribution of the first to the second booster motor: in order to ensure that the driver can press the brake pedal vigorously in an emergency, the pedal force can simulate the hydraulic cylinder for auxiliary braking, and the first booster
  • the effective thrust provided by the motor does not exceed the maximum pedal force F sc_max output by the simulator, but if the output force of the first booster motor is too small, the driver can easily depress the pedal, which will mistakenly think that the brake pedal is invalid.
  • the limit is 0.5F sc_max , so the electronic control unit decides the distribution method of the effective thrust of the first to second booster motors as follows:
  • Step C.6) the electronic control unit performs the target thrust control of the first to second booster motors:
  • Step C.6.1 the electronic control unit controls the second booster adjusting device to output thrust first according to F2;
  • Step C.6.2 at the same time, the electronic control unit takes the measured deviation between the output hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder and the target pressure as the input of the PID control algorithm, calculates the required remaining effective thrust F 1a in real time, and adjusts the first power assist adjustment device. Perform output thrust control.
  • the system provides two backups.
  • Hydraulic pressure is established through worm turbine, sleeve, screw, and push rod of brake master cylinder.
  • any fault of the second booster motor and the first booster motor can use the remaining normal motors to complete the normal work without affecting the braking (the role of the high-speed solenoid valve needs to be played at this time to realize the characteristics of the conventional brake pedal); if there is a problem with both The hydraulic pressure is established by directly pushing the master cylinder through the pedal.
  • the present invention adopts the above technical scheme, and has the following technical effects:
  • the braking system of the variable-length brake master cylinder push rod of the present invention can realize the active braking function and multi-failure backup to ensure the braking of intelligent driving through the coordinated work between the various components of the system in the intelligent driving scene.
  • the push rod length adjustment device and the brake booster adjustment device can be used to realize the free design of the pedal feel;
  • active braking function With active braking function, it can integrate regenerative energy recovery, electronic stability program (ESP), adaptive cruise control (ACC) and other active control technologies to realize intelligent vehicle control;
  • ESP electronic stability program
  • ACC adaptive cruise control
  • Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the braking system in the embodiment
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the comparison of three different pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curves of sensitive, conventional and slow in the embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic flowchart of a conventional braking method in an embodiment.
  • the present invention discloses a brake system with variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics, which includes a base, a first booster adjustment device, a second booster adjustment device, a pedal mechanism, a master brake cylinder, a fuel tank, Pedal displacement sensor, pressure sensor, hydraulic control unit and electronic control unit;
  • the base, the master brake cylinder and the oil tank are all fixed on the frame, wherein the master brake cylinder is used to output hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic control unit, and the oil tank is used to store and supply hydraulic oil to the master brake cylinder;
  • the first power-assisted adjustment device includes a first power-assisted motor, a driving gear, a driven gear, a bearing, a bearing bush, a flat head nut and a flat head screw;
  • the base is provided with a first chute and a second chute, and the first and second chute are provided with sliding blocks;
  • the outer wall of the bearing bush is fixedly connected with the slider in the first chute, and the axis of the bearing bush is parallel to the first chute;
  • the outer ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the bearing casing, and the inner ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with the cylindrical body of the flat head nut coaxially;
  • the outer wall of the cylindrical body of the flat head nut is also provided with a flat key/spline, and the working surface of the flat key/spline is parallel to the axis of the flat head nut;
  • the driven gear is a hollow gear that is sleeved outside the flat key/spline of the flat nut, the inner wall of which is matched with the flat key/spline of the flat nut, so that the driven gear cannot rotate around its axis relative to the flat nut but can. Free sliding along the working face of the flat nut key/spline;
  • the first booster motor is fixed on the frame, and its output shaft and the driving gear are coaxially fixed; the driving gear and the driven gear are meshed;
  • the flat head end of the flat head screw is fixedly connected with the slider in the second chute, the axis of the flat head screw is parallel to the second chute, the flat head nut and the flat head screw thread are matched, and the flat head nut and the flat head screw The equivalent friction angle between them is greater than the thread lift angle, that is, it is self-locking;
  • the second booster adjusting device includes a second booster motor, a worm gear, a first transmission gear, a second transmission gear, a sleeve and a rack;
  • the sleeve is sleeved outside the shaft of the flat-head screw, and one end of the flat-head screw is coaxially connected to the flat end;
  • the rack is arranged on the outer wall of the sleeve, and the rack is parallel to the axis of the sleeve ;
  • the second booster motor is fixed on the frame, and its output shaft and the turbine worm are coaxially fixed;
  • the first transmission gear and the second transmission gear are coaxially fixed, and the first transmission gear and the The turbine worm is engaged, and the second transmission gear is engaged with the rack;
  • the pedal mechanism includes a pedal, a pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder, a solenoid valve and a simulator;
  • the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder is used to feedback the pedal force, the outer wall of the cylinder is provided with a chute parallel to its axis, and a slider is arranged in the chute; the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder is in the outer wall chute of the cylinder.
  • the sliding block is fixed on the base, so that the cylinder body of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder can slide freely relative to the base along the chute on its outer wall; the bottom of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder body abuts the flat head
  • the head end of the nut is coaxial with the flat head nut;
  • the pedal is connected to the push rod of the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder through a moment arm, and is used to push the push rod of the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder to make the pedal force simulating the hydraulic cylinder
  • the cylinder pushes the translation nut to move;
  • the simulator is connected to the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder through a solenoid valve, and is used to control the pedal force simulating hydraulic cylinder to provide feedback force when the solenoid valve is closed;
  • the pedal displacement sensor is arranged at the input end of the pedal force simulation hydraulic cylinder push rod, and is used to measure the pedal displacement signal;
  • the pressure sensor is arranged at the output end of the hydraulic oil pipeline of the brake master cylinder, and is used to measure the pressure of the brake master cylinder;
  • the hydraulic control unit is connected to the master brake cylinder through a pipeline, and is used for regulating the hydraulic pressure of the four wheel cylinders of the automobile;
  • the electronic control unit is respectively electrically connected with the pedal displacement sensor, the solenoid valve, the pressure sensor, the first booster motor, the second booster motor and the hydraulic control unit, and is used for controlling the solenoid valve, The first booster motor, the second booster motor, and the hydraulic control unit work.
