WO2022065721A1 - 양극 스크랩을 이용한 활물질 재사용 방법 - Google Patents
양극 스크랩을 이용한 활물질 재사용 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022065721A1 WO2022065721A1 PCT/KR2021/011630 KR2021011630W WO2022065721A1 WO 2022065721 A1 WO2022065721 A1 WO 2022065721A1 KR 2021011630 W KR2021011630 W KR 2021011630W WO 2022065721 A1 WO2022065721 A1 WO 2022065721A1
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- active material
- lithium
- positive electrode
- heat treatment
- mill
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 178
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 154
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 75
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 Li 2 CO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 31
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000156302 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical group [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010926 waste battery Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004412 Bulk moulding compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001803 electron scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010530 solution phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000010887 waste solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Cobaltates
- C01G51/42—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/005—Preliminary treatment of scrap
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of recycling resources when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention particularly relates to a method of recovering and reusing positive electrode scrap generated in a lithium secondary battery manufacturing process or a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery that is discarded after use.
- This application is an application for priority claiming Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0125730 filed on September 28, 2020, and all contents disclosed in the specification and drawings of the application are incorporated herein by reference.
- Lithium secondary batteries that can be repeatedly charged and discharged are in the spotlight as an alternative to fossil energy.
- Lithium secondary batteries have been mainly used in traditional hand-held devices such as cell phones, video cameras, and power tools.
- electric vehicles EVs, HEVs, PHEVs
- ESSs large-capacity power storage devices
- UPS uninterruptible power supply systems
- a lithium secondary battery includes an electrode assembly in which unit cells having a structure in which a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate coated with an active material are coated on a current collector with a separator interposed therebetween, and a casing for sealing and housing the electrode assembly together with an electrolyte, that is, a battery case to provide
- the cathode active material of the lithium secondary battery mainly uses a lithium-based oxide, and the anode active material uses a carbon material.
- the lithium-based oxide contains a metal such as cobalt, nickel, or manganese.
- cobalt, nickel, and manganese are very expensive precious metals, and among them, cobalt is a strategic metal, and each country in the world has a special interest in supply and demand. is known If there is an imbalance in the supply and demand of raw materials for strategic metals, raw material prices are highly likely to rise.
- waste batteries lithium secondary batteries
- resources can be recovered from wastes discarded after the positive electrode plate is punched or from the positive electrode having defects in the process.
- a positive electrode active material layer 20 when manufacturing lithium secondary batteries, as shown in FIG. 1 , a positive electrode active material layer 20 ) by forming the positive electrode sheet 30, and then punching out the positive electrode plate 40 to a predetermined size. The part remaining after punching is discarded as anode scrap (scrap, 50). If it is possible to recover the cathode active material from the cathode scrap 50 and reuse it, it would be very desirable from an industrial-economic point of view and an environmental point of view.
- the method of recovering the cathode active material is to dissolve the cathode with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc., extract active material elements such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese, and then use it again as a raw material for the cathode active material synthesis.
- the method of extracting the active material element using an acid has the disadvantage that the process for recovering the pure raw material is not environmentally friendly, and the neutralization process and the wastewater treatment process are required, which increases the process cost.
- it has a disadvantage that lithium, which is one of the main elements of the cathode active material, cannot be recovered.
- a method that can be directly reused without dissolving the positive electrode active material and extracting the active material in elemental form is required.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for recovering and reusing an active material from a cathode scrap.
- the positive electrode active material reuse method of the present invention includes (a) dry-pulverizing positive electrode scrap including a lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material layer on a current collector to desorb the active material layer in powder form separating from the whole; (b) After adding a lithium precursor to the active material layer desorbed in powder form, heat treatment in air to overcoat or dope lithium from the lithium precursor on the surface of the active material layer, and thermally decompose the binder and the conductive material in the active material layer. recovering; and (c) washing the recovered active material with an aqueous solution of a lithium compound showing basicity in an aqueous solution and drying it to obtain a reusable active material.
- (d) may further include the step of surface coating on the dried active material.
