WO2022014733A1 - Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signal by using multiple antennas in wireless communication system - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are an operating method for a terminal and a base station in a wireless communication system, and an apparatus supporting same. An operating method for a first device in a wireless communication system may comprise the steps of: generating transmission bits by performing primary channel coding on transmission data; and transmitting at least one modulation symbol, generated on the basis of a second portion from among the transmission bits, to a second device through a transmission antenna combination determined on the basis of a first portion from among the transmission bits. Either the first portion or the second portion can be transmitted after secondary channel coding.

Description

Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals using multiple antennas in a wireless communication system

The following description relates to a wireless communication system, and to a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving a signal using multiple antennas in a wireless communication system.

Wireless access systems are being widely deployed to provide various types of communication services such as voice and data. In general, a wireless access system is a multiple access system that can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of the multiple access system include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, and a single carrier frequency (SC-FDMA) system. division multiple access) systems.

In particular, as many communication devices require a large communication capacity, an enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) communication technology has been proposed compared to the existing radio access technology (RAT). In addition, a communication system that considers reliability and latency sensitive services/user equipment (UE) as well as massive machine type communications (mMTC) that provides various services anytime, anywhere by connecting multiple devices and things has been proposed. . For this purpose, various technical configurations have been proposed.

The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for more efficiently transmitting and receiving signals using multiple antennas in a wireless communication system.

The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus* for reducing errors occurring when using a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) technique in a wireless communication system.

The technical objects to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the above, and other technical problems not mentioned are common knowledge in the technical field to which the technical configuration of the present disclosure is applied from the embodiments of the present disclosure to be described below. can be considered by those with

As an example of the present disclosure, a method of operating a first apparatus in a wireless communication system includes generating transmission bits by performing primary channel coding on transmission data, and determining based on a first portion of the transmission bits. The method may include transmitting at least one modulation symbol generated based on a second portion of the transmission bits to a second device through a transmission antenna combination. One of the first part or the second part may be transmitted after secondary channel coding.

As an example of the present disclosure, a method of operating a second device in a wireless communication system includes: receiving a signal generated from transmission bits from a first device; detecting a transmission antenna combination from the received signal; detecting at least one modulation symbol corresponding to the transmit antenna combination from the received signal, a first portion of the transmit bits from the detected transmit antenna combination, and a second one of the transmit bits from the at least one modulation symbol It may include estimating a second part, and performing primary channel decoding on the transmission bits including the first part and the second part. One of the first part or the second part may be secondary channel decoded before the primary channel decoding.

As an example of the present disclosure, a first device in a wireless communication system includes a transceiver and a processor connected to the transceiver. The processor is configured to generate transmission bits by performing primary channel coding on transmission data, and based on a second portion of the transmission bits, through a transmission antenna combination determined based on the first portion of the transmission bits. At least one modulation symbol generated by the above operation may be controlled to be transmitted to the second device. One of the first part or the second part may be transmitted after secondary channel coding.

A second device in a wireless communication system includes a transceiver and a processor connected to the transceiver. The processor receives a signal generated from transmit bits from a first device, detects a transmit antenna combination from the received signal, and detects at least one modulation symbol corresponding to the transmit antenna combination from the received signal estimating a first portion of the transmit bits from the detected transmit antenna combination, a second portion of the transmit bits from the at least one modulation symbol, and comprising the first portion and the second portion It can be controlled to perform primary channel decoding on the transmission bits. One of the first part or the second part may be secondary channel decoded before the primary channel decoding.

Aspects of the present disclosure described above are only some of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, and various embodiments in which the technical features of the present disclosure are reflected are detailed descriptions of the present disclosure that will be described below by those of ordinary skill in the art can be derived and understood based on

The following effects may be obtained by the embodiments based on the present disclosure.

According to the present disclosure, error occurrence can be reduced when using a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) technique in a wireless communication system.

Effects that can be obtained in the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects not mentioned are the technical fields to which the technical configuration of the present disclosure is applied from the description of the embodiments of the present disclosure below. It can be clearly derived and understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. That is, unintended effects of implementing the configuration described in the present disclosure may also be derived by those of ordinary skill in the art from the embodiments of the present disclosure.

The accompanying drawings below are provided to help understanding of the present disclosure, and together with the detailed description, may provide embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited to specific drawings, and features disclosed in each drawing may be combined with each other to constitute a new embodiment. Reference numerals in each drawing may refer to structural elements.

1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system applied to the present disclosure.

2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

3 is a diagram illustrating another example of a wireless device applied to the present disclosure.

4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a mobile device applied to the present disclosure.

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure.

6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a movable body applied to the present disclosure.

7 is a diagram illustrating an example of an XR device applied to the present disclosure.

8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a robot applied to the present disclosure.

9 is a diagram illustrating an example of an artificial intelligence (AI) device applied to the present disclosure.

10 is a diagram illustrating physical channels applied to the present disclosure and a signal transmission method using the same.

11 is a diagram illustrating a control plane and a user plane structure of a radio interface protocol applied to the present disclosure.

12 is a diagram illustrating a method of processing a transmission signal applied to the present disclosure.

13 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a radio frame applicable to the present disclosure.

14 is a diagram illustrating a slot structure applicable to the present disclosure.

15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system applicable to the present disclosure.

16 is a diagram illustrating an electromagnetic spectrum applicable to the present disclosure.

17 is a diagram illustrating a THz communication method applicable to the present disclosure.

18 is a diagram illustrating a THz wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure.

19 is a diagram illustrating a method for generating a THz signal applicable to the present disclosure.

20 is a diagram illustrating a wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure.

21 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a transmitter applicable to the present disclosure.

22 is a diagram illustrating a modulator structure applicable to the present disclosure.

23 is a diagram illustrating structures of a transmitter and a receiver using a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) technique applicable to the present disclosure.

24 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

25 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

26A is a diagram illustrating another structure of a transmitter using a GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure.

26B is a diagram illustrating another structure of a receiver using the GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure.

27 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

28 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

29A is a diagram illustrating another structure of a transmitter using a GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure.

29B is a diagram illustrating another structure of a receiver using the GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure.

30 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

31 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for determining whether additional channel coding is applied in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

33 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure.

The following embodiments combine elements and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature may be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented in a form that is not combined with other components or features. In addition, some components and/or features may be combined to configure an embodiment of the present disclosure. The order of operations described in embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some configurations or features of one embodiment may be included in other embodiments, or may be replaced with corresponding configurations or features of other embodiments.

In the description of the drawings, procedures or steps that may obscure the gist of the present disclosure are not described, and procedures or steps that can be understood at the level of a person skilled in the art are also not described.

Throughout the specification, when a part is said to "comprising or including" a certain component, it does not exclude other components unless otherwise stated, meaning that other components may be further included. do. In addition, terms such as “…unit”, “…group”, and “module” described in the specification mean a unit that processes at least one function or operation, which may be implemented as hardware or software or a combination of hardware and software. have. Also, "a or an", "one", "the" and like related terms are used differently herein in the context of describing the present disclosure (especially in the context of the following claims). Unless indicated or clearly contradicted by context, it may be used in a sense including both the singular and the plural.

In the present specification, embodiments of the present disclosure have been described focusing on a data transmission/reception relationship between a base station and a mobile station. Here, the base station has a meaning as a terminal node of a network that directly communicates with the mobile station. A specific operation described as being performed by the base station in this document may be performed by an upper node of the base station in some cases.

That is, various operations performed for communication with a mobile station in a network including a plurality of network nodes including the base station may be performed by the base station or other network nodes other than the base station. In this case, the 'base station' is a term such as a fixed station, a Node B, an eNB (eNode B), a gNB (gNode B), an ng-eNB, an advanced base station (ABS) or an access point (access point). can be replaced by

In addition, in embodiments of the present disclosure, a terminal includes a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), It may be replaced by terms such as a mobile terminal or an advanced mobile station (AMS).

In addition, a transmitting end refers to a fixed and/or mobile node that provides a data service or a voice service, and a receiving end refers to a fixed and/or mobile node that receives a data service or a voice service. Accordingly, in the case of uplink, the mobile station may be a transmitting end, and the base station may be a receiving end. Similarly, in the case of downlink, the mobile station may be the receiving end, and the base station may be the transmitting end.

Embodiments of the present disclosure IEEE 802.xx system, (3rd Generation Partnership Project) 3GPP access system, which are wireless systems, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) ^{systems, 3GPP 5G (5 th generation)} NR (New Radio) system, 3GPP2 system and It may be supported by standard documents disclosed in at least one of, in particular, embodiments of the present disclosure by 3GPP TS (technical specification) 38.211, 3GPP TS 38.212, 3GPP TS 38.213, 3GPP TS 38.321 and 3GPP TS 38.331 documents. can be supported

Also, embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to other wireless access systems, and are not limited to the above-described system. As an example, it may be applicable to a system applied after the 3GPP 5G NR system, and is not limited to a specific system.

That is, obvious steps or parts not described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be described with reference to the above documents. In addition, all terms disclosed in this document may be described by the standard document.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The detailed description set forth below in conjunction with the appended drawings is intended to describe exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the technical constructions of the present disclosure may be practiced.

In addition, specific terms used in the embodiments of the present disclosure are provided to help the understanding of the present disclosure, and the use of these specific terms may be changed to other forms without departing from the technical spirit of the present disclosure.

The following technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), etc. It can be applied to various wireless access systems.

For clarity of the description below, although description is based on a 3GPP communication system (eg, LTE, NR, etc.), the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited thereto. LTE may mean 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 8 or later technology. In detail, LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 10 may be referred to as LTE-A, and LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 13 may be referred to as LTE-A pro. 3GPP NR may refer to technology after TS 38.xxx Release 15. 3GPP 6G may refer to technology after TS Release 17 and/or Release 18. "xxx" stands for standard document detail number. LTE/NR/6G may be collectively referred to as a 3GPP system.

For backgrounds, terms, abbreviations, etc. used in the present disclosure, reference may be made to matters described in standard documents published before the present invention. As an example, reference may be made to the 36.xxx and 38.xxx standard documents.

Communication system applicable to the present disclosure

Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operation flowcharts of the present disclosure disclosed in this document may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication/connection (eg, 5G) between devices. have.

Hereinafter, it will be exemplified in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/descriptions, the same reference numerals may represent the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system applied to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 1 , a communication system 100 applied to the present disclosure includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network. Here, the wireless device means a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (eg, 5G NR, LTE), and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot 100a, a vehicle 100b-1, 100b-2, an extended reality (XR) device 100c, a hand-held device 100d, and a home appliance. appliance) 100e, an Internet of Things (IoT) device 100f, and an artificial intelligence (AI) device/server 100g. For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, and the like. Here, the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (eg, a drone). The XR device 100c includes augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/mixed reality (MR) devices, and includes a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, It may be implemented in the form of a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like. The portable device 100d may include a smart phone, a smart pad, a wearable device (eg, smart watch, smart glasses), and a computer (eg, a laptop computer). The home appliance 100e may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, and the like. The IoT device 100f may include a sensor, a smart meter, and the like. For example, the base station 120 and the network 130 may be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device 120a may operate as a base station/network node to other wireless devices.

The wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the network 130 through the base station 120 . AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100a to 100f , and the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the AI server 100g through the network 130 . The network 130 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (eg, LTE) network, or a 5G (eg, NR) network. The wireless devices 100a to 100f may communicate with each other through the base station 120/network 130, but communicate directly without going through the base station 120/network 130 (eg, sidelink communication) You may. For example, the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may perform direct communication (eg, vehicle to vehicle (V2V)/vehicle to everything (V2X) communication). Also, the IoT device 100f (eg, a sensor) may communicate directly with another IoT device (eg, a sensor) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.

Wireless communication/ connection 150a, 150b, and 150c may be performed between the wireless devices 100a to 100f/base station 120 and the base station 120/base station 120 . Here, wireless communication/connection includes uplink/downlink communication 150a and sidelink communication 150b (or D2D communication), and communication between base stations 150c (eg, relay, integrated access backhaul (IAB)). This may be achieved through radio access technology (eg, 5G NR). Through the wireless communication/ connection 150a, 150b, and 150c, the wireless device and the base station/wireless device, and the base station and the base station may transmit/receive wireless signals to each other. For example, the wireless communication/ connection 150a , 150b , 150c may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various proposals of the present disclosure, various configuration information setting processes for transmission/reception of wireless signals, various signal processing processes (eg, channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.) , at least a part of a resource allocation process may be performed.

Wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure

2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2 , a first wireless device 200a and a second wireless device 200b may transmit/receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (eg, LTE, NR). Here, {first wireless device 200a, second wireless device 200b} is {wireless device 100x, base station 120} of FIG. 1 and/or {wireless device 100x, wireless device 100x) } can be matched.

The first wireless device 200a includes one or more processors 202a and one or more memories 204a, and may further include one or more transceivers 206a and/or one or more antennas 208a. The processor 202a controls the memory 204a and/or the transceiver 206a and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor 202a may process information in the memory 204a to generate first information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information/signal through the transceiver 206a. In addition, the processor 202a may receive the radio signal including the second information/signal through the transceiver 206a, and then store the information obtained from the signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory 204a. The memory 204a may be connected to the processor 202a and may store various information related to the operation of the processor 202a. For example, the memory 204a may provide instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor 202a, or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. may store software code including Here, the processor 202a and the memory 204a may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless communication technology (eg, LTE, NR). The transceiver 206a may be coupled to the processor 202a and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas 208a. The transceiver 206a may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver 206a may be used interchangeably with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may refer to a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200b includes one or more processors 202b, one or more memories 204b, and may further include one or more transceivers 206b and/or one or more antennas 208b. The processor 202b controls the memory 204b and/or the transceiver 206b and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor 202b may process information in the memory 204b to generate third information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the third information/signal through the transceiver 206b. In addition, the processor 202b may receive the radio signal including the fourth information/signal through the transceiver 206b, and then store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information/signal in the memory 204b. The memory 204b may be connected to the processor 202b and may store various information related to the operation of the processor 202b. For example, the memory 204b may provide instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor 202b, or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. may store software code including Here, the processor 202b and the memory 204b may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless communication technology (eg, LTE, NR). The transceiver 206b may be coupled to the processor 202b and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas 208b. Transceiver 206b may include a transmitter and/or receiver. Transceiver 206b may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may refer to a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 200a and 200b will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors 202a, 202b. For example, one or more processors 202a, 202b may include one or more layers (eg, PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource) control) and a functional layer such as service data adaptation protocol (SDAP)). The one or more processors 202a, 202b may be configured to process one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. can create The one or more processors 202a, 202b may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the description, function, procedure, proposal, method, and/or flow charts disclosed herein. The one or more processors 202a, 202b generate a signal (eg, a baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed herein. , may be provided to one or more transceivers 206a and 206b. One or more processors 202a, 202b may receive signals (eg, baseband signals) from one or more transceivers 206a, 206b, and the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flowcharts of operation disclosed herein. PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information may be acquired according to the fields.