  • the invention also discloses a conventional braking method of the braking system based on the variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristic, the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step A.1) the driver steps on the pedal, the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to disconnect, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is connected, at this time, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the cylinder does not move, and the pedal feel is completely controlled by the simulation.
  • the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to disconnect, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is connected, at this time, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the cylinder does not move, and the pedal feel is completely controlled by the simulation.
  • Step A.2.2 calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step A.4) the electronic control unit performs the target thrust control of the first to second booster motors:
  • Step A.4.1 the electronic control unit controls the second booster adjustment device to output thrust first according to F2;
  • Step A.4.2 at the same time, the electronic control unit takes the measured deviation between the output hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder and the target pressure as the input of the PID control algorithm, calculates the required remaining effective thrust F 1a in real time, and adjusts the first power assist adjustment device.
  • the output thrust control is carried out, and its control block diagram is shown in Figure 3.
  • This embodiment also provides a method for adjusting the linear relationship between the hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder of the brake system and the pedal displacement of the brake system based on the variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristic. The specific steps are as follows:
  • Step B.1 the driver steps on the pedal, the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to energize, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and the simulator is disconnected; the pedal pushes the simulated hydraulic cylinder on the flat end of the flat nut to make it slide along the guide rail as a whole, through The thread transmits the force to the flat head screw;
  • Step B.2.1 then calculate the master cylinder target pressure P 0 according to the brake energy efficiency factor C, so that the energy efficiency factors of the front and rear wheel brakes are the same, then:
  • r is the tire rolling radius
  • is the braking force distribution coefficient of the front and rear axles
  • D is the diameter of the cylinder
  • n is the number of cylinders on one side
  • R is the working radius of the brake caliper
  • Step B.2.2 calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step B.3) the electronic control unit performs power assist control on the second power assist adjustment device, which specifically includes the following sub-steps:
  • Step B.3.1 the controller refers to the reserved pedal force F p2 (x 2 ) obtained by referring to the preset pedal force characteristic curve according to the measured pedal push rod displacement signal x.
  • the simulator outputs the characteristic As a reference for pedal force characteristics during control;
  • Step B.4 the electronic control unit performs speed regulation control on the first power assist adjusting device, and the target rotational speed is determined by the preset pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curve, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • the pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curve shows a conventional characteristic, such as characteristic curve 1 in Fig. 2; when K mp >1, the The pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curve shows a sensitive characteristic, such as characteristic curve 2 in Fig. 2; when K mp ⁇ 1, the pedal displacement-braking force characteristic curve exhibits a relaxing characteristic, such as characteristic curve 3 in Fig. 2; namely The proportional coefficient K mp determines the pedal displacement-braking force characteristics of the braking system;
  • Step B.4.3 further calculate the speed control target of the first power assist device:
  • ⁇ m1 (K mp -1)(i 1 ⁇ v p )/D
  • dx mc is the displacement of the brake master cylinder push rod
  • dx p is the displacement of the pedal push rod
  • Step B.4.5 determine the coefficient K mp according to the sensitivity of the preset pedal displacement-braking force sensitivity characteristic curve
  • Step B.5) the electronic control unit controls the first booster motor to work according to the rotational speed control target ⁇ m1 , and provides a reserved booster F p2 (x 2 ), together with the sleeve at the output end of the second booster adjusting device, pushes the brake main motor. Cylinder push rod to establish hydraulic pressure and realize the function of variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics;
  • Step B.6 while the first power assist adjusting device provides power, it generates equal and opposite forces at both ends of the flat head nut, the force at the end of the flat head screw is used to help establish the hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder, and one end of the pedal simulation cylinder is fed back to the driver. the pedal force of the operator.
  • This embodiment also provides an active braking method for a braking system based on the above-mentioned variable pedal displacement-braking force characteristics.
  • the specific steps are as follows: Step C.1), the electronic control unit controls the solenoid valve to be turned on, the pedal force simulates the hydraulic cylinder and The emulator is disconnected;
  • Step C.2) the electronic control unit calculates the target total braking force according to the emergency degree of the current working condition, and provides the maximum braking force demand F ⁇ max of the braking system;
  • Step C.3 calculate the master cylinder target pressure P 0 according to the brake energy efficiency factor C, so that the energy efficiency factors of the front and rear wheel brakes are the same, then:
  • r is the tire rolling radius
  • is the braking force distribution coefficient of the front and rear axles
  • D is the diameter of the cylinder
  • n is the number of cylinders on one side
  • R is the working radius of the brake caliper
  • Step C.4) calculate the total thrust F mc0 to be provided by the first booster motor and the second booster motor, namely
  • a mc is the cross-sectional area of the inner diameter of the master cylinder;
  • K 0 is the theoretical coefficient from the total braking force to the thrust required to establish the master cylinder pressure;
  • F 1 is the effective thrust provided by the first booster device;
  • F2 is provided by the second booster device effective thrust;
  • Step C.5) the electronic control unit performs the effective thrust distribution of the first to the second booster motor: in order to ensure that the driver can press the brake pedal vigorously in an emergency, the pedal force can simulate the hydraulic cylinder for auxiliary braking, and the first booster
  • the effective thrust provided by the motor does not exceed the maximum pedal force F sc_max output by the simulator, but if the output force of the first booster motor is too small, the driver can easily depress the pedal, which will mistakenly think that the brake pedal is invalid.
