WO2022133619A1 - Sistema y método para determinar el estado de funcionamiento de módulos solares fotovoltaicos - Google Patents
Sistema y método para determinar el estado de funcionamiento de módulos solares fotovoltaicos Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022133619A1 WO2022133619A1 PCT/CL2020/050191 CL2020050191W WO2022133619A1 WO 2022133619 A1 WO2022133619 A1 WO 2022133619A1 CL 2020050191 W CL2020050191 W CL 2020050191W WO 2022133619 A1 WO2022133619 A1 WO 2022133619A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fourier transform
- reference spectrum
- voltage signal
- photovoltaic solar
- solar module
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003862 health status Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S50/00—Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
- H02S50/10—Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S50/00—Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of electric power generation and distribution, more specifically to the monitoring of photovoltaic systems, and in particular provides a system and method for determining the operating status of photovoltaic solar modules.
- MMFV photovoltaic solar modules
- patent document EP 3537602 describes a method for diagnosing photovoltaic panels.
- the photovoltaic system used as a reference includes a photovoltaic panel and an inverter connected to the photovoltaic panel.
- the method comprises, as a first step, acquiring a voltage signal on the DC side of the inverter. It is mentioned that a fast Fourier transform of the voltage signal is obtained, to obtain a "fingerprint" of the system's operation. However, the signals obtained are compared with each other to obtain indicator values of the system, but it is not indicated that they allow to determine a nature of the fault.
- document US 2016/282398 describes a method and monitoring system to detect an arc fault in a photovoltaic system. It is described that the system allows inverter monitoring. For this, it obtains current signals on the DC side of the inverter. It is mentioned that one way to detect a fault is through a threshold power in the frequency spectrum where, if the minimum of the frequency spectrum is above said threshold, it will be an indicator of a fault. However, there is no mention of allowing the nature of the failure to be identified. On the other hand, although a voltage signal is acquired on the DC side, it is obtained when the inverter is disconnected.
- the present invention provides a system for determining the operating status of a photovoltaic solar module, characterized in that it comprises: means for acquiring a voltage signal, operatively connected to a voltage output of said photovoltaic solar module; and a processor operatively connected to said means for acquiring said an output voltage signal; wherein said processor is configured to: acquire, by means of said means for acquiring a voltage signal, an output voltage of said photovoltaic solar module; obtaining a Fourier transform of said voltage signal; comparing said Fourier transform with a reference spectrum; and determining the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module from said comparison; and wherein said acquisition of said output voltage signal is performed with the photovoltaic solar module in operation and connected to a power conversion system.
- the system is characterized in that said means for acquiring a voltage signal comprise a DC-DC converter including a switch and in that said voltage signal is measured between the terminals of said switch.
- the system is characterized in that said reference spectrum is selected from the group formed by spectra corresponding to fouling, spectra corresponding to breaks, spectra corresponding to hot spots, spectra corresponding to delamination, spectra corresponding to snail tracks, spectra corresponding to normal operation, as well as combinations between them.
- the system is characterized in that said comparison comprises obtaining, from said Fourier transform and from said reference spectrum, a parameter that is selected from the group consisting of cutoff frequency and a damping coefficient, as well as a combination among them; and in that said determination of the state of operation comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if the difference between the parameter obtained for the Fourier transform and for the reference spectrum is less than a threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between +/-0.1% and +/-1.0%.
- the system is characterized in that said comparison comprises obtaining a correlation coefficient between said Fourier transform and said reference spectrum; and in that said operating state determination comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if said correlation coefficient is greater than a threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between 0.99 and 0.999.
- the system is characterized in that said comparison comprises obtaining a root mean square error between said Fourier transform and said reference spectrum; and in that said operating state determination comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if said root mean square error is less than a threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between 0.005 and 0.05.
- a method is provided to determine the operating status of a photovoltaic solar module that is characterized in that it comprises: acquiring, by means for acquiring a voltage signal, operatively connected to a voltage output of said solar photovoltaic module, an output voltage signal of said solar photovoltaic module; obtaining, by means of a processor operatively connected to said means for acquiring said an output voltage signal, a Fourier transform of said voltage signal; comparing, by said processor, said Fourier transform with a reference spectrum; and determining, by said processor, the operating state of the photovoltaic solar module from said comparison; and wherein said acquisition of said output voltage signal is performed with the photovoltaic solar module in operation and connected to a power conversion system.