- any one of a pin-mill, a disk-mill, a cutting-mill, and a hammer-mill may be used.
- the method may further include shredding or cutting the anode scrap before the dry grinding.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 300 ⁇ 1000 °C.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 550° C. for 30 minutes at a temperature increase rate of 5° C./min.
- the lithium compound aqueous solution is prepared to contain more than 0% and not more than 15% lithium precursor and preferably uses LiOH.
- the washing may be performed within 1 hour.
- the washing may be performed by stirring the recovered active material simultaneously with the impregnation of the lithium compound aqueous solution.
- the lithium precursor may be any one or more of LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 and Li 2 O.
- the lithium precursor may be added in an amount capable of adding as much as the ratio of lithium lost compared to the ratio of lithium and other metals in the raw material active material used for the active material layer.
- the lithium precursor may be added in an amount in which lithium is added in a molar ratio of 0.001 to 0.4.
- the lithium precursor is preferably added in an amount capable of further adding lithium in a molar ratio of 0.0001 to 0.1 molar ratio based on a molar ratio of lithium: other metals of 1:1.
- the temperature of the heat treatment may be a temperature exceeding the melting point of the lithium precursor.
- the active material in the active material layer may be recovered in the form of a powder, and a carbon component generated by carbonization of the binder or the conductive material may not remain on the surface.
- the step of coating the surface may be one or more of a metal, an organic metal, and a carbon component, coated on the surface in a solid or liquid manner, and then heat-treated at 100 ⁇ 1200 °C.
- the reusable active material may be represented by the following formula (1).
- the reusable active material may have a fluorine (F) content of 100 ppm or less.
- the waste positive electrode active material such as positive electrode scrap generated during the lithium secondary battery manufacturing process can be reused without using an acid, so it is eco-friendly.
- the method according to the present invention does not require a neutralization process or a wastewater treatment process, so it is possible to alleviate environmental issues and reduce process costs.
- the present invention it is possible to recover the positive electrode active material without a metal element that cannot be recovered. Since the current collector is not dissolved, the current collector can also be recovered. It is economical because it is a method that can directly reuse the active material recovered in powder form rather than extracting the active material element and using it again as a raw material for synthesizing the cathode active material.
- the present invention it is safe because it does not use toxic and explosive solvents such as NMP, DMC, acetone, and methanol, and because simple processes such as heat treatment, washing, and annealing are used, process management is easy and suitable for mass production.
- toxic and explosive solvents such as NMP, DMC, acetone, and methanol
- the electrochemical performance of the recovered active material is not deteriorated, and excellent resistance characteristics and capacity characteristics can be realized.
- the active material and the current collector are first separated by dry grinding.
- dry grinding the current collector and the active material are completely separated, and a positive active material recovery rate of 95% or more can be secured.
- heat treatment is performed after the lithium precursor is added. Through this, there is an effect of reducing the generation rate of HF gas generated during thermal decomposition of the binder and suppressing the loss of lithium in the active material.
- 1 is a view showing positive electrode scrap discarded after the positive electrode plate is punched from the positive electrode sheet.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an active material reuse method according to the present invention.
- 3 is an SEM photograph of the active material in the form of particles detached after dry grinding.
- Figure 4 is an SEM photograph after heat treatment of the active material in the form of particles detached after dry grinding.
- the present invention is a lithium secondary battery There is a difference in that the active material is also recovered from the cathode scrap generated during the manufacturing process.
- the present invention relates to a method of directly reusing the cathode active material without dissolving it.
- a method for removing the current collector from the positive electrode is required.
- To remove the current collector from the positive electrode it is possible to remove the binder through high-temperature heat treatment, to melt the binder using a solvent, to completely melt the current collector, and to select the active material through dry grinding and sieving. Do.
- the stability of the solvent is important in dissolving the binder using the solvent.
- NMP is probably the most efficient solvent, but it has the disadvantages of toxicity and high price.
- a solvent recovery process such as reprocessing the waste solvent is required. Melting the current collector will be cheaper than using a solvent.