One or more processors 202a, 202b may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. One or more processors 202a, 202b may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors 202a, 202b. The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, and the like. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flow charts disclosed in this document provide that firmware or software configured to perform is included in one or more processors 202a, 202b, or stored in one or more memories 204a, 204b. It may be driven by the above processors 202a and 202b. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and/or a set of instructions.

One or more memories 204a, 204b may be coupled to one or more processors 202a, 202b and may store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and/or instructions. One or more memories 204a, 204b may include read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer readable storage media and/or It may be composed of a combination of these. One or more memories 204a, 204b may be located inside and/or external to one or more processors 202a, 202b. Additionally, one or more memories 204a, 204b may be coupled to one or more processors 202a, 202b through various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

The one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may transmit user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may receive user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or flow charts, etc. disclosed herein, from one or more other devices. have. For example, one or more transceivers 206a , 206b may be coupled to one or more processors 202a , 202b and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors 202a, 202b may control one or more transceivers 206a, 206b to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors 202a, 202b may control one or more transceivers 206a, 206b to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Further, one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may be coupled with one or more antennas 208a, 208b, and the one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may be connected via one or more antennas 208a, 208b. , may be set to transmit and receive user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. mentioned in procedures, proposals, methods and/or operation flowcharts. In this document, one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (eg, antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 206a, 206b converts the received radio signal/channel, etc. from the RF band signal to process the received user data, control information, radio signal/channel, etc. using the one or more processors 202a, 202b. It can be converted into a baseband signal. One or more transceivers 206a, 206b may convert user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using one or more processors 202a, 202b from baseband signals to RF band signals. To this end, one or more transceivers 206a, 206b may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters.

Wireless device structure applicable to the present disclosure

3 is a diagram illustrating another example of a wireless device applied to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3 , a wireless device 300 corresponds to the wireless devices 200a and 200b of FIG. 2 , and includes various elements, components, units/units, and/or modules. ) can be composed of For example, the wireless device 300 may include a communication unit 310 , a control unit 320 , a memory unit 330 , and an additional element 340 . The communication unit may include communication circuitry 312 and transceiver(s) 314 . For example, communication circuitry 312 may include one or more processors 202a, 202b and/or one or more memories 204a, 204b of FIG. 2 . For example, the transceiver(s) 314 may include one or more transceivers 206a , 206b and/or one or more antennas 208a , 208b of FIG. 2 . The control unit 320 is electrically connected to the communication unit 310 , the memory unit 330 , and the additional element 340 and controls general operations of the wireless device. For example, the controller 320 may control the electrical/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on the program/code/command/information stored in the memory unit 330 . In addition, the control unit 320 transmits the information stored in the memory unit 330 to the outside (eg, another communication device) through the communication unit 310 through a wireless/wired interface, or externally (eg, through the communication unit 310) Information received through a wireless/wired interface from another communication device) may be stored in the memory unit 330 .

The additional element 340 may be configured in various ways according to the type of the wireless device. For example, the additional element 340 may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device 300 may include a robot ( FIGS. 1 and 100a ), a vehicle ( FIGS. 1 , 100b-1 , 100b-2 ), an XR device ( FIGS. 1 and 100c ), and a mobile device ( FIGS. 1 and 100d ). ), home appliances (FIG. 1, 100e), IoT device (FIG. 1, 100f), digital broadcasting terminal, hologram device, public safety device, MTC device, medical device, fintech device (or financial device), security device, climate/ It may be implemented in the form of an environmental device, an AI server/device ( FIGS. 1 and 140 ), a base station ( FIGS. 1 and 120 ), and a network node. The wireless device may be mobile or used in a fixed location depending on the use-example/service.

In FIG. 3 , various elements, components, units/units, and/or modules in the wireless device 300 may be all interconnected through a wired interface, or at least some may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 310 . For example, in the wireless device 300 , the control unit 320 and the communication unit 310 are connected by wire, and the control unit 320 and the first unit (eg, 130 , 140 ) are connected wirelessly through the communication unit 310 . can be connected In addition, each element, component, unit/unit, and/or module within the wireless device 300 may further include one or more elements. For example, the controller 320 may include one or more processor sets. For example, the control unit 320 may be configured as a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphic processing processor, a memory control processor, and the like. As another example, the memory unit 330 may include RAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. can be configured.

Mobile device to which the present disclosure is applicable

4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a mobile device applied to the present disclosure.

4 illustrates a portable device applied to the present disclosure. The portable device may include a smart phone, a smart pad, a wearable device (eg, a smart watch, smart glasses), and a portable computer (eg, a laptop computer). The mobile device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a subscriber station (SS), an advanced mobile station (AMS), or a wireless terminal (WT).

Referring to FIG. 4 , the mobile device 400 includes an antenna unit 408 , a communication unit 410 , a control unit 420 , a memory unit 430 , a power supply unit 440a , an interface unit 440b , and an input/output unit 440c . ) may be included. The antenna unit 408 may be configured as a part of the communication unit 410 . Blocks 410 to 430/440a to 440c respectively correspond to blocks 310 to 330/340 of FIG. 3 .

The communication unit 410 may transmit and receive signals (eg, data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and base stations. The controller 420 may control components of the portable device 400 to perform various operations. The controller 420 may include an application processor (AP). The memory unit 430 may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands necessary for driving the portable device 400 . Also, the memory unit 430 may store input/output data/information. The power supply unit 440a supplies power to the portable device 400 and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like. The interface unit 440b may support a connection between the portable device 400 and other external devices. The interface unit 440b may include various ports (eg, an audio input/output port and a video input/output port) for connection with an external device. The input/output unit 440c may receive or output image information/signal, audio information/signal, data, and/or information input from a user. The input/output unit 440c may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit 440d, a speaker, and/or a haptic module.

For example, in the case of data communication, the input/output unit 440c obtains information/signals (eg, touch, text, voice, image, video) input from the user, and the obtained information/signals are stored in the memory unit 430 . can be saved. The communication unit 410 may convert the information/signal stored in the memory into a wireless signal, and transmit the converted wireless signal directly to another wireless device or to a base station. Also, after receiving a radio signal from another radio device or base station, the communication unit 410 may restore the received radio signal to original information/signal. The restored information/signal may be stored in the memory unit 430 and output in various forms (eg, text, voice, image, video, haptic) through the input/output unit 440c.

Types of wireless devices to which the present disclosure is applicable

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure.

5 illustrates a vehicle or an autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle may be implemented as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, and the like, but is not limited to the shape of the vehicle.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle 500 includes an antenna unit 508 , a communication unit 510 , a control unit 520 , a driving unit 540a , a power supply unit 540b , a sensor unit 540c and autonomous driving. A unit 540d may be included. The antenna unit 550 may be configured as a part of the communication unit 510 . Blocks 510/530/540a to 540d respectively correspond to blocks 410/430/440 of FIG. 4 .

The communication unit 510 may transmit/receive signals (eg, data, control signals, etc.) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, base stations (eg, base stations, roadside units, etc.), and servers. The controller 520 may control elements of the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 500 to perform various operations. The controller 520 may include an electronic control unit (ECU). The driving unit 540a may cause the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 500 to run on the ground. The driving unit 540a may include an engine, a motor, a power train, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, and the like. The power supply unit 540b supplies power to the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 500 , and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like. The sensor unit 540c may obtain vehicle state, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like. The sensor unit 540c includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, and a vehicle forward movement. / may include a reverse sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illuminance sensor, a pedal position sensor, and the like. The autonomous driving unit 540d includes a technology for maintaining a driving lane, a technology for automatically adjusting speed such as adaptive cruise control, a technology for automatically driving along a predetermined route, and a technology for automatically setting a route when a destination is set. technology can be implemented.

For example, the communication unit 510 may receive map data, traffic information data, and the like from an external server. The autonomous driving unit 540d may generate an autonomous driving route and a driving plan based on the acquired data. The controller 520 may control the driving unit 540a to move the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 500 along the autonomous driving path (eg, speed/direction adjustment) according to the driving plan. During autonomous driving, the communication unit 510 may obtain the latest traffic information data from an external server non/periodically, and may acquire surrounding traffic information data from surrounding vehicles. Also, during autonomous driving, the sensor unit 540c may acquire vehicle state and surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit 540d may update the autonomous driving route and driving plan based on the newly acquired data/information. The communication unit 510 may transmit information about a vehicle location, an autonomous driving route, a driving plan, and the like to an external server. The external server may predict traffic information data in advance using AI technology or the like based on information collected from the vehicle or autonomous vehicles, and may provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicle or autonomous vehicles.

6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a movable body applied to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 6 , the moving object applied to the present disclosure may be implemented as at least any one of means of transport, train, aircraft, and ship. In addition, the movable body applied to the present disclosure may be implemented in other forms, and is not limited to the above-described embodiment.

At this time, referring to FIG. 6 , the mobile unit 600 may include a communication unit 610 , a control unit 620 , a memory unit 630 , an input/output unit 640a , and a position measurement unit 640b . Here, blocks 610 to 630/640a to 640b correspond to blocks 310 to 330/340 of FIG. 3 , respectively.

The communication unit 610 may transmit/receive signals (eg, data, control signals, etc.) with other mobile devices or external devices such as a base station. The controller 620 may perform various operations by controlling the components of the movable body 600 . The memory unit 630 may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands supporting various functions of the mobile unit 600 . The input/output unit 640a may output an AR/VR object based on information in the memory unit 630 . The input/output unit 640a may include a HUD. The position measuring unit 640b may acquire position information of the moving object 600 . The location information may include absolute location information of the moving object 600 , location information within a driving line, acceleration information, and location information with a surrounding vehicle. The position measuring unit 640b may include a GPS and various sensors.

For example, the communication unit 610 of the mobile unit 600 may receive map information, traffic information, and the like from an external server and store it in the memory unit 630 . The position measurement unit 640b may obtain information about the location of the moving object through GPS and various sensors and store it in the memory unit 630 . The controller 620 may generate a virtual object based on map information, traffic information, and location information of a moving object, and the input/output unit 640a may display the generated virtual object on a window inside the moving object (651, 652). Also, the control unit 620 may determine whether the moving object 600 is normally operating within the driving line based on the moving object location information. When the moving object 600 abnormally deviates from the travel line, the control unit 620 may display a warning on the glass window of the moving object through the input/output unit 640a. Also, the control unit 620 may broadcast a warning message regarding the driving abnormality to surrounding moving objects through the communication unit 610 . Depending on the situation, the control unit 620 may transmit the location information of the moving object and information on the driving/moving object abnormality to the related organization through the communication unit 610 .

7 is a diagram illustrating an example of an XR device applied to the present disclosure. The XR device may be implemented as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, a smart phone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like.

Referring to FIG. 7 , the XR device 700a may include a communication unit 710 , a control unit 720 , a memory unit 730 , an input/output unit 740a , a sensor unit 740b , and a power supply unit 740c . . Here, blocks 710 to 730/740a to 740c may correspond to blocks 310 to 330/340 of FIG. 3 , respectively.

The communication unit 710 may transmit/receive signals (eg, media data, control signals, etc.) to/from external devices such as other wireless devices, portable devices, or media servers. Media data may include images, images, and sounds. The controller 720 may perform various operations by controlling the components of the XR device 700a. For example, the controller 720 may be configured to control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generation and processing. The memory unit 730 may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands necessary for driving the XR device 700a/creating an XR object.

The input/output unit 740a may obtain control information, data, etc. from the outside, and may output the generated XR object. The input/output unit 740a may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit 740b may obtain an XR device state, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like. The sensor unit 740b includes a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, a red green blue (RGB) sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone and / or radar or the like. The power supply unit 740c supplies power to the XR device 700a, and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like.

For example, the memory unit 730 of the XR device 700a may include information (eg, data, etc.) necessary for generating an XR object (eg, AR/VR/MR object). The input/output unit 740a may obtain a command to operate the XR device 700a from the user, and the controller 720 may drive the XR device 700a according to the user's driving command. For example, when the user intends to watch a movie or news through the XR device 700a, the controller 720 transmits the content request information through the communication unit 730 to another device (eg, the mobile device 700b) or can be sent to the media server. The communication unit 730 may download/stream contents such as movies and news from another device (eg, the portable device 700b) or a media server to the memory unit 730 . The controller 720 controls and/or performs procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generation/processing for the content, and is acquired through the input/output unit 740a/sensor unit 740b It is possible to generate/output an XR object based on information about one surrounding space or a real object.

Also, the XR device 700a is wirelessly connected to the portable device 700b through the communication unit 710 , and the operation of the XR device 700a may be controlled by the portable device 700b. For example, the portable device 700b may operate as a controller for the XR device 700a. To this end, the XR device 700a may obtain 3D location information of the portable device 700b, and then generate and output an XR object corresponding to the portable device 700b.

8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a robot applied to the present disclosure. For example, the robot may be classified into industrial, medical, home, military, etc. according to the purpose or field of use. In this case, referring to FIG. 8 , the robot 800 may include a communication unit 810 , a control unit 820 , a memory unit 830 , an input/output unit 840a , a sensor unit 840b , and a driving unit 840c . . Here, blocks 810 to 830/840a to 840c may correspond to blocks 310 to 330/340 of FIG. 3 , respectively.

The communication unit 810 may transmit and receive signals (eg, driving information, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, other robots, or control servers. The controller 820 may control components of the robot 800 to perform various operations. The memory unit 830 may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands supporting various functions of the robot 800 . The input/output unit 840a may obtain information from the outside of the robot 800 and may output information to the outside of the robot 800 . The input/output unit 840a may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module.

The sensor unit 840b may obtain internal information, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like of the robot 800 . The sensor unit 840b may include a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone, a radar, and the like.

The driving unit 840c may perform various physical operations, such as moving a robot joint. Also, the driving unit 840c may cause the robot 800 to travel on the ground or to fly in the air. The driving unit 840c may include an actuator, a motor, a wheel, a brake, a propeller, and the like.

9 is a diagram illustrating an example of an AI device applied to the present disclosure. For example, AI devices include TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, vehicles, etc. It may be implemented as a device or a mobile device.

Referring to FIG. 9 , the AI device 900 includes a communication unit 910 , a control unit 920 , a memory unit 930 , input/output units 940a/940b , a learning processor unit 940c and a sensor unit 940d. may include Blocks 910 to 930/940a to 940d may correspond to blocks 310 to 330/340 of FIG. 3 , respectively.

The communication unit 910 uses wired/wireless communication technology to communicate with external devices such as other AI devices (eg, FIGS. 1, 100x, 120, 140) or an AI server ( FIGS. 1 and 140 ) and wired/wireless signals (eg, sensor information, user input, learning model, control signal, etc.). To this end, the communication unit 910 may transmit information in the memory unit 930 to an external device or transmit a signal received from the external device to the memory unit 930 .

