WO2021260565A1 - Anode de forte densité d'énergie et de puissance pour batteries et méthode de sa fabrication - Google Patents
Anode de forte densité d'énergie et de puissance pour batteries et méthode de sa fabrication Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021260565A1 WO2021260565A1 PCT/IB2021/055530 IB2021055530W WO2021260565A1 WO 2021260565 A1 WO2021260565 A1 WO 2021260565A1 IB 2021055530 W IB2021055530 W IB 2021055530W WO 2021260565 A1 WO2021260565 A1 WO 2021260565A1
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- anode
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
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- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H01M50/128—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers with two or more layers of only inorganic material
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H01M50/129—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers with two or more layers of only organic material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of electrochemistry, particularly electrochemical systems. It relates more precisely to the anodes which can be used in electrochemical systems such as high power batteries, in particular lithium ion batteries.
- the invention relates to anode members.
- the invention also relates to a process for preparing such anode members, which uses nanoparticles of an electrically insulating material and conductor of lithium ions, stable in contact with metallic lithium, not inserting lithium at potentials between 0 V and 4.3 V with respect to the potential of lithium, and exhibiting a relatively low melting point, and the anodes thus obtained.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an electrochemical device comprising at least one such anode member, such an anode, and the lithium ion batteries thus obtained.
- anodes having a high energy density also exhibit a large variation in volume during the charge and discharge cycles.
- This variation in volume may be of the order of 100% for metallic lithium anodes, or even more than 250% for anodes based on silicon or germanium. It poses many problems. First of all, it is necessary for the anode made of such materials to be very porous in order to be able to accept such a variation in volume, but this high porosity reduces the volume energy density of the electrode.
- these electrodes are impregnated with a liquid electrolyte which is incompressible, and any variation in volume induces a displacement of liquid electrolyte, and consequently a dimensional change of the encapsulation system. It then becomes very difficult to have an encapsulation which is perfectly sealed over time and capable of accommodating these variations in volume.
- this very strong variation in volume during the charge and discharge cycles ends up damaging the anodes; these cyclic dimensional variations induce a loss of electrical contact on the one hand within the anode material and on the other hand between the active anode materials and the electrolytes and between the anode materials and the current collectors. They also contribute to the deterioration of the SEI (Surface Electrolyte Interface) layers covering the anodes.
- SEI Surface Electrolyte Interface
- the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a so-called "buried" anode. It is manufactured in situ within a structure comprising a substrate such as a metal foil, a solid state electrolyte and a cathode containing lithium such as lithium manganese oxide, by application of a voltage between the substrate and the cathode of this structure. This voltage induces the migration of lithium ions to the surface of the substrate, where they form a metallic lithium anode at the interface between the solid electrolyte and the substrate (see https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/49149.pdf).
- the thickness of this anode must be very small in order to avoid degrading the film of solid electrolyte during the recharging of the battery. This constraint limits the capacity of the anode and induces many reliability problems.
- the location of the electroplating zones is not well defined, as is the interface between the lithium anode and the solid electrolyte. The surface allowing the diffusion of lithium is very small (planar structure defined at the interface between the electrolyte and the substrate) and considerably limits the power.
- Yang proposed to use a host matrix of garnet-like solid electrolyte material to accommodate metallic lithium deposits when charging the battery.
- This architecture ensures progressive filling of the lithium anode between the current-collecting substrate and the dense electrolyte layer (“Continuous plating / stripping behavior of solid-state lithium metal anode in 3D ion-conductive framework”, PNAS, April 10, 2018).
- This host matrix with a volume porosity of 50%, was produced by band casting a paste containing micrometric solid electrolyte particles of Li 7 La 2.75 Ca 0.25 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 and particles of poly (methyl methacrylate). The poly (methyl methacrylate) particles are integrated only instead of the future host structure.
- garnet-type solid electrolyte materials are not stable over 4V and cannot be used with cathodes to make batteries with high energy density.
- they are stable in contact with metallic lithium, which made it possible, in the context of the prior art described above, to make a symmetrical cell in which the deposition (or plating in English) of lithium is carried out alternately on each side of the cell. solid electrolyte.
- this architecture it is possible to obtain batteries with a high energy density.