  • the limit is 0.5F sc_max , so the electronic control unit decides the distribution method of the effective thrust of the first to second booster motors as follows:
  • Step C.6) the electronic control unit performs the target thrust control of the first to second booster motors:
  • Step C.6.1 the electronic control unit controls the second booster adjusting device to output thrust first according to F2;
  • Step C.6.2 at the same time, the electronic control unit takes the measured deviation between the output hydraulic pressure of the master cylinder and the target pressure as the input of the PID control algorithm, calculates the required remaining effective thrust F 1a in real time, and adjusts the first power assist adjustment device. Perform output thrust control.
  • the system provides two backups.
  • Hydraulic pressure is established through worm turbine, sleeve, screw, and push rod of brake master cylinder.
  • any fault of the second booster motor and the first booster motor can use the remaining normal motors to complete the normal work without affecting the braking (the role of the high-speed solenoid valve needs to be played at this time to realize the conventional brake pedal characteristics); if there is a problem with both The hydraulic pressure is established by directly pushing the master cylinder through the pedal.

Abstract

一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法,包含基座、第一助力调节装置、第二助力调节装置、踏板机构、制动主缸、油箱、踏板位移传感器、压力传感器、液压控制单元和电子控制单元。该系统针对各种制动工况自由设计制动踏板感觉;具有主动制动功能,可集成再生能量回收、电子稳定程序(ESP)、自适应巡航控制(ACC)等主动控制技术,实现车辆智能化控制;同时增加了失效备份模式的冗余度,提高制动安全性。

Description

一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及汽车制动技术领域,尤其涉及一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法。
背景技术
液压制动系统具有可靠性高、应用广泛的特点,但由于传统液压制动系统采用真空助力存在滞后强、建压慢以及与踏板力直接作用相互影响等缺点,不利于在智能驾驶主动控制领域的设计,例如无法兼容再生制动与制动踏板感觉、无法满足自动紧急制动快速建立制动液压的安全性需求等。随着电子化、电动化逐渐成为工业机械领域发展的主导趋势,越来越多的电动制动系统开始出现,制动系统设计时要考虑的因素也越来越多:在常规制动功能的基本上,还要保证集成再生制动功能后踏板力与位移的特性维持不变;在紧急制动情况下能够快速主动建立液压;由于电子电气故障的频率相对机械要高,为减小意外发生时的风险,失效备份也是必要考虑的功能之一等等。
目前提出的制动系统基本都以实现上述功能为目标,它们多从踏板与主缸压力的解耦入手。线控制动方式借助了踏板感觉模拟器实现解耦,但踏板感觉与真实制动状态有差异;一些制动系统选择驾驶员踏板力和电机助力通过反馈盘耦合,利用位移差传感器采集反馈盘内外圈形变差来控制助力大小,控制算法较为复杂;另一些只采用弹簧、液压腔补偿等方式控制踏板力的助力系统,实际应用并不理想,因为当主缸通过油路直接通到反馈补偿腔时,踏板感觉和液压随再生制动协调的目的无法兼得。此外,在电机故障等失效备份的工作模式下,踏板需要直接推动主缸制动,建立液压非常有限,一些存在助力的系统也只利用了轮缸与主缸直径差异形成的助力比。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对背景技术中所涉及到的缺陷,提供一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法,能够设计多种踏板力曲线的控制率,满足个性驾驶需求,在电机出现问题时,能够通过冗余系统提供失效备份,保证制动安全的前提下满足驾驶员需求。
本发明为解决上述技术问题采用以下技术方案:
一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统,包含基座、第一助力调节装置、第二助力调节装置、踏板机构、制动主缸、油箱、踏板位移传感器、压力传感器、液压控制单元和电子控制单元;
所述基座、制动主缸、油箱均固定在车架上,其中,所述制动主缸用于输出液压力至液压控制单元,油箱用于给制动主缸存放和供给液压油;
所述第一助力调节装置包含第一助力电机、主动齿轮、从动齿轮、轴承、轴承衬套、平头螺母和平头螺杆;
所述基座上设有第一滑槽、第二滑槽,且第一滑槽、第二滑槽内均设有滑块;
所述轴承衬套的外壁和所述第一滑槽内的滑块固连,且轴承衬套的轴线平行于所述第一滑槽;
所述轴承的外圈和所述轴承外套的内壁固连,轴承的内圈和所述平头螺母的柱身同轴固连;
所述平头螺母的柱身外壁上还设有平键/花键,平键/花键的工作面平行于平头螺母的轴线;
所述从动齿轮为套在所述平头螺母平键/花键外的空心齿轮,其内壁和平头螺母的平键/花键相配合,使得从动齿轮相对平头螺母不能绕其轴线转动但是能够沿着平头螺母平键/花键的工作面自由滑动;
所述第一助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述主动齿轮同轴固连;所述主动齿轮和从动齿轮啮合;
所述平头螺杆的平头端和所述第二滑槽内的滑块固连,平头螺杆的轴线平行于所述第二滑槽,平头螺母和所述平头螺杆螺纹配合,且平头螺母与平头螺杆之间的当量摩擦角大于螺纹升角,即具有自锁性;
所述平头螺杆的头端和所述制动主缸的推杆同轴相抵;
所述第二助力调节装置包含第二助力电机、涡轮蜗杆、第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮、套筒和齿条;
所述套筒套在所述平头螺杆的杆身外、一端和平头螺杆的平头端同轴固连;所述齿条设置在所述套筒的外壁上,且齿条平行于套筒的轴线;所述第二助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述涡轮蜗杆同轴固连;所述第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮同轴固连,且第一传动齿轮和所述涡轮蜗杆啮合,第二传动齿轮和所述齿条啮合;