The controller 920 may determine at least one executable operation of the AI device 900 based on information determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. In addition, the controller 920 may control the components of the AI device 900 to perform the determined operation. For example, the control unit 920 may request, search, receive, or utilize the data of the learning processor unit 940c or the memory unit 930, and may be a predicted operation among at least one executable operation or determined to be preferable. Components of the AI device 900 may be controlled to execute the operation. In addition, the control unit 920 collects history information including user feedback on the operation contents or operation of the AI device 900 and stores it in the memory unit 930 or the learning processor unit 940c, or the AI server ( 1 and 140), and the like may be transmitted to an external device. The collected historical information may be used to update the learning model.

The memory unit 930 may store data supporting various functions of the AI device 900 . For example, the memory unit 930 may store data obtained from the input unit 940a , data obtained from the communication unit 910 , output data of the learning processor unit 940c , and data obtained from the sensing unit 940 . Also, the memory unit 930 may store control information and/or software codes necessary for the operation/execution of the control unit 920 .

The input unit 940a may acquire various types of data from the outside of the AI device 900 . For example, the input unit 920 may obtain training data for model learning, input data to which the learning model is applied, and the like. The input unit 940a may include a camera, a microphone, and/or a user input unit. The output unit 940b may generate an output related to sight, hearing, or touch. The output unit 940b may include a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensing unit 940 may obtain at least one of internal information of the AI device 900 , surrounding environment information of the AI device 900 , and user information by using various sensors. The sensing unit 940 may include a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar. have.

The learning processor unit 940c may train a model composed of an artificial neural network by using the training data. The learning processor unit 940c may perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit of the AI server ( FIGS. 1 and 140 ). The learning processor unit 940c may process information received from an external device through the communication unit 910 and/or information stored in the memory unit 930 . Also, the output value of the learning processor unit 940c may be transmitted to an external device through the communication unit 910 and/or stored in the memory unit 930 .

Physical channels and general signal transmission

In a radio access system, a terminal may receive information from a base station through downlink (DL) and transmit information to a base station through uplink (UL). Information transmitted and received between the base station and the terminal includes general data information and various control information, and various physical channels exist according to the type/use of the information they transmit and receive.

10 is a diagram illustrating physical channels applied to the present disclosure and a signal transmission method using the same.

In a state in which the power is turned off, the power is turned on again, or a terminal newly entering a cell performs an initial cell search operation such as synchronizing with the base station in step S1011. To this end, the terminal receives a primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) and a secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH) from the base station, synchronizes with the base station, and obtains information such as cell ID. .

Thereafter, the terminal may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) signal from the base station to obtain intra-cell broadcast information. Meanwhile, the UE may receive a downlink reference signal (DL RS) in the initial cell search step to check the downlink channel state. After completing the initial cell search, the UE receives a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a physical downlink control channel (PDSCH) according to physical downlink control channel information in step S1012 and receives a little more Specific system information can be obtained.

Thereafter, the terminal may perform a random access procedure, such as steps S1013 to S1016, to complete access to the base station. To this end, the UE transmits a preamble through a physical random access channel (PRACH) (S1013), and RAR for the preamble through a physical downlink control channel and a corresponding physical downlink shared channel (S1013). random access response) may be received (S1014). The UE transmits a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) using scheduling information in the RAR (S1015), and a contention resolution procedure such as reception of a physical downlink control channel signal and a corresponding physical downlink shared channel signal. ) can be performed (S1016).

After performing the procedure as described above, the terminal receives a physical downlink control channel signal and/or a physical downlink shared channel signal (S1017) and a physical uplink shared channel as a general uplink/downlink signal transmission procedure thereafter. channel, PUSCH) signal and/or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) signal may be transmitted ( S1018 ).

Control information transmitted by the terminal to the base station is collectively referred to as uplink control information (UCI). UCI is HARQ-ACK / NACK (hybrid automatic repeat and request acknowledgment / negative-ACK), SR (scheduling request), CQI (channel quality indication), PMI (precoding matrix indication), RI (rank indication), BI (beam indication) ) information, etc. In this case, the UCI is generally transmitted periodically through the PUCCH, but may be transmitted through the PUSCH according to an embodiment (eg, when control information and traffic data are to be transmitted at the same time). In addition, according to a request/instruction of the network, the UE may aperiodically transmit the UCI through the PUSCH.

11 is a diagram illustrating a control plane and a user plane structure of a radio interface protocol applied to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 11 , entity 1 may be a user equipment (UE). In this case, the term "terminal" may be at least one of a wireless device, a portable device, a vehicle, a mobile body, an XR device, a robot, and an AI to which the present disclosure is applied in FIGS. 1 to 9 described above. In addition, the terminal refers to a device to which the present disclosure can be applied and may not be limited to a specific device or device.

Entity 2 may be a base station. In this case, the base station may be at least one of an eNB, a gNB, and an ng-eNB. In addition, the base station may refer to an apparatus for transmitting a downlink signal to the terminal, and may not be limited to a specific type or apparatus. That is, the base station may be implemented in various forms or types, and may not be limited to a specific form.

Entity 3 may be a network device or a device performing a network function. In this case, the network device may be a core network node (eg, a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF), etc.) that manages mobility. In addition, the network function may mean a function implemented to perform a network function, and entity 3 may be a device to which the function is applied. That is, the entity 3 may refer to a function or device that performs a network function, and is not limited to a specific type of device.

The control plane may refer to a path through which control messages used by a user equipment (UE) and a network to manage a call are transmitted. In addition, the user plane may mean a path through which data generated in the application layer, for example, voice data or Internet packet data, is transmitted. In this case, the physical layer, which is the first layer, may provide an information transfer service to a higher layer by using a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to the upper medium access control layer through a transport channel. In this case, data may be moved between the medium access control layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. Data can be moved between the physical layers of the transmitting side and the receiving side through a physical channel. In this case, the physical channel uses time and frequency as radio resources.

A medium access control (MAC) layer of the second layer provides a service to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is an upper layer, through a logical channel. The RLC layer of the second layer may support reliable data transmission. The function of the RLC layer may be implemented as a function block inside the MAC. The packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer of the second layer may perform a header compression function that reduces unnecessary control information in order to efficiently transmit IP packets such as IPv4 or IPv6 in a narrow-bandwidth air interface. . A radio resource control (RRC) layer located at the bottom of the third layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer may be in charge of controlling logical channels, transport channels and physical channels in relation to configuration, re-configuration, and release of radio bearers (RBs). RB may mean a service provided by the second layer for data transfer between the terminal and the network. To this end, the UE and the RRC layer of the network may exchange RRC messages with each other. A non-access stratum (NAS) layer above the RRC layer may perform functions such as session management and mobility management. One cell constituting the base station may be set to one of various bandwidths to provide downlink or uplink transmission services to multiple terminals. Different cells may be configured to provide different bandwidths. The downlink transmission channel for transmitting data from the network to the terminal includes a broadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information, a paging channel (PCH) for transmitting a paging message, and a downlink shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or control messages. have. In the case of a downlink multicast or broadcast service traffic or control message, it may be transmitted through a downlink SCH or may be transmitted through a separate downlink multicast channel (MCH). Meanwhile, as an uplink transmission channel for transmitting data from the terminal to the network, there are a random access channel (RACH) for transmitting an initial control message and an uplink shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or a control message. A logical channel that is located above the transport channel and is mapped to the transport channel includes a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), and a multicast (MTCH) channel. traffic channels), etc.

12 is a diagram illustrating a method of processing a transmission signal applied to the present disclosure. As an example, the transmission signal may be processed by a signal processing circuit. In this case, the signal processing circuit 1200 may include a scrambler 1210 , a modulator 1220 , a layer mapper 1230 , a precoder 1240 , a resource mapper 1250 , and a signal generator 1260 . In this case, as an example, the operation/function of FIG. 12 may be performed by the processors 202a and 202b and/or the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG. 2 . Also, as an example, the hardware elements of FIG. 12 may be implemented in the processors 202a and 202b and/or the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG. 2 . As an example, blocks 1010 to 1060 may be implemented in the processors 202a and 202b of FIG. 2 . In addition, blocks 1210 to 1250 may be implemented in the processors 202a and 202b of FIG. 2 , and block 1260 may be implemented in the transceivers 206a and 206b of FIG. 2 , and the embodiment is not limited thereto.

The codeword may be converted into a wireless signal through the signal processing circuit 1200 of FIG. 12 . Here, the codeword is a coded bit sequence of an information block. The information block may include a transport block (eg, a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The radio signal may be transmitted through various physical channels (eg, PUSCH, PDSCH) of FIG. 10 . Specifically, the codeword may be converted into a scrambled bit sequence by the scrambler 1210 . A scramble sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device, and the like. The scrambled bit sequence may be modulated by a modulator 1220 into a modulation symbol sequence. The modulation method may include pi/2-binary phase shift keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-phase shift keying (m-PSK), m-quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM), and the like.

The complex modulation symbol sequence may be mapped to one or more transport layers by a layer mapper 1230 . Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder 1240 (precoding). The output z of the precoder 1240 may be obtained by multiplying the output y of the layer mapper 1230 by the precoding matrix W of N*M. Here, N is the number of antenna ports, and M is the number of transport layers. Here, the precoder 1240 may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (eg, discrete fourier transform (DFT) transform) on the complex modulation symbols. Also, the precoder 1240 may perform precoding without performing transform precoding.

The resource mapper 1250 may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to a time-frequency resource. The time-frequency resource may include a plurality of symbols (eg, a CP-OFDMA symbol, a DFT-s-OFDMA symbol) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generator 1260 generates a radio signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated radio signal may be transmitted to another device through each antenna. To this end, the signal generator 1260 may include an inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) module and a cyclic prefix (CP) inserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, and the like. .

The signal processing process for the received signal in the wireless device may be configured in reverse of the signal processing process 1210 to 1260 of FIG. 12 . For example, the wireless device (eg, 200a or 200b of FIG. 2 ) may receive a wireless signal from the outside through an antenna port/transceiver. The received radio signal may be converted into a baseband signal through a signal restorer. To this end, the signal restorer may include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP remover, and a fast fourier transform (FFT) module. Thereafter, the baseband signal may be restored to a codeword through a resource de-mapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a descrambling process. The codeword may be restored to the original information block through decoding. Accordingly, the signal processing circuit (not shown) for the received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource de-mapper, a post coder, a demodulator, a descrambler, and a decoder.

13 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a radio frame applicable to the present disclosure.

Uplink and downlink transmission based on the NR system may be based on a frame as shown in FIG. 13 . In this case, one radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined as two 5 ms half-frames (HF). One half-frame may be defined as 5 1ms subframes (subframe, SF). One subframe is divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots in a subframe may depend on subcarrier spacing (SCS). In this case, each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP). When a normal CP (normal CP) is used, each slot may include 14 symbols. When an extended CP (CP) is used, each slot may include 12 symbols. Here, the symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or a CP-OFDM symbol) and an SC-FDMA symbol (or a DFT-s-OFDM symbol).

Table 1 shows the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe according to the SCS when the normal CP is used, and Table 2 shows the number of slots per slot according to the SCS when the extended CSP is used. Indicates the number of symbols, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe.

0	14	10	One
One	14	20	2
2	14	40	4
3	14	80	8
4	14	160	16
5	14	320	32

2	12	40	4

In Tables 1 and 2, N ^slot _symb may indicate the number of symbols in a slot, N ^{frame, μ} _{slot may indicate the number of slots} in a frame ^{, and N subframe, μ} slot may indicate the number of slots in a subframe. .

In addition, in a system to which the present disclosure is applicable, OFDM(A) numerology (eg, SCS, CP length, etc.) may be set differently between a plurality of cells merged into one UE. Accordingly, an (absolute time) interval of a time resource (eg, SF, slot, or TTI) (commonly referred to as a TU (time unit) for convenience) composed of the same number of symbols may be set differently between the merged cells.

NR may support multiple numerology (or subcarrier spacing (SCS)) to support various 5G services. For example, when SCS is 15kHz, it supports a wide area in traditional cellular bands, and when SCS is 30kHz/60kHz, dense-urban, lower latency and a wider carrier bandwidth, and when the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, it can support a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

The NR frequency band is defined as a frequency range of two types (FR1, FR2). FR1 and FR2 may be configured as shown in the table below. In addition, FR2 may mean a millimeter wave (mmW).

Frequency Range designation	Corresponding frequency range	Subcarrier Spacing
FR1	410MHz - 7125MHz	15, 30, 60 kHz
FR2	24250MHz - 52600MHz	60, 120, 240 kHz

Also, as an example, in a communication system to which the present disclosure is applicable, the above-described pneumatic numerology may be set differently. For example, a terahertz wave (THz) band may be used as a higher frequency band than the above-described FR2. In the THz band, the SCS may be set to be larger than that of the NR system, and the number of slots may be set differently, and it is not limited to the above-described embodiment. The THz band will be described later.

14 is a diagram illustrating a slot structure applicable to the present disclosure.

One slot includes a plurality of symbols in the time domain. For example, in the case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols, but in the case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols. A carrier (carrier) includes a plurality of subcarriers (subcarrier) in the frequency domain. A resource block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of (eg, 12) consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain.

In addition, a bandwidth part (BWP) is defined as a plurality of consecutive (P)RBs in the frequency domain, and may correspond to one numerology (eg, SCS, CP length, etc.).

A carrier may include a maximum of N (eg, 5) BWPs. Data communication is performed through the activated BWP, and only one BWP can be activated for one terminal. Each element in the resource grid is referred to as a resource element (RE), and one complex symbol may be mapped.

6G communication system

6G (wireless) systems have (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) battery- It aims to reduce energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connections, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system may have four aspects such as "intelligent connectivity", "deep connectivity", "holographic connectivity", and "ubiquitous connectivity", and the 6G system may satisfy the requirements shown in Table 4 below. That is, Table 4 is a table showing the requirements of the 6G system.

Per device peak data rate	1 Tbps
E2E latency	1 ms
Maximum spectral efficiency	100 bps/Hz
Mobility support	up to 1000 km/hr
Satellite integration	Fully
AI	Fully
autonomous vehicle	Fully
XR	Fully
Haptic Communication	Fully

At this time, the 6G system includes enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine type communications (mmTC), AI integrated communication, and tactile Internet (tactile internet), high throughput (high throughput), high network capacity (high network capacity), high energy efficiency (high energy efficiency), low backhaul and access network congestion (low backhaul and access network congestion) and improved data security ( It may have key factors such as enhanced data security.

15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 15 , the 6G system is expected to have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless communication connectivity than the 5G wireless communication system. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, is expected to become an even more important technology by providing an end-to-end delay of less than 1 ms in 6G communication. At this time, the 6G system will have much better volumetric spectral efficiency, unlike the frequently used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can provide very long battery life and advanced battery technology for energy harvesting, so mobile devices in 6G systems may not need to be charged separately. In addition, new network characteristics in 6G may be as follows.

- Satellites integrated network: 6G is expected to be integrated with satellites to provide a global mobile population. The integration of terrestrial, satellite and public networks into one wireless communication system could be very important for 6G.

- Connected intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary and will update the evolution of wireless from “connected things” to “connected intelligence”. AI may be applied in each step of a communication procedure (or each procedure of signal processing to be described later).

