WO2022137032A1 - Biocompuesto de salvado y método de obtención - Google Patents
Biocompuesto de salvado y método de obtención Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022137032A1 WO2022137032A1 PCT/IB2021/061792 IB2021061792W WO2022137032A1 WO 2022137032 A1 WO2022137032 A1 WO 2022137032A1 IB 2021061792 W IB2021061792 W IB 2021061792W WO 2022137032 A1 WO2022137032 A1 WO 2022137032A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bran
- biocomposite
- biocomposites
- pla
- extrusion
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L99/00—Compositions of natural macromolecular compounds or of derivatives thereof not provided for in groups C08L89/00 - C08L97/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
- A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
- A21D2/36—Vegetable material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D8/00—Methods for preparing or baking dough
- A21D8/06—Baking processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/58—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/46—Applications of disintegrable, dissolvable or edible materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/22—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
- C08K5/11—Esters; Ether-esters of acyclic polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/06—Polyethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08L3/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
- C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/002—Physical properties
- C08K2201/005—Additives being defined by their particle size in general
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of the biodegradable materials industry, packaging of food and non-food products. Particularly the development is directed to a biocomposite and the production method thereof.
- lignocellulosic materials have been described that are used as reinforcements of polymeric matrices to improve the properties of the polymers, achieving an increase in rigidity, thermal and dimensional stability and barrier properties for the production of biocomposites or composite materials. .
- biocomposites Strategies aimed at the development of economical and environmentally friendly biodegradable biocomposites have been studied, which use natural fibers as a replacement for artificial fibers in reinforced composites and obtaining processes that allow improving the mechanical and physicochemical properties of products that incorporate said biocomposites. biocomposites.
- EP 1500683 has addressed methodologies for manufacturing biodegradable molded parts from fiber material such as bran or the like, whose particles are subjected to a pretreatment that improves the manufacturing process and the quality of the molded part.
- the biodegradable product disclosed in this document includes preferably the incorporation of additives such as binders; which can be biodegradable polymers, which together with a pretreatment of the bran, generate a resistant material after compression molding.
- US2003/0068427 evaluates materials and processes for the manufacture of biodegradable moldings from bran, where the formulation incorporates wheat bran and additives such as fragrances, non-fibrous fillers, moisture-retaining agents, dyes that are processed in a bipartite mold that is exposed to certain conditions of temperature and pressure.
- US20190112479 discloses a composite that incorporates hydrophobic lignin between 0.1 and 90% in a polymeric matrix and natural fibers between 30 and 60% such as wood fiber and additives.
- said document discloses the steps of mixing the hydrophobic lignin with the polymeric matrix, adding the optional additives, melting a mixture of hydrophobic lignin and a polymeric matrix and extruding the mixture in a molten state in an extruder of double screw.
- the present invention refers to a biocomposite formed by a polymeric matrix, a bran reinforcement and a compatibilizing agent.
- the method for the preparation of said biocomposites which mainly comprises the stages of heating the matrix, incorporation of the compatibilizing agent, addition of the bran reinforcement, cooling, drying and granulation, speed, moisture and particle size for the production of a biomaterial intended to replace conventional plastics for the production of containers in general and utensils.
- FIG. 1A-B TG and DTG curve of the biocomposites of A. PLA extrusion grade wheat bran/5% Maleic Anhydride (MA) as compatibilizing agent and B. PLA extrusion grade /wheat bran/10% Maleic Anhydride (MA) as agent compatibilizing. The effect of the variation of the bran concentration on the thermal stability is observed.
- MA Maleic Anhydride
- FIG. 2A-B TG and DTG curve of the biocomposites of A. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/5% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent and B. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC). ) as a compatibilizing agent.
- ATBC Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
- ATBC extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
- FIG. 3A-B TG and DTG curve of the biocomposites of A. extrusion-grade PLA/wheat bran/5% Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as compatibilizing agent and B. extrusion-grade PLA wheat bran/10% Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as a compatibilizing agent. The effect of the variation of the bran concentration on the thermal stability is observed.
- FIG. 4 TG and DTG curve of the biocomposites of injection grade PLA /20% wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent (red curve) and injection grade PLA /30% wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent (blue curve). The effect of the variation of the bran concentration on the thermal stability is observed.
- FIG. 5A-B DSC curve of the biocomposites of A. PLA extrusion grade/wheat bran/5% Maleic Anhydride (MA) as compatibilizing agent and B. PLA extrusion grade/wheat bran/10% Maleic Anhydride (MA) as compatibilizing agent .
- MA Maleic Anhydride
- MA Maleic Anhydride
- FIG. 6A-B DSC curve of the biocomposites of A. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/5% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent and B. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as agent compatibilizing.
- ATBC Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
- FIG. 7A-B DSC curve of the biocomposites of A. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/5% Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as compatibilizing agent and B. extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/10% Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as agent compatibilizing. The effect of the variation of the bran concentration on the thermal stability is observed.
- OLA Oligomeric Lactic Acid
- FIG. 8 DSC curve of injection grade PLA biocomposites /20% wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent (red curve) and injection grade PLA /30% wheat bran/10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizing agent (blue curve). The effect of the variation of the bran concentration on the thermal stability is observed.
- FIG. 9A-C Mechanical properties for extrusion grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Maleic Anhydride (MA) as compatibilizer.
- FIG. 10A-C Mechanical properties for extrusion grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) as compatibilizer.
