WO2022100086A1 - 一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法 - Google Patents

一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法 Download PDF

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WO2022100086A1
WO2022100086A1 PCT/CN2021/099955 CN2021099955W WO2022100086A1 WO 2022100086 A1 WO2022100086 A1 WO 2022100086A1 CN 2021099955 W CN2021099955 W CN 2021099955W WO 2022100086 A1 WO2022100086 A1 WO 2022100086A1
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heat exchange
plate
input
output
cavity
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PCT/CN2021/099955
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English (en)
French (fr)
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靳普
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至玥腾风科技集团有限公司
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Publication of WO2022100086A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022100086A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0093—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/08—Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning
    • F28F3/10—Arrangements for sealing the margins

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of heat exchange devices, and in particular relates to a multi-cavity heat exchange device and a processing method.
  • the heat exchange plate has a large temperature gradient from the inlet end to the outlet end due to the heat exchange with the combustion chamber. See Figure 1;
  • the high air pressure in the board can easily cause the board to burst from the middle.
  • the technical solution of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, and to provide a multi-cavity heat exchange device and a processing method, which can solve the problems of large temperature gradient and easy expansion and cracking of the existing heat exchanger.
  • the technical solution of the present invention is: a multi-cavity heat exchange device, comprising at least two heat exchange units, the heat exchange units include an input plate and an output plate, and the sides of the input plate and the output plate pass through the fastening device A heat exchange cavity is enclosed between the pair of adjacent input plates and the output plates.
  • fins are provided on the inner walls of the input plate and the output plate.
  • the fins are integrally formed with the input plate or the output plate; or, the fins are fixed with the input plate or the output plate.
  • the fins are corrugated plates or straight plates.
  • the fastening device includes a first enclosure, a second enclosure and a side enclosure that are parallel to each other, and the cross-sections of the first enclosure, the second enclosure and the side enclosure form a "concave" shape, and the The edges of the input board and the output board are embedded in the card slot formed between the first enclosure, the second enclosure and the side enclosure.
  • screw holes are arranged at the top of the first enclosure and the second enclosure, and a pressure head is arranged on the outside of the input plate and the output plate, one end of the pressure head is attached to the input plate or the output plate, the other end is fixed to the beam, and the two ends of the beam are fixed. Adjusting bolts are provided.
  • the plurality of heat exchange units are arranged on top of each other, and a sealing plate seal is provided between the fastening devices between adjacent heat exchange units.
  • cross section of the heat exchange device is rectangular, fan-shaped or cylindrical.
  • the processing method of the above-mentioned multi-cavity heat exchange device comprises the following steps:
  • the input plate and output plate with fins are processed by EDM, chemical etching or wire cutting from the original sheet;
  • a sealing plate is provided between adjacent fastening devices to seal.
  • the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention is to make a larger heat exchange cavity into a plurality (at least 2) of smaller heat exchange cavity, and connect the smaller heat exchange cavity,
  • the deformation between two large plates is transformed into small deformations of multiple small plates, and a pre-tightening force is added to the middle of the plate to reduce deformation and ensure long life and high reliability.
  • the heat exchange plate of the present invention is not simply reduced in size, but for any traditional heat exchange plate, the size of the heat exchange plate of the present invention is reduced to fraction or tenth.
  • the increase of the heat exchange cavity reduces the temperature gradient between the adjacent plates, see Figure 4, reduces the air pressure in a single cavity, and prevents bursting.
  • the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention adopts the multi-cavity heat exchange plate, which can shorten the welding seam, and the process is simple and difficult to leak.
  • the pressure head exerts pressure in the direction perpendicular to the heat exchange plate, preventing the heat exchange plate from bulging and deforming due to the action of air pressure, preventing bursting, improving the service life of the device and reducing maintenance costs.
  • Fig. 1 is the structure of existing heat exchanger and the schematic diagram of temperature distribution during operation
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a heat exchange unit in which the fins are wave-shaped plates in the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a heat exchange unit with straight fins in the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the end face position structure of an embodiment of the multi-chamber heat exchange device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of an embodiment of the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the end face position structure of another embodiment of the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional structural diagram of another embodiment of the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention.