- Seamless integration wireless information and energy transfer: The 6G wireless network will deliver power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

- Ubiquitous super 3-dimemtion connectivity: access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low-Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

In the above new network characteristics of 6G, some general requirements may be as follows.

- Small cell networks: The idea of small cell networks was introduced to improve the received signal quality as a result of improved throughput, energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in cellular systems. As a result, small cell networks are essential characteristics for communication systems beyond 5G and Beyond 5G (5GB). Accordingly, the 6G communication system also adopts the characteristics of the small cell network.

- Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important characteristic of 6G communication system. A multi-tier network composed of heterogeneous networks improves overall QoS and reduces costs.

- high-capacity backhaul: The backhaul connection is characterized as a high-capacity backhaul network to support high-capacity traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be possible solutions to this problem.

- Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based service) through communication is one of the functions of the 6G wireless communication system. Therefore, the radar system will be integrated with the 6G network.

- Softwarization and virtualization: Softening and virtualization are two important functions that underlie the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability and programmability. In addition, billions of devices can be shared in a shared physical infrastructure.

Core implementation technology of 6G system

- Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The most important and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. AI was not involved in the 4G system. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, the 6G system will be AI-enabled for full automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communication in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can simplify and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analytics to determine how complex target tasks are performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

Time-consuming tasks such as handovers, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly by using AI. AI can also play an important role in M2M, machine-to-human and human-to-machine communication. In addition, AI can be a rapid communication in the BCI (brain computer interface). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

Recently, attempts have been made to integrate AI with wireless communication systems, but these are the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning focused on wireless resource management and allocation. come. However, these studies are gradually developing into the MAC layer and the physical layer, and in particular, attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission in the physical layer are appearing. AI-based physical layer transmission means applying a signal processing and communication mechanism based on an AI driver rather than a traditional communication framework in a fundamental signal processing and communication mechanism. For example, deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) mechanism, It may include AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

Machine learning may be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and may be used for power allocation, interference cancellation, and the like in a physical layer of a downlink (DL). In addition, machine learning may be used for antenna selection, power control, symbol detection, and the like in a MIMO system.

However, the application of DNN for transmission in the physical layer may have the following problems.

Deep learning-based AI algorithms require large amounts of training data to optimize training parameters. However, due to a limitation in acquiring data in a specific channel environment as training data, a lot of training data is used offline. This is because static training on training data in a specific channel environment may cause a contradiction between dynamic characteristics and diversity of a wireless channel.

In addition, current deep learning mainly targets real signals. However, signals of the physical layer of wireless communication are complex signals. In order to match the characteristics of a wireless communication signal, further research on a neural network for detecting a complex domain signal is needed.

Hereinafter, machine learning will be described in more detail.

Machine learning refers to a set of operations that trains a machine to create a machine that can perform tasks that humans can or cannot do. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be roughly divided into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

Neural network learning is to minimize output errors. Neural network learning repeatedly inputs training data into the neural network, calculates the output and target errors of the neural network for the training data, and backpropagates the neural network error from the output layer of the neural network to the input layer in the direction to reduce the error. ) to update the weight of each node in the neural network.

Supervised learning uses training data in which the correct answer is labeled in the training data, and in unsupervised learning, the correct answer may not be labeled in the training data. That is, for example, learning data in the case of supervised learning regarding data classification may be data in which categories are labeled for each of the training data. The labeled training data is input to the neural network, and an error can be calculated by comparing the output (category) of the neural network with the label of the training data. The calculated error is back propagated in the reverse direction (ie, from the output layer to the input layer) in the neural network, and the connection weight of each node of each layer of the neural network may be updated according to the back propagation. A change amount of the connection weight of each node to be updated may be determined according to a learning rate. The computation of the neural network on the input data and the backpropagation of errors can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate may be applied differently according to the number of repetitions of the learning cycle of the neural network. For example, in the early stages of learning a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to increase the efficiency by allowing the neural network to quickly obtain a certain level of performance, and in the late learning period, a low learning rate can be used to increase the accuracy.

The learning method may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, when the purpose of accurately predicting data transmitted from a transmitter in a communication system is at a receiver, it is preferable to perform learning using supervised learning rather than unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be considered. ) is called

The neural network cord used as a learning method is largely divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), and recurrent boltzmann machine (RNN) methods. and such a learning model can be applied.

THz (Terahertz) communication

THz communication may be applied in the 6G system. For example, the data rate may be increased by increasing the bandwidth. This can be accomplished by using sub-THz communication with a wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology.

16 is a diagram illustrating an electromagnetic spectrum applicable to the present disclosure. As an example, referring to FIG. 16 , a THz wave, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally represents a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with a corresponding wavelength in the range of 0.03 mm-3 mm. The 100GHz-300GHz band range (Sub THz band) is considered a major part of the THz band for cellular communication. When added to the sub-THz band mmWave band, the 6G cellular communication capacity is increased. Among the defined THz bands, 300GHz-3THz is in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. The 300 GHz-3 THz band is part of the broad band, but at the edge of the broad band, just behind the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz-3 THz band shows similarities to RF.

The main characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (high directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beamwidth produced by the highly directional antenna reduces interference. The small wavelength of the THz signal allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This allows the use of advanced adaptive nesting techniques that can overcome range limitations.

optical wireless technology

Optical wireless communication (OWC) technology is envisaged for 6G communication in addition to RF-based communication for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul/fronthaul network connections. OWC technology has already been used since the 4G communication system, but will be used more widely to meet the needs of the 6G communication system. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and free space optical (FSO) communication based on a light band are well known technologies. Communication based on optical radio technology can provide very high data rates, low latency and secure communication. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communication based on a wide band.

FSO backhaul network

The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber optic network. Thus, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a good technology to provide backhaul connectivity in 6G systems along with fiber optic networks. Using FSO, very long-distance communication is possible even at distances of 10,000 km or more. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connections for remote and non-remote areas such as sea, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station connectivity.

Massive MIMO technology

One of the key technologies to improve spectral efficiency is to apply MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, so does the spectral efficiency. Therefore, large-scale MIMO technology will be important in 6G systems. Since the MIMO technology uses multiple paths, a multiplexing technique and a beam generation and operation technique suitable for the THz band should also be considered important so that a data signal can be transmitted through one or more paths.

blockchain

Blockchain will become an important technology for managing large amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, which is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. The blockchain is managed as a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. It can exist without being managed by a centralized authority or server. Data on the blockchain is collected together and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using encryption. Blockchain in nature perfectly complements IoT at scale with improved interoperability, security, privacy, reliability and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology provides several features such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction of different IoT systems, and large-scale connection stability of 6G communication systems.

3D Networking

The 6G system integrates terrestrial and public networks to support vertical expansion of user communications. 3D BS will be provided via low orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in terms of elevation and associated degrees of freedom makes 3D connections significantly different from traditional 2D networks.

quantum communication

In the context of 6G networks, unsupervised reinforcement learning of networks is promising. Supervised learning methods cannot label the massive amounts of data generated by 6G. Unsupervised learning does not require labeling. Thus, this technique can be used to autonomously build representations of complex networks. Combining reinforcement learning and unsupervised learning allows networks to operate in a truly autonomous way.

drone

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones will become an important element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed data wireless connections are provided using UAV technology. A base station entity is installed in the UAV to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs have certain features not found in fixed base station infrastructure, such as easy deployment, strong line-of-sight links, and degrees of freedom with controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, the deployment of terrestrial communications infrastructure is not economically feasible and sometimes cannot provide services in volatile environments. A UAV can easily handle this situation. UAV will become a new paradigm in the field of wireless communication. This technology facilitates the three basic requirements of wireless networks: eMBB, URLLC and mMTC. UAVs can also serve several purposes, such as improving network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, incident monitoring, and more. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communication.

Cell-free Communication

Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is very important in 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without having to make any manual configuration on the device. The best network is automatically selected from the available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communication. Currently, user movement from one cell to another causes too many handovers in high-density networks, causing handover failures, handover delays, data loss and ping-pong effects. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of this and provide better QoS. Cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and different heterogeneous radios of devices.

Wireless information and energy transfer (WIET)

WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. In particular, the sensor and smartphone will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-charging wireless systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communication.

Integration of sensing and communication

An autonomous wireless network is a function that can continuously detect dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchange information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

Consolidation of access backhaul networks

The density of access networks in 6G will be enormous. Each access network is connected by backhaul connections such as fiber optic and FSO networks. To cope with a very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between the access and backhaul networks.

holographic beamforming

Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a radio signal in a specific direction. A smart antenna or a subset of an advanced antenna system. Beamforming technology has several advantages, such as high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and rejection, and high network efficiency. Hologram beamforming (HBF) is a new beamforming method that is significantly different from MIMO systems because it uses a software-defined antenna. HBF will be a very effective approach for efficient and flexible transmission and reception of signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

Big Data Analytics

Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing various large data sets or big data. This process ensures complete data management by finding information such as hidden data, unknown correlations and customer propensity. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources such as videos, social networks, images and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

LIS (large intelligent surface)

In the case of the THz band signal, the linearity is strong, so there may be many shaded areas due to obstructions. By installing the LIS near these shaded areas, the LIS technology that expands the communication area, strengthens communication stability and enables additional additional services becomes important. The LIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials, and can change the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. LIS can be viewed as an extension of massive MIMO, but has a different array structure and operation mechanism from that of massive MIMO. In addition, LIS is low in that it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, that is, only passively reflects the signal without using an active RF chain. It has the advantage of having power consumption. Also, since each of the passive reflectors of the LIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, it can be advantageous for a wireless communication channel. By properly adjusting the phase shift via the LIS controller, the reflected signal can be gathered at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

terahertz (THz) wireless communication

17 is a diagram illustrating a THz communication method applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 17, THz wireless communication uses a THz wave having a frequency of approximately 0.1 to 10 THz (1 THz = 1012 Hz), and uses a very high carrier frequency of 100 GHz or more. It can mean communication. THz wave is located between RF (Radio Frequency)/millimeter (mm) and infrared band, (i) It transmits non-metal/non-polar material better than visible light/infrared light, and has a shorter wavelength than RF/millimeter wave, so it has high straightness. Beam focusing may be possible.

In addition, since the photon energy of the THz wave is only a few meV, it is harmless to the human body. The frequency band expected to be used for THz wireless communication may be a D-band (110 GHz to 170 GHz) or H-band (220 GHz to 325 GHz) band with low propagation loss due to absorption of molecules in the air. Standardization discussion on THz wireless communication is being discussed centered on IEEE 802.15 THz working group (WG) in addition to 3GPP, and standard documents issued by TG (task group) (eg, TG3d, TG3e) of IEEE 802.15 are described in this specification. It can be specified or supplemented. THz wireless communication may be applied to wireless recognition, sensing, imaging, wireless communication, THz navigation, and the like.

Specifically, referring to FIG. 17 , a THz wireless communication scenario may be classified into a macro network, a micro network, and a nanoscale network. In a macro network, THz wireless communication can be applied to a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connection and a backhaul/fronthaul connection. THz wireless communication in micro networks is applied to indoor small cells, fixed point-to-point or multi-point connections such as wireless connections in data centers, and near-field communication such as kiosk downloading. can be Table 5 below is a table showing an example of a technique that can be used in the THz wave.

Transceivers Device	Available immature: UTC-PD, RTD and SBD
Modulation and coding	Low order modulation techniques (OOK, QPSK), LDPC, Reed Soloman, Hamming, Polar, Turbo
Antenna	Omni and Directional, phased array with low number of antenna elements
Bandwidth	69 GHz (or 23 GHz) at 300 GHz
Channel models	Partially
data rate	100 Gbps
outdoor deployment	No
Fee space loss	High
Coverage	Low
Radio Measurements	300 GHz indoor
Device size	Few micrometers

18 is a diagram illustrating a THz wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 18 , THz wireless communication may be classified based on a method for generating and receiving THz. The THz generation method can be classified into an optical device or an electronic device-based technology.

In this case, the method of generating THz using an electronic device is a method using a semiconductor device such as a resonant tunneling diode (RTD), a method using a local oscillator and a multiplier, a compound semiconductor HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) based There are a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) method using an integrated circuit, a method using a Si-CMOS-based integrated circuit, and the like. In the case of FIG. 18 , a doubler, tripler, or multiplier is applied to increase the frequency, and it is radiated by the antenna through the sub-harmonic mixer. Since the THz band forms a high frequency, a multiplier is essential. Here, the multiplier is a circuit that has an output frequency that is N times that of the input, matches the desired harmonic frequency, and filters out all other frequencies. Also, an array antenna or the like may be applied to the antenna of FIG. 18 to implement beamforming. In FIG. 18 , IF denotes an intermediate frequency, tripler, and multiplier denote a multiplier, PA denotes a power amplifier, and LNA denotes a low noise amplifier. ), PLL represents a phase-locked loop.

19 is a diagram illustrating a method for generating a THz signal applicable to the present disclosure. In addition, FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure.

19 and 20 , the optical device-based THz wireless communication technology refers to a method of generating and modulating a THz signal using an optical device. The optical element-based THz signal generation technology is a technology that generates a high-speed optical signal using a laser and an optical modulator, and converts it into a THz signal using an ultra-high-speed photodetector. In this technology, it is easier to increase the frequency compared to the technology using only electronic devices, it is possible to generate a high-power signal, and it is possible to obtain a flat response characteristic in a wide frequency band. As shown in FIG. 19 , a laser diode, a broadband optical modulator, and a high-speed photodetector are required to generate an optical device-based THz signal. In the case of FIG. 19 , light signals of two lasers having different wavelengths are multiplexed to generate a THz signal corresponding to a difference in wavelength between the lasers. In FIG. 19 , an optical coupler refers to a semiconductor device that transmits electrical signals using light waves to provide coupling with electrical insulation between circuits or systems, and UTC-PD (uni-travelling carrier photo- The detector) is one of the photodetectors, which uses electrons as active carriers and reduces the movement time of electrons by bandgap grading. UTC-PD is capable of photodetection above 150GHz. In FIG. 20 , an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) indicates an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, a photo detector (PD) indicates a semiconductor device capable of converting an optical signal into an electrical signal, and the OSA indicates various optical communication functions (eg, .

21 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a transmitter applicable to the present disclosure. Also, FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating a modulator structure applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 21 and 22 , in general, a phase of a signal may be changed by passing an optical source of a laser through an optical wave guide. At this time, data is loaded by changing electrical characteristics through microwave contact or the like. Accordingly, an optical modulator output is formed as a modulated waveform. The photoelectric modulator (O/E converter) is an optical rectification operation by a nonlinear crystal (nonlinear crystal), photoelectric conversion (O / E conversion) by a photoconductive antenna (photoconductive antenna), a bunch of electrons in the light beam (bunch of) THz pulses can be generated by, for example, emission from relativistic electrons. A terahertz pulse (THz pulse) generated in the above manner may have a length in units of femtoseconds to picoseconds. An O/E converter performs down conversion by using non-linearity of a device.