- the method is characterized in that said reference spectrum is selected from the group formed by spectra corresponding to fouling, spectra corresponding to breaks, spectra corresponding to hot spots, spectra corresponding to delamination, spectra corresponding to snail tracks, spectra corresponding to normal operation, as well as combinations between them.
- the method is characterized in that said step of comparing said Fourier transform with said reference spectrum comprises obtaining, from said Fourier transform and from said reference spectrum, a parameter that is selected from the group formed by cutoff frequency and a damping coefficient, as well as a combination between them; and in that said step of determining the state of operation of the photovoltaic solar module comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if the difference between the parameter obtained for the Fourier transform and for the reference spectrum is less than one threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between +/-0.1% and +/-1.0%.
- the method is characterized in that said step of comparing said Fourier transform with said reference spectrum comprises obtaining a correlation coefficient between said Fourier transform and said reference spectrum; and because said step of determining the state of operating said photovoltaic solar module comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if said correlation coefficient is greater than a threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between 0.99 and 0.999.
- the method is characterized in that said step of comparing said Fourier transform with said reference spectrum comprises obtaining a root mean square error between said Fourier transform and said reference spectrum; and in that said step of determining the state of operation of said photovoltaic solar module comprises determining that said Fourier transform corresponds to said reference spectrum if said root mean square error is less than a threshold value.
- said threshold value is in the range between 0.005 and 0.05.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a first embodiment of the system that is the object of the present invention.
- Fig. 2A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a voltage signal and a reference signal in the time domain.
- Fig. 2B illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a Fourier transform of the voltage signal of Fig. 2A and a reference spectrum.
- Fig. 3A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of three reference signals in the time domain.
- Fig. 3B illustrates an exemplary embodiment of three reference spectra obtained from the reference signals of Fig. 3A.
- a system (1) is provided to determine the operating status of a photovoltaic solar module (2) which essentially comprises means (3) to acquire a voltage signal, operatively connected to a voltage output of said photovoltaic solar module (2); and a processor (4) operatively connected to said means (3) for acquiring said an output voltage signal.
- said processor (4) is configured to: acquire, by means of said means for acquiring a voltage signal, an output voltage of said photovoltaic solar module; obtaining a Fourier transform (5) of said voltage signal; comparing (7) said Fourier transform (5) with a reference spectrum (6); and determining (8) the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module (2) from said comparison. Additionally, said acquisition of said output voltage signal is carried out with the photovoltaic solar module (2) in operation and connected to a power conversion system (9).
- said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal may comprise, without being limited to these, voltmeters; switches; passive elements such as coils, resistors, capacitors, diodes; active elements, such as bipolar transistors, field effect transistors; as well as a combination between them.
- said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal may comprise one or more analog to digital converters.
- said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal comprise a DC-DC converter that includes a switch and because said voltage signal is measured between the terminals of said switch.
- said DC-DC converter is a DC-DC converter without galvanic isolation.
- Said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal may acquire said output voltage signal from the photovoltaic solar module (2) substantially continuously, at regular intervals or at irregular intervals without this limiting the scope of the present invention.
- said acquisition is performed substantially continuously when the time difference between the acquisition of two consecutive signals is less than a certain threshold value.
- said threshold value may be less than 0.5 milliseconds, more preferably less than 0.1 milliseconds and even more preferably less than 0.05 milliseconds.
- the system (1) that is the object of the present invention further comprises a processor (4) operatively connected to said means (3) to acquire a voltage signal.
- said processor (4) is operatively connected to said means (3) to acquire a voltage signal when said processor (4) can control operating said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal and receiving said voltage signal from said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal.
- the means by which said processor (4) is operatively connected with said means (3) to acquire a voltage signal may be wired, wireless or a combination of both without limiting the scope of the present invention.
- said means may include UTP cables, STP cables, coaxial cables, telephone pair, fiber optics, USB cables, Bluetooth antennas, Wi-Fi antennas, LEDs, Lasers, photodiodes , as well as a combination between them.