  • the terms “installed”, “connected” and “connected” should be understood in a broad sense, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, for example, it may be a fixed connection or a detachable connection Connection, or integral connection; can be mechanical connection, can also be electrical connection; can be directly connected, can also be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, can be internal communication between two elements.
  • installed should be understood in a broad sense, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, for example, it may be a fixed connection or a detachable connection Connection, or integral connection; can be mechanical connection, can also be electrical connection; can be directly connected, can also be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, can be internal communication between two elements.
  • the technical means of the present invention is to make a larger heat exchange cavity into multiple (at least 2) smaller heat exchange cavity, connect the smaller heat exchange cavity, and the space between the two large plates
  • the deformation is transformed into a small deformation of multiple small plates, and a pre-tightening force is added to the middle of the plate to reduce deformation and ensure long life and high reliability.
  • the heat exchange plate of the present invention is not simply reduced in size, but for any traditional heat exchange plate, the size of the heat exchange plate of the present invention is reduced to fraction or tenth.
  • a multi-chamber heat exchange device includes at least two heat exchange units, the heat exchange units include an input plate 10 and an output plate 20, and the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 have The sides are sealed and connected by the snap-fit device 30 , and a heat exchange cavity 50 is enclosed between the pair of adjacent input plates 10 and the output plates 20 .
  • fins 11 are provided on the inner walls of the input plate 10 and the output plate 20; the fins 11 are integrally formed with the input plate 10 or the output plate 20; or, the fins 11 It is fixed to the input board 10 or the output board 20 .
  • the fins 11 are corrugated plates or straight plates. The fins 11 can increase the residence time of the gas in the heat exchange cavity, so that the gas can fully exchange heat.
  • the fastening device 30 includes a first enclosure 31 , a second enclosure 32 and a side enclosure 33 that are parallel to each other, the first enclosure 31 , the second enclosure 32 and the side enclosures 33 .
  • the cross section of 33 forms a "concave" shape, and the edges of the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 are embedded in the slot 34 formed between the first enclosure 31 , the second enclosure 32 and the side enclosure 33 .
  • the tops of the first enclosure 31 and the second enclosure 32 are provided with screw holes, and the outer sides of the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 are provided with a pressure head 40, one end of the pressure head 40 is fitted to the input plate 10 or the output plate 20, and the other end is fixed to the beam 41 , both ends of the beam 41 are provided with adjustment bolts.
  • the adjusting bolt is connected with the screw hole and is used to adjust the preload force of the pressure head on the input plate and the output plate.
  • the plurality of heat exchange units are arranged on top of each other, and a sealing plate 35 is provided between the fastening devices 30 for sealing between adjacent heat exchange units.
  • the cross section of the heat exchange device is rectangular, fan-shaped or cylindrical.
  • the fastening device 30 is a disc-shaped flange, see FIGS. 6 and 7
  • the first enclosure 31 and the second enclosure 32 are flange end faces
  • the raised circular shells are parallel to each other, and the two adjacent circular shells and the flange end face are surrounded by the slot 34.
  • the flange end face is continuous and dense, it can be used for sealing. Therefore, there is no need to additionally dispose the sealing plate 35 .
  • the axis is gradually installed outward.
  • the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 belong to the heat exchange plate.
  • the heat exchange device when configured to receive solar heating, the part of the outer surface of the heat exchange device that does not receive reflected light is covered with a water tank to slow down heat loss.
  • the multi-cavity heat exchange device of the present invention is suitable for heat exchange occasions such as photothermal and nuclear energy.
  • the processing method of the multi-cavity heat exchange device includes the following steps:
  • the input board 10 and the output board 20 with the fins 11 are processed by EDM or chemical etching or wire cutting from the original plate;
  • the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 are opposed to each other, the fins 11 are located in the heat exchange cavity 50, the edges of the input plate 10 and the output plate 20 are snapped into the slot 34, and the adjacent pair of input plates 10 is connected with the output board 20 as a whole;
  • a sealing plate 35 is provided between the adjacent fastening devices 30 for sealing.
