WO2022128982A1 - Procede et systeme pour le traitement de produits animaux - Google Patents
Procede et systeme pour le traitement de produits animaux Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022128982A1 WO2022128982A1 PCT/EP2021/085595 EP2021085595W WO2022128982A1 WO 2022128982 A1 WO2022128982 A1 WO 2022128982A1 EP 2021085595 W EP2021085595 W EP 2021085595W WO 2022128982 A1 WO2022128982 A1 WO 2022128982A1
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- Prior art keywords
- water
- basin
- protein
- animal
- enclosure
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/02—Biological treatment
- C02F11/04—Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
- C02F11/121—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/22—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of animals, e.g. poultry, fish, or parts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/02—Temperature
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/322—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
- C05G5/23—Solutions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
- C12M21/02—Photobioreactors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
- Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Definitions
- This description relates to the field of the treatment of animal products, in particular products generated by the practice of animal husbandry, in particular poultry, according to techniques allowing respect for the environment, compatible with sustainable development.
- Patent application 2017/0354906 describes a bioreactor system intended to treat solid waste.
- Patent application US 2016/0264484 describes an integrated animal waste treatment system comprising an animal waste methanization unit, which generates biogas and raw digestate. The raw digestate is separated into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction. Then the liquid fraction is treated in reactors containing microalgae or macrophytes, and the solid fraction is treated by vermiculture.
- PCT application published under No. WO 2017/101654 describes a slurry and wastewater treatment system comprising a desalination device and a microalgae culture tank.
- Patent application EP 3 181 524 describes a system for processing raw materials, mainly animal waste, by anaerobic fermentation in a pressurized bioreactor.
- the present description relates to a process for the treatment of animal products, in particular products from a poultry farm, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by bringing the collected waste into contact with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8, b) heat treatment of the material obtained in step a), by heating said material in a humid medium to a temperature of at least 70° C., c) separation of the organic materials and the mineral materials in presence of water in the material obtained in step b) then separate collection (i) of the liquid fraction comprising the mineral matter and (ii) of the solid fraction comprising the organic matter, and d) addition of the liquid fraction obtained to step c(ii), comprising the mineral materials, in a basin filled with water maintained in a controlled manner at a set temperature ranging from 20°C to 42°C, preferably ranging from 28°C to 35°C , in which is cultivated a plant or a bacterium rich in proteins, in particular micro-algae and cyanobacteria, preferably
- - is contained in an enclosure substantially impermeable to liquid and gaseous fluids from the external environment, said enclosure comprising a roof at least partially transparent to daylight, said roof being equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably cells photovoltaic units from Graetzel, and/or
- thermoregulation device for the water contained in the pool.
- thermoregulation device being, for the heating of the water contained in the basin, in fluid communication with an outlet pipe for the hot water coming from a desalination device by evapo-concentration
- the heat exchanger device for cooling water, comprising a geothermal exchanger device.
- said basin is provided with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluid communication with a salt water outlet pipe of a desalination device for water by evapo-concentration.
- step c) being followed by a step c1) of digesting the material obtained in step c) by bringing said material into contact with (i) insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens and/or (ii) an edible wood-eating fungus.
- the present description also relates to a system for the treatment of animal products, said system comprising:
- an extruder device equipped with a controlled heating system, which can be in fluid communication with said reactor, the outlet of the extruder device being equipped with a liquid/solid separator,
- a closed enclosure comprising a basin surmounted by a roof made of a material substantially transparent to light, said basin being able to be filled with water and intended for the cultivation of a plant or a bacterium, in particular a protein-rich plant or bacteria such as protein-rich microalgae or protein-rich cyanobacteria,
- an evapo-concentration water desalination system comprising (i) a salt water supply pipe, a non-desalinated water discharge pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe, being specified that :
- said reactor is in fluid communication with the extruder device
- said basin being provided with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluid communication with a salt water outlet pipe coming from the desalination system.
- the system further comprises a bioclimatic greenhouse device comprising:
- - a closed enclosure comprising a floor and a roof, the floor being located below from ground level,
- said roof being substantially transparent to light, on the wall of which are arranged a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably Graetzel cells,
- a suitable substrate for the cultivation of plants being placed on the surface of said floor, said substrate being, at least in part, consisting of the solid fraction of the product of the treatment of animal waste in, successively, the reactor and then the extruder device.
- thermoregulation device of the enclosure of the bioclimatic greenhouse device comprising a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the water desalination system.
- the system further includes an agroforestry arrangement comprising:
- tunnel greenhouse or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, arranged between two rows of trees
- an irrigation system for the trees and where appropriate an irrigation system for the plants likely to be grown in the tunnel greenhouse(s), said irrigation system being in fluid communication with the water outlet desalinated from the water desalination system by evapo-condensation.
- FIG 1 shows a general diagram of the animal product processing system.
- the present description relates to a process and a system for processing animal products, in particular for processing products generated by the practice of poultry farming, the process and the system being designed to (i) generate a reduced consumption of water and energy, (ii) allow optimal use of the organic and mineral matter contained in these animal products, with the aim of animal husbandry practices compatible with sustainable development, with respect for 1 environment.
- an “animal product” includes, or consists of, all or part of an animal carcass as well as matter secreted or excreted by an animal.
- the animal product is an animal by-product.
- Animal by-product means an animal product, fit or unfit for human consumption, but not intended for human consumption, whether by virtue of compliance with legislation or for commercial reasons.
- an animal by-product within the meaning of the description comprises, or consists of, muscle, viscera, skin, hooves, horns, feathers, bones, shells, greaves, blood, milk, eggs, embryos, semen, biomass, slurry, methanation residues or mixtures thereof.