- FIG. 11A-C Mechanical properties for extrusion grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as compatibilizer.
- FIG. 12A-C Mechanical properties for injection grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as compatibilizer.
- FIG. 13 Comparison of the TG and DTG curves of the references obtained at laboratory scale 8 (extrusion grade PLA /20% bran/10% ATBC), 16 (injection grade PLA /30% bran/10% ATBC) vs. those obtained at pilot scale Biocomposite Ext (extrusion grade PLA /20% bran/10% ATBC), Biocomposite Inj (PLA grade injection /25% bran/10% ATBC) vs PLA extrusion grade and injection grade without additives.
- FIG. 14A-C Comparison of the results of the tensile test of the samples injected at laboratory scale vs. pilot scale A. Maximum tension, B. Young's Modulus and C. Elongation at break.
- Biocomposite is understood as a material made up of at least two phases, one of which comprises a matrix and the other a reinforcement of natural fibres.
- the first phase is a matrix based on a polymeric material.
- the second phase is a material that acts as a reinforcement of natural fibers that allows to increase the mechanical properties, thermal stability and barrier of the polymeric matrix as conventional material.
- the polymeric matrix for purposes of the present invention is understood as a polymer, defined as large molecules (macromolecules), formed by the repeated union of smaller molecules (monomers) by covalent bonds or a biopolymer, which is defined as a material from renewable sources (bio-based), which can be generated by biological systems or chemically synthesized from materials of renewable origin.
- the polymeric matrix is additionally characterized by being resistant to aqueous products and fats, maintains torsion and is highly transparent.
- the polymeric matrix can be from renewable sources, generated by biological systems or chemically from materials of renewable origin.
- the polymeric matrix can be of natural or synthetic origin.
- the polymeric matrix is synthetic, it is selected, but not limited to, polymers of synthetic origin such as polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA).
- PLA polylactic acid
- PCL polycaprolactone
- PBS polybutylene succinate
- PHA polyhydroxyalkanoate
- the polymeric matrix is of natural origin (biopolymer) selected from the group comprising starch, cellulose, chitosan.
- the polymeric matrix is a biopolymer, more preferably PLA.
- the polymeric matrix is found in the biocomposite between 30 and 94% p/p, between 60 and 85% p/p or between 60 and 75% p/p.
- the polymeric matrix is selected according to grade based on the application of the final product.
- the polymeric matrix is characterized as extrusion, injection or compression molding grade and more preferably useful in extrusion-thermoforming applications.
- the polymeric matrix is characterized in that it crystallizes during processing.
- the extrusion-grade or injection-grade polymer matrix has properties such as a tensile modulus of approximately 3,500 MPa ⁇ 1,000, elongation stress between 40 and 50 MPa, and elongation at break ⁇ 5% or ⁇ 6%.
- the polymeric matrix is characterized by having a thermal deflection temperature of less than 49°C.
- the polymeric matrix has been treated to eliminate the maximum humidity in its composition.
- the polymeric matrix has a maximum humidity of 250 ppm.
- the reinforcing material that makes up the second phase of the biocomposite of the present invention is understood as a natural lignocellulosic compound formed by fibers of plant origin and biodegradable.
- This reinforcing material serves as a replacement for synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon, and provides reinforcement to the polymeric matrix.
- the reinforcement material improves the conventional properties of the polymeric matrix such as increased rigidity, thermal and dimensional stability and barrier properties, while fulfilling the function of providing structural support, impermeability and resistance against microbial attack and stress. oxidative.
- Said reinforcement material is characterized by comprising low-density fibers, understood as low-density fibers to those with values between 200 and 400 kg/m 3 , high resistance due to its lignin content (insoluble lignin (TAPPI T222 om-98 ) of 11.77 ⁇ 0.66), biodegradable, compostable, defined (according to standard EN 13432 - (Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging) and aerobic biodegradation, where 90% of the material must biodegrade within 180 days).
- the reinforcing material corresponds to by-products of the transformation of cereals, for example cereal bran.
- Bran or husk is understood as the result of part of the grinding of cereal grains. In particular, it comes from the five outermost layers of the grain, formed by a first outer shell layer or cuticle, the second or epicarp, the third or endocarp, the fourth layer called testa and the fifth called aleurone.
- Cereal bran is selected from the group comprising but not limited to oat bran, spelled bran, rice bran, rye bran, wheat bran, corn bran, millet bran, bulgur bran, barley bran , quinoa bran, amaranth bran or mixtures thereof.
- the reinforcing material is wheat bran.
- the reinforcement material is found in the biocomposite between 1 and 70% w/w, between 1 and 30% w/w or between 10 and 30% w/w.
- natural lignocellulosic fibers used as reinforcing material in composite materials generate little compatibility between the natural fiber and the polymeric matrix. Due to the hydrophilic nature of natural lignocellulosic fibers versus the hydrophobic nature of most polymers used as polymeric matrix, moisture absorption is therefore relatively high. In this sense, it is essential to seek to improve the adhesion of the reinforcing material-polymeric matrix, which is why it is necessary to limit the absorption of water by the fibers before their incorporation into the matrix.