- there is a risk of explosion because it is difficult to remove foreign substances from the surface of the reusable active material and hydrogen gas is generated during the current collector removal process. It is difficult to completely separate the current collector and the active material by dry grinding and sieving. During the pulverization process, the particle size distribution of the active material is changed and it is difficult to remove the binder, so there is a disadvantage in that the characteristics of the reused battery deteriorate.
- the active material and the current collector are first separated by dry grinding.
- dry grinding the current collector and the active material are completely separated, and a positive active material recovery rate of 95% or more can be secured.
- the binder and the conductive material are removed through heat treatment. Since this heat treatment is carried out in air, it is advantageous for mass production and commercialization because it is a relatively simple process that does not require a special device configuration and only needs to be heated. However, foreign substances should not remain on the surface of the reusable active material. In the present invention, even the step of removing foreign substances from the surface of the reusable active material is proposed.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an active material reuse method according to the present invention.
- a cathode scrap to be discarded is prepared (step s10).
- the positive electrode scrap may be a portion remaining after manufacturing a positive electrode sheet including a positive electrode active material layer on a current collector and punching out.
- positive electrode scrap may be prepared by separating the positive electrode from the discarded lithium secondary battery after use.
- an active material that is lithium cobalt oxide such as LiCoO 2 (LCO), or an NCM active material that includes nickel, cobalt and manganese, carbon black that is carbon as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) that is a binder The slurry prepared by mixing NMP (N-methyl pyrrolidone) was added to the aluminum foil and coated on a sheet-type current collector, dried in a vacuum oven at about 120° C. to prepare a positive electrode sheet, and then a positive electrode plate of a certain size It may be a case of preparing the remaining positive electrode scrap after punching.
- NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
- a lithium composite transition metal oxide is used as a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- lithium cobalt oxide of LiCoO 2 lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 etc.), lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO 4 etc.) Or lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 , etc.) is mainly used.
- a nickel manganese-based lithium composite metal oxide and manganese (Mn) in which a part of nickel (Ni) is substituted with manganese (Mn) having excellent thermal stability ) and NCM lithium composite transition metal oxide substituted with cobalt (Co) is used.
- it is particularly suitable for the reuse of LCO or NCM active materials.
- the positive electrode scrap has an active material layer on a current collector of a metal foil such as aluminum foil.
- the active material layer is formed by coating a slurry in which an active material, a conductive material, a binder, a solvent, etc. are mixed, and has a structure in which the binder connects the active material and the conductive material after the solvent is volatilized. Therefore, if the binder is removed, the active material may be separated from the current collector.
- the anode scrap is crushed to an appropriate size (step s20).
- Shredding refers to the shredding of the anode scrap to pieces of an appropriately tractable size. After shredding, the anode scrap has a size of about 10 cm x 10 cm. It may be further subjected to a cutting (cutting) to cut this more finely. When cutting, the anode scrap is cut into pieces of, for example, 1 cm x 1 cm.
- Shredding including shredding and cutting, can be carried out in consideration of the characteristics required in the equipment used in the handling and subsequent processes of the anode scrap. For example, in the case of using equipment that requires continuous processing in loading and unloading anode scrap, the fluidity of the anode scrap must be good, so that too large anode scrap must be crushed.
- the crushed positive electrode scrap is dry-pulverized to separate the active material layer in powder form to separate it from the current collector (step s25).
- a pin-mill any one of a pin-mill, a disk-mill, a cutting-mill, and a hammer-mill may be used.
- pin-mill By such a pin-mill, it is possible to secure a recovery rate of the positive electrode active material of 95% or more in the form of a powder of 5 mm or less.
- the pin-mill has a structure in which a rotating pin is formed and the pins of a rotating plate (Rotor) and a fixed plate (Stator) are formed and are interlocked with each other. It is a device that spreads along with the flow and pulverizes using the brittleness of the raw material by the impact of the rotating plate and the fixed plate. As for the pulverized material, only those that can pass through the hole formed in the screen provided in the ring shape are taken out.