- the animals from which the animal products or by-products are derived may be production animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and hares, birds or even fish, or other animals, such as horses, pets, arthropods, in particular insects and crustaceans, reptiles or molluscs.
- Animals include especially commercial birds, in particular poultry such as geese, turkeys, ducks, hens and chickens, guinea fowl, capons, quails, pheasants and pigeons.
- the present description relates to a method for the treatment of animal products, in particular products from poultry farming, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by bringing the collected waste into contact with a buffer based on ammonia at a pH of at least 8, b) heat treatment of the material obtained in step a), by heating said material in a humid medium to a temperature of at least 70°C, c) separation of the organic matter and the mineral materials in the presence of water of the material obtained in step b) then separate collection (i) of the liquid fraction comprising the mineral matter and (ii) the solid fraction comprising the organic matter, and d) adding the liquid fraction obtained in step c(ii), comprising the mineral matter, to a basin filled with water maintained in a controlled manner at a set temperature ranging from 20°C to 42°C, preferably from 28°C to 35°C, in which a protein-rich plant or bacteria, in particular microalgae or cyanobacteria, is preferably cultivated spirulina.
- the process according to the present description allows destruction of the pathogenic agents likely to be contained in the starting animal products. It is shown in particular that this method can allow the total destruction of the pathogenic agents contained in very highly contaminated starting animal products. Thus, the results show that the method according to the present description causes the total destruction of pathogenic prions contained in the starting animal products, including when the level of contamination of the starting animal products is greater than 10 8 LD50/g.
- the plants or the bacteria consist of photosynthetic plants or of photosynthetic bacteria, of a known type.
- cyanobacteria include mainly, or even exclusively, cyanobacteria that are not toxic to humans and animals.
- the animal product is ground prior to implementing the steps of the above method, in order to obtain a granular product with an average particle size, or particle size, advantageously of at most 20 mm , preferably at most 10 mm, and most preferably at most 5 mm.
- step a) of the process the animal product is subjected to a chemical treatment with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8.
- the animal product is in the form of small pieces, so as to optimize its processing through the various stages of the process.
- the animal product to be treated is in the form of pieces whose largest dimension varies from a few millimeters to a few centimeters.
- an aqueous ammonia solution is used.
- the amount of ammonia solution relative to the weight of animal product can be determined optimally by those skilled in the art, in particular according to the order of magnitude of the water content of the animal product to be treated.
- 5 mL of a 0.67% w/w aqueous solution of ammonia can be used for 15 grams of animal product to be treated.
- Chemical treatment makes it possible to substantially reduce the possible contamination of the animal product by pathogenic agents, in particular by viruses, bacteria and pathogenic fungi.
- the aqueous ammonia solution also includes citrate.
- the chemical treatment step allows for further reduction of possible contamination by pathogens, including unconventional pathogens such as prion-like pathogen proteins.
- step a) of chemical treatment avoids the phenomenon of retraction of the animal product which occurs during a heat treatment.
- the animal product does not shrink when it is then subjected to step b) of heat treatment which is described below.
- an ammonia-based buffer with a pH of at least 9 is used.
- ammonia-based buffer at the chosen pH, avoids introducing sodium into the animal product thus chemically treated, as would have been the case if a sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate buffer sodium had been used for chemical treatment.
- Step a) of chemical treatment can for example be carried out by simply bringing the animal product into contact with the ammonia solution and then impregnating the animal product with this solution, by simple passive diffusion.
- Step a) of chemical treatment can also be carried out by bringing the animal product into contact with the ammonia solution then mixing the liquid/solid mixture in order to promote the rapid diffusion of the liquid to the heart of the pieces of the animal product to be treated.
- step a) of the process is carried out at room temperature, that is to say at a temperature below 45°C, for example at a temperature ranging from 15°C to 25°C.
- step b) the material resulting from the chemical treatment of the animal product, which is obtained at the end of step a), is subjected to heat treatment by heating in a humid environment, also called “wet heating”.
- the humidity comes from the water contained in the animal product, that is to say from the water which was initially contained in the animal product before the step a) of chemical treatment and the water originating from the aqueous ammonia composition which has diffused into the core of the animal product during step a) of chemical treatment.
- step b) of heat treatment is carried out in an atmosphere having a humidity percentage of the material to be treated is at least 80%.
- moisture percentage we mean the quantity of water contained in the material to be treated.
- the moisture percentage of the material to be treated is easily determined by those skilled in the art, for example using the conventional method comprising (i) a step of weighing the material to be treated, (ii) a step of evaporation by heating the water contained in the material to be treated, for example in an oven at 100° C. at atmospheric pressure, then (iii) a step of weighing the material after evaporation of the water.
- Heat treatment step b) is preferably carried out at a temperature above 70°C.
- It may be less than 100°C, for example ranging from 70°C to 100°C, such as at a temperature ranging from 75°C to 85°C.
- the duration of step b) can vary from a few minutes to a few tens of minutes, depending in particular on the temperature conditions, and where appropriate pressure, of the heating step, as well as the quantity of material to be processed.
- step b) can have a duration ranging from 5 minutes to 60 minutes.
- shorter treatment times will be compensated by temperatures ranging from 100°C to 118°C, preferably from 110°C to 115°C.
- step b) of heat treatment the ammonia contained in the material to be treated evaporates in the form of ammonia gas, which is then preferentially recovered in the form of ammonia by bringing it into contact with water, for example with a curtain of water which is interposed in the gas stream. Preferably, it is cooled with water, which allows the ammonia to remain trapped in the water current.