所述踏板机构包含踏板、踏板力模拟液压缸、电磁阀和模拟器;
所述踏板力模拟液压缸用于反馈踏板力,其缸体外壁上设有平行于其轴线的滑槽,且滑槽内设有滑块;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体外壁滑槽内的滑块固定在所述基座上,使得踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体能够沿其外壁上的滑槽相对基座自由滑动;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体的底部抵在所述平头螺母的头端,和所述平头螺母同轴;所述踏板通过力臂和所述踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆相连,用于推动踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆进而使得踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体 推动平动螺母运动;所述模拟器通过电磁阀和所述踏板力模拟液压缸相连,用于在电磁阀闭合时控制踏板力模拟液压缸提供反馈力;
所述踏板位移传感器设置在踏板力模拟液压缸推杆的输入端,用于测量踏板位移信号;
所述压力传感器设置在制动主缸液压油管路的输出端,用于测量制动主缸的压力;
所述液压控制单元通过管路和所述制动主缸相连,用于对汽车四个轮缸的液压力进行调控;
所述电子控制单元分别和踏板位移传感器、电磁阀、压力传感器、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元电气相连,用于根据踏板位移传感器、压力传感器的感应信号控制电磁阀、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元工作。
本发明还公开了一种基于该变长度制动主缸推杆的制动系统的常规制动方法,具体步骤如下:
步骤A.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀断开,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器接通,此时,踏板力模拟液压缸缸体不动,踏板感觉完全由模拟器提供;
步骤A.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
步骤A.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤A.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
F mc0=F 1+F 2
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤A.3),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证踏板力模拟液压缸不前移,第一助力电机提供的有效推力大于踏板产生的推力F pc,即F 1>F pc;又踏板产生的推力等于模拟器输出的踏板力F pc(x)=F sc(x),且根据模拟器输出特性曲线容易获知踏板力大小;对获取的踏板力预设余量阈值ΔF,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
F 1=F pc(x)+ΔF
F 2=F mc0-F pc(x)-ΔF
步骤A.4),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
步骤A.4.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
步骤A.4.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制。
本发明还公开了一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的制动主缸液压力和踏板位移线性关系调节的方法,具体步骤如下:
步骤B.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀通电,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;踏板推动模拟液压缸顶在平头螺母平头端使其沿导轨整体滑动,通过螺纹将力传递到平头螺杆;
步骤B.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
步骤B.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤B.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
F mc0=F 1+F 2
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤B.3),然后电子控制单元对第二助力调节装置进行助力控制,具体包括以下子步骤:
步骤B.3.1),控制器根据测量的踏板推杆位移信号x查阅预设的踏板力特性曲线得到的预留踏板力F p2(x 2),为保持踏板力特性一致,将模拟器输出特性作为控制时的踏板力特性参考;
步骤B.3.2),电子控制单元采用PI控制算法根据目标主缸压力和压力传感器测量主缸输出压力差Δ计算第二助力调节装置的助力值F 22=(K p×Δ+K i×∫Δ)-F p2(x),K p是比例系数;K i是积分系数;
步骤B.4),电子控制单元对第一助力调节装置进行调速控制,目标转速由预设的踏板位 移-制动力特性曲线决定,具体步骤如下:
步骤B.4.1),令踏板推杆整体推动速度为v p,螺纹导程为D,齿轮传动比为i 1,第一助力电机转速为ω m1,则制动主缸推杆的速度v mc=v pm1×D/i 1
步骤B.4.2),令制动主缸位移x mc和制动主缸压力P 0的函数关系为P 0=G m(x mc),制动主缸位移x mc和踏板位移x p的关系为x mc=K mp x p,则踏板位移-制动力特性曲线为P 0=G m(K mp x p);
当K mp=1,平头螺母平头螺杆的总作用长度固定即ω m1=0时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为常规特性;当K mp>1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为灵敏特性;当K mp<1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为舒缓特性;即比例系数K mp决定了制动系统的踏板位移-制动力特性;
步骤B.4.3),进一步计算第一助力装置的转速控制目标:
K mp=x mc/x p=dx mc/dx p=v mc/v p=1+D×ω m1/(i 1×v p)
ω m1=(K mp-1)(i 1×v p)/D
其中,dx mc是制动主缸推杆位移;dx p是踏板推杆位移;
步骤B.4.5),根据预设的踏板位移-制动力灵敏特性曲线的灵敏程度确定系数K mp
步骤B.5),电子控制单元根据转速控制目标ω m1控制第一助力电机工作,并提供预留的助力F p2(x 2),与第二助力调节装置输出端的套筒一起推动制动主缸推杆从而建立液压,实现变踏板位移-制动力特性的功能;
步骤B.6),第一助力调节装置提供助力的同时,在平头螺母两端产生大小相等方向相反的力,平头螺杆端的力用于帮助建立主缸液压,踏板模拟缸一端则是反馈给驾驶员的踏板力。
本发明还公开了一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的主动制动方法,具体步骤如下:
步骤C.1),电子控制单元控制电磁阀接通,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;
步骤C.2),电子控制单元根据当前工况紧急程度计算目标总制动力,给出制动系统最大制动力需求F μmax