- the pin-mill By using such a pin-mill, it is possible to grind to a desired degree and to a desired particle size by controlling the shape, quantity, and size range of the screen to be filtered.
- the crushed positive electrode scrap is pulverized with a pin-mill, the current collector pieces are further cut and the brittle active material layer is separated from the current collector pieces.
- the pieces of the current collector with high ductility are dried in a round shape and remain inside the screen, and only the active material layer in the form of a fine powder that passes through the screen can be separated and obtained.
- the active material layer actually loses the continuity that could be called a layer and is broken into pieces, but still has a powder form because the active material, binder, and conductive material are agglomerated. As such, separation between the two is possible only by dry grinding through the difference in brittleness and ductility between the active material layer and the current collector.
- the lithium precursor is added to the active material layer desorbed in powder form and then heat-treated in air (step s30).
- the lithium precursor may be any one or more of LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 and Li 2 O.
- the addition of the lithium precursor can be applied, impregnated, sprayed, or the like.
- the liquid lithium precursor may be applied on the active material layer in powder form by a spray method.
- the solid lithium precursor may be mixed with powder.
- the heat treatment is performed to thermally decompose the binder and the conductive material in the active material layer.
- Heat treatment can be performed at 300 ⁇ 1000 °C can be called high temperature heat treatment.
- This temperature should be changed within a limited range depending on the type of the lithium precursor.
- the annealing temperature is preferably between 700 and 900° C., more preferably between 710 and 780° C. This is because the melting point of Li 2 CO 3 is 723°C. Most preferably, it is carried out at 750°C.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 400 to 600°C, more preferably 450 to 480°C. This is because the melting point of LiOH is 462°C.
- the annealing temperature is preferably a temperature exceeding the melting point of the lithium precursor. However, at a temperature exceeding 1000°C, thermal decomposition of the positive electrode active material occurs and the performance of the active material is deteriorated, so it should not exceed 1000°C. At a temperature of less than 300° C., it is difficult to remove the binder, so that the current collector cannot be separated. If the heat treatment is performed in the presence of the current collector, there are conditions in which the heat treatment must be performed below the melting point of the current collector, but in the present invention, since the current collector is already separated, there is no restriction on the subsequent heat treatment temperature by the current collector.
- the heat treatment time is maintained so that the binder can be sufficiently thermally decomposed. For example, around 30 minutes. Preferably it is set as 30 minutes or more. The longer the heat treatment time, the longer the time for thermal decomposition of the binder to occur. Preferably, the heat treatment time is 30 minutes or more and less than 5 hours.
- the heat treatment equipment may be various types of furnaces.
- it may be a box-type furnace or a rotary kiln capable of continuous processing in consideration of productivity.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 550° C. for 30 minutes at a temperature increase rate of 5° C./min.
- the temperature increase rate is, for example, a degree that can be implemented without excessive force in a box-type furnace and can be heated without generating a thermal shock or the like to the active material in powder form.
- 550° C. is to allow thermal decomposition of the binder to occur well. At this temperature, heat treatment for less than 10 minutes is insufficient for thermal decomposition, so heat treatment should be carried out for more than 10 minutes, and heat treatment should be performed for more than 30 minutes if possible.
- the binder and conductive material in the active material layer are thermally decomposed through heat treatment in air, they become CO 2 and H 2 O and are removed. Since the binder is removed, the active material to be recovered may be selected in powder form by releasing the aggregated active materials.
- step s30 it is important that the heat treatment of step s30 be performed in air. If the heat treatment is performed in a reducing gas or inert gas atmosphere, the binder and the conductive material are not thermally decomposed but only carbonized. When carbonization is performed, the carbon component remains on the surface of the active material, thereby degrading the performance of the reusable active material. When heat treatment is performed in air, carbon material in the binder or conductive material reacts with oxygen and is burned and removed as CO and CO 2 gas, so that almost all of the binder and conductive material are removed without remaining.
- the active material is recovered in the form of a powder, and the carbon component generated by carbonization of the binder or the conductive material may not remain on the surface.
- the heat treatment is performed after the lithium precursor is added at s30 in the heat treatment step.