- lithium has a theoretical capacity of 3600 mAh / g or 1900 mAh / cm 3 .
- the host structure having a porosity of 50%, the effective volume capacity density of the anode is then 950 mAh / cm 3 .
- the volume capacity of this type of architecture is a priori lower than that of silicon anodes.
- silicon anodes have a maximum theoretical volume capacity of 4000 mAh / cm 3 , the volume variation being 400%, they must be used with more than 80% porosity to deliver such a capacity, which gives ultimately a theoretical effective volume capacity of 1000 mAh / cm 3 ; this value is very close to that of the host structures of lithium.
- These host structures are moreover more reliable and can be used in an entirely solid architecture because of the absence of variations in volumes during the charging and discharging steps.
- the host structures of the prior art have a low power density, which is essentially due to the relatively low specific surface area of the anode.
- the present invention seeks to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art mentioned above.
- the problem that the present invention seeks to solve is to provide a process for manufacturing anodes which is simple, safe, rapid, easy to implement, inexpensive.
- the present invention also aims to provide safe anodes having a stable mechanical structure, good thermal stability and a long service life.
- Another object of the invention is to provide anodes for batteries of high energy and power density capable of operating at high temperature without problems of reliability, of internal short-circuiting and without risk of fire.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a manufacturing process that can be easily industrialized on a large scale of an uncharged battery comprising an anode member according to the invention.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a manufacturing process that can be easily industrialized on a large scale, simple, safe, rapid, easy to implement and inexpensive of a battery charged with metallic lithium, comprising an anode according to the invention. .
- Yet another object of the invention is to provide microbatteries, in particular lithium ion batteries, capable of storing a high energy density, of restoring this energy with a very high power density, of withstanding high temperatures. high, have a long lifespan and can be encapsulated by coatings deposited directly on the battery, thin, rigid and perfectly tight to the permeation of atmospheric gases.
- a porous anode member formed of a solid layer of conductive material of lithium ions, comprising an open network of porosity, which is integrated in a lithium ion battery; during the first charging of the battery, metallic lithium is deposited within this open network of porosity, to transform the anode member into an anode.
- a first object of the invention is a method of manufacturing an anode member for a lithium ion battery, said battery comprising at least one cathode, at least one electrolyte and at least one anode, said anode comprising:
- said anode member comprising a porous layer arranged on a substrate, preferably on a metallic surface of a substrate, said porous layer having a porosity of between 35% and 70% by volume, and
- a substrate is supplied, and a colloidal suspension comprising aggregates or agglomerates of monodisperse nanoparticles of at least a first material electrically insulating and conducting lithium ions with an average primary diameter D 50 of between 5 nm and 100 nm, said aggregates or agglomerates having an average diameter of less than 500 nm;
- step (b) depositing on at least one face of said substrate a porous layer from said colloidal suspension supplied in step (a), by a method selected from the group formed by electrophoresis, by printing methods, in particular by inkjet or flexographic printing, by coating processes and in particular by scraping, roller, curtain, through a slot-shaped die and by dipping-shrinking, and by spraying techniques, knowing that said substrate may be a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector of the battery or an intermediate substrate; (c) said porous layer obtained in step (b) is dried, preferably under a flow of air, optionally before or after having separated said porous layer from its intermediate substrate, then, optionally, a heat treatment is carried out of the dried layer.
- step (a) o at least one electrically conductive sheet which can serve as a current collector for the battery, o a conductive glue or a colloidal suspension comprising monodisperse nanoparticles is also supplied. of at least one second material which conducts lithium ions with an average primary diameter D 50 of between 5 nm and 100 nm; and after the separation of said porous layer from its intermediate substrate, a heat treatment of the porous layer is carried out, then a thin layer of adhesive is deposited on at least one side, preferably on both sides, of said electrically conductive sheet.
- the conductive or a thin layer of nanoparticles from the colloidal suspension comprising monodisperse nanoparticles of at least one second conductive material of lithium ions, the second conductive material of lithium ions preferably being identical to the first material which conducts lithium ions ; then the porous layer is bonded to said face, preferably to both faces of said electrically conductive sheet.