步骤C.3),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
P 0=rF μmax/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤C.4),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μmax
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数; F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤C.5),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证紧急情况下驾驶员大力踩下制动踏板能推动踏板力模拟液压缸辅助制动,,第一助力电机提供的有效推力不超过模拟器输出的最大踏板力F sc_max,但若第一助力电机输出力太小,驾驶员可以轻易踩动踏板则会误以为制动踏板无效,因此对助力电机设置下限值0.5F sc_max,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
F 1=αF sc_max(0.5<α<1)
F 2=F mc0-F 1
步骤C.6),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
步骤C.6.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
步骤C.6.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制。
针对任何单一故障,系统可提供两种备份。所述系统存在三条建立液压的途径:踏板通过螺母、螺杆、制动主缸推杆建立液压,第一助力电机通过齿轮减速机构、螺母、螺杆制动主缸推杆建立液压,第二助力电机通过蜗杆涡轮、套筒、螺杆、制动主缸推杆建立液压。第二助力电机和第一助力电机任一故障都可利用剩余正常的电机完成正常工作,不影响制动(此时需要发挥高速电磁阀的作用,实现常规制动踏板特性);若均出现问题则通过踏板直接推动主缸建立液压。
本发明采用以上技术方案与现有技术相比,具有以下技术效果:
1.本发明的变长度制动主缸推杆的制动系统,能够在智能驾驶场景中,通过系统各部件之间的协调工作,实现主动制动功能、多失效备份保证智能驾驶的制动安全性,同时还可以利用推杆长度调整装置及制动助力调节装置实现踏板感觉的自由设计;
2.能够针对各种制动工况自由设计制动踏板感觉;
3.具有主动制动功能,可集成再生能量回收、电子稳定程序(ESP)、自适应巡航控制(ACC)等主动控制技术,实现车辆智能化控制;
4.增加了失效备份模式的冗余度,提高制动安全性。
附图说明
图1是实施例中制动系统的结构示意图;
图2是实施例中灵敏、常规和舒缓三种不同踏板位移-制动力特性曲线对比示意图;
图3是实施例中常规制动方法的流程示意图。
1.1-踏板机构的踏板,1.2-踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆,2-踏板位移传感器,3.1-踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体,4-基座,5-电子控制单元,6-轴承衬套,7.1-从动齿轮,7.2-主动齿轮,8-第二助力电机,9.1-蜗杆,9.2-第一传动齿轮,10.1-平头螺杆,10.2-平头螺母,11-主缸压力传感器,12-液压控制单元,13-制动主缸,14-油箱,15-制动主缸的输入轴,16-套筒,17-第一助力电机,18-轴承,19-模拟器,20-电磁阀。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案做进一步的详细说明:
本发明可以以许多不同的形式实现,而不应当认为限于这里所述的实施例。相反,提供这些实施例以便使本公开透彻且完整,并且将向本领域技术人员充分表达本发明的范围。在附图中,为了清楚起见放大了组件。
如图1所示,本发明公开了一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统,包含基座、第一助力调节装置、第二助力调节装置、踏板机构、制动主缸、油箱、踏板位移传感器、压力传感器、液压控制单元和电子控制单元;
所述基座、制动主缸、油箱均固定在车架上,其中,所述制动主缸用于输出液压力至液压控制单元,油箱用于给制动主缸存放和供给液压油;
所述第一助力调节装置包含第一助力电机、主动齿轮、从动齿轮、轴承、轴承衬套、平头螺母和平头螺杆;
所述基座上设有第一滑槽、第二滑槽,且第一滑槽、第二滑槽内均设有滑块;
所述轴承衬套的外壁和所述第一滑槽内的滑块固连,且轴承衬套的轴线平行于所述第一滑槽;
所述轴承的外圈和所述轴承外套的内壁固连,轴承的内圈和所述平头螺母的柱身同轴固连;
所述平头螺母的柱身外壁上还设有平键/花键,平键/花键的工作面平行于平头螺母的轴线;
所述从动齿轮为套在所述平头螺母平键/花键外的空心齿轮,其内壁和平头螺母的平键/花键相配合,使得从动齿轮相对平头螺母不能绕其轴线转动但是能够沿着平头螺母平键/花键的工作面自由滑动;
所述第一助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述主动齿轮同轴固连;所述主动齿轮和从动齿轮啮合;
所述平头螺杆的平头端和所述第二滑槽内的滑块固连,平头螺杆的轴线平行于所述第二 滑槽,平头螺母和所述平头螺杆螺纹配合,且平头螺母与平头螺杆之间的当量摩擦角大于螺纹升角,即具有自锁性;
所述平头螺杆的头端和所述制动主缸的推杆同轴相抵;
所述第二助力调节装置包含第二助力电机、涡轮蜗杆、第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮、套筒和齿条;
所述套筒套在所述平头螺杆的杆身外、一端和平头螺杆的平头端同轴固连;所述齿条设置在所述套筒的外壁上,且齿条平行于套筒的轴线;所述第二助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述涡轮蜗杆同轴固连;所述第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮同轴固连,且第一传动齿轮和所述涡轮蜗杆啮合,第二传动齿轮和所述齿条啮合;
所述踏板机构包含踏板、踏板力模拟液压缸、电磁阀和模拟器;
所述踏板力模拟液压缸用于反馈踏板力,其缸体外壁上设有平行于其轴线的滑槽,且滑槽内设有滑块;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体外壁滑槽内的滑块固定在所述基座上,使得踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体能够沿其外壁上的滑槽相对基座自由滑动;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体的底部抵在所述平头螺母的头端,和所述平头螺母同轴;所述踏板通过力臂和所述踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆相连,用于推动踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆进而使得踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体推动平动螺母运动;所述模拟器通过电磁阀和所述踏板力模拟液压缸相连,用于在电磁阀闭合时控制踏板力模拟液压缸提供反馈力;
所述踏板位移传感器设置在踏板力模拟液压缸推杆的输入端,用于测量踏板位移信号;
所述压力传感器设置在制动主缸液压油管路的输出端,用于测量制动主缸的压力;
所述液压控制单元通过管路和所述制动主缸相连,用于对汽车四个轮缸的液压力进行调控;
所述电子控制单元分别和踏板位移传感器、电磁阀、压力传感器、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元电气相连,用于根据踏板位移传感器、压力传感器的感应信号控制电磁阀、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元工作。