- the binder is usually a pVdF component.
- a fluorine (F)-based compound gas is generated.
- heat treatment is performed after the lithium precursor is added in order to reduce the generation of the F-based compound gas.
- HF gas when PVdF is decomposed by high-temperature heat, F present in PVdF reacts with H to generate HF gas.
- HF gas is filtered by a collection device, it has a disadvantage that it can corrode the equipment, which can reduce the life of the equipment and is harmful to the human body, so it is very important to reduce the generation.
- a lithium precursor is added during heat treatment to increase the conversion rate to LiF. Due to the addition of the lithium precursor, lithium from the lithium precursor may be overcoated or doped on the surface of the active material layer in powder form. With the addition of the lithium precursor, F decomposed by heat treatment reacts with Li of the added lithium precursor to reduce the amount of HF and increase the LiF production rate, thereby reducing the HF gas generation rate.
- LiOH Since the melting point of LiOH is 462°C, a solution phase reaction occurs if heat treatment is performed at about 550°C. LiOH and HF react to form LiF and H 2 O. As such, in the presence of LiOH, since HF reacts with LiOH before Li of the active material, it is possible to prevent loss of Li in the active material.
- the active material can be recovered by thermally decomposing the binder and the conductive material in the active material layer that has been desorbed in powder form by such heat treatment. Annealing effects that allow recovery or improvement to fresh active material levels can also be achieved.
- the lithium precursor can be added as much as the ratio of lithium to other metals in the raw material active material (ie, fresh active material) used in the active material layer, as much as the ratio of lithium lost during use, handling, or previous process or to be lost in the next process. to be added in an amount.
- a lithium precursor in an amount capable of adding lithium in a molar ratio of 0.001 to 0.4 may be added.
- lithium in a molar ratio of 0.01 to 0.2 is added. Adding an excess of lithium precursor other than the amount of lithium to be lost through washing leaves unreacted lithium precursors in the reused active material, which serves to increase resistance in the active material reuse process, so that it is necessary to administer an appropriate amount of the lithium precursor.
- the lithium precursor is preferably added in an amount capable of further adding lithium in a molar ratio of 0.0001 to 0.1 based on a molar ratio of lithium: other metals of 1:1.
- the reason for adding the excess lithium is to form a surface protective layer by surface coating on the subsequently recovered active material, which will be further described below. In the case of manufacturing a secondary battery using such an active material, it is possible to maintain lifespan characteristics while suppressing a side reaction caused by an electrolyte.
- the recovered active material is washed and dried (step s40).
- This aqueous lithium compound solution is prepared to contain more than 0% and not more than 15% of the lithium precursor, and preferably LiOH is used.
- the amount of LiOH is preferably 15% or less.
- the use of excess LiOH may leave excess LiOH on the surface of the active material even after washing, which may affect future annealing processes. In order to clean the surface of the active material in the pre-annealing step as much as possible, the addition of excess LiOH is not good for the process, so it is limited to 15% or less.
- Washing may be performed by immersing the recovered active material in the lithium compound aqueous solution. After immersion, washing may be performed within a week, preferably within one day, and still more preferably within one hour. When washing for more than a week, there is a risk of capacity degradation due to excessive lithium elution. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out within 1 hour. Washing includes immersing the active material in an aqueous lithium compound solution showing basicity in an aqueous solution state, stirring the immersion state, and the like. It is best to combine agitation as much as possible. If the lithium compound is immersed in an aqueous solution without stirring, the washing process is slow and may cause lithium leaching.
- the stirring be performed simultaneously with the impregnation of the lithium compound aqueous solution. Drying may be performed in air in an oven (convection type) after filtration.
- LiF and metal fluoride present on the surface of the recovered active material can be removed to perform surface modification.
- the binder and conductive material in the active material layer are vaporized and removed as they become CO 2 and H 2 O.
- CO 2 and H 2 O react with lithium on the surface of the active material to form Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH.