- the thin layer of conductive adhesive or a thin layer of nanoparticles from the colloidal suspension comprising monodisperse nanoparticles of at least one second material which conducts lithium ions has a thickness of less than 2 ⁇ m, preferably less than a micrometer, and more preferably less than 500 nm.
- the substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector has a metallic surface.
- said layer is separated from said intermediate substrate, to form, after consolidation, a porous plate.
- This separation step can be carried out before or after the drying of the layer obtained in step b).
- Said optional heat treatment in step (c) aims in particular to eliminate any organic residues, consolidate the layer and / or recrystallize it.
- Said optional heat treatment in step (c) may consist in several heat treatment steps, in particular in a succession of heat treatment steps.
- Said optional heat treatment in step (c) can comprise a first step allowing debinding, i. the elimination of organic residues and a second allowing the consolidation of the porous layer.
- step (c) is deposited, preferably by the technique of deposition of atomic layers ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) or by chemical route in CSD solution (Chemical Solution Deposition), during a step (d) a layer of a lithiophilic material over and within the pores of the porous layer.
- the lithiophilic material is chosen from ZnO, Al, Si, CuO.
- the metal substrate is chosen from copper, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium and chromium strips, the alloy strips comprising at least the elements mentioned above.
- the primary diameter of said monodisperse nanoparticles is between 10 nm and 50 nm, preferably between 10 nm and 30 nm.
- the average diameter of the pores of the porous layer is between 2 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 2 nm and 250 nm, more preferably between 2 nm and 80 nm, even more preferably between 6 nm and 50 nm, and even more preferably between 8 nm and 30 nm.
- the average diameter of the pores of the porous layer is between 2 nm and 50 nm, preferably between 2 nm and 30 nm.
- the porous layer has a porosity of approximately 50% by volume.
- said material which conducts lithium ions is selected from the group formed by: o lithiated phosphates, preferably chosen from: lithiated phosphates of the NaSICON type, Li 3 PO 4 ; LiPO 3 ; Li 3 Al 0.4 Sc 1.6 (PO 4 ) 3 called "LASP"; Li 1 + x Zr 2- x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25; Li 1 + 2x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25 such as Li 1.2 Zr 1.9 Ca 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 or Li 1.4 Zr 1.8 Ca 0.2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Li 1 + 3x Zr 2 (P 1-x Si x O 4 ) 3 with 1.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.3; Li 1 + 6x Zr 2 (P 1-x B x O 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25; Li 3 (
- phosphates containing exclusively metal dopants based on Zr, Sc, Y, Al, Ca, B and / or optionally Ga borates containing exclusively metal dopants based on Zr, Sc, Y, Al, Ca, B and / or optionally Ga, or even materials comprising mixtures of phosphates and borates like those mentioned above, because these materials are stable both at the functional potential of anodes comprising metallic lithium and cathodes.
- This type of material makes it possible to make stable host structures over time, which do not degrade.
- the phosphates have low melting points and the partial coalescence by sintering of these materials (hereinafter called the phenomenon of "necking”) can be done at relatively low temperature, especially when the particles are nanometric, which represents a additional economic benefit. More particularly, it is preferred to use the type phosphates Li 1 + x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 x 0.25; Li 1 + 2x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25 such as Li 1.2 Zr 1.9 Ca 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 or Li 1.4 Zr 1.8 Ca 0.2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Li 1 + 3x Zr 2 (P 1-x Si x O 4 ) 3 with 1.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.3; Li 1 + 6x Zr 2 (P 1- x B x O 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25; or Li 1 + x Zr 2-x B x
- Another object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing an anode located inside a lithium ion battery, said battery comprising at least one cathode, at least one electrolyte and at least one anode, said battery.
- anode comprising an anode member capable of being manufactured by the method according to the invention, said method of manufacturing the anode being characterized in that the pores of said porous layer of metallic lithium are charged during the first charge of drums.
- the charging of the pores of said porous layer of metallic lithium is preferably carried out during the charging of the battery.
- Another object of the invention relates to an anode member for a lithium ion battery with a capacity not exceeding 1 mA h, capable of being obtained by the method according to the invention.
- the anode member according to the invention does not contain organic compounds.