本发明还公开了一种基于该变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的常规制动方法,具体步骤如下:
步骤A.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀断开,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器接通,此时,踏板力模拟液压缸缸体不动,踏板感觉完全由模拟器提供;
步骤A.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
步骤A.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数 相同,则:P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R),r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤A.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
F mc0=F 1+F 2
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤A.3),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证踏板力模拟液压缸不前移,第一助力电机提供的有效推力大于踏板产生的推力F pc,即F 1>F pc;又踏板产生的推力等于模拟器输出的踏板力F pc(x)=F sc(x),且根据模拟器输出特性曲线容易获知踏板力大小;对获取的踏板力预设余量阈值ΔF,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
F 1=F pc(x)+ΔF
F 2=F mc0-F pc(x)-ΔF
步骤A.4),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
步骤A.4.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
步骤A.4.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制,其控制框图如图3。
本实施例还提供了基于上述变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的制动主缸液压力和踏板位移线性关系调节的方法,具体步骤如下:
步骤B.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀通电,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;踏板推动模拟液压缸顶在平头螺母平头端使其沿导轨整体滑动,通过螺纹将力传递到平头螺杆;
步骤B.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
步骤B.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤B.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
F mc0=F 1+F 2
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤B.3),然后电子控制单元对第二助力调节装置进行助力控制,具体包括以下子步骤:
步骤B.3.1),控制器根据测量的踏板推杆位移信号x查阅预设的踏板力特性曲线得到的预留踏板力F p2(x 2),为保持踏板力特性一致,将模拟器输出特性作为控制时的踏板力特性参考;
步骤B.3.2),电子控制单元采用PI控制算法根据目标主缸压力和压力传感器测量主缸输出压力差Δ计算第二助力调节装置的助力值F 22=(K p×Δ+K i×∫Δ)-F p2(x),K p是比例系数;K i是积分系数;
步骤B.4),电子控制单元对第一助力调节装置进行调速控制,目标转速由预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线决定,具体步骤如下:
步骤B.4.1),令踏板推杆整体推动速度为v p,螺纹导程为D,齿轮传动比为i 1,第一助力电机转速为ω m1,则制动主缸推杆的速度v mc=v pm1×D/i 1
步骤B.4.2),令制动主缸位移x mc和制动主缸压力P 0的函数关系为P 0=G m(x mc),制动主缸位移x mc和踏板位移x p的关系为x mc=K mp x p,则踏板位移-制动力特性曲线为P 0=G m(K mp x p);
当K mp=1,平头螺母平头螺杆的总作用长度固定即ω m1=0时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为常规特性,如图2中的特性曲线①;当K mp>1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为灵敏特性,如图2中的特性曲线②;当K mp<1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为舒缓特性,如图2中的特性曲线③;即比例系数K mp决定了制动系统的踏板位移-制动力特性;
步骤B.4.3),进一步计算第一助力装置的转速控制目标:
K mp=x mc/x p=dx mc/dx p=v mc/v p=1+D×ω m1/(i 1×v p)
ω m1=(K mp-1)(i 1×v p)/D
其中,dx mc是制动主缸推杆位移;dx p是踏板推杆位移;
步骤B.4.5),根据预设的踏板位移-制动力灵敏特性曲线的灵敏程度确定系数K mp
步骤B.5),电子控制单元根据转速控制目标ω m1控制第一助力电机工作,并提供预留的助力F p2(x 2),与第二助力调节装置输出端的套筒一起推动制动主缸推杆从而建立液压,实现变踏板位移-制动力特性的功能;
步骤B.6),第一助力调节装置提供助力的同时,在平头螺母两端产生大小相等方向相反 的力,平头螺杆端的力用于帮助建立主缸液压,踏板模拟缸一端则是反馈给驾驶员的踏板力。
本实施例还提供了基于上述变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的主动制动方法,具体步骤如下:步骤C.1),电子控制单元控制电磁阀接通,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;
步骤C.2),电子控制单元根据当前工况紧急程度计算目标总制动力,给出制动系统最大制动力需求F μmax
步骤C.3),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
P 0=rF μmax/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
步骤C.4),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μmax
其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
步骤C.5),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证紧急情况下驾驶员大力踩下制动踏板能推动踏板力模拟液压缸辅助制动,,第一助力电机提供的有效推力不超过模拟器输出的最大踏板力F sc_max,但若第一助力电机输出力太小,驾驶员可以轻易踩动踏板则会误以为制动踏板无效,因此对助力电机设置下限值0.5F sc_max,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