- F present in a binder such as PVdF reacts with lithium or other metals in the positive electrode active material and lithium in the lithium precursor added to form LiF or metal fluoride. If such LiF or metal fluoride remains, battery characteristics deteriorate when the active material is reused.
- by adding the washing step as in step s40 to remove the reactants generated on the surface of the reused active material during the heat treatment step (s30) foreign substances are not left on the surface of the recycled active material.
- the conversion rate to LiF is increased in the previous heat treatment step, there is increased LiF on the surface of the active material after heat treatment, but the increased LiF can be sufficiently removed from the active material through washing in a subsequent washing process.
- step s40 it is important to wash with an aqueous solution of a lithium compound showing basicity in an aqueous solution. If an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid is used rather than an aqueous solution of a lithium compound showing basicity in an aqueous solution, it is possible to wash F on the surface of the active material, but it elutes transition metals (Co, Mg) present in the active material, thereby reducing the performance of the reused cathode active material. make it
- the lithium compound aqueous solution showing basicity in the aqueous solution state used in the present invention can remove the binder that may remain in a trace amount even after thermal decomposition in step s30, and does not elute transition metals, etc. present in the active material, and in the washing process It is very desirable because it can also serve to supplement the amount of lithium that can be eluted.
- the F content may be 100 ppm or less. More preferably, the F content may be 30 ppm or less.
- the active material is separated from the current collector in powder form from the cathode scrap through dry grinding in step s25. Because of physical separation, there is no change in chemical properties of the current collector or active material. And, there is also a feature in the heat treatment after adding the lithium precursor in step s30. Through this, it was explained that the production rate of F-based gas compounds (HF, etc.) can be reduced by increasing the LiF production rate. In particular, F reacts with lithium in the added lithium precursor to generate LiF, rather than taking away the lithium source by reacting with lithium ions in the active material, thereby suppressing a decrease in the proportion of residual lithium in the active material.
- F-based gas compounds HF, etc.
- the heat treatment temperature for thermal decomposition of the binder and conductive material can be controlled from low to high temperature, and both LiOH with a low melting point of 460°C and Li 2 CO 3 with a low melting point of 723°C can be used.
- the advantage is that it is possible.
- step s40 it is possible to obtain a reusable active material.
- step s60 may be further performed.
- a surface coating is applied to the active material dried in step s40.
- the step of coating the surface may be one or more of a metal, an organic metal, and a carbon component, coated on the surface in a solid or liquid manner, and then heat-treated at 100 to 1200°C.
- a metal, an organic metal, and a carbon component coated on the surface in a solid or liquid manner, and then heat-treated at 100 to 1200°C.
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature exceeding 1200° C., there is a risk that performance may be deteriorated due to thermal decomposition of the positive electrode active material.
- coating on the surface in a solid or liquid manner may use methods such as mixing, milling, spray drying, and grinding.
- a surface protection layer is formed by a dissimilar metal through the surface coating.
- the molar ratio of lithium: other metals in the positive active material is 1:1, lithium in the active material reacts with the surface coating material and the lithium: other metal in the positive active material decreases to less than 1:1, the capacity expression can be reduced by 100%. can't Therefore, in the previous step s30, more lithium is added through the addition of a lithium precursor so that the molar ratio of lithium: other metals in the cathode active material is 1:1, and the excess amount of lithium is included in a molar ratio of 0.0001 to 0.1 more than other metals in the cathode active material. is to add Then, when the surface is coated, the molar ratio of lithium: other metals in the positive electrode active material becomes 1:1, and a surface protective layer can be formed.
- a metal oxide such as B, W, B-W is coated on an active material and then heat treated, a lithium borooxide layer can be formed on the surface of the active material, which serves as a surface protective layer.
- step s50 more lithium added in a molar ratio of 0.0001 to 0.1 reacts with metal oxides such as B, W, and BW in step s60, and the lithium: other metal molar ratio in the positive electrode active material does not decrease to less than 1:1, so that the capacity degradation is not reduced. none.
- the reusable active material obtained by the above-described method may be represented by the following formula (1).