- aqueous ammonia composition which is thus generated is advantageously recovered to be used during a repetition of step a) of chemical treatment for an animal product which must subsequently be treated by the process according to the present description.
- the ammonia, which is thus collected by dissolution in a stream of cold water, is then recirculated to the reactor used for the chemical treatment.
- step b) can be easily adapted by those skilled in the art, using general knowledge, in particular according to the values of temperature, humidity, and, where appropriate, pressure, which have been chosen.
- the heat treatment step is carried out in a humid atmosphere allows for a substantially greater reduction of various pathogens, including viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
- this heat treatment step by “wet heating” considerably reduces the presence of unconventional pathogens, such as the presence of pathogenic proteins of the prion type.
- the reduction in the presence of pathogenic agents in particular the reduction in the presence of non-conventional transmissible pathogenic agents such as the pathogenic prion protein, is further improved in the presence of citrate, the ammonia/citrate mixture being particularly effective in destroying pathogenic proteins of the type prion.
- stage b) of heat treatment make it possible to obtain a material, chemically treated in stage a), then heat-treated in stage b), which is substantially free, or even totally free, of transmissible pathogens.
- the material obtained at the end of step b) comprises mineral elements and organic elements capable of being subsequently used, for example as useful inputs in the field of agricultural practices.
- step c) the organic materials and the mineral materials contained in the material obtained at the end of step b) are separated.
- the material obtained at the end of step b) the organic materials and the mineral materials are collected separately, according to any technique known to those skilled in the art, for example at the outlet gate of a device extruder.
- all of the steps a), b) and c) can be carried out in a single industrial processing device.
- an extruder device can be used, preferably a screw extruder, which includes a twin-screw extruder.
- step a the appropriate quantities of animal product and of aqueous ammonia composition are introduced, together or separately, at the feed members of the extruder, then the liquid/solid mixture obtained is mixed with within F extruder, for example simultaneously with the progression of this mixture along a mixing chamber of the extruder,
- step b) the material chemically treated in step a) is routed to a heating chamber fitted to the extruder, then the material is heated simultaneously as it progresses through the heating chamber of the extruder, and
- step c) the material treated chemically, then thermally, is routed to the exit orifice of the extruder where the liquid and the solid are separated, for example at the exit grid of the extruder .
- the material is cooled and then brought into contact with an appropriate quantity of water before final pressing at the exit gate of the extruder device.
- the duration of each of steps a) and b) is easily controlled, for example (i) according to the length of each of the chemical treatment and heat treatment chambers and (ii) according to the speed chosen for the progress of the material being processed in each of the aforementioned chambers.
- the organic materials were contained mainly in the solid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step b) and are therefore found in the solid fraction separated at the outlet of the extruder device.
- the mineral materials were contained mainly in the liquid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step b) and are therefore found in the liquid fraction separated at the outlet of the extruder device.
- each of the (i) liquid mineral material and (ii) solid organic material obtained in a separated at the end of step c), can subsequently be used as an input material, useful in agriculture.
- the liquid mineral matter spread in the fields corresponds to a liquid flash fertilizer washable by the rains causing pollution of the water tables and the phenomena of green algae by eutrophication of the rivers. It is precisely this phenomenon of green algae which is diverted to the benefit of the process according to the present description and which is controlled due to the presence of the basin in which the vegetable or the bacteria rich in proteins, in particular the micro-organisms, are cultivated. algae or cyanobacteria, and especially spirulina.
- the latter corresponds to manure to be spread and not to food for animals, here insects at the larval stage (after predigestion by the mycelium of edible lignivorous fungi which here too, in traditional agriculture would be used very differently, i.e. for their fruiting bodies and not at all for their mycelium.
- liquid fraction and the solid fraction which are obtained separately at the end of step c) are, as will be detailed later in the present description, used for their respective physico-chemical and nutritional contribution. However, before their subsequent use, the liquid fraction and the solid fraction are each respectively subjected to a pretreatment, each of these pretreatments being detailed below.
- Step c1) pre-treatment of the liquid fraction
- step cl) the liquid fraction obtained at the end of step c) is brought into contact with a ligneous substrate colonized by an edible lignivorous fungus, and more precisely by a ligneous substrate colonized by the mycelium of a lignivorous fungus edible.
- the ligneous substrate advantageously consists of sawdust, wood shavings or wood pellets.
- the substrate material for example wood chips or pellets
- an edible lignivorous fungus in its primary mycelium form which may be chosen in particular from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, oyster mushroom of elm (Hypsiz.ygus ulinarius). or even Agaricus blasei and Agaricus breaziliensis.
- it is Pleurotus ostreatus.
- liquid fraction freed from these undesirable compounds can then be used in step d) of the process.
- the solid fraction obtained at the end of step c) of the process advantageously also undergoes a pre-treatment step, which increases its ability to then be used as a nutrient input for insect larvae, for the purpose of generating high value-added products such as proteins and oil, the residues resulting from digestion can then be used as compost.
- step c) is followed by a step c2) of digestion of the solid fraction obtained in step b) by bringing said material (i) into contact with at least one edible lignivorous mushroom., then if necessary (ii) with insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens, also called “soldier fly”.
- an edible lignivorous fungus for the digestion of the solid fraction obtained in step c) by an edible lignivorous fungus, in combination with digestion by insect larvae, said material is inoculated with an edible lignivorous fungus in its primary mycelium form which may in particular be selected from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, elm oyster mushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius), or even Agaricus blasei and Agaricus breaziliensis.
- it is Pleurotus ostreatus.
- the edible lignivorous mushroom is pre-cultivated on an appropriate culture medium before being inoculated on said material.
