WO2022053599A1 - Verfahren zum herstellen eines herzhaften aromas durch fermentataion von zwiebel oder knoblauch - Google Patents
Verfahren zum herstellen eines herzhaften aromas durch fermentataion von zwiebel oder knoblauch Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022053599A1 WO2022053599A1 PCT/EP2021/074908 EP2021074908W WO2022053599A1 WO 2022053599 A1 WO2022053599 A1 WO 2022053599A1 EP 2021074908 W EP2021074908 W EP 2021074908W WO 2022053599 A1 WO2022053599 A1 WO 2022053599A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/10—Natural spices, flavouring agents or condiments; Extracts thereof
- A23L27/105—Natural spices, flavouring agents or condiments; Extracts thereof obtained from liliaceae, e.g. onions, garlic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
- A23L13/426—Addition of proteins, carbohydrates or fibrous material from vegetable origin other than sugars or sugar alcohols
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
- A23L13/428—Addition of flavours, spices, colours, amino acids or their salts, peptides, vitamins, yeast extract or autolysate, nucleic acid or derivatives, organic acidifying agents or their salts or acidogens, sweeteners, e.g. sugars or sugar alcohols; Addition of alcohol-containing products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/60—Comminuted or emulsified meat products, e.g. sausages; Reformed meat from comminuted meat product
- A23L13/65—Sausages
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/26—Meat flavours
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for preparing a solution that has a savory aroma.
- the invention further relates to a solution having a savory flavor obtainable by the method according to the invention.
- the invention further relates to the use of the solution for flavoring foods.
- Vegetarian and vegan foods are in increasing demand, as more and more people want to avoid consuming animal products, especially meat and sausages, for health and/or ecological reasons. At the same time, many people like the typical hearty taste of meat and sausages. There are therefore numerous vegetarian or vegan meat or sausage substitutes on the market that, in addition to their appearance and texture, are also based on the smell and taste of meat or sausage. However, the smell and taste of such products often cannot be compared with that of real meat or real sausage.
- Biotechnological processes for producing natural flavors using bacteria, yeast or fungi are known for certain natural flavors. For example, by cultivating certain strains of mushrooms, flavors that taste like peach or coconut can be created. However, up to now there is no process with which a natural savory flavor can be obtained. There is therefore a need for a method for producing a savory flavor that has a natural origin and can be used to flavor foods, in particular vegetarian and vegan foods.
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing a solution having a savory flavor, the method comprising the steps:
- the invention further relates to a solution having a savory flavor obtainable by a method according to the invention.
- the invention further relates to the use of the solution according to the invention for flavoring foods.
- Figure 1 shows a gas chromatogram of extracted flavors from a sample of culture liquid comprising a clove of garlic plant. In no mycelium was cultivated in the culture liquid (control without mycelium).
- the compounds already identified are: 1: diallyl sulfide; 2: diallyl disulfide; 3: methyl propyl trisulfide; 4: allyl trisulfide.
- Figure 2 shows a gas chromatogram of extracted flavors from a sample of culture liquid comprising a clove of garlic plant.
- a mycelium of Laetiporus sulphureus was cultivated in the culture liquid.
- the compounds already identified are: 2: diallyl disulfide; 5: benzothiazole; 6: eugenol.
- Figure 3 shows a gas chromatogram of extracted flavors from a sample of culture liquid comprising a clove of garlic plant.
- a mycelium of Polyporus umbellatus was cultivated in the culture liquid.
- the compounds already identified are: 2: diallyl disulfide; 6: eugenol; 7: 5-sec-butyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazine.
- the invention relates to a method for preparing a solution that has a savory aroma, the method comprising the steps:
- the solution having the savory flavor is prepared.
- the method is particularly suitable for providing a savory flavor for the food industry.
- aroma means a specific smell and/or taste.
- the aroma comes from a flavoring substance or a mixture of flavoring substances.
- the inventors assume that the aroma that is produced in the process according to the invention is composed of a large number of aroma substances, ie it comes about as a result of a mixture of aroma substances.
- savory aroma as used herein means an aroma that is also perceived by humans as hearty, rich, powerful and/or nutritious.
- the savory flavor is a flavor that is not perceived as fruity, for example.