- the reusable active material may have an F content of 100 ppm or less. According to the present invention, since it is possible to recover an active material having a reduced F content, if it is reused as an active material, excellent resistance characteristics and capacity characteristics can be realized.
- the present invention by adding a lithium precursor in the heat treatment step of s30, there is an effect of reducing the generation rate of HF gas generated during thermal decomposition of the binder and suppressing the loss of lithium in the active material.
- LiF or metal fluoride having an increased conversion rate in s30 is removed in step s40 of washing.
- the washing and drying steps using a lithium compound aqueous solution showing basicity in aqueous solution are safe and inexpensive, and can remove LiF or metal fluoride without loss of other elements, prevent elution of transition metals, etc. It has the advantage of compensating for lithium losses.
- the annealing step is also safe and inexpensive, it has the advantage of recovering the cell characteristics of the reused active material by improving the crystal structure recovery, that is, crystallinity.
- Comparative Example 1 is an LCO fresh active material.
- the LCO anode scrap was subjected to the above heat treatment and not washed.
- the LCO anode scrap was subjected to washing after the above heat treatment.
- Comparative Example 4 is an NCM fresh active material.
- the NCM anode scrap was subjected to the above heat treatment and not washed.
- NCM anode scrap was subjected to washing after the above heat treatment.
- ND means measured 30 ppm or less. Since Comparative Examples 1 and 4 are fresh active materials, F was hardly detected.
- Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 5 without washing the residual F amount was measured to be 1900 mg/kg and 1450 mg/kg.
- Comparative Examples 3 and 6 in which washing was performed it can be confirmed that LiF was completely dissolved in the washing solution and removed to the extent that it could not be detected. Therefore, it can be confirmed that, in both LCO and NCM anode scrap, LiF is generated when heat-treated, but is completely removed when cleaning according to the present invention is performed.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 5 the Li/metal molar ratio is decreased by about 0.2 to 0.5 compared to Comparative Examples 1 and 3, which are fresh active materials, and Comparative Examples 3 and 6 are compared with Comparative Example 2 It is confirmed that the Li/metal molar ratio is further reduced by about 0.2 to 0.5 compared to Example 5.
- the Li/metal molar ratio decreases significantly due to the change in the spinel structure with the size of the particle specific surface area compared to the LCO. That is, it can be seen that lithium is lost even in the heat treatment step of removing the binder and the conductive material, and lithium is lost even in the surface modification step through washing.
- Sample 1 is a fresh NCM active material.
- sample 5 the molar ratio of Li/metal decreased by about 0.07 than that of sample 4 through washing, and in the case of sample 3, it was shown that the molar ratio of Li/metal decreased by a similar ratio compared to sample 2. That is, the lithium precursor added before the heat treatment reacted with F, which is a decomposition product of the binder, to suppress the reactivity with lithium ions in the positive electrode active material.
- Sample 3 has a higher Li/metal molar ratio than Sample 5, which remains in the positive electrode active material after washing.
- Sample 6 is a fresh NCM active material.
- Sample 7 is a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) photograph of the active material in the form of detached particles after dry grinding.
- Sample 7 it corresponds to the state before heat treatment.
- the SEM picture was taken with a general SEM device that is well used in the laboratory. For example, you can take pictures using HITACHI's s-4200. However, there is no deviation depending on the measuring device or method.
- the active material layer can be separated from the current collector in a powder form only by dry grinding.
- FIG. 4 is an SEM photograph after adding a lithium precursor to the active material in the form of particles detached after dry grinding and heat treatment. It corresponds to the state after heat treatment in Sample 7.
- the binder is present in the active material layer before heat treatment, so that the active material layer has a lumped particle shape
- FIG. 4 as a result of the binder being removed by heat treatment, it can be seen that the agglomerates are released. Therefore, it can be seen that the binder or the conductive material is removed only by the heat treatment in air as suggested in the present invention, so that almost no binder or the conductive material remains on the surface of the active material.
- Sample 9 without the addition of lithium precursor (LiOH) produced a Li/metal molar ratio similar to Sample 6, but 1470 ppm F.