- the conditions for implementing this preculture are known to those skilled in the art.
- the preculture could for example be carried out on wheat, spent grain from brewing, rice or even a mixture of rice, straw and/or wood.
- step c2) the material obtained in step c) is inoculated with between 10% and 20% by dry weight, preferably of the order of 20% by dry weight of the preculture of the edible wood-eating fungus and is then maintained at an optimum growth temperature for the edible wood-eating fungus used.
- the culture temperature is between 15°C and 30°C, preferably around 25°C.
- step c2) digestion by an edible lignivorous fungus is carried out when the material to be treated consists of livestock litter comprising animal excrement.
- step c2) the material to be treated is first inoculated with the edible lignivorous fungus.
- the stage of colonization and digestion of the material by the lignivorous edible fungus typically lasts about 1 to 5 weeks.
- miscanthus is also added to the material to be treated.
- the first stage is therefore complete colonization by the mycelium of the lignivorous fungus (between 1 and 5 weeks, preferably 10 days under certain favorable conditions followed by thermal inactivation (typically at 70°C)
- the second stage is the contacting of the substrate with an adequate quantity of young Hermelia larvae so that after one week all the substrate has been composted by the larvae which will have reached maturity in order to be harvested (growth of a factor of 500).
- the edible wood-eating fungus digests biological polymers into smaller units, such as monomers, which are then taken up by the mycelium. Here they are the main players in the decomposition of cellulose, lignin present in animal litter, or even the keratin that makes up feathers. birds, including poultry such as hens and chickens.
- the products of digestion by the edible wood-eating fungus are edible by humans and/or animals.
- the stage of digestion by insect larvae is carried out systematically, including when the material to be treated contains animal meat, or consists of animal meat.
- Insect larvae and the edible lignivorous fungus can then be killed by heat treatment.
- the growth of the mycelium is stopped by moderate heat treatment.
- the insect larvae which have multiplied during the digestion stage can subsequently constitute a biomass which can be transformed and contribute to the manufacture of a food composition intended to feed animals.
- the compost resulting from the digestion of the material obtained in step b) by the combination of the edible lignivorous mushroom mycelium followed by the insect larvae can be advantageously used as a fertilizer for the cultivation of plants.
- step d) this liquid fraction is added to a basin in which a plant or a protein-rich bacterium is cultivated, preferably microalgae or protein-rich cyanobacteria.
- the basin implemented in step d) of the method - is contained in an enclosure substantially impermeable to liquid and gaseous fluids from the external environment, said enclosure comprising a roof at least partially transparent to daylight, said roof being equipped with a plurality of cells photovoltaic cells, preferably Graetzel photovoltaic cells, and/or
- thermoregulation device for the water contained in the pool.
- the various mainly mineral, but also organic nutrients contained in the liquid fraction obtained at the end of step c) constitute a nutritional contribution contributing to the growth of said vegetable or of said protein-rich bacteria, and if necessary constitute the only nutritional contribution allowing the growth of said plant or of said protein-rich bacteria.
- the addition of this liquid fraction makes it possible to alkalize the aqueous medium in which the protein-rich plant or bacteria grows, which promotes its growth, in particular when said plant or said bacterium rich in protein is a micro-alga, and especially a micro-alga of the genus Arthrospira, such as spirulina. At the same time, contamination by undesirable plants, such as toxic cyanobacteria is avoided.
- the protein-rich cyanobacteria which are cultured in said pond are of the genus Arthrospira. Cyanobacteria of species selected from Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima are preferably used. According to a preferred choice, the protein-rich plant or bacteria is a spirulina.
- step d) the basin which is fed with the liquid fraction obtained in step c) is thermoregulated, the temperature of the water contained in the basin being maintained in a controlled manner at an appropriate setpoint temperature.
- appropriate setpoint temperature means a temperature allowing the optimal conditions for the growth of the micro-algae or cyanobacteria which are cultivated in the basin, this temperature forming part of the general knowledge of those skilled in the art.
- micro-algae and cyanobacteria takes place when they are exposed to daylight.
- their growth is favored when the water temperature varies from 25°C to 35°C, for example from 28°C to 35°C .
- the pool water temperature must not exceed 43°C.
- a lower pool temperature can be accepted, provided that this lower temperature does not affect the survival of the plant or of the bacteria rich in proteins, for example the cyanobacteria or the microalgae considered.
- the pool water temperature must be at least 20°C.
- the maintenance of the pool water temperature at the chosen setpoint temperature can be ensured by a controlled supply of calories or cold, as needed, which are generated within a system, referred to herein as an animal product processing system, of which said basin is one of the constituent elements, said system being designed to operate an optimal recycling of energy flows and chemical elements, so as (i) to use optimally the energy and chemical elements generated by the implementation of the process in said system and thus (ii) drastically reduce (ii-a) the need for energy and chemical inputs and (ii-b) the production of waste that cannot be reused.
- the basin in which the liquid fraction which has been obtained at the end of step c) is added comprises a plurality of technical characteristics contributing to the conservation of the energy and organic and mineral elements, which can be used by other constituent devices of a system to which the basin used in step d) belongs.
- the pelvis is circular or ovoid in shape.
- the basin is included in a closed enclosure that is substantially impermeable to exchanges of liquid and gaseous fluids.
- Said enclosure containing the basin comprises a roof.
- Said roof consists, preferably over its entire surface, of a covering material substantially transparent to light, said roof being equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, said photovoltaic cells preferably being Graetzel cells.