- the savory flavor can be a meat flavor and/or a sausage flavor, for example.
- a hearty aroma in particular a hearty meat-like or sausage-like aroma
- develops in the culture liquid The aroma has a high intensity.
- the exact type of aroma produced depends on the basidiomycete and the part of the plant.
- the savory flavor produced by the method of the present invention is a natural flavor.
- natural flavor as used herein means a flavor that has a natural origin.
- the inventive method is a biotechnological method in which the natural savory Flavor is obtained from plant raw materials (substrates) with the help of certain fungal strains.
- the hearty aroma can be used to flavor food.
- the hearty aroma can be used advantageously in vegetarian and vegan foods, since no animal components are used in the process according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention is fast, simple and inexpensive.
- the plant-based raw materials are available in large quantities and at low cost.
- Basidiomycetes also known as Basidiomycota or pillar fungi, are a division of fungi belonging to the Dikarya subkingdom of the Fungi kingdom. Their mycelium consists of microscopically fine, filamentous hyphae.
- the basidiomycetes which can be used for the method according to the invention are basidiomycetes which are edible for humans.
- the basidiomycetes have GRAS status under food law, i.e. they are generally recognized as safe and therefore harmless.
- the mycelium of the basidiomycetes is cultivated in the culture liquid.
- the cultivation is a typical submerged cultivation, ie the mycelium is distributed in the culture liquid.
- the mycelium is cultivated under aerobic conditions. Cultivation typically takes place with shaking or stirring in shake flasks or bioreactors. Shaking or stirring introduces oxygen into the culture liquid. If necessary, the cultivation can also be carried out with the introduction of air or oxygen.
- the cultivation of the mycelium can also be referred to as fermentation.
- the culture liquid is aqueous and comprises at least part of the Allium L. genus plant.
- the culture liquid can also be referred to as medium or production medium.
- the part of the plant serves as a sub- strategic
- the part of the plant is the clove of a garlic plant (Allium sativum L.), hereinafter also referred to as a clove of garlic, or the bulb of an onion plant (Allium cepa L.).
- the term "garlic plant” as used herein means a plant of the garlic (Allium sativum L) plant species.
- the term “clove” as used herein refers to a specific part of the garlic plant, namely a part of the underground storage organ of the garlic plant.
- the storage organ also called the garlic bulb, has several cloves.
- Part of a toe one or more toes up to a large number of toes can be used for the method according to the invention. This depends on the size of the toes, the volume of the culture liquid and the proportion of toes in the culture liquid.
- the clove can be used fresh, dried or thawed if previously frozen.
- the toe is used thawed.
- the toe can be used with or without the shell.
- the toe without the shell is used.
- the term "bulb plant” as used herein means a plant of the plant species onion (Allium cepa L), which is also called table onion or kitchen onion.
- the term “bulb” as used here refers to a specific part of the bulb plant, namely the underground storage organ of the bulb plant.
- Part of an onion one or more onions up to a large number of onions can be used for the method according to the invention. This depends on the size of the bulbs, the volume of the culture liquid and the percentage of bulbs in the culture liquid.
- the onion can be used fresh, dried or thawed if previously frozen.
- the onion is used fresh.
- the onion is a yellow onion.
- the onion can be used with or without the skin. Preferably use the onion without the skin.
- the mycelium is cultured in the culture liquid for a culture period of 5 to 108 hours.
- the inventors found that a cultivation time of less than 5 hours is not enough to preserve the savory aroma.
- the mycelium needs some time to adapt to the substrate and to change its metabolism accordingly.
- the inventors have found that if the culture time exceeds 108 hours, an unpleasant odor such as a urine-like, stinky and/or musty odor may be generated in the culture liquid instead of the savory aroma.
- the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus, Polyporus umbellatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sapldus and/or Trametes versicolor.
- the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus, Polyporus umbellatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and/or Lepista nuda.
- the fungal species which can be used in the method according to the invention belong to the class of Agaricomycetes. In a preferred embodiment, only a single species of fungus is used. However, it is also conceivable to cultivate two or more fungal species together.