- compatibilizing agents are used to modify the surface of the natural lignocellulosic fibers used as reinforcement material and thus promote the improvement between the interaction between the reinforcement material and the polymeric matrix, its degree of dispersion and therefore the properties. of the biocomposite as these depend directly on the compatibility between the polymeric matrix and the reinforcement material. A high compatibility between the polymeric matrix and the reinforcement produces an improvement in the final properties of the biocomposite. On the other hand, if the compatibility between both components is low, a homogeneous dispersion of the reinforcement in the polymeric matrix is not achieved, producing a material with poor final properties. For example, due to the different polarity between a PLA polymeric matrix and a cereal bran reinforcement material, the compatibility between PLA and bran is low. Therefore, in the present development, different ways have been proposed to improve the compatibility between both.
- the present development proposes the direct chemical modification of the cereal bran with a compatibilizing agent.
- This direct chemical modification has the purpose of increasing the hydrophobic character of the cereal bran, thus improving its interaction with the polymeric matrix.
- the chemical modification of the cereal bran consists of the substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the structure of the cereal bran by other less hydrophilic chemical groups coming from the compatibilizing agent which reacts with the free -OH groups of the structure of the cereal bran.
- compatibilizing agent is understood as the substance used to facilitate the mixing of various polymers.
- its chemical definition refers to any substance that promotes adherence or compatibility from the physicochemical point of view between the polymeric matrix and the reinforcement (cereal bran).
- the compatibilizing agent can be selected from the group comprising Maleic Anhydride (C4H2O3 - MA), Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) and Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA).
- the compatibilizing agent is found in the biocomposite between 1 and 20% w/ p, between 5 and 15% p/p and between 8 and 12% p/p.
- biocomposite can incorporate other optional components as additives, which in the context of the present invention can correspond to agents selected from the group comprising colorants, plasticizers, processing aids, flame retardants, and chemical compatibilizers. These optional components may have the purpose of improving mechanical, physical, chemical, and aesthetic properties.
- the biocomposite comprises PLA as a polymeric matrix, wheat bran as a reinforcing material and ATBC as a compatibilizing agent.
- PLA is incorporated between 60 and 75% w/w of the biocomposite, wheat bran between 10 and 50% of the biocomposite and ATBC between 5 and 30% of the biocomposite.
- the biocomposite comprises PLA as a polymeric matrix, wheat bran as a reinforcing material and ATBC as a compatibilizing agent.
- PLA is incorporated between 60 and 75% w/w of the biocomposite, wheat bran between 10 and 30% of the biocomposite and ATBC between 5 and 15% of the biocomposite.
- the biocomposite is characterized by having improved mechanical, thermal stability and barrier properties.
- the biocomposite is characterized by having a mass flow rate (MFR) between 6 and 15 g/10 min, a volume flow rate (MVI) between 6 and 13 cm 3 /10 min, a melt density between 1 and 1.3 g/cm 3 , a degradation start temperature T onS et between 200 and 240°C, and a maximum degradation temperature Tmax between 270 and 380°C.
- the present development is also directed to the method of elaboration of a biocomposite.
- the method of preparing the biocomposite can be carried out in a twin-screw extruder.
- the biocomposite preparation method comprises heating the polymeric matrix until the molten matrix is obtained, adding a compatibilizing agent and a reinforcing material, followed by cooling the mixture, drying and granulating the biocomposite to obtain pellets.
- the reduction of the humidity of the polymeric matrix can be carried out in a stage prior to heating or directly during heating. In this first heating stage, the polymeric matrix is subjected to a temperature increase that usually ranges from room temperature (20 to 30°C) to the optimum temperature to reach the melting of the material.
- the polymeric matrices that can be used in the invention have a melt temperature that goes above 160°C or at a temperature between 165 and 170°C. This heating can be done in any equipment known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, for example in an oven, dynamic heater, industrial compounding or extruder.
- the addition of the compatibilizing agent (in a proportion between 5 and 15%) and the reinforcing material (in a proportion between 10 and 30%), are carried out at a temperature between 170 and 180°C, preferably between 165 and 170°C and are respectively incorporated into the molten matrix (polymeric matrix in a proportion between 60 and 75%), until forming a homogeneous mixture that leaves the extruder in the form of thread or filament.
- the stirring speed to obtain the homogeneous mixture is between 250 and 350 rpm, preferably between 300 and 350 rpm.
- a gravimetric screw dosing equipment, a satellite equipment of the twin-screw extruder, is used for this process.
- the cooling of the yarn comprises lowering the temperature from between 160 and 180°C to room temperature between 20 and 40°C.
- This cooling can be done with air or with water, or a combination thereof. Particularly, by air injection or in a water bath immersion process, where the water is, for example, between 30 and 40°C.
- the thread passes through the water bath as many times as necessary or remains with air injection for as long as necessary to cool down.
- the tempered biocomposite is obtained in the form of a thread at temperatures between 20 and 40°C.
- the biocomposite When cooling with water is carried out, the biocomposite is preferably dried in which the humidity is reduced to between 50 and 80% of the initial humidity. Subsequently, the formation of pellets is carried out where the thread formed from the homogeneous mixture between the polymeric matrix, the bran and the compatibilizing agent is transformed into pellets.
- the pellets can have any size suitable for processing them in subsequent processes such as extrusion or injection. The size and shape of the pellets depends on the cutting equipment, the shape of the wire and/or its function.
- the pellets can have any shape, for example, filament type, sphere, hemisphere, flat, round, cylindrical, rounded but flat, among others.
- the diameter or length of the pellets can vary or be uniform, being between 1 and 10 mm, between 2 and 5 mm or preferably 3 mm.
- the compounding process (mixing of compounds) is carried out in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with a specific screw diameter and a length-diameter (L/D) ratio depending on the capacity.