Considering the THz spectrum usage, a number of contiguous GHz bands for fixed or mobile service use for the terahertz system are used. likely to use According to the outdoor scenario standard, available bandwidth may be classified based on oxygen attenuation of 10^2 dB/km in a spectrum up to 1 THz. Accordingly, a framework in which the available bandwidth is composed of several band chunks may be considered. As an example of the framework, if the length of a terahertz pulse (THz pulse) for one carrier is set to 50 ps, the bandwidth (BW) becomes about 20 GHz.

Effective down conversion from the infrared band to the THz band depends on how the nonlinearity of the O/E converter is exploited. That is, in order to down-convert to a desired terahertz band (THz band), the O/E converter having the most ideal non-linearity for transfer to the terahertz band (THz band) is design is required. If an O/E converter that does not fit the target frequency band is used, there is a high possibility that an error may occur with respect to the amplitude and phase of the corresponding pulse.

A terahertz transmission/reception system may be implemented using one photoelectric converter in a single carrier system. Although it depends on the channel environment, as many photoelectric converters as the number of carriers may be required in a far-carrier system. In particular, in the case of a multi-carrier system using several broadbands according to the above-described spectrum usage-related scheme, the phenomenon will become conspicuous. In this regard, a frame structure for the multi-carrier system may be considered. The down-frequency-converted signal based on the photoelectric converter may be transmitted in a specific resource region (eg, a specific frame). The frequency domain of the specific resource region may include a plurality of chunks. Each chunk may be composed of at least one component carrier (CC).

Specific embodiments of the present disclosure

The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for reducing errors occurring when using a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) technique in a wireless communication system. Specifically, the present disclosure describes a technique for improving a burst error that may occur when using the GSM technique.

Since the wireless communication system began to provide various types of communication services as well as voice calls, and high-performance smart phones appeared, data transmission through the wireless communication system has rapidly increased. This trend is expected to continue in the future. Various wireless communication technologies have been developed to support high data rates under limited resources such as bandwidth and transmission power. Representative examples include a high-dimensional modulation technique such as 256-QAM, a MIMO technique using multiple transmit/receive antennas, and an OFDM technique that maximizes diversity in frequency and time domains. Despite the development of such wireless transmission technology, it was expected that the existing system would be difficult to cope with the rapidly increasing data transmission rate. Accordingly, 5G NR significantly improved the communication bandwidth and data transmission rate proportional to it using the mmWave band. Furthermore, in the future, 6G will significantly increase the communication bandwidth by using up to a THz band of 0.1 THz or higher for wireless communication.

On the other hand, since an increase in data transmission speed leads to an increase in power consumption, energy efficiency is emerging as an important issue in a wireless communication system. As wireless communication terminals are expected to develop in various forms such as low-power IoT terminals from smart phones, energy efficiency is expected to become more and more important. The THz band has the advantage of being able to increase the data rate with a wide bandwidth, but there are many problems to be solved in order to increase energy efficiency as well.

In general, as the frequency band increases, the propagation loss occurring in free space increases. This means that the propagation loss according to the distance increases as it goes to the mmWave and THz bands. In particular, in the case of the THz band, since the propagation of radio waves is large, the loss due to obstacles is large. Further, absorption loss due to water molecules in the air or the like occurs depending on the frequency, so that the propagation loss in the THz band is further increased. Based on the same transmission power, a large propagation loss soon causes a cell radius to become small. Massive MIMO technology is attracting attention as an important technology capable of solving a propagation loss problem. Since the wavelength becomes shorter as the frequency increases, it becomes easy to integrate a large-scale antenna in a small area. Accordingly, the large-scale MIMO technology attracts attention as a technology capable of overcoming a large propagation loss by increasing an antenna gain using a large number of antennas.

An increase in the communication bandwidth results in an increase in the sampling rate of the receiver. Each analog sample is converted into a digital signal through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In general, the sampling rate increases in linear proportion to the bandwidth. If the sampling rate is increased as the bandwidth is increased, the power consumption also increases accordingly. In order to reduce the increase in power consumption, the use of a low-resolution ADC is being studied as a solution. Since the power consumption of the ADC increases exponentially according to the number of bits, power consumption may be reduced by reducing the number of bits. However, since there is a problem in that the resolution of the signal is lowered, it is difficult to use the high-dimensional QAM modulation technique. That is, there is a problem in that it is difficult to increase the frequency efficiency.

The GSM technology is one of radio transmission technologies capable of increasing spectral efficiency without using high-dimensional QAM modulation in a MIMO system. GSM allows the signal to be transmitted over some of the total transmit antennas. Part of the data is represented by which of the possible transmit antenna combinations (TAC) is used, and the rest of the data is represented by modulation symbols transmitted through the selected antenna. For example, when a signal is transmitted through two antennas among four antennas, a total of six antenna combinations are possible. If 2 bits of information are expressed using 4 antenna combinations and 4 bits are expressed using 2 QPSK modulation symbols transmitted through the selected 2 antennas, a total of 6 bits of data are transmitted during one time unit. can be Here, modulation symbols transmitted through the selected transmission antenna combination for one time unit may be understood as one transmission symbol. That is, one transmission symbol is composed of a transmission antenna combination and modulation symbols, and the transmission symbol is referred to as a 'GSM symbol'. The number of bits that can be transmitted through one GSM symbol may be expressed as in [Equation 1] below.

In [Equation 1], L _GSM is the number of bits that can be transmitted through one GSM symbol, N _t is the total number of transmit antennas, N _a is the number of activated transmit antennas, and M is a modulation order .

In the GSM system, information transmitted in the spatial domain by the TAC and information transmitted through modulation symbols transmitted through an activated antenna may be viewed as experiencing different channel characteristics. Information transmitted through the modulation symbol is relatively more affected by the phase noise of each antenna and interference between the antennas. Since information transmitted by the TAC is transmitted through a combination of a plurality of antennas, it is relatively less sensitive to phase noise or inter-antenna interference, and may have a gain due to spatial diversity. Due to these characteristics, the GSM system may have better performance than the spatial multiplexing MIMO system in the THz band with a lot of phase noise.

23 is a diagram illustrating structures of a transmitter and a receiver using the GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure. 23 illustrates the structure of a transmitter 2310 and a receiver 2360 .

Referring to FIG. 23 , the transmitter 2310 includes a serial to parallel converter 2312 , a TAC mapping unit 2314 , a plurality of modulation mapping units 2316-1 to 2316-N _a , a GSM and a modulator 2318 . Serial-to-parallel conversion unit 2312 is the input transmission bits

parallelize parallelized

being part of

is the TAC mapping unit 2314, and the rest

is provided to the plurality of modulation mapping units 2316-1 to 2316-N _a . The TAC mapping unit 2314 is

An antenna combination to be used for transmitting modulation symbols is determined according to a value of , and the determination result is provided to the GSM modulator 2318 . The plurality of modulation mapping units 2316-1 to 2316-N _a according to a constellation

Generates modulation symbols from The GSM modulator 2318 forms a GSM symbol so that modulation symbols input from the plurality of modulation mapping units 2316-1 to 2316-N _a are transmitted through at least one transmission antenna determined by the TAC mapping unit 2314 . do. That is, the GSM modulator 2318 maps the modulation symbols to the selected Tx antenna combination. Modulation symbols mapped to the antenna are subjected to analog conversion, RF conversion, amplification, etc., and then _{transmitted through N a} antennas determined by the TAC mapping unit 2314 among _{N t} transmit antennas, and through a MIMO channel. It is received by the receiver 2360 .

Referring to FIG. 23 , the receiver 2360 includes a GSM detector 2362 , a TAC demapping unit 2364 , a plurality of modulation demapping units 2366-1 to 2366-N _a , and a parallel-to-serial converter (parallel to). serial converter) (2368). The GSM detector 2362 detects a GSM symbol received through _{N r antennas.} That is, the GSM detector 2362 identifies at least one antenna used by the transmitter 2310 to transmit modulation symbols, and detects the modulation symbols. To this end, the GSM detector 2362 may estimate the MIMO channel. The GSM detector 2362 may detect a GSM symbol based on the estimated MIMO channel. Additionally, the GSM detector 2362 may perform an equalization operation based on the estimated MIMO channel. The TAC demapping unit 2364 sets bits corresponding to the Tx antenna combination detected by the GSM detection unit 2362 .

to output The plurality of modulation demapping units 2366 - 1 to 2366 -N _a are bits corresponding to modulation symbols detected by the GSM detection unit 2362 according to the constellation.

to output Parallel-to-serial conversion unit 2368 is input

and

Estimation of transmitted bits by serializing

to output

Although not shown in FIG. 23 , the transmitter 2310 may perform channel coding and the receiver 2360 may perform channel decoding. Channel coding is performed anywhere in the front end of the TAC mapping unit 2314 and the plurality of modulation mapping units 2316-1 to 2316-N _a , and channel decoding is performed by the TAC demapping unit 2364 and the plurality of modulation demapping units 2366 . -1 to 2366-N _a ) It can be performed anywhere in the rear end. For example, channel coding may be performed on bits input to the serial-to-parallel converter 2312 or on bits output from the serial-to-parallel converter 2312 . In addition, channel decoding may be performed on bits input to the parallel-to-serial converter 2368 or on bits output from the parallel-to-serial converter 2368 .

The transmitter and receiver illustrated in FIG. 23 may be understood as any one of 'terminal and base station', 'base station and terminal', 'base station and base station', and 'terminal and terminal'. For example, in the case of downlink communication, the transmitter is included in the base station, and the receiver is included in the terminal. As another example, in the case of uplink communication, the transmitter is included in the terminal, and the receiver is included in the base station. As another example, in the case of communication between terminals, the transmitter is included in the first terminal and the receiver is included in the second terminal. As another example, in the case of wireless backhaul communication, the transmitter is included in the first base station, and the receiver is included in the second base station. That is, the transmitter and receiver illustrated in FIG. 23 or the transmitter and receiver described below may be included in various devices.

MIMO transmission based on GSM technology is possible using a transmitter and a receiver having the structure shown in FIG. 23 . The GSM system represents data through a modulation symbol transmitted through a TAC and an active antenna for every symbol. For example, if a total of four transmit antennas are used and data is transmitted through two antennas for every symbol, one of six TACs may be selected for every symbol. Among them, when four TACs are designated as selectable candidates and information bits are mapped for each TAC, 2-bit information can be transmitted through the TAC. Additionally, when QPSK symbols are transmitted from each of the two antennas, a total of 6 bits may be transmitted. Table 6 below shows an example of information expressed by TACs composed of two of the four antennas.

Transmitting Antenna Combination	information bit
(1,2)	00
(1,3)	N/A
(1,4)	01
(2,3)	10
(2,4)	11
(3,4)	N/A

The receiver of the GSM system can recover information of all 6 bits by detecting the TAC and each modulation symbol. At this time, if the TAC is incorrectly detected, a burst error may occur due to two types of errors: i) an error caused by demodulating the signal of the wrong transmit antenna, and ii) an error caused by a position shift of the information bit. have.

For example, when transmitting 6-bit information '001101', the transmitter selects the antenna combination (1,2) by the 2-bit '00' of the previous stage, and the next 2-bit '11' is transmitted through the first antenna, The last 2 bits '01' may be transmitted through the second antenna. At this time, due to the characteristics of the communication channel and the influence of noise, when the receiver detects TAC as (2,3) and normally demodulates antenna 2, information '10' corresponding to TAC, information corresponding to antenna 2 '1001XX' consisting of demodulation information '01' and a random bit 'XX' obtained by demodulating a signal corresponding to antenna 3 having only noise can be obtained. Even the information of antenna 2, which is normally restored due to the TAC detection error, becomes erroneous data according to the movement of the position, and a cluster error occurs as a whole.

Such a problem may significantly degrade overall system performance in a large-scale MIMO system in which the number of transmit antennas and active antennas greatly increases. That is, reducing the burst error due to the TAC detection error can be an important problem in improving the overall system performance.

Meanwhile, as described above, information transmission using the TAC may have a more robust characteristic to interference between phase noise and an antenna. If some of the entire transmitted information is more important than others, the overall system performance can be improved by expressing the more important information by the TAC.

Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes various embodiments capable of improving GSM system performance in consideration of the following technical characteristics. First, performance degradation due to burst errors that may occur due to TAC detection errors is improved. Second, the overall system performance is improved based on the difference between the TAC and channels through which the modulation symbol is transmitted.

24 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 24 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a transmitter (eg, the transmitter 2310 of FIG. 23 ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 24 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a transmitting end, a transmitting device, a transmitter, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 24 , in step S2401, the device generates transmission bits by performing channel coding. The device determines the coded bits from the information bits, and may use at least one encoder. In this case, the channel coding may be performed without distinction between the part represented by the TAC and the part represented by the modulation symbols.

In step S2403, the device selects at least one transmit antenna based on the first portion of the transmit bits. In other words, the device selects the TAC corresponding to the value of the first part. The first part includes at least one bit existing in a position indicated by a GSM-related configuration in a bit block divided into GSM symbol units.

In step S2405, the apparatus generates modulation symbols based on the second portion of the transmission bits. In other words, the apparatus generates modulation symbols corresponding to the value of the second part based on the constellation according to the set modulation order. In this case, the number of modulation symbols may be the same as the number of antennas included in the selected TAC.

In step S2407, the device transmits modulation symbols through the selected at least one transmit antenna. That is, the apparatus transmits the modulation symbols generated based on the second part through at least one transmit antenna included in the TAC corresponding to the value of the first part.

According to the procedure described with reference to FIG. 24, a first portion of the transmission bits is transmitted by the TAC, and a second portion is transmitted by modulation symbols. Here, the first part and the second part are channel-coded bits. Accordingly, according to various embodiments, additional channel coding having a forward error correction (FEC) function may be performed on one of the first part or the second part. Accordingly, the transmission reliability of the first part or the second part to which the additional channel coding is applied may be improved, and this may help the decoding success of the remaining part to improve overall performance.

25 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 25 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a receiver (eg, the receiver 2360 of FIG. 23 ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 25 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a receiving end, a receiving device, a receiver, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

25 , in step S2501, the device receives a signal. The device receives a signal transmitted from the counterpart device through at least one of a plurality of transmit antennas. In this case, the device may generate a reception signal on the premise that signals have been transmitted from all transmission antennas available in the counterpart device. The received signal is a vector or matrix of signals, and may include signals for each transmit antenna of the counterpart device. In this case, at least one signal corresponding to some antenna may include only noise.

In step S2503, the device detects a transmit antenna combination. The device may detect the transmit antenna combination based on the received signal. Among the signals for each antenna included in the received signal, a signal corresponding to an antenna to which the counterpart device does not transmit a signal may have a lower energy value than a signal corresponding to the antenna through which the signal is transmitted. Accordingly, the device may identify at least one antenna that has transmitted a signal, that is, a combination of transmit antennas, based on the energy levels of signals for each transmit antenna included in the received signal. Alternatively, the device may identify the transmit antenna combination based on a maximum likelihood (ML) scheme. That is, the apparatus may select a reception signal candidate most similar to the generated reception signal from among reception signal candidates corresponding to all possible transmission antenna combinations, and determine the transmission antenna combination corresponding to the selected candidate as the used transmission antenna combination. .