- DSMZ Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures
- the culture liquid After culturing the mycelium, the culture liquid is separated from the mycelium and the part of the plant. This step can also be referred to as clearing the culture fluid. Thereby the solution having the savory aroma is obtained.
- the solution that has the savory aroma corresponds to the culture liquid stripped of the substrate (part of the plant) and the mycelium.
- the solution obtained in step (c) is therefore an aqueous solution.
- the solution can be used directly as an aroma.
- the part of the plant that is still in the culture liquid after culturing the mycelium can also be referred to as the residue.
- the culture liquid can be separated from the mycelium and the part of the plant, for example, by filtration or by centrifugation.
- the cultivation of the mycelium is also terminated. This ensures that the resulting hearty aroma is retained.
- the cultivation can also be ended in another way, for example by cooling the culture to 4° C., when the desired cultivation time or the desired aroma has been reached.
- the process of the invention is suitable for implementation on a large industrial scale.
- step (b) takes place with the exclusion of light. Cultivating the mycelium in step (b) can also be done under normal daylight take place, since daylight hardly affects aroma synthesis. Typically, however, the cultivation of the mycelium takes place in the dark, i.e. in the dark.
- the mycelium can also be cultivated in step (b) under exposure to UV light.
- the inventors found that the savory flavor obtained under exposure to UV light may differ from the flavor obtained when the mycelium was cultivated without UV light.
- the savory flavor is a meat flavor and/or a sausage flavor.
- the term "meat flavor” (also “meat-like flavor”) as used herein refers to a flavor that humans generally associate with meat as a food.
- the meat can be, for example, chicken, turkey, beef, veal, lamb or pork.
- Meat flavor includes, in particular, flavors of forms of meat prepared for consumption, such as boiled, roasted or roasted meat.
- the meat flavor may be a flavor of cooked meat.
- the term "meat flavor” as used herein also includes the flavor of bacon.
- the term "sausage aroma” refers to an aroma that people generally associate with sausage as a food.
- the sausage can be, for example, salami, ham, liver sausage, meat loaf, Mettwurst, black pudding, Viennese sausage or bratwurst.
- the sausage flavor can be a flavor of salami, for example.
- the aroma is an odor.
- the development of the odor in the culture liquid can be determined particularly easily.
- the aroma is an odor and a taste.
- the inventors have found that the odor of the solution obtained by means of the method according to the invention corresponds very well to the taste corresponds to the solution.
- an intensive meaty or sausage-like taste could also be perceived in solutions with a meaty and/or sausage-like smell.
- the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus, Polyporus umbellatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and/or Pleurotus ostreatus. These basidiomycetes are preferred as they result in a savory flavor with both the garlic clove and the onion. Therefore, they can also be cultivated in a culture liquid comprising a mixture of a clove from a garlic plant and a bulb from a bulb plant.
- the culture liquid further comprises a bulb from a bulb plant.
- the culture liquid further comprises a clove from a garlic plant.
- the part of the plant is the clove of a garlic plant and the basidiomycete is Polyporus umbellatus, or the part of the plant is the bulb of a bulbous plant and the basidiomycete is Polyporus umbellatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus or Lentinula edodes.
- the savory flavor produced in the culture liquid is a meaty flavor.
- an overall aroma in the food sector is made up of 10 to 15 aromatic substances from a wide range of different smells, which then interact to form the typical smell.
- the part of the plant is the bulb of a bulbous plant and the basidiomycete is Pycnoporus cinnabarinus.
- the meat aroma that develops in the culture liquid is an aroma of bacon.
- the part of the plant is the clove of a garlic plant and the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus or Pleurotus ostreatus, or the part of the plant is the bulb of a bulbous plant and the basidiomycete is Pleurotus ostreatus or Lepista nuda.
- the savory aroma that develops in the culture liquid is a sausage aroma.
- the part of the plant is the clove of a garlic plant and the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus.
- the sausage aroma that develops in the culture liquid is an aroma of salami.
- the flavoring substance methyl-2-propenyl disulfide could play a role in the aroma of salami.
- the meat aroma it can also be assumed here that not just a single aroma substance is responsible for the salami-like overall aroma. Rather, the inventors also assume here that the interaction of the flavoring substances in the mixture of flavoring substances leads to the overall flavor. It other flavorings with a salami-like/meat-like flavor have already been identified.