- the twin screw extruder is equipped with two gravimetric dispensers for feeding the polymer in granules and the dosage of the powder additives and a liquid dispenser for the addition of the compatibilizing agent.
- the incorporation of each of the components is added at different temperature conditions so that the dispersion of the bran is as homogeneous as possible in the compounding process, the compatibilizing agent is effective and the final material is not degraded.
- the biocomposite preparation method comprises the steps of heating the polymeric matrix at a temperature between 140 and 190°C until the molten matrix is obtained, subsequently the compatibilizing agent is added at a temperature between 140 and 200°C and the bran reinforcement keeping the same temperature between 140 and 200°C, all this at a speed between 100 and 350 rpm. Following this, the temperature in the mixture is lowered to room temperature (20 to 30°C) and the biocomposite is granulated to obtain pellets.
- Bran conditioning prior to extrusion processing of the biocomposite, a method is carried out to condition the bran in terms of moisture and particle size in order to reduce said parameters as much as possible.
- the process of obtaining bran has as input the product of the milling of the cereal, reducing the particle size using a cutting mill, where the product is sent to sieves that classify it into different sizes, the sieves have a range between 0.1 and 0.7 mm until obtaining a bran with a particle size of less than 400 pm or between 250 and 400 pm.
- the product then passes through a series of meshes until the product reaches a homogeneous granulometry (between 50 and 90%) of the total processed sample.
- the product goes through a friction and heating process to separate the shell from the endosperm.
- the particle size has been reduced to the desired granulometry, it is subjected to a dehumidification process in which the humidity of the bran is removed.
- This dehumidification process is carried out by means of forced heating, for example by injection of air with a temperature greater than 90°C or by static convection, vacuum heat transfer.
- the bran is dried until reaching a residual humidity or intrinsic water between 1 and 5%, preferably equal to or less than 3%.
- the biocomposite obtained is useful for the elaboration of containers, containers, cutlery, trays and in general purposes of packing or packaging, storage and containment of liquid, solid and gas materials. Additionally, the production of utensils in general, such as table utensils, where for the purposes of the present invention said uses are not limited to food applications or the food industry, as it also includes uses in the cleaning, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food.
- Wheat bran milling The size distribution of wheat bran obtained as a by-product in milling production is 70% ⁇ 500 pm and 30% > 500 pm. In order to increase the specific surface of the wheat bran and avoid its degradation process during the processing of the biocomposite, the particle size is reduced to a size between 250 and 400 pm.
- Impact classification process the product is delivered to the impact classification process which is responsible for accelerating the product against a rotor and impacting the bran, generating the separation of waste along with the organic load, which contributes to cleaning the product. and improve the process.
- Granulometry 250 and 350 pm (60 to 80%).
- the product is discharged into a hopper in order to transport it to the conditioning tank and start the heat transfer process (drying) by convection model.
- the product internally starts the temperature rise phase up to 110°C and is stirred at 45 rpm by a central shaft that contains directional blades and moves the product throughout the drying process for approximately 1 hour.
- the heat transfer is carried out by means of heating (electric resistances) of thermal oil located on the external face of the tank, additionally hot air (greater than 70°C) is injected to atmospherically control the drying of the product.
- the product is exposed for approximately 1 hour to the thermal radiation produced by the resistances and conducted by the thermal oil, causing the loss of humidity.
- the humidity of the bran represents an important factor insofar as it influences the final properties of the biocomposites produced, since it could degrade the polymeric matrix if the percentage of bran in the formulation is very high (> 30% of bran), for this reason it is must control less than 5% humidity.
- the material selected as the polymeric matrix is polylactic acid (PLA), a very hygroscopic aliphatic polyester, understood as >100 calories/hour in an environment at 20°C in an open atmosphere. Therefore, it must be taken into account that in order to process it, a prior drying of the PLA matrix is necessary, since the moisture that it presents in its structure can react with the molten polymer during processing. Said reaction would cause a hydrolytic degradation of said components and, therefore, a loss of molecular weight, which can cause a decrease in properties such as tensile strength and impact strength. PLA drying was carried out under controlled conditions in a dry air dehumidifier and the final moisture content of the resin was determined by the Karl-Fischer titration method.
- PLA polylactic acid
- the material was subjected to a drying process between 3 and 5 hours between 60 and 100°C, accepting a value between 150 and 300 ppm as the maximum moisture value required for processing.
- the wheat bran obtained as a residue in the milling production processes was used, that is, from the grinding of the wheat grain to extract approximately 76% of endosperm and 24% of bran; the latter, key in the development of biocomposites, according to that described in Example 1.
- the percentage of wheat bran incorporated in the polymeric matrix corresponded to 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%.
- the polymeric matrix for the development of the biocomposite is a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix according to the one described in Example 2.
- PLA polylactic acid
- two different grades of PLA were used based on the final container application that would be given.
- an extrusion-grade PLA polymeric matrix was used and for the injection application, injection-grade PLA was used.
- Biocomposites processed by extrusion-thermoforming based on Bran and MA as compatibilizing agent Biocomposites processed by extrusion-thermoforming based on Bran and ATBC as compatibilizing agent.
- Example 4 Thermal properties of biocomposites developed on a laboratory scale
- thermogravimetric analyzer TGA Q5000 IR (TA Instruments®)
- TGA thermogravimetric analyzer
- Samples between 3 and 6 mg were used and processed under an initial atmosphere of nitrogen and subsequent oxygen, initial temperature of 25°C and subsequent ramp of 20°C/min up to 900°C and an isotherm at 900°C for 10 minutes.