- Said processor (4) is configured to acquire, by means of said means (3) for acquiring a voltage signal, an output voltage of said photovoltaic solar module (2).
- said acquisition can be performed substantially continuously, at regular intervals or at irregular intervals without this limiting the scope of the present invention.
- the time range during which said voltage signal is acquired does not limit the scope of the present invention.
- said acquisition can be performed for a time that is in the range between 0.05 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds, more preferably between 0.1 milliseconds and 50 milliseconds and even more preferably between 0.15 milliseconds. milliseconds and 1 millisecond.
- Said acquisition must allow to measure the transient response of the photovoltaic solar module (2) before commutations of the power conversion system (9) or, if any, commutations incorporated by the medium (3) to acquire the signal of voltage.
- said acquisition of said voltage signal may or may not be performed after each switching of the power conversion system (9) without this limiting the scope of the present invention.
- said processor (4) is configured to obtain a Fourier transform (5) of said voltage signal.
- said processor (4) can be configured to obtain a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of said voltage signal, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), as well as a combination between them.
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- DFT discrete Fourier transform
- the frequency range, as well as the frequency step, in which said processor obtains said Fourier transform does not limit the scope of the present invention and will depend, for example and without limiting the scope of the present invention, on the range of time at which the voltage signal is acquired and the rate of acquisition of the voltage signal.
- said frequency range can be between 0 kHz and 1 MHz, more preferably between 0 kHz and 500 kHz and even more preferably between 0 kHz and 300 kHz.
- the sampling frequency of the voltage signal can be in the range between 1 kHz and 50 kHz, more preferably between 100 kHz and 1 MHz and even more preferably between 50MHz and 500MHz.
- Said processor (4) is also configured to compare (7) said Fourier transform (5) with a reference spectrum (6).
- Said comparison with said reference spectrum (6) is what, advantageously, allows the nature of the fault to be identified in the event that the photovoltaic solar module (2) is not working normally.
- Said reference spectrum (6) can, for example and without this limiting the scope of the present invention, be stored in a memory operatively connected to the processor (4) or be acquired from a standard photovoltaic solar module (not illustrated). in the figures), where said standard photovoltaic solar module has a known fault.
- said processor (4) may be configured to acquire a pattern output voltage signal from said pattern photovoltaic solar module, by suitable means, and to obtaining said reference spectrum by means of a Fourier transform of said standard output voltage signal.
- said processor (4) can be configured to compare said Fourier transform (5) with a plurality of reference spectra (6).
- a plurality will be understood as two or more of the elements to which reference is made.
- Said plurality of reference spectra may or may not correspond to the same type of malfunction of the photovoltaic solar module (2) without this limiting the scope of the present invention.
- said plurality of reference spectra (6) correspond to different types of failure of the photovoltaic solar module (2).
- Said reference spectrum (6) can be chosen from spectra corresponding to any type of fault in the photovoltaic solar module (2), without this limiting the scope of the present invention. Additionally, and without this limiting the scope of the present invention, said reference spectrum (6) may correspond to normal operation of the photovoltaic solar module (2). By example, and without this limiting the scope of the present invention, said reference spectrum may be selected from the group formed by spectra corresponding to fouling, spectra corresponding to breaks, spectra corresponding to hot spots, spectra corresponding to delamination, spectra corresponding to snail tracks, spectra corresponding to normal operation, as well as combinations between them.
- comparison (7) will be understood as the application of one or more mathematical operations to said Fourier transform (5) and to said reference spectrum (6), in such a way as to determine a correspondence between both of them.
- said comparison (7) may comprise obtaining, from said Fourier transform (5) and from said reference spectrum (6), a parameter that is selected from the group formed by a cutoff frequency, a damping coefficient, as well as a combination between them.
- said Fourier transform (5) corresponds to said reference spectrum (6) if the difference between the parameter obtained for the Fourier transform and for the reference spectrum is less than a threshold value.
- the cutoff frequency is the frequency for which the signal has an energy lower than a certain limit (usually defined in 3 dB), both in the Fourier transform (5), as in the reference spectrum (6).