- Another object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing an uncharged lithium ion battery, implementing the method of manufacturing an anode member according to the invention and comprising the steps: (1) Preparation of an anode member disposed on a substrate, preferably on a metal substrate, or bonded to an electrically conductive sheet, said substrate or said electrically conductive sheet being able to serve as a current collector of the battery; (2) Preparation of a cathode on a substrate, which may be a metallic substrate capable of serving as a current collector of the battery; (3) Deposition of a colloidal suspension of solid electrolyte particles on the anode and / or on the cathode, followed by drying; (4) Face-to-face stacking of the anode member and the cathode, followed by heat pressing.
- Steps (1) and (2) can optionally be reversed or be carried out in parallel.
- the cathode can be obtained in different ways. It may be an entirely solid cathode, deposited for example under vacuum; the thickness of these cathodes is in practice limited by their resistivity.
- Said cathode can also be a cathode comprising polymers charged with lithium salt or mixed with liquid electrolytes containing a lithium salt, as well as powders of active materials (cathode materials) and conductive charges.
- Said cathode can also be a mesoporous cathode, entirely solid, based on nanoparticles of active materials which have undergone thermal consolidation to create an open mesoporosity network within a solid network, conductor of lithium ions, formed by the coalescence of solid particles during their thermal consolidation; this solid network can be covered with a nanometric layer of an electronically conductive material which lines the entire open porosity.
- this thin layer of electronic conductor depends on the thickness of the electrode: If the electrode is very thin, this layer is not necessary.
- a thick, mesoporous, partially sintered cathode coated with a nanolayer of an electronic conductor is used.
- Said mesoporous cathode which is used in a preferred embodiment of the battery according to the invention, can then be impregnated with an electrolyte, which can be selected from the group formed by: electrolytes composed of at least one aprotic solvent and at least one lithium salt; electrolytes composed of at least one ionic liquid or ionic polyliquid and at least one lithium salt; mixtures of at least one aprotic solvent and at least one ionic liquid or ionic polyliquid and at least one lithium salt; polymers made ionic conductors by adding at least one lithium salt; and polymers made ionic conductors by the addition of a liquid electrolyte, either in the polymer phase or in the mesoporous structure; knowing that said polymers are preferably selected from the group formed by poly (ethylene oxide) abbreviated PEO, poly (propylene oxide) abbreviated PPO, polydimethylsiloxane abbreviated PDMS, polyacrylonitrile PAN, poly (methyl me
- the procedure is as follows:
- a cathode layer arranged on a substrate, preferably on a metal substrate, said substrate being able to serve as a current collector of the battery;
- a colloidal suspension comprising aggregates or agglomerates of monodisperse nanoparticles of at least a first material electrically insulating and conducting lithium ions with an average primary diameter D 50 of between 5 nm and 100 nm, said aggregates or agglomerates exhibiting a average diameter less than 500 nm;
- said substrate possibly being a metallic substrate capable of serving as a current collector of the battery or of being an intermediate substrate;
- step (iii) Drying of the layer thus obtained in step (ii), where appropriate before or after having separated the layer from its intermediate substrate, optionally followed by a heat treatment, preferably under an oxidizing atmosphere, of the dried layer obtained, a. and when an intermediate substrate is employed, depositing on at least one side, preferably on both sides, of said electrically conductive sheet, of a thin layer of conductive adhesive or of a layer thin nanoparticles from the colloidal suspension comprising monodisperse nanoparticles of at least one second material which conducts lithium ions, the second material which conducts lithium ions is preferably identical to the first material which conducts lithium ions; b. followed by bonding of the porous layer on said face, preferably on both faces of said electrically conductive sheet;
- step (iv) deposition by the technique of deposition of atomic layers ALD of a layer of a lithiophilic material on and inside the pores of the porous layer obtained in step (iii);
- step (v) Optionally, deposition of a solid electrolyte layer on the cathode layer and / or on the porous layer obtained in step (iii) and / or step (iv), said solid electrolyte layer being obtained from electrolyte materials having an electronic conductivity less than 10 -10 S / cm, preferably less than 10-11 S / cm, electrochemically stable in contact with metallic lithium and at the operating potential of the cathodes, having a ionic conductivity greater than 10 -6 S / cm, preferably greater than 10 -5 S / cm and having a good quality of ionic contact between the solid electrolyte and the porous layer;
- step (vi) Drying the layer thus obtained in step (v);
- step (viii) Hot pressing of the stack obtained in step (vii) so as to juxtapose the films obtained in step (v) present on the anode and cathode layers, and to obtain an assembled stack.