- FIG. 1 to 3 show the thermograms of wheat bran and the curves corresponding to the first derivative.
- FIG.1 A and B show the TG and DTG curves of the extrusion-grade PLA, wheat bran and MA biocomposites at a concentration of 5 and 10%, respectively.
- Table 6 below compares the main thermal parameters evaluated degradation start temperature (Tonset), maximum degradation temperature (Tmax), the total weight change produced (AW) and the residue at the maximum induced temperature (% residue) .
- TGA results do not show an improvement in the thermal stability of the bran biocomposites when using Maleic Anhydride (MA) as a compatibilizing agent.
- MA Maleic Anhydride
- Figures 2 A and B show the TG and DTG curves of extrusion-grade PLA and wheat bran biocomposites compatibilized with 5 and 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC), respectively.
- thermograms Next, the thermal parameters extracted from the thermograms are compared:
- ATBC as a compatibilizing agent in extrusion-grade PLA/wheat bran biocomposites does not produce an improvement in their thermal stability compared to the unreinforced PLA matrix. Moreover, increasing the concentration of ATBC to 10% in the biocomposite markedly decreases its thermal stability.
- FIGS. 3 A and B show the TG and DTG curves of the biocomposites of extrusion grade PLA, wheat bran and Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) in an amount of 5 and 10%, respectively.
- OLA Oligomeric Lactic Acid
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- TSC differential scanning calorimeter
- TA Instruments® TA Instruments®
- the DSC analysis carried out allowed the determination of the glass transition temperature (T g ), temperature and enthalpy of fusion (T m and AH m ), temperature and cold crystallization enthalpy (T cc and AH CC ) and degree of crystallinity (X c ), taking as reference the species in 100% crystalline state.
- Figures 5 to 7 represent the DSC curves of the cooling process and the second heating. The curve obtained in the first heating scan is not shown since its function is to erase the thermal history of the material.
- Figures 5A and B show the DSC curves of the extrusion grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Maleic Anhydride (MA) as compatibilizing agent in an amount of 5 and 10%, respectively.
- bran and MA to the extrusion grade PLA matrix produces a shift towards lower temperature values for the glass transition (T g ), cold crystallization (T cc ) and melting (T m ) processes. It is worth noting the greater variability between results (standard deviation values) observed in the references with a higher proportion of bran, which may be due to the difficulty of processing that these references have presented, probably due to the possible water introduced together with the bran.
- FIGS. 6A and B show the DSC curves of the PLA Extrusion Grade/bran biocomposites compatibilized with 5 and 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC), respectively. Additionally, the following table compares the aforementioned thermal parameters:
- FIG 7A and B show the DSC curves of the extrusion grade PLA biocomposites, wheat bran and Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) at 5 and 10%, respectively.
- the following table compares the thermal parameters evaluated extracted from the second heating curve of extrusion/bran grade PLA biocomposites compatibilized with Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA).
- FIG. 4 shows the thermograms of TGA (TG) and the curves of the first derivative (DTG) of the biocomposites obtained.
- thermograms of the injection/bran grade PLA biocomposites compatible with ATBC The following table compares the thermal parameters extracted from the thermograms of the injection/bran grade PLA biocomposites compatible with ATBC:
- the DTG curves of the biocomposites present two degradation processes, while for the injection grade PLA matrix it is only possible to observe a single degradation process.
- the first degradation process can be associated with the degradation of the bran and the compatibilizing agent (ATBC) and the second process, produced at higher temperature values, is attributed to the degradation of the polymeric matrix.
- ATBC compatibilizing agent
- the second degradation process it can be seen how the addition of higher proportions of wheat bran improves the thermal stability of the biocomposites.
- DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- the table below compares the thermal parameters extracted from the second heating curve of injection grade PLA and bran biocomposites compatibilized with 10% ATBC.
- biodegradable is understood as that material that can decompose into natural chemical elements by the action of biological agents such as bacteria, plants or animals, along with other physical agents such as the sun and water, under environmental conditions that occur in nature and that transform these substances into nutrients, carbon dioxide water and biomass.
- Compostable is understood as that material that can be degraded by the action of organisms (that is, biologically) producing carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass in a controlled period of time and under certain conditions (humidity, temperature and oxygen). ).
- the PLA matrix is stable when the wheat bran incorporated in the biocomposite does not have a humidity greater than 5%, in order to avoid hydrolytic degradation when mixed with the PLA polymeric matrix.
- the comparison pattern or blank corresponds to the PLA matrix without compatibilization and without the addition of bran; achieving with the biocomposites of the present invention to reach the same performance conditions as the pattern. laboratory
- the tests were carried out following the UNE EN ISO 527-2: 1997 standard with a feed rate of 20 mm/min and a distance between jaws of 50 mm.
- FIGS. 9 A, B and C compare the values of maximum stress, Young's modulus and elongation at break for biocomposites based on extrusion grade PLA and wheat bran compatibilized with Maleic Anhydride (MA).
- MA Maleic Anhydride
- FIGS. 10 A, B and C show the values of the same mechanical parameters previously evaluated for biocomposites based on extrusion grade PLA and bran compatibilized with Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC).
- FIGS. 11 A, B and C show the comparison of the mechanical values already mentioned for biocomposites based on extrusion grade PLA/wheat bran/Oligomeric Lactic Acid (OLA) as compatibilizing agent.