- the part of the plant is the bulb of a bulbous plant and the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus.
- the basidiomycete is Laetiporus sulphureus.
- the part of the plant is in a comminuted form, the comminuted form preferably being a pressed, cut, ground or mashed form.
- the crushed form makes it easier for the basidiomycetes to produce the hearty aroma.
- the pressed shape can be achieved, for example, by (crushing) the part of the plant with a knife.
- the clove of the garlic plant is preferably in a pressed form.
- the bulb of the onion plant is preferably in a cut form.
- the part of the plant has a proportion of 1% by weight to 5% by weight, more preferably 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the culture liquid. At 2% by weight, this means that the part of the plant in the culture liquid has a concentration of 20 g/L. At this concentration, the formation of the savory aroma in the culture liquid proceeds particularly well.
- the culture liquid consists of water, preferably distilled water, and the part of the plant.
- a culture liquid can be provided particularly quickly and easily. She is also decs inexpensive.
- the fungal species that can be used in the method according to the invention require no further substrate for their cultivation apart from the part of the plant.
- a solution can be obtained which consists only of water, the aroma and optionally other metabolites of the fungi.
- Such a solution can be used in a particularly diverse manner and can be further processed in a variety of ways.
- the formation of the savory aroma works particularly well in a culture liquid that consists only of water and the part of the plant.
- the culture liquid contains other substances.
- the other substances are preferably growth substrates, ie substances that promote the growth of the mycelium.
- the growth of the mycelium can be stimulated more strongly by the addition of growth substrates and thus the formation of certain aromatic substances can be increased.
- the growth substrates are, for example, glucose, minerals, vitamins and/or precursors.
- the culture fluid is sterilized prior to step (b).
- the culture liquid can be sterilized, for example, by autoclaving. Autoclaving is typically performed at 121°C for 15 minutes. Autoclaving results in negligible minimal changes in the flavor produced. The sterilization prevents contamination of the culture with other microorganisms, such as bacteria or other fungi, which could be introduced into the culture liquid, in particular with the part of the plant.
- the culture liquid is already provided in a sterile form.
- the mycelium and the culture liquid are brought together in a ratio of 1:5 to 1:20, more preferably 1:10.
- a ratio of 1:10 for example, 10 ml of mycelium are added to 100 ml of culture liquid. In this case, the total volume of the culture 110 ml. With this ratio of mycelium and culture liquid, the formation of the hearty aroma is particularly good.
- step (b) occurs at a temperature of from 21°C to 27°C, more preferably from 22°C to 26°C, more preferably from 23°C to 25°C, the temperature at most preferred is 24°C.
- the temperature for culturing the mycelium in the culture liquid should be selected such that the mycelium has sufficient metabolic activity.
- a cultivation temperature of 21° C. to 27° C. is particularly suitable for the mycelium of basidiomycetes, in particular of basidiomycetes of the class Agaricomycetes.
- the optimum cultivation temperature is 24°C.
- the cultivation time is from 5 to 103 hours, more preferably from 5 to 93 hours, more preferably from 5 to 77 hours.
- the optimal cultivation period depends on the basidiomycetes, the part of the plant and the cultivation conditions.
- step (b) is carried out until the desired aroma is achieved.
- the achievement of the desired aroma can be determined on the basis of the olfactory impression of the culture liquid. In this way, a suitable cultivation period can be determined for each constellation.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 41 to 86 hours, more preferably from 46 to 86 hours, more preferably from 60 to 86 hours, more preferably from 65 to 81 hours, more preferably from 70 to 76 hours, most preferably 76 hours.
- a cultivation time of 41 to 86 hours a hearty aroma of salami develops.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 5 to 34 hours, or from 60 to 86 hours, more preferably from 5 to 29 hours or from 65 to 81 hours, more preferably from 70 to 76 hours, most preferably 76 hours.
- a hearty aroma develops with a cultivation period of 5 to 34 hours. With a cultivation period of 60 to 86 hours, a hearty meat flavor is created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 18 to 73 hours, more preferably from 23 to 70 hours, more preferably from 26 to 49 hours, more preferably from 29 to 46 hours, most preferably 29 hours.