- the damping coefficient will be understood as a measure of the magnitude and number of harmonics present both in the Fourier transform (5), and in the reference spectrum (6).
- Said threshold value can be any suitable value to determine said correspondence between said Fourier transform (5) and said reference spectrum (6).
- said threshold value may be in the range between +/-0.05% and +/-1.0%, more preferably between +/-0.1%. and +/-0.8% and even more preferably be +/-0.5%.
- said comparison (7) may comprise obtaining a correlation coefficient between said Fourier transform (5) and said reference spectrum (6). In this case, it will be said that said Fourier transform (5) corresponds to said reference spectrum (6) if said correlation coefficient is greater than a threshold value.
- the correlation coefficient is a measure of the linear dependence between the Fourier transform (5) and the reference spectrum (6). Given this, while the signals are found with a higher correlation level, the correlation coefficient is closer to 1.
- Said threshold value can be any suitable value to determine said correspondence between said Fourier transform (5) and said reference spectrum (6).
- said threshold value can be in the range between 0.95 and 1, more preferably between 0.98 and 0.999 and even more preferably be 0.995.
- said comparison (7) may comprise obtaining a root mean square error (RMSE) of the difference between said Fourier transform (5) and said reference spectrum (6). ).
- RMSE root mean square error
- RMSE root mean square error
- Said threshold value can be any suitable value to determine said correspondence between said Fourier transform (5) and said reference spectrum (6).
- said threshold value can be in the range between 0.001 Hz and 0.07 Hz, more preferably between 0.005 Hz and 0.05 Hz and even more preferably be 0. 01Hz
- said processor (4) is configured to determine (8) the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module (2).
- said processor (4) uses the result of the comparison between the Fourier transform (5) and the reference spectrum (6). In this way, the processor (4) can not only determine if said photovoltaic solar module (2) is operating normally or faulty, but also, additionally and advantageously, it can determine the nature of the fault in the event of a faulty operation.
- the system (1) that is the object of the present invention has the advantage that it does not require the disconnection of the photovoltaic solar module (2) from the power converter system (9) to determine the operating state. .
- the system (1) that is the object of the present invention may comprise, optionally and without this limiting the scope of the present invention, additional elements to those previously described.
- the system (1) may comprise a radio frequency transceiver operatively connected to said processor (1) and said processor may be configured to perform one or more of the following tasks: receiving an instruction to determine the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module (2) by means of said radio frequency transceiver; transmitting the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module (2) by means of said radio frequency transceiver; generating an alarm in response to determining that the photovoltaic solar module (2) is malfunctioning and transmitting said alarm through said radio frequency transceiver.
- the nature of the radiofrequency transceiver does not limit the scope of the present invention and can be selected from the group consisting of Bluetooth antennas, Wi-Fi antennas, as well as a combination of both.
- said system (1) may comprise a memory operatively connected to said processor (4).
- Said memory can be a volatile or non-volatile memory, as well as a combination of both, without this limiting the scope of the present invention.
- said memory can store one or more reference spectra (6) that allow comparison (7) between the Fourier transform (5) and each of said one or more reference spectra (6).
- said processor (4) can be configured to execute one or more of the following tasks: read, from said memory, one or more reference spectra (6 ); storing, in said memory, the output voltage signal that is acquired from the photovoltaic solar module (2); storing, in said memory, the Fourier transform (5) obtained from the output voltage signal; storing, in said memory, one or more records of the operating status of the photovoltaic solar module (2).
- the present invention additionally provides a method for determining the operating status of a photovoltaic solar module (2) which essentially comprises the steps of: acquiring, by means of acquiring a voltage signal, operatively connected to an output voltage of said solar photovoltaic module, an output voltage signal of said solar photovoltaic module; obtaining, by means of a processor operatively connected to said means for acquiring said an output voltage signal, a Fourier transform of said voltage signal; comparing, by said processor, said Fourier transform with a reference spectrum; and determining, by said processor, the operating state of the photovoltaic solar module from said comparison. Additionally, said acquisition of said output voltage signal is performed with the photovoltaic solar module in operation and connected to a power conversion system.