F 1=αF sc_max(0.5<α<1)
F 2=F mc0-F 1
步骤C.6),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
步骤C.6.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
步骤C.6.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制。
针对任何单一故障,系统可提供两种备份。所述系统存在三条建立液压的途径:踏板通过螺母、螺杆、制动主缸推杆建立液压,第一助力电机通过齿轮减速机构、螺母、螺杆制动主缸推杆建立液压,第二助力电机通过蜗杆涡轮、套筒、螺杆、制动主缸推杆建立液压。第二助力电机和第一助力电机任一故障都可利用剩余正常的电机完成正常工作,不影响制动(此时需要发挥高速电磁阀的作用,实现常规制动踏板特性);若均出现问题则通过踏板直接推动 主缸建立液压。
本技术领域技术人员可以理解的是,除非另外定义,这里使用的所有术语(包括技术术语和科学术语)具有与本发明所属领域中的普通技术人员的一般理解相同的意义。还应该理解的是,诸如通用字典中定义的那些术语应该被理解为具有与现有技术的上下文中的意义一致的意义,并且除非像这里一样定义,不会用理想化或过于正式的含义来解释。
以上所述的具体实施方式,对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施方式而已,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

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  1. 一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统,其特征在于,包含基座、第一助力调节装置、第二助力调节装置、踏板机构、制动主缸、油箱、踏板位移传感器、压力传感器、液压控制单元和电子控制单元;
    所述基座、制动主缸、油箱均固定在车架上,其中,所述制动主缸用于输出液压力至液压控制单元,油箱用于给制动主缸存放和供给液压油;
    所述第一助力调节装置包含第一助力电机、主动齿轮、从动齿轮、轴承、轴承衬套、平头螺母和平头螺杆;
    所述基座上设有第一滑槽、第二滑槽,且第一滑槽、第二滑槽内均设有滑块;
    所述轴承衬套的外壁和所述第一滑槽内的滑块固连,且轴承衬套的轴线平行于所述第一滑槽;
    所述轴承的外圈和所述轴承外套的内壁固连,轴承的内圈和所述平头螺母的柱身同轴固连;
    所述平头螺母的柱身外壁上还设有平键/花键,平键/花键的工作面平行于平头螺母的轴线;
    所述从动齿轮为套在所述平头螺母平键/花键外的空心齿轮,其内壁和平头螺母的平键/花键相配合,使得从动齿轮相对平头螺母不能绕其轴线转动但是能够沿着平头螺母平键/花键的工作面自由滑动;
    所述第一助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述主动齿轮同轴固连;所述主动齿轮和从动齿轮啮合;
    所述平头螺杆的平头端和所述第二滑槽内的滑块固连,平头螺杆的轴线平行于所述第二滑槽,平头螺母和所述平头螺杆螺纹配合,且平头螺母与平头螺杆之间的当量摩擦角大于螺纹升角,即具有自锁性;
    所述平头螺杆的头端和所述制动主缸的推杆同轴相抵;
    所述第二助力调节装置包含第二助力电机、涡轮蜗杆、第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮、套筒和齿条;
    所述套筒套在所述平头螺杆的杆身外、一端和平头螺杆的平头端同轴固连;所述齿条设置在所述套筒的外壁上,且齿条平行于套筒的轴线;所述第二助力电机固定在车架上,其输出轴和所述涡轮蜗杆同轴固连;所述第一传动齿轮、第二传动齿轮同轴固连,且第一传动齿轮和所述涡轮蜗杆啮合,第二传动齿轮和所述齿条啮合;
    所述踏板机构包含踏板、踏板力模拟液压缸、电磁阀和模拟器;
    所述踏板力模拟液压缸用于反馈踏板力,其缸体外壁上设有平行于其轴线的滑槽,且滑槽内设有滑块;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体外壁滑槽内的滑块固定在所述基座上,使得踏板 力模拟液压缸的缸体能够沿其外壁上的滑槽相对基座自由滑动;所述踏板力模拟液压缸缸体的底部抵在所述平头螺母的头端,和所述平头螺母同轴;所述踏板通过力臂和所述踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆相连,用于推动踏板力模拟液压缸的推杆进而使得踏板力模拟液压缸的缸体推动平动螺母运动;所述模拟器通过电磁阀和所述踏板力模拟液压缸相连,用于在电磁阀闭合时控制踏板力模拟液压缸提供反馈力;
    所述踏板位移传感器设置在踏板力模拟液压缸推杆的输入端,用于测量踏板位移信号;
    所述压力传感器设置在制动主缸液压油管路的输出端,用于测量制动主缸的压力;
    所述液压控制单元通过管路和所述制动主缸相连,用于对汽车四个轮缸的液压力进行调控;
    所述电子控制单元分别和踏板位移传感器、电磁阀、压力传感器、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元电气相连,用于根据踏板位移传感器、压力传感器的感应信号控制电磁阀、第一助力电机、第二助力电机、液压控制单元工作。
  2. 基于权利要求1所述的变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的常规制动方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
    步骤A.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀断开,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器接通,此时,踏板力模拟液压缸缸体不动,踏板感觉完全由模拟器提供;
    步骤A.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
    步骤A.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
    P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
    其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
    步骤A.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
    F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
    F mc0=F 1+F 2
    其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
    步骤A.3),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证踏板力模拟液压缸不前移,第一助力电机提供的有效推力大于踏板产生的推力F pc,即F 1>F pc;又踏板产生的推力等于模拟器输出的踏板力F pc(x)=F sc(x),且根据模拟器输出特性曲线容易获知踏板 力大小;对获取的踏板力预设余量阈值ΔF,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
    F 1=F pc(x)+ΔF
    F 2=F mc0-F pc(x)-ΔF
    步骤A.4),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
    步骤A.4.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