In step S2505, the apparatus detects modulation symbols corresponding to the detected transmit antenna combination. The apparatus estimates a modulation symbol transmitted from at least one antenna belonging to a transmit antenna combination. To this end, the apparatus may remove interference between channels for each antenna and estimate modulation symbols. That is, the apparatus may detect a modulation symbol corresponding to at least one antenna belonging to a transmit antenna combination from a received signal by performing a MIMO detection operation.

In step S2507, the apparatus estimates transmit bits from the transmit antenna combination and modulation symbols. The apparatus may estimate a first portion of the transmit bits from the transmit antenna combination and estimate a second portion of the transmit bits by demodulating the detected modulation symbols. Thereafter, although not shown in FIG. 25 , the apparatus may perform channel decoding on bits including the first part and the second part.

According to the procedure described with reference to FIG. 25 , a first portion of transmission bits is transmitted by the TAC, and a second portion is transmitted by modulation symbols. Here, the first part and the second part are channel-coded bits. Accordingly, according to various embodiments, additional channel coding having an FEC function may be performed on one of the first part or the second part in the transmitting apparatus. In this case, the apparatus performing the operations of FIG. 25 may perform additional channel decoding on the first part or the second part to which the additional channel coding is applied. Accordingly, the reception success rate of the first part or the second part to which the additional channel coding is applied may increase, and this may help the decoding success of the remaining part to improve overall performance.

According to an embodiment, additional channel coding may be applied to information represented by the TAC. Due to this, the probability of correct detection of the TAC may increase, and the occurrence of a sequence error due to the TAC detection error may be reduced. An example of a structure of a transmitter and a receiver for applying additional channel coding to information represented by TAC is described below with reference to FIGS. 26A and 26B, and operations of the transmitter and receiver are described with reference to FIGS. 27 and 28 below. do.

26A is a diagram illustrating another structure of a transmitter using a GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure. 26A illustrates the structure of a transmitter for applying additional channel coding to bits carried by TAC.

Referring to FIG. 26A, the transmitter includes a channel conding unit 2612, a systematic bit interleaver 2614, a parity bit interleaver 2616, a rate matching and TAC. / modulation assignment unit (rate matching and TAC / modulation assignment unit) 2618, TAC bit FEC coding unit (TAC bit FEC coding unit) (2620), TAC mapping unit 2622, serial-to-parallel conversion unit (2624), It includes a plurality of modulation mapping units 2626-1 to 2626-N _a , and a GSM modulator 2628 .

The channel coding unit 2612 performs channel coding on the input bits b. The systematic bit interleaver 2614 interleaves bits corresponding to systematic bits among channel-coded bits according to a set rule. The parity bit interleaver 2616 interleaves bits corresponding to parity bits among channel-coded bits according to a set rule. Here, when the coding technique used in the channel coding unit 2612 is not a systematic code, the systematic bit interleaver 2614 and the parity bit interleaver 2616 may be configured as one interleaver without distinction. have.

The rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 processes the interleaved bits according to the size of a transmission unit (eg, a transport block or a code block). For example, the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 may repeat some of the interleaved bits or shorten/puncture them. In addition, the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 divides the rate-matched bits into block units corresponding to GSM symbols, and transmits bits of each block by the first part and modulation symbols transmitted by the TAC. divided into a second part to be Here, since the first part delivered by the TAC is additionally channel-coded thereafter, the size or period of the first part output from the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 is to be determined in consideration of the number of bits after the additional channel coding. can For example, the bits output as the first part may be provided with a shorter period than the number of bits required to express one TAC or longer than that of the second part.

The TAC bit FEC coding unit 2620 performs additional channel coding on the first part transmitted by the TAC. To this end, the TAC bit FEC coding unit 2620 may include a channel coding unit 2620a, and may further include at least one of an interleaver 2620b and a data rate matching unit 2620c. The channel coding unit 2620a performs channel coding according to the set coding rate and code. The interleaver 2620b interleaves the channel-coded bits according to a set rule, and the rate matcher 2620c adjusts the size of the channel-coded or interleaved bits according to the size of the transmission unit corresponding to the TAC.

The TAC mapping unit 2622 determines an antenna combination to be used for transmitting modulation symbols based on the additional channel-coded bits of the first part, and provides the determination result to the GSM modulator 2628 . The serial-to-parallel converter 2624 parallelizes the bits of the input second portion. The plurality of modulation mapping units 2626 - 1 to 2626 -N _a generates modulation symbols according to a constellation. The GSM modulator 2628 forms a GSM symbol so that modulation symbols input from the plurality of modulation mapping units 2626-1 to 2626-N _a are transmitted through at least one transmission antenna determined by the TAC mapping unit 2622 . do. Modulation symbols mapped to the antenna are transmitted through the _{N a} antennas determined by the TAC mapping unit 2622 among the _{N t} transmission antennas after analog conversion, RF conversion, amplification, and the like.

According to the structure described with reference to FIG. 26A, channel coding is performed twice. In the following description, the channel coding performed by the channel coding unit 2612 may be referred to as 'primary channel coding', 'outer coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning. Also, the channel coding performed by the channel coding unit 2620a may be referred to as 'secondary channel coding', 'inner coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning.

26B is a diagram illustrating another structure of a receiver using the GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure. 26B illustrates the structure of a receiver for applying additional channel decoding to bits carried by the TAC.

Referring to FIG. 26B , the receiver includes a GSM detection unit 2662 , a TAC demapping unit 2664 , a TAC bit FEC decoding unit 2666 , and a plurality of modulation demapping units 2668 - 1 to 2668 . -N _a ), burst error mitigation and P/S converter (2670), bit collection and rate dematching unit (2672), systematic bits and a systematic bit deinterleaver 2674 , a parity bit deinterleaver 2676 , and a channel decoding unit 2678 . In the receiver of FIG. 26B , the bit may be a hard decision bit, or may include a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) or other type of soft decision value.

The GSM detector 2662 detects a GSM symbol received through _{N r antennas.} That is, the GSM detection unit 2662 identifies at least one antenna used by the transmitter to transmit modulation symbols, and detects the modulation symbols. The TAC demapping unit 2664 estimates bits corresponding to the transmit antenna combination detected by the GSM detection unit 2662 .

The TAC bit FEC decoding unit 2666 performs channel decoding on the bits output from the TAC demapping unit 2664 . To this end, the TAC bit FEC decoding unit 2666 includes a channel decoding unit 2666c, and may further include at least one of a rate dematching unit 2666a and a deinterleaver 2666b. The rate inverse matching unit 2666a adjusts the size of input bits according to the size of the transmission unit corresponding to the TAC and the input size of the channel decoding unit 2666c. The deinterleaver 2666b deinterleaves the de-matched bits according to a set rule. Here, the deinterleaving corresponds to the interleaving performed by the interleaver 2620b of FIG. 26A . The channel decoding unit 2666c performs channel decoding on the bits input from the TAC demapping unit 2664 or the deinterleaved bits according to a set coding rate and code.

The plurality of modulation demapping units 2668-1 to 2668-N _a estimates bits corresponding to modulation symbols detected by the GSM detection unit 2662 according to the constellation. The sequential error mitigation and parallel-to-serial conversion unit 2670 serializes the bits after performing a process for mitigating the burst error based on the channel decoding result for the TAC bits. The processing for mitigating the burst error may be performed based on the TAC by the GSM detection unit 2662 and the TAC derived from the channel decoding result. According to an embodiment, when the TAC by the GSM detection unit 2662 and the TAC derived from the channel decoding result are different, the sequence error mitigation and parallel-to-serial conversion unit 2670 determines the position of some of the bits obtained from the modulation symbol. can be changed

The bit collection and rate de-matching unit 2672 collects bits output from the TAC bit FEC decoding unit 2666 and the burst error mitigation and parallel-serial conversion unit 2670, and performs rate de-matching. The systematic bit deinterleaver 2674 performs deinterleaving on systematic bits among the de-matched bits. The parity bit deinterleaver 2676 performs deinterleaving on parity bits among the de-matched bits. The deinterleaving operations of the systematic bit deinterleaver 2674 and the parity bit deinterleaver 2676 correspond to the deinterleaving operations of the systematic bit interleaver 2614 and the parity bit interleaver 2616 of FIG. 26A . Here, when the code used in the subsequent channel decoding unit 2678 is not a systematic code, the systematic bit deinterleaver 2674 and the parity bit deinterleaver 2676 are used as one deinterleaver without distinction. can be configured.

The channel decoding unit 2678 performs channel decoding on the deinterleaved bits. The channel decoding unit 2678 may perform channel decoding according to a set coding rate and code. The channel decoding operation of the channel decoding unit 2678 corresponds to the channel coding operation of the channel coding unit 2612 of FIG. 26A .

According to the structure described with reference to FIG. 26B, channel decoding is performed twice. In the following description, the channel decoding performed by the channel decoding unit 2678 may be referred to as 'primary channel decoding', 'outer decoding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning. Also, the channel decoding performed by the channel coding unit 2666c may be referred to as 'secondary channel decoding', 'inner coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning.

27 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 27 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a transmitter (eg, the transmitter 2310 of FIG. 23 or the transmitter of FIG. 26A ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 27 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a transmitting end, a transmitting device, a transmitter, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 27 , in step S2701 , the device generates transmission bits by performing primary channel coding. The device determines the coded bits from the information bits, and may use at least one encoder. In this case, the primary channel coding may be performed without distinction of a part represented by the TAC and a part represented by the modulation symbols. Although not shown in FIG. 27 , after primary channel coding, the device may further perform at least one of interleaving and data rate matching.

In step S2703, the device performs secondary channel coding on the first portion of the transmission bits. In other words, the apparatus performs additional channel coding for the first part. Accordingly, information or bits included in the first part may be transmitted more robustly.

In step S2705, the device selects at least one transmit antenna based on the secondary channel coded first portion. In other words, the device selects the TAC corresponding to the value of the secondary channel coded first part.

In step S2707, the apparatus generates modulation symbols based on the second portion of the transmitted bits. In other words, the apparatus generates modulation symbols corresponding to the value of the second part based on the constellation according to the set modulation order. In this case, the number of modulation symbols may be the same as the number of antennas included in the selected TAC.

In step S2709, the device transmits modulation symbols through the selected at least one transmit antenna. That is, the apparatus transmits the modulation symbols generated based on the second part through at least one transmit antenna included in the TAC corresponding to the value of the secondary channel-coded first part.

28 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 28 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a receiver (eg, the receiver 2360 of FIG. 23 or the receiver of FIG. 26B ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 28 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a receiving end, a receiving device, a receiver, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 28 , in step S2801, the device receives a signal. The device may generate a reception signal on the premise that signals have been transmitted from all transmission antennas available in the counterpart device. The received signal is a vector or matrix of signals, and may include signals for each transmit antenna of the counterpart device. In this case, at least one signal corresponding to some antenna may include only noise.

In step S2803, the device detects a transmit antenna combination. The device may detect the transmit antenna combination based on the received signal. Among the signals for each antenna included in the received signal, a signal corresponding to an antenna to which the counterpart device does not transmit a signal may have a lower energy value than a signal corresponding to the antenna through which the signal is transmitted. Accordingly, the device may identify at least one antenna that has transmitted a signal, that is, a combination of transmit antennas, based on the energy levels of signals for each transmit antenna included in the received signal.

In step S2805, the apparatus detects modulation symbols corresponding to the detected transmission antenna combination, and performs demodulation. The apparatus may detect a modulation symbol corresponding to at least one antenna belonging to a transmit antenna combination from a received signal by performing a MIMO detection operation. Then, the apparatus estimates a second portion of transmission bits corresponding to the modulation symbols by demodulating the detected modulation symbols.

In step S2807, the device performs secondary channel decoding on bits corresponding to the transmit antenna combination. Secondary channel decoding is a decoding operation corresponding to secondary channel coding additionally performed for a transmit antenna combination in a counterpart device. By secondary channel decoding, the detection error for the transmit antenna combination can be corrected.

In step S2809, the device corrects the demodulation result based on the secondary channel decoding result. For example, if it is confirmed that there is an error in the transmission antenna combination detected in step S2803 by the secondary channel decoding operation, this means that the modulation symbol is detected from the signal corresponding to the antenna that did not transmit the signal, that is, from the noise. it means. Accordingly, the apparatus may remove at least one bit corresponding to the detected modulation symbol from the noise. In addition, the error in the transmission antenna combination means that the order of modulation symbols detected from the signal corresponding to the antenna that transmitted the signal, that is, the existing signal is out of order. Accordingly, if necessary, the apparatus may change the position of at least one bit corresponding to the detected modulation symbol from the existing signal. In addition, the presence of an error in the transmission antenna combination means that the modulation symbol is not detected from a signal corresponding to at least one antenna that has transmitted the signal, that is, an existing signal. Accordingly, the device may add at least one erasure (E) bit as needed. However, if there is no error in the transmission antenna combination detected in step S2803, this step S2809 may be omitted.

In step S2811, the device performs primary channel decoding. The apparatus performs primary channel decoding on bits including a secondary channel decoded first part and a second part obtained by demodulating modulation symbols. Although not shown in FIG. 28 , before the primary channel decoding, the device may further perform at least one of rate mismatching and deinterleaving.

As described above, if separate channel coding is applied to the bits represented by the TAC, the receiver can correct the TAC bit error and use it for demodulation of each antenna signal. Due to this, the burst error may be reduced. For example, if the GSM detector stores the antenna reception signal and performs demodulation after correcting the TAC bit error, it is possible to demodulate the signal of the wrong transmission antenna or to remove the burst error caused by the position of the information bit being moved. . In an actual receiver, it may be difficult to store the received signal and then demodulate it after correcting the TAC error due to the limitation of the memory and the increase in processing delay time. . Then, the receiver uses the corrected TAC bit to i) move the position of the wrong bit, ii) erase the bit transmitted through the non-demodulated transmit antenna, iii) the signal from the wrong transmit antenna An error can be minimized by discarding bits obtained through demodulation of . The operations of i), ii), and iii) described above may be referred to as 'burst error mitigation (BEM) measures'.

As a specific example, when 6-bit information '001101' is transmitted using the QPSK modulation symbol through the antennas 1 and 2, the information bit changes according to error occurrence and error correction in the receiver are shown in Table 7 below.

	transmitter	Receiver (TAC Detected Error)	Receiver (TAC detection error correction)
TAC select bit	00: antenna (1,2)	10: antenna (2,3)	00: antenna (1,2)
Transmit Antenna #1	11	Don't care	EE
Transmitting antenna #2	01	01	01
Transmitting antenna #3	OFF	XX (random bit)	Discard
Transmitting antenna #4	OFF	Don't care	Don't care
full information bits	001101	1001XX	00EE01

Referring to Table 7, if the receiver erroneously detects TAC as (2,3), the receiver determines information as 1001XX. In this case, not only the error of 00, which is the TAC bit, but also the position of bit 01 with respect to the correctly detected transmit antenna #2 is incorrect, so a sequence error occurs. If error correction and burst error mitigation processing are applied to the TAC bit through secondary channel decoding, '00EE01' (E is an erase bit) is obtained as an information bit. Thereafter, when the erase bits are recovered by the primary channel decoding procedure, the receiver can correctly recover all information despite the initial TAC detection error.