- sample 10 which was washed, the F was reduced to 70 ppm, but the Li/metal molar ratio decreased by about 0.1 molar ratio during washing.
- LiF removal effect due to washing and Li loss due to washing are the same as in Experimental Example 2 above.
- Samples 7 and 8 were heat-treated by adding a lithium precursor (LiOH).
- Li/metal molar ratio in Sample 7 is greater than in Sample 6 with lithium precursor addition. And 2575ppm of LiF was also generated.
- sample 8 which corresponds to the example of the present invention by washing sample 7, 0.1 molar ratio of lithium is lost compared to sample 8 by washing, but compared to sample 10 to which a lithium compound is not added, the Li/metal molar ratio Big.
- lithium in the overcoated lithium compound reacts with F of the binder to suppress the loss of lithium in the active material.
- a lithium compound first and performing heat treatment according to the present invention lithium is overcoated at the same time as the binder and conductive material are overcoated, so that the loss of lithium in the active material can be reduced.
- the active material is physically separated from the positive electrode having a defect during the process or the positive electrode separated from the lithium secondary battery discarded after use, and the active material is recovered through a relatively simple heat treatment method, lithium loss is prevented, and the crystal structure is recovered And through surface modification, the properties can be restored to the level of the fresh active material.
- heat treatment is performed after the lithium precursor is added.
- positive electrode scrap can be reused using a simple, eco-friendly, and economical method, and even if a lithium secondary battery is manufactured by reusing the NCM lithium composite transition metal oxide positive electrode active material prepared in this way as it is, the battery No performance issues.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (12)
- (a)집전체 상에 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물 양극 활물질층을 포함하는 양극 스크랩을 건식분쇄해 상기 활물질층을 분말 형태로 탈리하여 상기 집전체와 분리하는 단계;(b)분말 형태로 탈리된 상기 활물질층에 리튬 전구체 첨가 후 공기 중 열처리하여 상기 활물질층 표면에 상기 리튬 전구체로부터의 리튬을 오버코팅 또는 도핑하고 상기 활물질층 안의 바인더와 도전재를 열분해함으로써 활물질을 회수하는 단계; 및(c)회수된 활물질을 수용액 상태에서 염기성을 보이는 리튬 화합물 수용액으로 세척하고 건조해 재사용 가능한 활물질을 얻는 단계를 포함하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, (d)건조시킨 활물질에 표면 코팅하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 건식분쇄는 핀-밀(Pin-mill), 디스크-밀(disc-mill), 커팅-밀(cutting-mill) 및 해머-밀(hammer-mill) 중 어느 하나를 이용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 건식분쇄하기 전에 상기 양극 스크랩을 슈레딩(shredding) 또는 커팅(cutting)하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 열처리는 300 ~ 1000℃에서 수행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 화합물 수용액은 0% 초과 15% 이하의 리튬 전구체를 함유하도록 제조되고, 상기 세척은 1 시간 이내로 수행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 세척은 상기 회수된 활물질을 상기 리튬 화합물 수용액 함침과 동시에 교반하여 수행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 전구체는 LiOH, Li2CO3, LiNO3 및 Li2O 중 어느 하나 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 열처리하는 단계의 온도는 상기 리튬 전구체의 녹는점을 초과하는 온도인 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제2항에 있어서, 상기 표면 코팅하는 단계는 금속, 유기 금속 및 탄소성분 중 1종 이상을 고상 또는 액상 방식으로 표면에 코팅 후 100 ~ 1200℃에서 열처리하는 것임을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 재사용 가능한 활물질은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.[화학식 1]LiaNixMnyCozMwO2+δ(상기 화학식 1에서, M은 B, W, Al, Ti 및 Mg로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상을 포함하고, 1<a≤1.1, 0≤x<0.95, 0≤y<0.8, 0≤z<1.0, 0≤w≤0.1, -0.02≤δ≤0.02, x+y+z+w=1이다.)
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 재사용 가능한 활물질은 플루오린(F)의 함량이 100ppm 이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 양극 활물질 재사용 방법.
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