- a hearty aroma develops with a cultivation time of 18 to 73 hours. With a cultivation period of 26 to 49 hours, a hearty sausage aroma is created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 5 to 86 hours, more preferably from 18 to 86 hours, more preferably from 23 to 86 hours, more preferably from 60 to 86 hours, more preferably from 65 to 81 hours, more preferably from 70 to 76 hours, most preferably 70 hours.
- a hearty aroma develops with a cultivation period of 5 to 86 hours. With a cultivation period of 18 to 86 hours, a hearty sausage aroma is created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 50 to 86 hours, more preferably from 50 to 81 hours, more preferably from 53 to 76 hours.
- a hearty aroma develops with a cultivation time of 50 to 86 hours.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 41 to 58 hours, more preferably from 46 to 53 hours.
- a hearty aroma is produced with a cultivation period of 41 to 58 hours.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 16 to 73 hours, more preferably from 21 to 69 hours, more preferably from 25 to 60 hours, more preferably from 29 to 53 hours, more preferably from 40 to 50 hours, most preferably 45 hours.
- a cultivation period of 16 to 73 hours a hearty meat flavor is created.
- a cultivation period of 40 to 50 hours a hearty sausage aroma is also created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 5 to 103 hours, more preferably from 5 to 93 hours, more preferably from 25 to 77 hours, more preferably from 25 to 50 hours or from 61 to 73 hours, more preferably from 29 to 45 hours or 69 hours, most preferably 69 hours.
- a cultivation period of 5 to 103 hours a hearty meat flavor is created.
- the hearty meat flavor is a flavor of cooked meat.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 5 to 12 hours, more preferably from 5 to 10 hours, most preferably 5 hours. With a cultivation time of 5 to 12 hours, a hearty aroma of bacon develops.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 25 to 49 hours, or from 61 to 85 hours, more preferably from 29 to 45 hours or from 69 to 77 hours, most preferably 69 hours. With a cultivation period of 25 to 49 hours and 61 to 85 hours, a hearty sausage aroma is created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 38 to 103 hours, more preferably from 40 to 98 hours, more preferably from 45 to 93 hours. With a cultivation period of 38 to 103 hours, a hearty meat flavor is created.
- the cultivation time at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferably from 38 to 61 hours, more preferably from 40 to 58 hours, more preferably from 45 to 53 hours. With a cultivation period of 38 to 61 hours, a hearty sausage aroma is created.
- the preferred cultivation times are the cultivation times for which the best result in terms of the savory flavor produced was found in each case.
- step (b) is carried out with shaking or stirring. Shaking or stirring the culture improves the oxygenation of the culture liquid.
- the shaking or stirring also causes a steady mixing of the mycelium with the part of the plant in the culture liquid. This mixing makes it easier for the basidiomycetes to produce the hearty aroma.
- shaking or stirring the culture can cause settling of the mycelium on the walls of the culture vessel. Shaking is done, for example, by incubating the culture on a rotary shaker.
- Shaking or stirring is typically at 100 to 200 rpm. Shaking or stirring is preferably at 150 rpm. At this speed, good oxygenation into the culture liquid and good mixing of the mycelium with the part of the plant are achieved. In addition, there are no mycelium deposits on the walls of the culture vessel.
- step (c) is carried out by filtration, preferably by vacuum filtration.
- the filtration in particular the vacuum filtration, allows the culture liquid to be separated particularly quickly and easily from the mycelium and the part of the plant.
- the solution obtained is a clear, homogeneous filtrate.
- the method further comprises:
- the solution which has the savory aroma, can be used directly as an aroma.
- the solution can also be processed in a variety of ways according to methods known per se. The way of processing the solution mainly depends on the intended use of the savory aroma.
- step (d) comprises concentrating the solution and/or spray drying the solution.
- step (d) comprises extracting the aroma.
- a flavor extract can be obtained which is suitable, for example, for flavoring foods or for a chromatographic analysis of the flavor.
- the aroma can first be adsorbed onto a suitable carrier material such as polydimethylsiloxane. The aroma is then eluted from the carrier material or thermally desorbed.