In general, as the size of a code block increases, the gain of channel coding increases. Applying TAC channel coding in units of GSM symbols may limit transmission efficiency and error correction capability. Accordingly, by bundling TAC bits of a plurality of GSM symbols, increasing the code block size to include bits corresponding to the plurality of TACs may improve efficiency. Accordingly, according to an embodiment, the transmitter may perform additional channel coding on a code block including bits corresponding to a plurality of TACs. In other words, additional channel coding may be performed on a code block including bits corresponding to a plurality of TACs.

However, since the delay in the transmitter and the receiver increases as the code block becomes larger, the size of the code block and the channel coding technique are preferably selected in consideration of transmission efficiency, error correction capability, delay time, and the like. If a small code block is used to reduce the delay time, a tail-biting convolutional code (TBCC) or a polar code may be used. Interleaving and/or rate matching may be further performed according to a channel coding technique, a size of a code block, a coding rate, and the like.

In the embodiment of performing additional channel coding on the TAC bit, the receiver demodulates the modulation symbols using the TAC detection result before the error is corrected, and then performs a sequence error mitigation operation using the channel decoding result for the TAC bit carry out According to another embodiment, after channel decoding for the TAC bit is completed, the receiver may select and demodulate modulation symbols. To this end, upon receiving the signal, the receiver may detect a TAC from the received signal and buffer the received signal in a memory. Then, after performing channel decoding on bits corresponding to the detected TAC, signals corresponding to the antenna to be demodulated from the received signal may be extracted from the received signal according to the result of the channel decoding, and the extracted signals may be demodulated. In this case, since the erase bit does not occur, the possibility of correct recovery of information increases.

The first method of performing buffering and the second method of performing simultaneous error mitigation have a trade-off relationship between erasure bit prevention and delay time generation. Accordingly, according to an embodiment, when the receiver has the ability to support the first scheme, the receiver may selectively perform the first scheme and the second scheme adaptively according to a situation. For example, the receiver may select one of the first scheme and the second scheme in consideration of the characteristics of the service being used. Specifically, if high reliability is an important service rather than time delay, the device may select the first method.

According to an embodiment, additional channel coding may be applied to information represented by modulation symbols. Through this, the problem of excessively increasing the overall coding rate, including information transmitted through the TAC to correct the burst error, by increasing the coding rate of the part necessary to correct the sequencing error and lowering the overall coding rate can be prevented. have. An example of a structure of a transmitter and a receiver for applying additional channel coding to information represented by modulation symbols is described below with reference to FIGS. 29A and 29B, and operations of the transmitter and receiver are described with reference to FIGS. 30 and 31 below. is explained by

29A is a diagram illustrating another structure of a transmitter using a GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure. 29A illustrates a structure of a transmitter for applying additional channel coding to bits carried by a modulation symbol.

29A, the transmitter includes a channel coding unit 2912, a systematic bit interleaver 2914, a parity bit interleaver 2916, a rate matching and TAC/modulation assignment unit 2918, a TAC mapping unit 2920, It includes a modulation bit FEC coding unit and serial to parallel converter (modulation bit FEC coding and serial to parallel convertor) 2922, a plurality of modulation mapping units (2924-1 to 2924-N _a ), a GSM modulator (2926) do.

The channel coding unit 2912 performs channel coding on the input bits b. The systematic bit interleaver 2914 interleaves bits corresponding to systematic bits among channel-coded bits according to a set rule. The parity bit interleaver 2916 interleaves bits corresponding to parity bits among channel-coded bits according to a set rule. Here, when the coding technique used by the channel coding unit 2912 is not a systematic code, the systematic bit interleaver 2914 and the parity bit interleaver 2916 may be configured as one interleaver without distinction.

The rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2918 processes the interleaved bits according to the size of a transmission unit (eg, a transport block or a code block). For example, the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2918 may repeat some of the interleaved bits, or shorten/puncture. In addition, the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2918 divides the rate-matched bits into blocks corresponding to the GSM symbols, and transmits the bits of each block by the first part and modulation symbols transmitted by the TAC. divided into a second part to be Here, since the second part delivered by the modulation symbol is additionally channel-coded thereafter, the size or period of the second part output from the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2918 is determined by considering the number of bits after the additional channel coding. can be decided. For example, the bits output as the second part may be provided with a shorter period than the number of bits required to represent the _{N a TAC modulation symbols, or longer than the first part.}

The TAC mapping unit 2920 determines an antenna combination to be used for transmitting modulation symbols based on the bits of the first part, and provides the determination result to the GSM modulator 2926 . The modulation bit FEC coding unit and serial-to-parallel conversion unit 2922 performs additional channel coding on the bits of the input second part, and then parallelizes the additional channel-coded bits. To this end, the modulation bit FEC coding unit and serial-to-parallel converting unit 2922 includes a channel coding unit 2922a and a parallel-to-serial converting unit 2922d, and at least one of an interleaver 2922b and a data rate matching unit 2922c. It may include one more. The channel coding unit 2922a performs channel coding according to the set coding rate and code. According to an embodiment, the channel coding unit 2922a may use a code having a relatively strong sequence error. For example, the channel coding unit 2922a may use a block code. The interleaver 2922b interleaves the channel-coded bits according to a set rule, and the rate matching unit 2922c adjusts the size of the channel-coded or interleaved bits according to the size of a transmission unit corresponding to the modulation symbols. The serial-to-parallel converter 2922d parallelizes the input bits.

The plurality of modulation mapping units 2924-1 to 2924-N _a generates modulation symbols from additional channel-coded bits. The GSM modulator 2926 forms a GSM symbol so that modulation symbols input from the plurality of modulation mapping units 2924-1 to 2924-N _a are transmitted through at least one transmission antenna determined by the TAC mapping unit 2920 . do. Modulation symbols mapped to the antenna are transmitted through the _{N a} antennas determined by the TAC mapping unit 2920 among the _{N t} transmission antennas after analog conversion, RF conversion, amplification, and the like.

According to the structure described with reference to FIG. 29A, channel coding is performed twice. In the following description, channel coding performed by the channel coding unit 2912 may be referred to as 'primary channel coding', 'outer coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning. Also, the channel coding performed by the channel coding unit 2922a may be referred to as 'secondary channel coding', 'inner coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning.

29B is a diagram illustrating another structure of a receiver using the GSM technique applicable to the present disclosure. 29B illustrates the structure of a receiver for applying additional channel coding to bits carried by a modulation symbol.

Referring to FIG. 29B , the receiver includes a GSM detection unit 2962, a TAC demapping unit 2964, a plurality of modulation demapping units 2966-1 to 2966-N _a , a parallel-to-serial conversion and modulation bit FEC decoding unit ( parallel to serial converting and modulation bit FEC decoding unit (2968), bit collection and rate de-matching unit (2970), systematic bit deinterleaver (2972), parity bit deinterleaver (2974), and channel decoding unit (2976) include In the receiver of FIG. 29B , the bit may be a hard decision bit or may include a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) or other type of soft decision value.

The GSM detector 2962 detects a GSM symbol received through _{N r antennas.} That is, the GSM detection unit 2962 identifies at least one antenna used by the transmitter to transmit modulation symbols, and detects the modulation symbols. The TAC demapping unit 2964 estimates bits corresponding to the transmission antenna combination detected by the GSM detection unit 2962 . The plurality of modulation demapping units 2966-1 to 2966-N _a estimates bits corresponding to modulation symbols detected by the GSM detection unit 2962 according to the constellation.

The parallel-to-serial conversion and modulation bit FEC decoding unit 2968 _{serializes bits output from the plurality of modulation demapping units 2966-1 to 2966-N a} , and performs channel decoding on the serialized bits. To this end, the parallel-to-serial conversion and modulation bit FEC decoding unit 2968 includes a serial-to-parallel conversion unit 2968a and a channel decoding unit 2968d, and at least one of a rate inverse matching unit 2968b and a deinterleaver 2968c. It may include one more. The serial-to-parallel converter 2968a serializes input bits. The rate inverse matching unit 2968b adjusts the size of input bits according to the size of the transmission unit corresponding to the modulation symbols and the input size of the channel decoding unit 2968d. The deinterleaver 2968c deinterleaves the de-matched bits according to a set rule. Here, the deinterleaving corresponds to the interleaving performed by the interleaver 2922b of FIG. 29A . The channel decoding unit 2968d performs channel decoding according to the set coding rate and code.

The bit collection and rate inverse matching unit 2970 collects bits output from the TAC demapper 2964 and the parallel-serial conversion and modulation bit FEC decoding unit 2968, and performs rate inverse matching. The systematic bit deinterleaver 2972 performs deinterleaving on systematic bits among the de-matched bits. The parity bit deinterleaver 2974 deinterleaves the parity bits among the de-matched bits. The deinterleaving operations of the systematic bit deinterleaver 2972 and the parity bit deinterleaver 2974 correspond to the deinterleaving operations of the systematic bit interleaver 2914 and the parity bit interleaver 2916 of FIG. 29A . Here, when the code used in the subsequent channel decoding unit 2976 is not a systematic code, the systematic bit deinterleaver 2972 and the parity bit deinterleaver 2974 are used as one deinterleaver without distinction. can be configured.

The channel decoding unit 2976 performs channel decoding on the deinterleaved bits. The channel decoding unit 2976 may perform channel decoding according to a set coding rate and code. The channel decoding operation of the channel decoding unit 2976 corresponds to the channel coding operation of the channel coding unit 2912 of FIG. 29A .

According to the structure described with reference to FIG. 29B, channel decoding is performed twice. In the following description, the channel decoding performed by the channel decoding unit 2976 may be referred to as 'primary channel decoding', 'outer decoding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning. Also, the channel decoding performed by the channel decoding unit 2968d may be referred to as 'secondary channel decoding', 'inner coding', or a term having an equivalent technical meaning.

30 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 30 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a transmitter (eg, the transmitter 2310 of FIG. 23 or the transmitter of FIG. 29A ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 30 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a transmitting end, a transmitting device, a transmitter, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 30 , in step S3001, the device generates transmission bits by performing primary channel coding. The device determines the coded bits from the information bits, and may use at least one encoder. In this case, the primary channel coding may be performed without distinction of a part represented by the TAC and a part represented by the modulation symbols. Although not shown in FIG. 30 , after primary channel coding, the device may further perform at least one of interleaving and data rate matching.

In step S3003, the device selects at least one transmit antenna based on the first portion of the transmit bits. In other words, the device selects the TAC corresponding to the value of the first part. The first part includes at least one bit existing at a position indicated by a GSM-related setting in a bit block divided into GSM symbol units.

In step S3005, the device performs secondary channel coding on the second part of the transmission bits. In other words, the apparatus performs additional channel coding for the second part. Accordingly, information or bits included in the second part may be transmitted more robustly.

In step S3007, the apparatus generates modulation symbols based on the secondary channel coded second portion. In other words, the apparatus generates modulation symbols corresponding to the value of the second part based on the constellation according to the set modulation order. In this case, the number of modulation symbols may be the same as the number of antennas included in the selected TAC.

In step S3009, the device transmits modulation symbols through the selected at least one transmit antenna. That is, the apparatus transmits the modulation symbols generated based on the secondary channel-coded second part through at least one transmit antenna included in the TAC corresponding to the value of the first part.

31 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for receiving a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 31 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a receiver (eg, the receiver 2360 of FIG. 23 or the receiver of FIG. 29B ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 31 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a receiving end, a receiving device, a receiver, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 31 , in step S3101, the device receives a signal. The device may generate a reception signal on the premise that signals have been transmitted from all transmission antennas available in the counterpart device. The received signal is a vector or matrix of signals, and may include signals for each transmit antenna of the counterpart device. In this case, at least one signal corresponding to some antenna may include only noise.

In step S3103, the device detects a transmit antenna combination. The device may detect the transmit antenna combination based on the received signal. Among the signals for each antenna included in the received signal, a signal corresponding to an antenna to which the counterpart device does not transmit a signal may have a lower energy value than a signal corresponding to the antenna through which the signal is transmitted. Accordingly, the device may identify at least one antenna that has transmitted a signal, that is, a combination of transmit antennas, based on the energy levels of signals for each transmit antenna included in the received signal.

In step S3105, the apparatus detects modulation symbols corresponding to the detected transmission antenna combination, and performs demodulation. The apparatus may detect a modulation symbol corresponding to at least one antenna belonging to a transmit antenna combination from a received signal by performing a MIMO detection operation. Then, the apparatus estimates a second portion of transmission bits corresponding to the modulation symbols by demodulating the detected modulation symbols.

In step S3107, the apparatus performs secondary channel decoding on bits estimated from the modulation symbols. Secondary channel decoding is a decoding operation corresponding to secondary channel coding additionally performed on bits for generating a modulation symbol in a counterpart device.

In step S3109, the device performs primary channel decoding on bits corresponding to the secondary channel decoding result and the transmit antenna combination. The apparatus performs primary channel decoding on bits including the first part and the secondary channel decoded second part corresponding to the transmit antenna combination. Although not shown in FIG. 31 , before the primary channel decoding, the device may further perform at least one of rate mismatching and deinterleaving.

If separate channel coding is applied to bits carried by the modulation symbol, the receiver can correct the burst error through channel decoding. Since only the coding rate of a part necessary to correct the sequencing error increases and the overall coding rate decreases, the problem of excessively increasing the overall coding rate including information transmitted through the TAC to correct the sequencing error can be prevented. Errors in information conveyed by TAC and errors not corrected by channel coding of modulation symbols can be corrected by full channel coding. According to the above-described various embodiments, the receiver generates a log likelihood (LLR) of the demodulated signal from the detected TAC and the demodulated signal and transmits the generated log likelihood (LLR) to the channel decoding chain.

Since a sequence error due to a TAC detection error occurs in units of GSM symbols, it is possible to increase efficiency by using a code block having a size including a plurality of GSM symbols. However, as the code block becomes larger, delays at the transmitting end and the receiving end increase. Therefore, the size of the code block and the channel coding technique are preferably selected by comprehensively considering the error correction capability and the delay time.

According to the above-described various embodiments, additional channel coding/decoding may be applied to one of bits transmitted by the TAC or bits transmitted by a modulation symbol. Additional channel coding/decoding provides an improvement in performance, but may result in increased processing time and power consumption. In addition, if additional channel coding is used for information carried by TAC or modulation symbols, spectral efficiency may decrease. Since the information transmitted by the TAC is likely to be relatively robust to phase noise and inter-antenna interference, a high coding rate can be used for channel coding the information transmitted by the TAC, but the reduction in transmission efficiency does not disappear completely. .

Accordingly, it may be considered to adaptively control a function for additional channel coding/decoding according to a situation. That is, if the TAC detection error probability is sufficiently low, even if a sequence error occurs, it may be effective not to use additional channel coding in an environment in which recovery is possible by full channel coding. Accordingly, the present disclosure describes an embodiment in which additional channel coding/decoding is selectively applied.