  • the heat exchange method is to heat the input plate 10 to heat the gas passed into the heat exchange cavity 50 from the input plate 10 , so as to achieve the purpose of heat exchange; the heated gas is output from the output plate 20 .
  • the heat exchange unit is multi-layered, the gas output from the output plate 20 of the first layer continues to be heated by the heat exchange method of the first layer of heat exchange unit until it is discharged from the last layer of heat exchange unit.
  • the way of heating the input panel 10 includes heating by the thermal energy collected by the solar energy collecting device, heating by the radiation of nuclear energy, and the like.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

一种多腔体式换热装置，包括至少两个换热单元，换热单元包括输入板（10）和输出板（20），输入板（10）和输出板（20）的侧面通过扣合装置密封连接，一对相邻的输入板（10）和输出板（20）之间围成换热腔体。该多腔体式换热装置，是将一个较大的换热腔体做成多个至少2个较小的换热腔体，将较小的换热腔体连接起来，两片大板之间的变形转化为多片小板的小变形，并在板的中部加了预紧力，减少变形，确保长寿命、高可靠性。

Description

一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法 技术领域
本发明属于换热装置技术领域，具体涉及一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法。
背景技术
现有换热器为平行的面积较大的两片板，换热板因与燃烧室换热导致入口端至出口端温度梯度大，参见图1；由于换热板面积大，板的外围没有约束力，板内空气压力大容易使板从中部胀裂。
此外，传统换热器的换热板上下两板的两侧通过焊接或铆接，参见图1，由于板过长导致焊缝长容易漏气，对工艺要求高。
因此，现有换热器的使用寿命有限，难以在野外等工况条件下长期、稳定运行，制造和维护成本高。
发明内容
本发明的技术解决问题是：克服现有技术的不足，提供一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法，可解决现有换热器温度梯度大、易胀裂的问题。
本发明的技术解决方案是：一种多腔体式换热装置，包括至少两个换热单元，所述换热单元包括输入板和输出板，所述输入板和输出板的侧面通过扣合装置密封连接，所述一对相邻的输入板和输出板之间围成换热腔体。
进一步的，换热腔体内，位于输入板和输出板的内壁上均设有翅片。
进一步的，所述翅片与输入板或输出板一体成型；或者，所述翅片与输入板或输出板固定。
进一步的，所述翅片为波浪形板或直板。
进一步的，所述扣合装置包括相互平行的围挡一、围挡二和与之垂直的侧围，所述围挡一、围挡二和侧围的截面构成“凹”字型，所述输入板和输出板 边缘嵌入围挡一、围挡二和侧围之间构成的卡槽里。
进一步的，所述围挡一和围挡二顶部设置螺孔，输入板和输出板外侧设置压头，压头一端贴合所述输入板或输出板，另一头固定横梁，所述横梁的两头均设置调节螺栓。
进一步的，所述多个换热单元叠摞设置，相邻的换热单元之间在所述扣合装置之间设置密封板密封。
进一步的，换热装置横截面为长方形、扇形或圆柱形。
上述多腔体式换热装置的加工方法，包括如下步骤：
S100)、将输入板或输出板固定在3D打印机工作台上，启动已载入翅片模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，逐个打印翅片；
或者，
工作台上，启动已载入带翅片的输入板或输出板模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，打印带翅片的输入板和输出板；
或者，
对原始板材通过电火花切割或化学刻蚀或线切割加工出带有翅片的输入板和输出板；
S200)、将输入板与输出板相对、使翅片位于换热腔体内，将输入板和输出板的边缘卡入卡槽内，将相邻的一对输入板和输出板连为一体；
S300)、将压头抵在一对输入板和输出板的外壁，将横梁上的螺栓拧入螺孔内，施加预定预紧力；
S400)、重复步骤S200)-S300，安装其他换热单元，直至将各个换热单元叠摞设置。
进一步的，所述换热装置横截面为长方形或扇形时，在相邻扣合装置之间设置密封板密封。