- Aroma extraction can be accomplished, for example, by using a sorbent-coated stir bar that extracts organic components from a sample while mixing the sample.
- An example of a suitable sorbent (extraction medium) is polydimethylsiloxane. Extracting the aroma using the sorbent-coated stirring rod is particularly suitable for processing the solution for an analytical examination of the aroma. It is sufficient to extract small amounts of the aromatic substances from the solution.
- the aroma can be extracted using an organic solvent or mixture of solvents.
- An example of a suitable organic solvent is hexane.
- suitable organic solvents are ethanol/methanol and dichloromethane.
- suitable solvent mixtures are dichloromethane:pentane (for example in a ratio of 1:1.5) or pentane:diethyl ether (for example in a ratio of 1:1.12).
- the extraction of the flavor by means of the solvent or solvent mixture is suitable both for the analytical examination of the flavor and for further use of the flavor extract, in particular for further use for flavoring foods. For further use for flavoring food, preference is given to using food-grade solvents and/or completely removable solvents.
- extracting the aroma can be done using a simple distillation to separate the water.
- step (a) comprises: (a1) cultivating the mycelium on a solid nutrient medium, (a2) cultivating the mycelium obtained in step (a1) in a liquid nutrient medium, and
- the solid nutrient medium is typically an agar plate, i.e. a plate containing agar-agar.
- the solid nutrient medium is, for example, an agar plate with malt extract medium.
- the agar plate can have, for example, 2% malt extract and 1.5% agar-agar.
- the mycelium is cultivated on the solid nutrient medium for several days, for example for 7 to 14 days. The duration depends, among other things, on the basidiomycetes. For Laetiporus sulphureus and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus a period of 14 days is preferred. A duration of 7 days is preferred for Polyporus umbellatus and Pleurotus ostreatus. A duration of 7 days is also preferred for Pleurotus sapidus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes and Lepista nuda.
- the cultivation of the mycelium obtained in step (a1) in the liquid nutrient medium (step (a2)) is referred to as a preculture, while the cultivation of the mycelium in the culture liquid in step (b) of the method according to the invention is referred to as the main culture.
- the liquid nutrient medium of the preculture is, for example, a malt extract medium.
- the liquid nutrient medium can have, for example, 2% malt extract.
- the mycelium is cultivated in the liquid nutrient medium for several days, for example for 7 days.
- the pre-culture achieves a higher density of the mycelium and higher intensities of the aromas compared to cultivation in the culture liquid without a pre-culture.
- any growth abnormalities of the mycelium and/or contamination can be detected early by means of the preculture, so that corresponding precultures are not used for a main culture.
- Steps (a1) and (a2) are preferably carried out at a temperature of 21° C. to 27° C., with a temperature of 24° C. being particularly preferred.
- the mycelium obtained in step (a2) is preferably washed in sterile distilled water and serves to free the mycelium from the nutrient medium of the preculture.
- the washed mycelium is introduced into the culture liquid for step (b). This step is also known as “seeding over” the mycelium or “seeding" the main culture.
- step (a) comprises cultivating the mycelium on a solid substrate plate.
- the substrate plate is typically an agar plate containing the substrate (ie the garlic clove or onion) but no nutrient medium (such as malt extract medium).
- the mycelium can be transferred directly from the substrate plate into the culture liquid and preculture is not necessary.
- the cultivation of the mycelium on the substrate plate is preferably carried out at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C, with a temperature of 24°C being particularly preferred.
- the invention relates to a solution having a savory flavor obtainable by a method according to the invention.
- the invention relates to the use of the solution according to the invention for flavoring foods.
- the foods can be liquid or solid foods.
- the foods are preferably vegetarian or vegan meat or sausage substitutes. Vegetarian or vegan meat or sausage substitutes are often based on mallan, cereals, legumes and/or soy.
- the products can be given a savory aroma, in particular a meat or sausage aroma.
- a method for producing a culture plate which has a savory aroma comprising the steps:
- the mycelium is cultivated on the culture plate.
- the cultivation is a typical surface cultivation.
- the cultivation is preferably carried out at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C, with a temperature of 24°C being particularly preferred.
- the culture plate is preferably an agar plate, ie a plate containing agar-agar.