- step (2) applies to step (i).
- step (iii) said optional heat treatment allows in particular the elimination of any organic residues, the consolidation of the layer and / or its recrystallization.
- step (v) the deposition of a solid electrolyte layer can be carried out by any other suitable means, for example from a suspension of core-shell nanoparticles comprising particles of a material which can be used as electrolyte. solid, onto which a polymer shell is grafted.
- This polymer is preferably PEO, but can be more generally selected from the group formed by: PEO, PPO, PDMS, PAN, PMMA, PVC, PVDF, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, poly (acrylic acid) .
- step (viii) and also after step (4) described above:
- connection areas are preferably disposed on opposite sides of the battery stack to collect current.
- the connections are metallized using techniques known to those skilled in the art, preferably by immersion in a conductive resin and / or a bath of molten tin, preferably in a conductive epoxy resin and / or a bath of molten tin.
- the terminations can be produced in the form of a single metal layer, for example tin, or else be made up of multilayers.
- the terminations are formed, near the cathode and anode connections, of a first stack of layers successively comprising a first layer of conductive polymer, such as a resin loaded with electrically conductive particles, in particular a resin loaded with silver, a second layer of nickel deposited on the first layer and a third layer of tin deposited on the second layer.
- the layers of nickel and tin can be deposited by electrodeposition techniques.
- the electrically conductive particles of the resin charged with electrically conductive particles can be micron and / or nanometric in size. They can consist of metals, alloys, carbon, graphite, carbides and / or conductive nitrides or a mixture of these compounds.
- the nickel layer protects the polymer layer during the solder assembly steps, and the tin layer provides solderability of the battery interface.
- the terminations make it possible to resume the positive and negative electrical connections on the upper and lower faces of the battery. These terminations allow electrical connections to be made in parallel between the different battery cells.
- the cathode connections preferably exit on one lateral side of the battery, and the anode connections are available, preferably, on the other lateral side.
- Another object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a charged battery, implementing the method of manufacturing an uncharged battery according to the invention, comprising an additional step of charging the pores of the porous lithium layer. metallic when the uncharged battery is charged for the first time.
- Another object of the invention relates to an anode capable of being obtained by the method according to the invention, said anode comprising a porous layer of a material which conducts lithium ions, having a porosity of between 35% and 70% by volume. , deposited on a metallic substrate, and metallic lithium charged inside the pores of the porous layer, said anode being inside a lithium ion battery.
- the anode according to the invention does not contain organic compounds.
- Another object of the invention relates to an uncharged lithium ion battery comprising at least one anode member according to the invention.
- Another object of the invention relates to a lithium ion battery with a capacity not exceeding 1 mA h, characterized in that it comprises at least one anode according to the invention; the thickness of this anode is advantageously less than 20 ⁇ m. The thickness of this anode can also be greater than 20 ⁇ m, in particular in the case of high capacity batteries.
- Such a battery advantageously also comprises a solid electrolyte consisting of nanoparticles of a conductor of lithium ions, which may be of the NASICON type, said nanoparticles being coated with a polymer phase with a thickness of less than 150 nm, preferably less.
- polymer phase being preferably selected from the group formed by poly (ethylene oxide) abbreviated PEO, poly (propylene oxide) abbreviated PPO, polydimethylsiloxane abbreviated PDMS, polyacrylonitrile PAN , poly (methyl methacrylate) abbreviated PMMA, poly (vinyl chloride) abbreviated PVC, poly (vinylidene fluoride) abbreviated PVDF, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, poly (acrylic acid) abbreviated PAA; the thickness of this solid electrolyte is preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, and even more preferably less than 10 ⁇ m.
- an entirely solid cathode comprising a continuous mesoporous network of lithium oxide mesoporous (this continuous network is formed by coalescence (necking) of primary nanoparticles), coated with a nanolayer of a conductive material electronics such as carbon; the mesoporosity of this cathode is preferably between 25% and 50% by volume, and it is filled with a conductive phase of lithium ions.