本发明与现有技术相比的优点在于：
1、本发明的多腔体式换热装置，是将一个较大的换热腔体做成多个(至少 2个)较小的换热腔体，将较小的换热腔体连接起来，两片大板之间的变形转化为多片小板的小变形，并在板的中部加了预紧力，减少变形，确保长寿命、高可靠性。需要说明的是，本发明换热板并不是简单地减小尺寸，而是对于任意的传统换热板，本发明换热板大小均在其原有的、应有的设计尺寸基础上减为几分之一或几十分之一。
2、本发明的多腔体式换热装置，换热腔体的增加，使相邻板之间温度梯度降低，参见图4，减小单个腔体内的气压，防止胀裂。
3、本发明的多腔体式换热装置，采用多腔体式换热板，会使焊缝变短，工艺简单且不易漏气。
4、本发明的多腔体式换热装置，压头在垂直于换热板的方向上施加压力，防止换热板因受气压作用凸起变形，防止胀裂，提高装置使用寿命，减少维护成本。
附图说明
图1是现有换热器的结构及工作时温度分布示意图；
图2是本发明的多腔体式换热装置中，翅片为波浪形板的换热单元结构示意图；
图3是本发明的多腔体式换热装置中，翅片为直板的换热单元结构示意图；
图4是本发明的多腔体式换热装置一种实施方式的端面位置结构示意图；
图5是本发明的多腔体式换热装置一种实施方式的横截面结构示意图；
图6是本发明的多腔体式换热装置另一种实施方式的端面位置结构示意图；
图7是本发明的多腔体式换热装置另一种实施方式的横截面结构示意图。
附图标记：
10-输入板，11-翅片，20-输出板，30-扣合装置，31-围挡一，32-围挡二，33-侧围，34-卡槽，35-密封板，40-压头，41-横梁，50-换热腔体。
具体实施方式
在本发明的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“中心”、“纵向”、“横向”、“长度”、“宽度”、“厚度”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“顶”、“底”“内”、“外”、“顺时针”、“逆时针”、“轴向”、“径向”、“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。此外，限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括一个或者更多个该特征。在本发明的描述中，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上。
在本发明的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
本发明的技术手段是将一个较大的换热腔体做成多个(至少2个)较小的换热腔体，将较小的换热腔体连接起来，两片大板之间的变形转化为多片小板的小变形，并在板的中部加了预紧力，减少变形，确保长寿命、高可靠性。需要说明的是，本发明换热板并不是简单地减小尺寸，而是对于任意的传统换热板，本发明换热板大小均在其原有的、应有的设计尺寸基础上减为几分之一或几十分之一。具体如图2-7所示，一种多腔体式换热装置，包括至少两个换热单元，所述换热单元包括输入板10和输出板20，所述输入板10和输出板20的侧面通过扣合装置30密封连接，所述一对相邻的输入板10和输出板20之间围成换热腔体50。
所述换热腔体50内，位于输入板10和输出板20的内壁上均设有翅片11；所述翅片11与输入板10或输出板20一体成型；或者，所述翅片11与输入板10或输出板20固定。优选的，所述翅片11为波浪形板或直板。翅片11可增加气体在换热腔体内的滞留时间，使气体充分换热。
如图2-3所示，所述扣合装置30包括相互平行的围挡一31、围挡二32和与之垂直的侧围33，所述围挡一31、围挡二32和侧围33的截面构成“凹”字型，所述输入板10和输出板20边缘嵌入围挡一31、围挡二32和侧围33之间构成的卡槽34里。所述围挡一31和围挡二32顶部设置螺孔，输入板10和输出板20外侧设置压头40，压头40一端贴合所述输入板10或输出板20，另一头固定横梁41，所述横梁41的两头均设置调节螺栓。调节螺栓与螺孔螺纹连接，用于调节压头对输入板和输出板的预紧力。
优选的，所述多个换热单元叠摞设置，相邻的换热单元之间在所述扣合装置30之间设置密封板35密封。
优选的，换热装置横截面为长方形、扇形或圆柱形。当所述输入板10和输出板20横截面为圆形时，扣合装置30为圆盘形法兰，参见图6、7，所述围挡一31和围挡二32为法兰端面上凸起的相互平行的圆形壳体，相邻的两个圆形壳体及法兰端面之间围成所述卡槽34，此时由于法兰端面是连续、密实的，可起到密封作用，不需要再额外设置密封板35。安装换热板时由轴线逐渐向外安装，本发明中的输入板10、输出板20都属于换热板。
优选的，当所述换热装置设置为接收太阳能加热时，换热装置外表面不接收反射光的部分覆有水箱，以减缓热量损失。
优选的，本发明的多腔体式换热装置适用于光热、核能等换热场合。
所述多腔体式换热装置的加工方法，包括如下步骤：
S100)、将输入板10或输出板20固定在3D打印机工作台上，启动已载入翅片模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，逐个打印翅片11；
或者，