- the presence of the roof contributes to isolating the aquatic and atmospheric content of the enclosure in which the basin is contained from the external environment and thus to allow the control in a chosen way of the exchanges of energy, and of gaseous, liquid or between the closed enclosure and the external environment, and protects also external contamination, for example by algae, bacteria or viruses.
- the roof of the enclosure containing the pool consists, at least over part of its surface, if necessary over its entire surface, of a material at least partially transparent to daylight.
- a material at least partially transparent to daylight may be a covering element made of glass, or else made of a polymer material transparent to daylight, such as natural glasses or synthetic glasses, in particular polymer glasses, or else plexiglass.
- the covering element is made of a material having a daylight transparency of at least 50%, better still at least 80%, even better still at least 90%, with respect to the transparency a glass screen at least 6 mm thick.
- the roof is equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells.
- Said photovoltaic cells when they are exposed to daylight, generate electrical energy which can be used extemporaneously and/or be stored with a view to its later use, for example to actuate other elements or devices constituting the system of treatment of animal products, which is described in detail later in this description.
- the storage, in batteries, of the electrical energy which has been produced but not consumed is not favored, in particular because of the ecological and financial cost of the current storage devices of the electric energy.
- the power of the electrical energy generating elements will be determined to be in line with the electrical energy demand of all the other elements of the said system.
- photovoltaic cells are used, the presence of which does not substantially alter the passage of daylight through the transparent or partially transparent roof, and therefore does not substantially reduce exposure to light. of the day of the protein-rich plant or bacteria grown in the pond water.
- the reduction in the transmission of daylight caused by the presence of the photovoltaic cells makes it possible to prevent the plant or the protein-rich bacteria from being exposed to too large a quantity of light which is a source of photo-inactivation, liable to damage. affect its survival in the basin.
- Graetzel photovoltaic cells are chosen.
- photon absorption and charge transport are dissociated in the dye cell.
- a Graetzel cell consists of a cathode and an anode, made of conductive glass, on which there is a layer of titanium dioxide (IiO2) which is a semiconductor, on the surface of which a sensitizer or dye is absorbed. , an aqueous solution having electrolyte function being enclosed between the two plates delimiting the photovoltaic cell.
- Graetzel's photovoltaic cells have the advantage of allowing at least 50% of the light through, which is why these photovoltaic cells are sometimes called "transparent cells".
- photovoltaic cells arranged on the surface of the roof of the enclosure containing the basin can be easily determined by those skilled in the art, depending on the surface value of said roof and, if necessary, depending on the quantity of electrical energy required. for the proper functioning of the animal product processing system.
- photovoltaic cells are arranged over the entire surface of the roof.
- the basin is equipped with a device for mixing the water and recovering the plant or the protein-rich bacteria, for example spirulina.
- the device for mixing the water can be a device rotary comprising a vertical shaft defining an axis of rotation, which is preferably located in the center of the basin, said device comprising at least one arm, perpendicular to the axis of rotation and fixed on the vertical shaft, the movement of the arm being actuated by the rotation of the shaft, said arm being preferably fixed on the shaft at a height corresponding to the level of the water/air interface of the water contained in said basin.
- the arm when it is in rotation, causes, by its submerged surface, turbulence generating the mixing of the water in the basin, if necessary making it possible to contribute to the oxygenation of the water in the basin. Furthermore, the surface portion of the rotating arm which is at the water/air interface makes it possible, by scraping the upper part of the water in the basin, to regularly recover part of the mass of the plant or of the bacteria rich in proteins growing in said basin, for example spirulina.
- the collector arms are curved in shape, so that the harvested plants transit, due to the water current generated by the rotation of the arms, from the periphery of the arm towards the central axis where is located the central tree.
- the central shaft preferably comprises an endless screw (Archimedean screw), towards whose pitch are directed the plants which transit from the periphery towards the axis of the device.
- the stirring and recovery device comprises a plurality of arms fixed to the central shaft, the horizontal axis of a given arm forming a determined angle with the horizontal axis of the preceding or following arm, the plurality of arms collectively covering the whole of the central shaft, i.e. 360 degrees.
- a given arm is preferentially oriented at an angle of 36 degrees, both with respect to the preceding arm and with respect to to the next arm.
- the height of water in the basin is low, of the order of 20 cm to 50 cm, which means that the exposure to daylight of the protein-rich plant is sufficient to allow its growth.
- the height of water is greater than 50 cm. It can for example go up to a water height of 3 meters. In these modes embodiment, the conditions for good growth of the protein-rich plant or bacterium are not met, due to insufficient exposure of this plant or this bacterium to daylight, in the deep part of the basin.
- the rotation of the latter is ensured by a motor coupled to the central shaft.
- the stirring device in particular in the embodiments in which the stirring device is sized to equip a large-diameter pool, for example a pool with a diameter of 100 meters or more, will favor a means of rotation in the form of a plurality of motors equipping the end of a plurality of arms constituting the stirring device, therefore located at the periphery of the basin.
- the basin may have a height of water which is not compatible with growth of the plant or of the protein-rich bacteria, over the entire height of the water in the basin, for example because Excessive depth does not allow sufficient exposure of the protein-rich plant or bacteria to daylight.
- the lack of access of the plant or the bacteria to daylight is compensated by the presence on the walls of the submerged part of the basin and/or on the walls of the rotating arm(s) , of a plurality of light-emitting sources, for example LEDs, capable of providing light energy to the plant or to the protein-rich bacterium, sufficient for its growth.
- the stirring and recovery device can be equipped with a plurality of arms perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft on which they are fixed, including a first stirring and recovery arm, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, fixed to the shaft at a height situated at the level of the water/air interface, and at least one other arm perpendicular to the axis of rotation fixed to the shaft at a height such that said or said arms are totally immersed in the water of the pool and are each equipped with a plurality of light-emitting sources capable of emitting light at at least one wavelength promoting the growth of the protein-rich plant or bacteria, for example in the near ultraviolet.