- Biocomposites developed for injection application a Tensile Analysis Based on the results obtained for biocomposites for extrusion-thermoforming applications, the most promising formulations have been selected for the tests to obtain biocomposites for injection applications. Thus, formulations based on injection grade PLA, wheat bran and ATBC as a 10% compatibilizing agent were developed.
- FIG 12 A, B and C compare the values of maximum stress, Young's modulus and elongation at break for said biocomposites.
- Example 6 Barrier properties (OTR and WVTR) of biocomposites developed on a laboratory scale
- the equipment used for the permeability tests was PERMATRAN-W model 3/34 (Mocon, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) and MOCON OX-TRAN model 2/21 ST equipment (Mocon, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), with the purpose of determining the capacity of the material to allow the adsorption, absorption and transmission of gases, vapors and aromas based on the variables oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and O2 permeability, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water vapor permeability.
- OTR oxygen transmission rate
- WVTR water vapor transmission rate
- Biocomposites developed for extrusion-thermoforming application The following tables show the thickness, the barrier properties (OTR, oxygen permeability, WVTR and water vapor permeability) and the degree of improvement of the biocomposites evaluated for extrusion-thermoforming applications.
- Table 14 Values of thickness, barrier properties (OTR and oxygen permeability) and degree of improvement of the biocomposites evaluated for extrusion-thermoforming application
- Table 15 shows the water vapor barrier results, in general, an improvement in the water vapor barrier is not observed in the PLA/bran/ATBC biocomposites compared to the extrusion grade PLA matrix.
- Biocomposites developed for injection application In the same way, the following tables show the values for the thickness, the barrier properties (OTR, oxygen permeability, WVTR and water vapor permeability) and the degree of improvement of the biocomposites evaluated for injection applications.
- the permeability of the injection grade PLA target was also measured.
- the results show an improvement in the oxygen barrier in injection-grade PLA biocomposites reinforced with bran and compatibilized with 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC), this improvement being 12% and 20% in the biocomposites reinforced with 20%. and 30% bran, respectively. Therefore, higher proportions of bran in the biocomposite produce an improvement in the oxygen barrier in these biocomposites.
- ATBC Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
- Example 7 Formulation of biocomposites to obtain a container prototype by extrusion-thermoforming
- Example 8 Production method of the biocomposites on a pilot scale
- the process that was carried out for the production of the biocomposites mentioned in Example 7 comprises the following steps: a. Conditioning of the bran according to Example 1 b. Drying of the polymeric matrix according to Example 2 c.
- Extrusion Processing a co-rotating twin-screw extruder was used for the extrusion process, with a screw diameter of 25 mm and a length-diameter ratio (L/D) of 40D.
- the extruder is equipped with two gravimetric dosers, a main one for feeding the polymer granules and a second one for dosing powder additives.
- the addition of the compatibilizing agent required the use of a dispenser for liquids.
- the extrusion line will also have a bath to cool the processed biocomposite, a dryer and a pelletizer.
- each one of the additives was evaluated with the objective of introducing each one of the additives at the optimum moment of the process so that the dispersion of the bran is adequate, the compatibilizing agent is effective and the final material is not degraded.
- the wheat bran is added during the extrusion process, using the Brabender DDW-MD2-DSR28-10 gravimetric powder dispenser, while the compatibilizing agent Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) was incorporated later, through the gravimetric dispenser. for liquids Brabender FDDW- MD2-DZP-6.
- the biocomposite is obtained in the form of a thread that corresponds to the homogeneous mixture of wheat bran, ATBC and PLA, this thread, which is at a temperature of 170°C, is cooled until tempered between 20 and 30 °C by passing it through a bath of water. Tangible moisture is removed from the thread obtained with an air current to later go to the cutting process where filament-type pellets are formed.
- TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
- FIG 13 shows a comparison of the thermogravimetric curves (TG) and the first derivative (DTG) of the biocomposites of extrusion grade PLA + 20% Bran + 10% ATBC and injection grade PLA + 25% Bran + 10% ATBC obtained at laboratory and pilot scale with the curves of the extrusion grade PLA and injection grade PLA matrices without additives.
- MFR fluidity index in mass
- MVI volume flow rate
- a sample of 3 to 8 g was used, under an atmosphere of air or nitrogen, a temperature of 190°C, a load of 2.16 kg and a preheating time of 5 minutes.
- the standard used for this procedure was ISO 1133 part 1 and part 2.
- the following table shows the results of mass flow rate (MFR), volume flow rate (MVI) and melt density of the biocomposites produced for extrusion-thermoforming applications (Biocomposite Ext) and injection (Biocomposite Iny) .
- MFR mass flow rate
- MVI volume flow rate
- melt density of the biocomposites produced for extrusion-thermoforming applications
- Biocomposite Ext Biocomposite Ext
- Biocomposite Iny injection
- the addition of bran and ATBC to the PLA matrix produces a significant increase in the melt index values of the biocomposites produced.
- a marked increase in the melt index of a polymer can be attributed to possible degradation of the polymer during processing.
- plasticizers as is the case of ATBC used as a compatibilizing agent, also produces an increase in the fluidity of the material. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of the ATBC agent individually on the PLA matrix, the melt index measurements of the injection-grade PLA matrix added with 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) were also performed.