- Example 1 Acquisition of a voltage signal and a reference signal in the time domain
- FIG. 2A illustrates a voltage signal (i) and a reference signal in the time domain (i) corresponding to a photovoltaic solar module (2).
- a fast Fourier transform of both signals was obtained, obtaining, respectively, a Fourier transform (5) and a reference spectrum (6), which are illustrated in Figure 2B.
- Example 2 Obtaining parameters from the Fourier transform and the reference spectrum
- Figure 3A illustrates a first reference signal (i) corresponding to a photovoltaic solar module (2) with normal operation; a second reference signal (i) corresponding to an MSFV (2) that has cracks; and a third reference signal (iii) corresponding to an MSFV (2) that presents soiling.
- a fast Fourier transform of said reference signals was obtained, obtaining the reference spectra illustrated in Figure 3B.
- a first reference spectrum (6a) was obtained from the first reference signal (i) and which corresponds to an MSFV (2) in normal operation; a second reference spectrum (6b) from the second reference signal ( ⁇ i) and corresponding to an MSFV (2) showing cracking; and a third reference spectrum (6c) from the third reference signal (iii) and corresponding to an MSFV (2) that presents soiling.
- Example 5 Obtaining parameters from reference spectra
- the reference spectra of the previous example were used to obtain different parameters. Specifically, for each spectrum the parameters of overshoot, undershoot, cutoff frequency and damping coefficient were obtained.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US18/269,102 US20240039473A1 (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | System and method for determining the operating state of solar photovoltaic modules |
CN202080108376.8A CN116783818A (zh) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | 用于确定太阳能光伏模块的工作顺序的系统和方法 |
PCT/CL2020/050191 WO2022133619A1 (es) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Sistema y método para determinar el estado de funcionamiento de módulos solares fotovoltaicos |
DE112020007864.7T DE112020007864T5 (de) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | System und Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Betriebszustandes von Solar-Photovoltaikmodulen |
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PCT/CL2020/050191 WO2022133619A1 (es) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Sistema y método para determinar el estado de funcionamiento de módulos solares fotovoltaicos |
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WO2022133619A1 true WO2022133619A1 (es) | 2022-06-30 |
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PCT/CL2020/050191 WO2022133619A1 (es) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Sistema y método para determinar el estado de funcionamiento de módulos solares fotovoltaicos |
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US (1) | US20240039473A1 (es) |
CN (1) | CN116783818A (es) |
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WO (1) | WO2022133619A1 (es) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR102076978B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-04-07 | 한국건설기술연구원 | 고장 검출부를 구비한 태양광 발전 시스템 |
EP3537602B1 (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2020-08-05 | ABB Schweiz AG | A method of pv panels diagnostic in pv panels system |
KR102159768B1 (ko) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-09-28 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 태양광발전 어레이의 Hot Spot 진단 장치 및 방법 |
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CN106154120B (zh) | 2015-03-25 | 2019-04-09 | 台达电子企业管理(上海)有限公司 | 光伏逆变器的电弧故障检测方法、装置及光伏逆变器 |
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2020
- 2020-12-22 US US18/269,102 patent/US20240039473A1/en active Pending
- 2020-12-22 DE DE112020007864.7T patent/DE112020007864T5/de active Pending
- 2020-12-22 CN CN202080108376.8A patent/CN116783818A/zh active Pending
- 2020-12-22 WO PCT/CL2020/050191 patent/WO2022133619A1/es active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3537602B1 (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2020-08-05 | ABB Schweiz AG | A method of pv panels diagnostic in pv panels system |
KR102159768B1 (ko) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-09-28 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 태양광발전 어레이의 Hot Spot 진단 장치 및 방법 |
KR102076978B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-04-07 | 한국건설기술연구원 | 고장 검출부를 구비한 태양광 발전 시스템 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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HOPWOOD, M. ET AL.: "Neural Network-Based Classification of String-Level IV Curves From Physically-Induced Failures of Photovoltaic Modules", IEEE ACCESS SEPTEMBER, vol. 8, 2020, pages 161480 - 161487, XP011808576, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3021577 * |
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US20240039473A1 (en) | 2024-02-01 |
DE112020007864T5 (de) | 2023-10-19 |
CN116783818A (zh) | 2023-09-19 |
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