- the basin in which the liquid fraction is added, in step d) of the method said basin is thermoregulated.
- the pool is equipped with a thermoregulation device for heating or pond water cooling. The device is regulated by a control/command system allowing the temperature of the water contained in the pool to be maintained at the chosen setpoint temperature.
- the water contained in the basin constitutes a mass providing a thermal inertia, which mass of thermal inertia can contribute to counterbalance the production of heat by other modules of the system, when they are present, like a bioclimatic greenhouse, or a plurality of bioclimatic greenhouses.
- the thermoregulation device preferably comprises a heat exchanger system which is in fluid communication with the hot water outlet pipe of a water desalination device by evapo-concentration .
- Heat can also be provided to the pool by the calories likely to be provided by the bioclimatic greenhouse(s) constituting the system according to this description.
- Water desalination devices by evapo-concentration are well known in the state of the art. This type of device is for example described in the certificate of addition to a patent of invention n° 95.887 filed on November 8, 1968 in the name of the Commissariat à F Energy Atomique and issued on October 4, 1971
- thermoregulation device To cool the pool water in summer, the thermoregulation device includes a geothermal type heat exchanger system.
- the bottom of the basin is equipped with a metal plate which will carry out a significant heat exchange with the water in the basin, in order to cool the water in the basin.
- This plate is normally used to remove cold temperatures, and therefore to provide calories (typically heating to 45°C).
- the geothermal type heat exchanger system preferably of a known type, comprises a pipe, or a plurality of pipes, in which circulates a heat transfer fluid, for example water, the pipe or pipes being located at a chosen depth below the ground surface, which liquid is cooled before being reintroduced in the heat exchanger itself, for the purpose of cooling the pool water in a controlled manner.
- a heat transfer fluid for example water
- the basin can be supplied with water, for example to compensate for a loss in volume due to evaporation.
- the basin may be provided with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluid communication with a fresh water outlet pipe from a desalination device for water by evapo-concentration.
- the desalination device by evapo-concentration has the advantage of fixing calcium and other insoluble salts on the polymer membranes contained therein.
- the desalinated water that feeds the basin is substantially free, or totally free, of calcium salts or other insoluble salts, which are undesirable because they would precipitate in an alkaline medium and affect the growth of the plant or the bacteria rich in proteins, in particular microalgae or cyanobacteria, such as spirulina.
- the basin enclosure can be supplied with carbon dioxide in the form of carbonate and nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which are brought into the atmosphere of the enclosure.
- the carbon dioxide and nitrogen brought into the atmosphere of the enclosure may consist of gases which are produced during stages c1) and c2) of digestion of the material obtained in stage c) by the combination of larvae d insect and mycelium of edible wood-eating fungus.
- calories from the bioclimatic greenhouse(s) constituting the system, when they are present, are supplied to the desalination device by evapo-concentration.
- the present description also relates to a system for the treatment of animal products comprising a plurality of treatment units, which system is designed for the purpose of constituting a substantially self-sufficient system, that is to say of constituting a system which, after its start-up, requires reduced or absent external contributions in terms of energy and materials.
- the implementation of the system according to the present description if the latter is carried out in an optimal manner, can even lead to a negative carbon balance. According to such a design, the implementation of the system for processing animal products according to the present description is respectful of the environment and is compatible with a search for sustainable development.
- the system for processing animal products according to the present description can be installed in an environment having reduced resources, and very particularly resources.
- the implementation of the treatment system generates a reduced quantity of waste which cannot be recovered. Also, the implementation of the treatment system according to the present description provides a variety of organic and mineral materials useful for human and animal food.
- the present description relates to a system for the treatment of animal products, said system comprising:
- an extruder device equipped with a controlled heating system, which can be in fluid communication with said reactor, the outlet of the extruder device being equipped with a liquid/solid separator,
- a closed enclosure comprising a basin surmounted by a roof made of a material substantially transparent to light, said basin being able to be filled with water and intended for the cultivation of a plant or a bacterium, in particular a protein-rich plant or bacteria such as protein-rich microalgae or protein-rich cyanobacteria,
- an evapo-concentration water desalination system comprising (i) a salt water supply pipe, a non-desalinated water discharge pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe, being specified that :
- said reactor is in fluid communication with the extruder device
- said basin being provided with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluid communication with a salt water outlet pipe coming from the desalination system.
- the reactor for the chemical and thermal treatment of animal products comprises a treatment enclosure and at least one means for supplying said reactor with an ammonia-based buffer and means for heating animal products in said reactor.
- said reactor is an extruder comprising means for supplying animal products and means for supplying an ammonia-based buffer.
- the heating means can be of any known type.
- said reactor is equipped with a heating device by heat exchange, such as for example a plate exchanger device of a known type, in which a hot fluid circulates.
- the hot fluid circulating in the heat exchanger device is hot water coming from a device for desalinating water by evapo-concentration.
- the liquid/solid separator is equipped respectively with a solids outlet pipe and a liquid outlet pipe.
- the liquid outlet pipe is in fluid communication with the basin included in the closed enclosure.
- the liquid fraction leaving the reactor for example from the extruder, is used to supply the basin included in the closed enclosure.
- the basin included in the closed enclosure is equipped with a thermoregulation device for heating and cooling the basin, which is detailed elsewhere in this description.
- the desalination system includes a salt water outlet tubing and a desalinated water outlet tubing.