- the following table compares the values of mass flow rate (MFR), volume flow rate (MVI) and melt density of the injection grade PLA matrix, the injection grade PLA/10% ATBC mixture and the biocomposite of Injection grade PLA/25% wheat bran/ 10% ATBC.
- Table 21 Mass and volume fluidity index and melt density of the Inj biocomposite vs. the matrix without additives and the mixture of the matrix with ATBC.
- Example 10 Packaging production process by extrusion-armed thermoform
- the formulation selected for the production of the container prototypes for extrusion-thermoforming applications was the one described in Example 7: extrusion-grade PLA + 20% Bran + 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC).
- the container prototypes were obtained through the following stages: 1. Production of flat sheet by extrusion process: the processing of the flat sheet was carried out on a Dr. Collin co-extrusion line. This line is made up of three single-screw extruders coupled to a distribution block, which also allows it to obtain structures of up to five layers (ABCBA), the distribution block is connected to a variable thickness head with a nominal width of 500 mm.
- the line (CR30) is equipped for the collection of material with a mirror-polished thermostatic roller on which the molten material comes into contact. Additionally, the material can be cooled by an air knife, with the option of using a secondary roller that controls the process by acting against the material pick-up roller. Material tension can be controlled by torque or pull percentage of the line winding units.
- the biocomposite obtained was dried and crystallized using two industrial dehumidifiers, respectively, for which the material was subjected to a drying time of twelve hours at 95°C.
- the final moisture content was validated by Karl Fisher titration, in order to prevent the degradation of the material during its processing, and purging in the hopper was used by means of a nitrogen current during processing.
- extrusion grade PLA sheet / 20% wheat bran / 10% ATBC 600 microns thick and 400 mm wide was processed.
- the temperature profile used for the processing of extrusion grade PLA sheet / 20% wheat bran / 10% ATBC was between 175 and 200°C.
- the processing speed has been maintained in all cases at 150 rpm and the chill roll speed at 0.85 m/min.
- thermoforming of the container prototypes for plate-type applications and single-dose container for sauces are specified as follows:
- Prototype for plate type applications the temperature profile used was between 65 and 70°C, with a heating time of 8 seconds and 1 second of vacuum.
- Prototype for single-dose container applications for sauces the temperature profile used was between 65 and 70°C, with a heating time of 7 seconds and 2 seconds of vacuum.
- Example 11 Injection packaging production process
- the formulation selected for the production of the container prototypes was the one described in Example 7: injection-grade PLA + 25% Bran + 10% Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC).
- an electrically operated injection equipment of the brand which has a closing force of 45 Ton and whose injection unit uses a spindle with a L/D ratio of 22 and a diameter of 45. mm.
- the compound obtained was dried and crystallized using two industrial dehumidifiers, respectively.
- the material was subjected to a drying time of twelve hours at 95°C
- the final moisture content was validated by Karl Fisher titration, in order to prevent material degradation during processing.
- the temperature profile used for the production of the container prototypes was between 180 and 195°C.
- the cooling time has been maintained in all cases between 18 and 20 seconds, and the pressure during the dosing stage at 100 bars.
- the mechanical properties of the container prototypes obtained by extrusion-thermoforming were evaluated by compression and puncture resistance tests.
- the sheets obtained by extrusion were also evaluated through tensile tests.
- the Testometric universal testing machine model M350-20CT (Rochdale, United Kingdom) was used in order to carry out the compression test to describe the behavior of the material when it is subjected to a compression load at a uniform speed.
- puncture resistance test to evaluate the resistance of a material to possible perforations, either by the nature of the food or by external accidental situations and the traction test to measure the resistance of the material to a static or slowly applied force.
- results show slight differences in the values obtained when performing the test transversally or longitudinally, being able to observe slightly higher values when testing the flat sheet in the longitudinal direction.
- Table 24 shows the force value necessary to deform the container by 50% of its total height (13 mm) by means of compression: Table 24. Results of force and deformation of the compression test of the plate-type container prototype by extrusion.
- puncture resistance analyzes were also carried out on the plate-type container prototypes.
- a puncture resistance test the resistance of a sample in sheet or film form to being perforated by a punch is measured. The greater the energy required for perforation to occur, the greater the resistance of the sheet or film to being perforated. From this analysis, it is intended to simulate a possible breakage of the base of the plate-type container prototype due to the puncture effect of a fork or a knife.
- the following table shows the force values needed to break the base of the plate-type container prototype by puncture, as well as the elongation that occurs after breaking.
- Table 26 Results of breaking strength and deformation of the puncture resistance test of the plate-type container prototype by extrusion.
- Example 13 Mechanical properties of containers processed by injection
- the mechanical properties of the container prototypes obtained by injection were also evaluated by means of compression tests. In addition, drop tests were also carried out on the prototypes obtained and tensile tests on the injected specimens.
- prototypes of injection packaging were also obtained using the formulation produced for extrusion-thermoforming applications (extrusion grade PLA / 20% wheat bran / 10% ATBC), since it contained a lower proportion of bran and still had MFI values within the appropriate range for processing by injection.
- the following table shows the maximum value of force necessary to deform the container by a certain percentage by means of compression.
- the drop test was carried out based on the UNE EN 22248 standard, which aims to determine the resistance of complete containers, filled with the products they are going to contain and closed to a vertical shock due to free fall.
- the test consists of lifting the container to a certain height above a rigid surface and then releasing it so that it falls on this surface (called the "impact surface”). For this, it is necessary to define the conditioning conditions of the container, the drop height, the food to contain and the position of the container.