工作台上，启动已载入带翅片11的输入板10或输出板20模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，打印带翅片11的输入板10和输出板20；
或者，
对原始板材通过电火花切割或化学刻蚀或线切割加工出带有翅片11的输 入板10和输出板20；
S200)、将输入板10与输出板20相对、使翅片11位于换热腔体50内，将输入板10和输出板20的边缘卡入卡槽34内，将相邻的一对输入板10和输出板20连为一体；
S300)、将压头40抵在一对输入板10和输出板20的外壁，将横梁41上的螺栓拧入螺孔内，施加预定预紧力；
S400)、重复步骤S200)-S300)，安装其他换热单元，直至将各个换热单元叠摞设置。
优选的，所述换热装置横截面为长方形或扇形时，在相邻扣合装置30之间设置密封板35密封。
参见图2，其换热方式是通过加热输入板10，加热从输入板10通入换热腔体50内的气体，从而达到换热目的的；加热后的气体从输出板20输出。如果换热单元为多层，则第一层的输出板20输出的气体通过前述第一层换热单元的换热方式继续加热，直至从最后一层换热单元排出。加热输入板10的方式包括太阳能收集装置收集的热能加热、核能散发加热等。
在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示意性实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，本领域的普通技术人员可以理解：在不脱离本发明的原理和宗旨的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型，本发明的范围由权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，包括至少两个换热单元，所述换热单元包括输入板和输出板，所述输入板和输出板的侧面通过扣合装置密封连接，所述一对相邻的输入板和输出板之间围成换热腔体。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，换热腔体内，位于输入板和输出板的内壁上均设有翅片。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，所述翅片与输入板或输出板一体成型；或者，
    所述翅片与输入板或输出板固定。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，所述翅片为波浪形板或直板。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，所述扣合装置包括相互平行的围挡一、围挡二和与之垂直的侧围，所述围挡一、围挡二和侧围的截面构成“凹”字型，所述输入板和输出板边缘嵌入围挡一、围挡二和侧围之间构成的卡槽里。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，所述围挡一和围挡二顶部设置螺孔，输入板和输出板外侧设置压头，压头一端贴合所述输入板或输出板，另一头固定横梁，所述横梁的两头均设置调节螺栓。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，所述多个换热单元叠摞设置，相邻的换热单元之间在所述扣合装置之间设置密封板密封。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的多腔体式换热装置，其特征在于，换热装置横截面为长方形、扇形或圆柱形。
  9. 一种权利要求1-8任一项所述多腔体式换热装置的加工方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    S100)、将输入板或输出板固定在3D打印机工作台上，启动已载入翅片模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，逐个打印翅片；
    或者，
    工作台上，启动已载入带翅片的输入板或输出板模型的3D打印机，调节打印方向及位置，打印带翅片的输入板和输出板；
    或者，
    对原始板材通过电火花切割或化学刻蚀或线切割加工出带有翅片的输入板和输出板；
    S200)、将输入板与输出板相对、使翅片位于换热腔体内，将输入板和输出板的边缘卡入卡槽内，将相邻的一对输入板和输出板连为一体；
    S300)、将压头抵在一对输入板和输出板的外壁，将横梁上的螺栓拧入螺孔内，施加预定预紧力；
    S400)、重复步骤S200)-S300，安装其他换热单元，直至将各个换热单元叠摞设置。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的多腔体式换热装置的加工方法，其特征在于，所述换热装置横截面为长方形或扇形时，在相邻扣合装置之间设置密封板密封。
PCT/CN2021/099955 2020-11-13 2021-06-15 一种多腔体式换热装置及加工方法 WO2022100086A1 (zh)

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