- the desalinated water outlet pipe is in fluid communication with the basin included in said closed enclosure, for the purpose of supplying said basin with salt water.
- the latter further comprises a bioclimatic greenhouse.
- the bioclimatic greenhouse can be, in general, of a type known in the state of the art, except for the technical characteristics specified below, which make said bioclimatic greenhouse suitable for being integrated as an element of the system according to the this description.
- said system further comprises a bioclimatic greenhouse device comprising:
- - a closed enclosure comprising a floor and a roof, the floor being located below from ground level,
- said roof being substantially transparent to light, on the wall of which are arranged a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably Graetzel cells,
- a suitable substrate for the cultivation of plants being placed on the surface of said floor, said substrate being, at least in part, consisting of the solid fraction of the product of the treatment of animal waste in, successively, the reactor and then the extruder device.
- FIG. 1 A general diagram of a processing system according to the present description is shown in Figure 1.
- Figure 1 In the diagram of Figure 1 are shown three cartridges, respectively on the left part, on the central part and on the right part of the figure .
- the box on the left 1 concerns the animal breeding farm unit 10 and shows the various animal products that are generated by the practice of breeding, coming from the breeding farm, either directly or after treatment with a processing unit 11, such as manure 12, animal offal 13, poultry feathers 14 and waste water 15.
- a processing unit 11 such as manure 12, animal offal 13, poultry feathers 14 and waste water 15.
- the central cartridge 2 schematically represents the three main processing units, respectively:
- the unit 21 for the chemical and thermal treatment of the starting animal products which unit can, in certain embodiments of the system, comprise a unit for the treatment of the products, previously chemically and thermally treated, by digestion by a combination of larvae of Hermetia illucens and at least one edible wood-eating fungus,
- the box on the right 3 schematically represents the different flows of materials that are generated by the implementation of the animal product processing system. These various materials can be used for human food, for animal food, in particular for the food of the animal breeding constituting the system, and for other aspects of the practice of animal husbandry, for example to constitute the bedding of the animals.
- the breeding farm unit 10 On the left panel 1 are represented the different aspects related to the animal breeding unit.
- the breeding farm unit 10 On the upper left part is shown the breeding farm unit 10.
- the operation of the breeding farm unit generates waste produced by the animals, mainly products consisting of their droppings 12, combined with the mixture of materials composing their litter.
- the breeding farm unit also generates carbon dioxide, which can be recovered and reintroduced (i) into the enclosure containing the basin 22 suitable for the cultivation of a protein-rich plant or bacterium and/ or (ii) in the bioclimatic greenhouse unit 23, in which the carbon dioxide can be absorbed by the plants grown in the greenhouse and thus contribute to the growth of these plants.
- the processing and production unit 11 of animal products which are mainly intended for human consumption.
- the implementation of the processing unit 11 generates a variety of animal products that are not used for human food, which includes (i) offal 13, (ii) waste water 15 which is generated by the different stages of treatment of dead animals in the processing unit and (iii) where applicable when the livestock are productive birds, in particular poultry such as geese, turkeys, ducks, hens and chickens, fowls, capons, quails, pheasants and pigeons, also the feathers 14 of these animals.
- poultry such as geese, turkeys, ducks, hens and chickens
- fowls capons
- quails pheasants and pigeons
- the chemical and heat treatment unit 21 is fed respectively by (i) the solid waste 12 generated by the operation of the livestock farm unit, (ii) solids made up of offal 13 resulting from the operation of the processing unit, (iii) where applicable, solids made up of the feathers 14 of farmed animals and (iv) liquids mainly consisting of waste water 15 generated by the operation of the processing unit 11.
- these solid and liquid materials are thermally and chemically treated in steps a) and b) of the process according to this description.
- material that has been chemically treated and thermally is then subjected to a step b1) of digestion by a combination of larvae of insect larvae and mycelium of edible wood-eating fungus.
- the material obtained at the end of step b) of the method, if necessary at the end of step b1) of digestion is generated in the form of a material comprising a fraction solid 24 and a liquid fraction 25, which are separated in step d) of the process.
- the solid fraction 24 is used to provide nutrients, useful for the growth of plants, to the bioclimatic greenhouse unit 23, represented at the top and to the right of the central box 2 of figure 1.
- the liquid fraction 25 which is an alkaline liquid comprising mineral elements and organic elements, is used to provide nutrients useful for the growth of the plant or a protein-rich bacterium, for example a plant or a bacterium of the genus Arthrospira such as spirulina, to the closed enclosure unit comprising the basin 22 in which the protein-rich plant or bacteria grows.
- the larvae resulting from the multiplication of insect larvae during the implementation of step b1) of the method, within the chemical and heat treatment unit 21, can be used as a source of proteins at the end of manufacturing feed compositions intended for (i) human food and/or (ii) animal feed, and preferably for feeding livestock within the farm unit d rearing the system according to the present description.
- the bioclimatic greenhouse 23 is used for the cultivation of food crops, vegetables and/or fruits 31, intended mainly for human consumption. Where appropriate, certain parts of the plants, not used for human food, can be used (i) to feed animals on a livestock farm, or (ii) to provide a constituent material for animal bedding 32.
- the operation of the basin unit 22 generates a plant or bacterial mass consisting of the plant or protein-rich bacteria 33 which has been collected, for example in real time at gradually of its growth, which vegetable or which protein-rich bacterium can be used as a constituent for human food or animal food, for example to feed the animals reared in the breeding farm unit 10 of the system according to this description.
- the water contained in the pond 22, which has been filtered and purified by the protein-rich plant or bacteria can then be supplied (i) to the breeding farm unit 10 and/or (ii ) to the transformation unit 11, because it is useful for the proper functioning of each of these units of the system according to the present description.