- the thermal stability properties of the biocomposites processed both on a pilot scale and on a laboratory scale yielded positive results for this development, showing that the addition of a compatibilizing agent and particularly ATBC generates a plasticizing effect that allows a significant increase in the flow rate.
- the compatibilizing agent allows the mixture to occur and at the same time imparts stability, in such a way that the elements that form the biocomposite behave as if they were really miscible with each other, that is, the compatibilizing agent generates a significant improvement in
- the final result facilitates the process of homogeneous mixing, although in it the individual phases of each of the types of resins present with their properties still coexist.
- the increase in the fluidity of the material was also evident when adding higher concentrations of bran. Generating a homogeneous dispersion of the components, thus achieving a greater optimization of the biocomposite.
- compatibilizing agents produces a plasticizing effect on the polymeric matrix due to the low molecular weight of these additives, which favors the mobility of the PLA chains and improves the mixing process of the two components of the formulation ( PLA + Wheat Bran).
- a compatibilizing agent preferably ATBC
- ATBC oxygen barrier properties
- the oxygen barrier properties were also favored in the biocomposites added with a compatibilizing agent.
- the increase in bran in the composition does not improve the oxygen barrier.
- those based on the grade of PLA for injection do improve the barrier by increasing a higher proportion of bran in the biocomposite.
- the conditioning stage of the wheat bran used as reinforcement material favored the interaction between the elements that form the biocomposite, as mentioned above; As the humidity decreases, it favors that hydrolytic degradation of the material does not occur, improving the final conditions of the product. Additionally, the decrease in the granulometry of the bran facilitates its incorporation into the polymeric matrix, achieving a homogeneous dispersion of the biocomposite.
- biocomposites developed can be processed satisfactorily for their use as materials for the production of containers in general, with the advantage that all the materials used for the formulation of the biocomposites are compostable and/or biodegradable whose origin is from a renewable source and therefore the final material is expected to comply with the industrial compostability standard UNE -EN 13432:2001.
- characterization of materials where a minimum content of organic matter (> 50%) and maximum levels of regulated metals and other hazardous substances are required
- biodegradation where compostable packaging is required to be completely biodegradable.
- Biodegradability is preferably tested according to ISO 14855, iii) disintegration, defined as the physical and visual disappearance of a specific shape (with a maximum thickness) of the packages. This can be evaluated in a pilot scale composting trial (ISO 16929) or in a laboratory scale composting trial (ISO 20200) in some specific cases and iv) quality of the compost, evaluated by means of physical-chemical analyzes and also by plant toxicity tests (OECD 208) determining germination and growth.
- disintegration defined as the physical and visual disappearance of a specific shape (with a maximum thickness) of the packages. This can be evaluated in a pilot scale composting trial (ISO 16929) or in a laboratory scale composting trial (ISO 20200) in some specific cases and iv) quality of the compost, evaluated by means of physical-chemical analyzes and also by plant toxicity tests (OECD 208) determining germination and growth.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
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US18/258,806 US20240043690A1 (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-15 | Bran biocomposite and production method |
MX2023007543A MX2023007543A (es) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-15 | Biocompuesto de salvado y metodo de obtencion. |
CR20230290A CR20230290A (es) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-15 | Biocompuesto de salvado y método de obtención |
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US20040144209A1 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2004-07-29 | Minera Michilla S.A. | Non-biochemical method to heap leach copper concentrates |
EP1500683A1 (en) * | 2003-07-21 | 2005-01-26 | Via Management Spolka z o.o. | Method for making a biodegradable moulding |
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US20040144209A1 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2004-07-29 | Minera Michilla S.A. | Non-biochemical method to heap leach copper concentrates |
EP1500683A1 (en) * | 2003-07-21 | 2005-01-26 | Via Management Spolka z o.o. | Method for making a biodegradable moulding |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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CAN BUSE N, ET AL: "Corn-bran: Alternative cellulosic filler for polypropylene ", AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 1 January 1914 (1914-01-01), pages 1 - 6, XP055952691, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5016764> [retrieved on 20220818] * |
EL-WAKIL ABD EL-AZIZ A, MOUSTAFA HESHAM, YOUSSEF AHMED M: "Antimicrobial low-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene-grafted acrylic acid biocomposites based on rice bran with tea tree oil for food packaging applications", JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS, SAGE PUBLICATIONS, US, vol. 35, no. 7, 1 July 2022 (2022-07-01), US , pages 938 - 956, XP055952692, ISSN: 0892-7057, DOI: 10.1177/0892705720925140 * |
GIGANTE VITO, ET AL: "On the Use of Biobased Waxes to Tune Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates–Bran Biocomposites", POLYMERS, MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL (M DP I) AG., CH, vol. 12, no. 11, 1 November 2020 (2020-11-01), CH , pages 1 - 18, XP055952675, ISSN: 2073-4360, DOI: 10.3390/polym12112615 * |
HEJNA ALEKSANDER, ET AL: "Rotational Molding of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Composites Filled with Wheat Bran", POLYMERS, MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL (M DP I) AG., CH, vol. 12, no. 5, 1 January 2020 (2020-01-01), CH , pages 1004, XP055952693, ISSN: 2073-4360, DOI: 10.3390/polym12051004 * |
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US20240043690A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
CO2020016206A1 (es) | 2022-06-30 |
CL2023001845A1 (es) | 2023-11-24 |
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