- the agar plate consists of garlic clove, agar-agar and water, with the garlic clove in a minced form.
- the optimal cultivation period of surface cultivation depends on the cultivation conditions and the basidiomycetes.
- a cultivation period of 10 days at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferred.
- a cultivation period of 12 days at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferred.
- a cultivation period of 18 days at a temperature of 21°C to 27°C is preferred for Lepista nuda.
- a suitable cultivation time can be determined based on the odor impression of the culture plate.
- the basidiomycetes usable for the method for preparing a culture plate are basidiomycetes edible for humans.
- the part of the plant preferably has a proportion of 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight, more preferably from 1% by weight to 5% by weight, more preferably from 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the culture plate. At 1% by weight, this means that the part of the plant in the culture plate has a concentration of 10 g/L.
- the flavor is preferably a meat flavor and/or a sausage flavor.
- the sausage aroma is preferably an aroma of small sausages.
- the aroma is preferably an odor. Compared to submerged cultivation, the intensity of the odor obtained is lower in surface cultivation.
- the method of preparing a culture plate preferably further comprises extracting the aroma from the culture plate.
- the aroma can be used, for example, to flavor foods.
- Example 1 Identification of substrates and basidiomycetes for the production of savory flavors
- the fungal strains were tested for their ability to grow on garlic cloves as a substrate by surface cultivation (agar plate with 10 g/L minced garlic clove (garlic agar plate)). Growth characteristics were recorded. Fully overgrown surface cultures were evaluated sensory.
- Basidiomycetes that grew well on the substrate and already yielded interesting flavors in surface cultivation were selected for submerged cultivation.
- the fungal strains were cultivated in liquid garlic medium (20 g/L crushed garlic clove in distilled water) or in liquid onion medium (20 g/L crushed yellow onion in distilled water).
- samples of the culture liquid were taken every 4 to 12 hours for 5 days and, after separating the mycelium and the clove of garlic or the onion, were sensorically evaluated. The description of the odor attributes and the intensity was given in comparison to a medium without a fungal strain.
- I Intensity
- the peeled, frozen garlic clove (stored at -20°C, provided by Raps GmbH & Co. KG, Kulmbach, Germany) was thawed and crushed mechanically with a knife.
- the onions were obtained from the supermarket and used directly for cultivation.
- the onions were peeled and cut into fine cubes (about 5x5 mm).
- the medium was autoclaved (15 min, 121 °C ).
- the fungal strains were first grown on media plates with original medium (malt extract (ME), malt extract peptone (MEP) or standard broth (SNL)). So- once the plates were fully grown, a 1 cm 2 piece was punched out from the outer edge of the plate and transferred to the garlic agar plate. The plates were cultured at 24°C in the dark. The growth of the fungi was measured every 3rd or 4th day. The odor of the plates was evaluated when the mushroom mycelium had reached a radius of > 4 cm.
- ME malt extract
- MEP malt extract peptone
- SNL standard broth
- interesting fungal strains from surface cultivation were selected for submerged cultivation. 100 mL garlic or onion medium (20 g/L crushed garlic cloves or 20 g/L diced onion in distilled water) was transferred to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask) and autoclaved. As for surface cultivation, the fungal strains were first grown on media plates with original medium at 24°C in the dark. The fungal strains were then transferred to a preculture with liquid original medium.
- intensity 0 means imperceptible, 1 very weak, 2 weak, 3 moderate, 4 strong, 5 very strong.
- Tables 2 and 3 show the odor impressions and the intensity (I) of the odor impressions of the submerged culture samples for the garlic medium.
- Table 1 shows the meaning of the abbreviations for the fungal species. For intensity, 0 means imperceptible, 1 very weak, 2 weak, 3 moderate, 4 strong, 5 very strong. The best results are shown in bold. The best results were defined as those samples that had an interesting, appealing aroma (smell and taste) and high intensity.
- Table 2 Table 3: Table 4 shows the odor impressions of the submerged culture samples for the onion medium. Table 1 shows the meaning of the abbreviations for the fungal species. The best results are shown in bold. The best results were defined as those samples that had an interesting, appealing aroma (smell and taste) and a high intensity.