- the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21 can generate a lipid-rich fraction 34.
- the chemical and heat treatment unit 21 can generate a solid fraction whose transformation can be continued by insect larvae 35, the resulting transformed material being able to be subsequently put into works in particular to feed animals within the breeding farm 10 (see box on the right 3).
- unsalted water 38 in particular pure water, can be taken from the basin 22 for the purpose of supplying the processing unit 11.
- insects 36 from insect larvae can be used as a protein supply, for example in an aquaculture unit 37.
- said basin 22 is
- - is a pool covered, preferably over its entire upper surface, by a cover element transparent to light equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, said photovoltaic cells preferably being Graetzel cells, and/or
- - is equipped with a device for mixing the water and recovering the spirulina, and/or
- the enclosure thermoregulation device comprising a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the water desalination system.
- said system further comprises an agroforestry arrangement comprising:
- tunnel greenhouse or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, arranged between two rows of trees
- an irrigation system for the trees and where appropriate an irrigation system for the plants likely to be grown in the tunnel greenhouse(s), said irrigation system being in fluid communication with the water outlet desalinated from the water desalination system by evapo-condensation.
- the present description also relates to a process for the decontamination of animal products with pathogenic agents, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by bringing the collected waste into contact with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8, and b) heat treatment of the material obtained in step a), by heating said material in a humid medium to a temperature of at least 70°C.
- steps a) and b) More specific characteristics of the implementation of steps a) and b) are detailed elsewhere in the present description, in relation to the description of steps a) and b) of the process for the treatment of animal products.
- Pathogens include pathogenic microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic viruses. Pathogens also include unconventional transmissible agents (UCTAs), such as viroids and pathogenic prion proteins.
- UCTAs unconventional transmissible agents
- the process for the decontamination of animal products with pathogenic agents also comprises a step c) of bringing the material obtained at the end of step b) into contact, where appropriate with the solid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step c) when said material comprises a solid fraction and a liquid fraction, with insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens.
- step c) More specific characteristics of the implementation of step c) are detailed elsewhere in this description, in relation to the description of step c2) of the process for the treatment of animal products.
- Example F the process for treating animal products according to the present description, due to the combination of (i) the basic pH provided by the ammonia-based buffer during the chemical treatment step and ( ii) the temperature applied during the heat treatment step, makes it possible to obtain organic materials which can subsequently be used in particular in agriculture, for example as fertilizers or as nutritional materials, which organic materials are free of pathogens, and in particular are free of pathogens known to be resistant to many heat and chemical treatments, such as pathogenic prion proteins.
- pathogenic prion proteins in particular responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, known as "mad cow disease", transmissible to humans and then responsible for the variant of Creutzfeldt- Jakob
- pathogenic prion proteins in particular responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, known as "mad cow disease”, transmissible to humans and then responsible for the variant of Creutzfeldt- Jakob
- a prion-infected hamster brain homogenate at the terminal stage of the disease was used which was used to contaminate a piece of meat, in a weight ratio of 10% in weight of hamster brain homogenate and 90% by weight of initially uncontaminated meat, based on the total weight of the resulting animal product.
- the 10%: 90% weight ratio was used for the purpose of not significantly changing the physico-chemical properties of the meat matrix while providing a maximum amount of infectious agent and, in the particular case with this 263K prion strain, the infectious titer was greater than 10 9 LD50/g of hamster brain, i.e. quantities of infectious agent contained in 1 gram of infected hamster brain capable of killing more than one billion animals with a probability of 50% (definition of lethal dose 50%).
- This meat matrix contaminated with strain 263K was carefully homogenized to generate a series of samples of identical volume and weight.
- the samples were then subjected or not to different decontamination treatments for the purpose of comparing the decontamination capacity of the different treatments applied and thus to judge their relative effectiveness between them and compared to serial dilutions of untreated infectious samples (to determine reduction of the infectious titer of the starting sample).
- the final test consisted in inoculating the samples resulting from the various treatments applied intracerebrally to determine this famous 50% lethal dose and define the most effective decontamination treatments.
- the positive controls consisted of:
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CA3202014A CA3202014A1 (fr) | 2020-12-15 | 2021-12-14 | Procede et systeme pour le traitement de produits animaux |
EP21824597.5A EP4263445A1 (fr) | 2020-12-15 | 2021-12-14 | Procede et systeme pour le traitement de produits animaux |
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US20160264484A1 (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2016-09-15 | Skyworld International Overseas Limited | Facility for treating and recycling animal waste comprising methanisation, cultivation of microalgae and macrophytes, and vermiculture |
EP3181524A1 (fr) | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-21 | André Holzer | Procede et installation pour le traitement sous pression de charge liquide |
WO2017101654A1 (fr) | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | 王冰 | Système à base de micro-algues pour purifier l'eau hautement salée par combinaison de multiples technologies |
US20170354906A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | Xianggen Wu | Bioreactor system and method |
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US20160264484A1 (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2016-09-15 | Skyworld International Overseas Limited | Facility for treating and recycling animal waste comprising methanisation, cultivation of microalgae and macrophytes, and vermiculture |
EP3181524A1 (fr) | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-21 | André Holzer | Procede et installation pour le traitement sous pression de charge liquide |
WO2017101654A1 (fr) | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | 王冰 | Système à base de micro-algues pour purifier l'eau hautement salée par combinaison de multiples technologies |
US20170354906A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | Xianggen Wu | Bioreactor system and method |
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EP4263445A1 (fr) | 2023-10-25 |
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