32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a procedure for determining whether additional channel coding is applied in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 32 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a receiver (eg, the receiver 2360 of FIG. 23 ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 32 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a receiving end, a receiving device, a receiver, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 32 , in step S3201 , the device determines a first error rate related to the first part and a second error rate related to the second part. Here, the first part means bits transmitted by the TAC among the transmission bits, and the second part means bits transmitted by modulation symbols among the transmission bits. If channel decoding is performed on all bits, the device can identify the position of the bit in which the error occurred, and according to the identified position, whether the corresponding bit belongs to the first part or the second part. have.

In step S3203, the device determines a burst error metric based on the first error rate and the second error rate. The burst error index is a value indicating a probability or frequency/level of occurrence of a sequence error that is difficult to recover by channel coding for all transmitted bits. The burst error index may be calculated in various ways based on at least one of the first error rate and the second error rate.

In step S3205, the device determines whether the burst error index is less than a threshold. In the present embodiment, the fact that the sequencing error index is less than the threshold means that the probability of occurrence of the sequencing error is high. However, according to the calculation method of the burst error index, it may be understood that the fact that the burst error index is greater than or equal to a threshold value means that the probability of occurrence of the cluster error is high.

If the burst error indicator is less than the threshold, in step S3207, the device requests to apply secondary channel coding. For example, the device may transmit a request for application of secondary channel coding to the transmitter via signaling or the like. Accordingly, the transmitter may activate a module performing secondary channel coding. Alternatively, when the transmitter includes a first transmitter including a circuit for secondary channel coding and a second transmitter not including a circuit for secondary channel coding, the transmitter activates the first transmitter, and the second transmitter can be deactivated.

On the other hand, if the burst error index is equal to or greater than the threshold, in step S3209, the device requests not to apply secondary channel coding. For example, the device may send a request for non-application of secondary channel coding to the transmitter via signaling or the like. Accordingly, the transmitter may deactivate the module performing secondary channel coding. Alternatively, when the transmitter includes the first transmitter including the circuit for secondary channel coding and the second transmitter not including the circuit for secondary channel coding, the transmitter activates the second transmitter, and the first transmitter can be deactivated.

In the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 32 , the burst error index may be determined in various ways. According to an embodiment, the burst error index may be defined as a ratio of the first error rate and the second error rate. In this case, the burst error index can be calculated as follows.

The first error rate related to the bits carried by the TAC and the sequential error rate for the modulation symbols resulting from the detection error of the bits carried by the TAC are proportional on average. The relationship between the first error rate and the serial error rate may be expressed as [Equation 2] below.

In [Equation 2], BER _burst denotes a sequential error rate, α denotes a proportional constant, and BER _TAC denotes an error rate of bits transmitted by the TAC.

And, the second error rate, which is an error rate for the entire modulation symbol, can be expressed as in [Equation 3] below.

In [Equation 3], BER _MOD is the error rate for the entire modulation symbol, BER _burst is the burst error rate, BER _noise is the error rate for the modulation symbol caused by noise and interference, α is a proportional constant, and BER _TAC is the TAC The error rate of transmitted bits, β, means a proportional constant between _{BER MOD} and BER _TAC.

Referring to [Equation 2] and [Equation 3], when _{the ratio β of BER MOD} and BER _TAC approaches α, this means that the effect of the TAC detection error is greater than the detection error of the modulation symbol due to noise or the like. Conversely, it can be understood that a relatively large β means that the TAC detection error does not have a large effect on the modulation symbol error. Therefore, β may be used as a burst error indicator for determining whether to apply additional channel coding. That is, the device measures the error rate BER _MOD and BER _TAC without applying the burst error correction or mitigation measures, and if the ratio β is _{less than the threshold β T} , additional channel coding is applied, otherwise, additional channel coding is applied. may not apply.

According to an embodiment, the receiver determines whether to apply additional channel coding of TAC or modulation symbol, and includes a request for whether to apply additional channel coding through signaling (eg, L1 signaling, higher layer signaling) control information to be transmitted to the transmitter. Since the control information from the receiver may not be transmitted without error to the transmitter or it may not be possible to specify when the transmitter applies it, additional control information indicating whether additional channel coding is applied is signaled from the transmitter to the receiver (eg : L1 signaling).

Specifically, the additional control information includes at least one of information informing whether secondary channel coding is applied, information informing an application target (eg, TAC bit, modulation symbol bit) of secondary channel coding, and information informing when whether application or not is changed. may contain one. Here, the information indicating the time point at which the application status is changed may specify a future time point (eg, a remaining time, indicate a specific time point/resource), or inform that a change occurs at a time point at which information is transmitted. For example, the additional control information may be transmitted as part of scheduling information indicating a resource through which a GSM symbol is transmitted, transmitted as separate control information, or implicitly transmitted through GSM symbols.

According to the above-described embodiments, the receiver transmits a request for whether to apply additional channel coding to the transmitter, and the transmitter transmits related additional control information (eg, information indicating whether secondary channel coding is applied, application of secondary channel coding) information to inform the target, information to inform the time when the application status is changed) is transmitted. However, according to another embodiment, after the receiver transmits a request for whether to apply additional channel coding to the transmitter, related additional control information (eg, information indicating whether secondary channel coding is applied, application of secondary channel coding) Information informing the target, information informing the time when the application status is changed) can also be transmitted. For example, in the case where the receiver controls the operation of the transmitter (eg, when the receiver is a base station and the transmitter is a terminal), the receiver may transmit both a request for application of secondary channel coding and additional control information. .

Specifically, when the base station determines whether to apply additional channel coding to the uplink signal, a request for whether to apply secondary channel coding, information indicating whether secondary channel coding is applied, and an application target of secondary channel coding At least one of information notifying information and information notifying a time when application status is changed may be transmitted to the terminal. Conversely, when the terminal determines whether to apply additional channel coding to the downlink signal, the terminal transmits a request for whether to apply secondary channel coding, and in response, the base station changes whether secondary channel coding is applied may be determined, and at least one of information informing whether secondary channel coding is applied or not, information informing an application target of secondary channel coding, and information informing when whether application or not is changed may be transmitted to the terminal.

Depending on whether additional channel coding for the TAC or modulation symbol is performed, the amount of information that can be transmitted through the TAC or modulation symbol may vary. Accordingly, whether additional channel coding is applied or not may affect the rate matching and TAC/modulation bit allocation of the entire coding chain. The bit rate matching and TAC/modulation bit allocation functions perform data rate matching, data size determination and data selection through TAC, data size determination and data selection through modulation symbols, etc. based on whether additional channel coding is applied. have.

As in the various embodiments described above, additional channel coding/decoding may be performed on some of the transmission bits, and an additional channel coding/decoding function may be activated/deactivated according to circumstances. In this case, performance may vary depending on which bits of the transmission bits are transmitted by the TAC.

In general, in systematic channel coding, a systematic bit has a more important role in error correction than a parity bit. Accordingly, if the systematic bit is transmitted through a channel or method with fewer errors in preference to the parity bit, the overall system performance may be improved. In the case of the GSM system, information transmitted through the TAC may have a lower error rate than information transmitted through a modulation symbol from each antenna. When channel coding is applied to the TAC bit to improve the burst error, the error rate may be lowered. Therefore, it can be seen that transferring the systematic bits through the TAC is more efficient in terms of overall performance.

When the systematic bit is transmitted through the TAC, the transmitter of FIG. 26A may operate as follows. To facilitate allocating the systematic bits to the TAC, the channel coding unit 2612 channel-codes bits b, then sends the systematic bits to the systematic bit interleaver 2614, and transmits the parity bits to the parity bit interleaver 2614. ) to output The systematic bits and the parity bits are interleaved independently, and the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 performs rate matching on the interleaved bits. In addition, the rate matching and TAC/modulation allocator 2618 first allocates systematic bits among bits as bits to be transmitted through the TAC, and allocates the remainder as bits for modulation symbols.

33 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a procedure for transmitting a signal in an apparatus applicable to the present disclosure. 33 illustrates a method of operating an apparatus including a transmitter (eg, the transmitter 2310 of FIG. 23 ). In the following description, the operating subject of FIG. 33 is referred to as a 'device', but may be referred to as a transmitting end, a transmitting device, a transmitter, or other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

Referring to FIG. 33 , in step S3301, the device generates transmission bits by performing primary channel coding. The device determines the coded bits from the information bits, and may use at least one encoder. A code for channel coding is a systematic code, and transmission bits generated by primary channel coding include systematic bits and parity bits.

In step S3303, the device performs secondary channel coding on the systematic bit portion of the transmission bits. In other words, the device performs additional channel coding on the systematic bit portion. Accordingly, information or bits included in the systematic bit portion can be transmitted more robustly.

In step S3305, the device selects at least one transmit antenna based on the secondary channel coded systematic bit portion. In other words, the device selects the TAC corresponding to the value of the secondary channel coded systematic bit portion.

In step S3307, the device generates modulation symbols based on the parity bit portion of the transmission bits. In other words, the apparatus generates modulation symbols corresponding to the value of the parity bit portion based on the constellation according to the set modulation order. In this case, the number of modulation symbols may be the same as the number of antennas included in the selected TAC.

In step S3309, the device transmits modulation symbols through the selected at least one transmit antenna. That is, the apparatus transmits the modulation symbols generated based on the parity bit portion through at least one transmit antenna included in the TAC corresponding to the value of the secondary channel coded systematic bit portion.

In the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 33, after the systematic bit is secondary channel-coded, it is transmitted through the TAC. However, according to another embodiment, although the systematic bit is secondary channel coded, the parity bit may be transmitted through the TAC. According to another embodiment, the parity bit may be secondary channel coded and transmitted through the TAC. According to another embodiment, the parity bit may be secondary channel coded, and the systematic bit may be transmitted through the TAC.

The aforementioned GSM system is a wireless transmission technology capable of increasing spectral efficiency without using high-dimensional QAM modulation, and is one of the major MIMO technologies in the THz band that is highly likely to use a low-resolution ADC to reduce power consumption. According to the above-described various embodiments, a sequence error, which is one of the factors that degrades the performance of the GSM system, may be efficiently improved, and the gain of the error correction code may be increased. Accordingly, effects such as an increase in data throughput, an increase in cell coverage, a decrease in data transmission/reception latency, and a decrease in power consumption will be obtained. That is, the above-described various embodiments may be important technologies that enable efficient MIMO implementation in the THz band.

Since examples of the above-described proposed method may also be included as one of the implementation methods of the present disclosure, it is clear that they may be regarded as a kind of proposed method. In addition, the above-described proposed methods may be implemented independently, or may be implemented in the form of a combination (or merge) of some of the proposed methods. A rule may be defined so that the information on whether the proposed methods are applied (or information on the rules of the proposed methods) is notified by the base station to the terminal through a predefined signal (eg, a physical layer signal or a higher layer signal). .

The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the technical ideas and essential characteristics described in the present disclosure. Accordingly, the above detailed description should not be construed as restrictive in all respects but as exemplary. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included in the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, claims that are not explicitly cited in the claims may be combined to form an embodiment, or may be included as new claims by amendment after filing.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to various wireless access systems. As an example of various radio access systems, there is a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) or a 3GPP2 system.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied not only to the various radio access systems, but also to all technical fields to which the various radio access systems are applied. Furthermore, the proposed method can be applied to mmWave and THz communication systems using very high frequency bands.

Additionally, embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to various applications such as free-running vehicles and drones.

Claims (15)

1. A method of operating a first device in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:

   generating transmission bits by performing primary channel coding on the transmission data; and

   Transmitting at least one modulation symbol generated based on a second portion of the transmission bits to a second device through a transmission antenna combination determined based on the first portion of the transmission bits,

   wherein one of the first part or the second part is transmitted after secondary channel coding.
2. The method according to claim 1,

   performing the secondary channel coding on the first portion; and

   The method further comprising determining a transmit antenna combination based on the secondary channel coded first portion.
3. 3. The method according to claim 2,

   The secondary channel coding for the first part is performed on a code block including bits corresponding to transmit antenna combinations for a plurality of transmit symbols.
4. The method according to claim 1,

   The method further comprising transmitting at least one of information indicating whether the secondary channel coding is applied, information indicating an application target of the secondary channel coding, and information indicating an application time of the secondary channel coding to the second device How to.
5. The method according to claim 1,

   The primary channel coding is performed based on a systematic code,

   The transmission bits include systematic bits and parity bits,

   The first part comprises the systematic bits.
6. A method of operating a second device in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:

   receiving a signal generated from the transmission bits from a first device;

   detecting a transmit antenna combination from the received signal;

   detecting at least one modulation symbol corresponding to the transmit antenna combination from the received signal;

   estimating a first portion of the transmit bits from the detected transmit antenna combination and a second portion of the transmit bits from the at least one modulation symbol; and

   performing primary channel decoding on the transmission bits including the first part and the second part;

   One of the first part or the second part is subjected to secondary channel decoding before the primary channel decoding.
7. 7. The method of claim 6,

   performing the secondary channel decoding on the first portion;

   The method further comprises correcting an estimated second portion from the at least one modulation symbol based on a result of the secondary channel decoding,

   The primary channel decoding is performed on a result of the secondary channel decoding and the corrected second part.
8. 7. The method of claim 6,

   Detecting at least one modulation symbol corresponding to the transmission antenna combination from the received signal,

   performing the secondary channel decoding on the first portion;

   correcting the transmit antenna combination based on a result of the secondary channel decoding; and

   and detecting at least one modulation symbol corresponding to the corrected transmit antenna combination.
9. 7. The method of claim 6,

   The secondary channel decoding is performed on the first part,

   The secondary channel decoding is performed on bits corresponding to transmit antenna combinations for a plurality of transmit symbols.
10. 7. The method of claim 6,

    Further comprising the step of performing the secondary channel decoding for the second portion,

    The primary channel decoding is performed on the first part and the secondary channel decoded second part.
11. 7. The method of claim 6,

    determining whether secondary channel coding corresponding to the secondary channel decoding is applied;

    transmitting a request for whether to apply the secondary channel coding to the first device; and

    Receiving at least one of information indicating whether the secondary channel coding is applied or not, information indicating an application target of the secondary channel coding, and information indicating an application time of the secondary channel coding from the first device How to.
12. 12. The method of claim 11,

    Whether to apply the secondary channel coding is determined based on a first error rate related to the first part and a second error rate related to the second part.
13. 7. The method of claim 6,

    determining whether secondary channel coding corresponding to the secondary channel decoding is applied;

    transmitting a request for whether to apply the secondary channel coding to the first device;

    Transmitting to the first device at least one of information indicating whether the secondary channel coding is applied, information indicating an application target of the secondary channel coding, and information indicating an application time of the secondary channel coding Way.
14. 14. The method of claim 13,

    Whether to apply the secondary channel coding is determined based on a first error rate related to the first part and a second error rate related to the second part.
15. 7. The method of claim 6,

    The primary channel decoding is performed based on a systematic code,

    The transmission bits include systematic bits and parity bits,

    The first part includes the systematic bits.

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