- the olfactory impression "green” is a defined olfactory impression in the sensor system. This describes flavors that have an odor pronounced of grass/leaves/green vegetables (e.g. cucumber, lettuce).
- the aroma of the autoclaved culture liquid was stable over the entire duration of the experiment in the negative control that was included (control without fungal mycelium). Especially in the first 3 days of cultivation, the aroma of the negative control hardly changed. Only after 143 hours of cultivation could old or stale smells be perceived in the negative control.
- the aroma of the autoclaved culture liquid was described as "garlic-like, bread-like, roasted” for the garlic medium and "onion-like, roasted, sweetish” for the onion medium.
- the taste of the sample was also examined by "sip-and-spit-out".
- the smell corresponded very well to the taste or the overall aroma of the samples.
- an intensive meat-like or sausage-like flavor could also be perceived in the samples with a meat-like and/or sausage-like smell.
- Figures 1 to 3 show gas chromatograms of extracted aroma substances from culture liquid samples of submerged culture in garlic medium. No mycelium was cultivated in the culture liquid (control without mycelium; FIG. 1), a mycelium of Laetiporus sulphureus was cultivated (FIG. 2) or a mycelium of Polyporus umbellatus was cultivated (FIG. 3).
- the chromatograms show clearly recognizable differences in the aroma profile of the samples.
- the compounds that differ most noticeably between samples based on the chromatograms (new peaks or change in the intensity of the peak) have already been partially identified.
- the connections already identified are: 1 : diallyl sulfide;
- Example 2 Identification of the aroma-active compounds
- DI-SBSE direct immersion - stir bar sorptive extraction
- Table 5 shows the compounds that have been identified so far.
- the aroma of a food is very complex and is made up of a large number of aroma substances.
- an overall aroma is made up of 10 Up to 15 aromatic substances from a wide variety of smells together, which then interact to form the typical smell.
- the inventors also assume for their sample that the overall aroma is not defined by a single compound, but that the interaction of the identified aroma substances leads to the typical salami-like smell. This means that even if a compound was perceived as "salami-like,” that does not mean that that compound was solely responsible for the overall flavor of the sample.
- Example 4 (not according to the invention) Test of other plants or other parts of plants of the genus Allium L. as substrates
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EP21777264.9A EP4210501A1 (de) | 2020-09-14 | 2021-09-10 | Verfahren zum herstellen eines herzhaften aromas durch fermentataion von zwiebel oder knoblauch |
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US6759068B2 (en) * | 1999-10-28 | 2004-07-06 | Nestec S.A. | Onion and garlic biohydrolysates and their use as natural flavorings |
US20200187537A1 (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2020-06-18 | Oterap Holding B.V. | Culinary taste enhancer |
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JPS57102183A (en) | 1980-12-15 | 1982-06-25 | Yasuo Matsuda | Growth promoting, cultivating and producing method of basidiomycetous mycelium |
JPS5799529A (en) | 1980-12-15 | 1982-06-21 | Yasuo Matsuda | Odorless garlic extract drink containing active component of fungi belonging to basidiomycetes |
MX2018012324A (es) | 2016-04-14 | 2019-05-22 | Mycotechnology Inc | Metodos para la produccion y uso de composiciones alimenticias con alta proteina micelizada. |
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US6759068B2 (en) * | 1999-10-28 | 2004-07-06 | Nestec S.A. | Onion and garlic biohydrolysates and their use as natural flavorings |
US20200187537A1 (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2020-06-18 | Oterap Holding B.V. | Culinary taste enhancer |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
KATRIN KUNKEL: "Biotechnologische Konversion von Nebenströmen der Lebensmittelindustrie zu hochwertigen Aromastoffen durch Basidomyceten", DISSERTATION, 28 March 2013 (2013-03-28), Gießen, pages 1 - 199, XP055720319, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2013/9312/> [retrieved on 20200805] * |
KIM YOUNG R. ET AL: "Meaty flavour compounds formation from the submerged liquid culture of Pleurotus ostreatus : Submerged liquid culture ofPleurotus ostreatus", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 12, 15 September 2011 (2011-09-15), GB, pages 2538 - 2543, XP055870531, ISSN: 0950-5423, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02778.x * |
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