    步骤A.4.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制。
  3. 基于权利要求1所述的变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的制动主缸液压力和踏板位移线性关系调节的方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
    步骤B.1),驾驶员踩动踏板,电子控制单元控制电磁阀通电,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;踏板推动模拟液压缸顶在平头螺母平头端使其沿导轨整体滑动,通过螺纹将力传递到平头螺杆;
    步骤B.2),电子控制单元根据第一位移传感器的踏板位移信号和预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线获知目标总制动力F μ0=ma,m是整车质量;a是制动减速度;
    步骤B.2.1),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
    P 0=rF μ0/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
    其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
    步骤B.2.2),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
    F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μ0
    F mc0=F 1+F 2
    其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
    步骤B.3),然后电子控制单元对第二助力调节装置进行助力控制,具体包括以下子步骤:
    步骤B.3.1),控制器根据测量的踏板推杆位移信号x查阅预设的踏板力特性曲线得到的预留踏板力F p2(x 2),为保持踏板力特性一致,将模拟器输出特性作为控制时的踏板力特性参考;
    步骤B.3.2),电子控制单元采用PI控制算法根据目标主缸压力和压力传感器测量主缸输 出压力差Δ计算第二助力调节装置的助力值F 22=(K p×Δ+K i×∫Δ)-F p2(x),K p是比例系数;K i是积分系数;
    步骤B.4),电子控制单元对第一助力调节装置进行调速控制,目标转速由预设的踏板位移-制动力特性曲线决定,具体步骤如下:
    步骤B.4.1),令踏板推杆整体推动速度为v p,螺纹导程为D,齿轮传动比为i 1,第一助力电机转速为ω m1,则制动主缸推杆的速度v mc=v pm1×D/i 1
    步骤B.4.2),令制动主缸位移x mc和制动主缸压力P 0的函数关系为P 0=G m(x mc),制动主缸位移x mc和踏板位移x p的关系为x mc=K mpx p,则踏板位移-制动力特性曲线为P 0=G m(K mpx p);
    当K mp=1,平头螺母平头螺杆的总作用长度固定即ω m1=0时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为常规特性;当K mp>1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为灵敏特性;当K mp<1时,踏板位移-制动力特性曲线表现为舒缓特性;即比例系数K mp决定了制动系统的踏板位移-制动力特性;
    步骤B.4.3),进一步计算第一助力装置的转速控制目标:
    K mp=x mc/x p=dx mc/dx p=v mc/v p=1+D×ω m1/(i 1×v p)
    ω m1=(K mp-1)(i 1×v p)/D
    其中,dx mc是制动主缸推杆位移;dx p是踏板推杆位移;
    步骤B.4.5),根据预设的踏板位移-制动力灵敏特性曲线的灵敏程度确定系数K mp
    步骤B.5),电子控制单元根据转速控制目标ω m1控制第一助力电机工作,并提供预留的助力F p2(x 2),与第二助力调节装置输出端的套筒一起推动制动主缸推杆从而建立液压,实现变踏板位移-制动力特性的功能;
    步骤B.6),第一助力调节装置提供助力的同时,在平头螺母两端产生大小相等方向相反的力,平头螺杆端的力用于帮助建立主缸液压,踏板模拟缸一端则是反馈给驾驶员的踏板力。
  4. 基于权利要求1所述的变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统的主动制动方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
    步骤C.1),电子控制单元控制电磁阀接通,踏板力模拟液压缸和模拟器断开;
    步骤C.2),电子控制单元根据当前工况紧急程度计算目标总制动力,给出制动系统最大制动力需求F μmax
    步骤C.3),再根据制动器能效因数C计算主缸目标压强P 0,令前后轮制动器能效因数相同,则:
    P 0=rF μmax/(2(1+β)×D 2/4×n×C×R)
    其中,r是轮胎滚动半径;β是前后轴制动力分配系数;D是油缸直径;n是单侧油缸数 目;R是制动器卡钳工作半径;
    步骤C.4),计算第一助力电机和第二助力电机要提供的总推力F mc0,即
    F mc0=A mc×P 0=K 0×F μmax
    其中,A mc为主缸内径横截面积;K 0为总制动力到建立主缸压力所需推力的理论系数;F 1为第一助力装置提供的有效推力;F 2为第二助力装置提供的有效推力;
    步骤C.5),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的有效推力分配:为保证紧急情况下驾驶员大力踩下制动踏板能推动踏板力模拟液压缸辅助制动,,第一助力电机提供的有效推力不超过模拟器输出的最大踏板力F sc_max,但若第一助力电机输出力太小,驾驶员可以轻易踩动踏板则会误以为制动踏板无效,因此对助力电机设置下限值0.5F sc_max,于是电子控制单元决策第一至第二助力电机有效推力的分配方式为:
    F 1=αF sc_max(0.5<α<1)
    F 2=F mc0-F 1
    步骤C.6),电子控制单元进行第一至第二助力电机的目标推力控制:
    步骤C.6.1),电子控制单元控制第二助力调节装置先按照F 2输出推力;
    步骤C.6.2),同时,电子控制单元将测量的制动主缸输出液压与目标压强的偏差值作为PID控制算法的输入,实时计算需求的剩余有效推力F 1a,并对第一助力调节装置进行输出推力控制。
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CN205440327U (zh) * 2016-03-04 2016-08-10 吉林大学 一种具有复合功能的电动助力制动系统
WO2019065332A1 (ja) * 2017-09-26 2019-04-04 日立オートモティブシステムズ株式会社 電動倍力装置
CN110155014A (zh) * 2019-05-30 2019-08-23 吉林大学 一种完全解耦的双备份电子液压制动系统
CN112706727A (zh) * 2021-01-11 2021-04-27 南京航空航天大学 一种变踏板位移-制动力特性的制动系统及其控制方法

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CN115123169A (zh) * 2022-08-04 2022-09-30 湖南湖大艾盛汽车技术开发有限公司 一种电动助力制动结构
CN115123169B (zh) * 2022-08-04 2024-03-12 湖南湖大艾盛汽车技术开发有限公司 一种电动助力制动结构

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