- the surface capacity of the anode is advantageously greater than that of the cathode.
- Said battery is advantageously encapsulated by an encapsulation system which comprises a first polymer layer, followed by a second inorganic insulating layer, this sequence being able to be repeated several times.
- Said polymeric layer can be chosen in particular from parylene, type F parylene, polyimide, epoxy resins, polyamide and / or a mixture of these.
- Said inorganic layer can be chosen in particular from ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, which are advantageously deposited by ALD or HDPCVD.
- Such a battery advantageously has a volume energy density greater than 900 Wh / liter.
- the battery according to the invention can in particular be designed and dimensioned so as to have a capacity less than or equal to approximately 1 mAh (commonly called a “microbattery”).
- microbatteries are designed to be compatible with microelectronics manufacturing processes.
- FIG. 1 to 7 illustrate different aspects of embodiments of the invention, without limiting its scope.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates nanoparticles before heat treatment.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates nanoparticles after heat treatment, and in particular the phenomenon of “necking”.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents a front view with cutaway of a battery comprising an anode member / an anode according to the invention and showing the structure of the battery comprising an assembly of elementary cells covered by an encapsulation system and endings.
- FIG. 4 is a front view with cutaway of a battery, illustrating on a larger scale detail III of an anode member arranged on a substrate serving as a current collector.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view, illustrating a battery according to the invention, which can be obtained according to an advantageous variant of the invention.
- FIG. 6 includes Figures 6A, 6B and 6C. These figures are sectional views, along the line XVI-XVI indicated in FIG. 5, illustrating a battery according to the invention, which can be obtained in particular according to the method of the preceding figures and of which the first and second passages are provided. on this battery are filled by conductive means intended to make the electrical connection between the cells of the battery.
- FIG. 7 is a sectional view illustrating a battery according to the invention, which comprises the conductive means intended to make the electrical connection between the cells of the battery and an encapsulation system.
- the size of a particle is defined by its largest dimension.
- nanoparticle is understood to mean any particle or object of nanometric size having at least one of its dimensions less than or equal to 100 nm.
- ionic liquid is understood to mean any electrically insulating liquid salt, capable of transporting ions, which differs from all the molten salts by a melting point of less than 100 ° C. Some of these salts remain liquid at room temperature, such salts are called "ionic liquids at room temperature”.
- mesoporous materials is understood to mean any solid which has within its structure so-called “mesopore” pores having a size intermediate between that of the pores. micropores (width less than 2 nm) and that of macropores (width greater than 50 nm), namely a size between 2 nm and 50 nm.
- IUPAC International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
- nanopore is therefore not used here, even if the mesopores as defined above have nanometric dimensions within the meaning of the definition of nanoparticles, knowing the pores of sizes smaller than those of the mesopores are called by the a person skilled in the art of "micropores", still according to IUPAC.
- mesoporous layer is understood to mean a layer which has mesopores. As will be explained below, these mesopores contribute significantly to the total pore volume; this fact is reflected by the expression “mesoporous layer of mesoporous porosity greater than X% by volume” used in the description below.
- aggregate means, as defined by IUPAC, a loosely bound assembly of primary particles.
- these primary particles are nanoparticles having a diameter which can be determined by transmission electron microscopy.
- An aggregate of aggregated primary nanoparticles can normally be destroyed (i.e. reduced to primary nanoparticles) in suspension in a liquid phase under the effect of ultrasound, according to a technique known to those skilled in the art.
- agglomerate means, as defined by IUPAC, a tightly bound assembly of primary particles or aggregates.
- anode is used to denote the negative electrode, knowing that within a secondary battery, the electrochemical reactions which take place at the electrodes are reversible, and the negative terminal (anode) of the battery may become the cathode when recharging the battery.
- suspensions of nanoparticles of an electrically insulating material and conductor of lithium ions it is preferable not to prepare these suspensions of nanoparticles from dry nanopowders. They can preferably be prepared by nanomilling powders in the wet phase. In another embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles are prepared in suspension directly by precipitation. The synthesis of nanoparticles by precipitation makes it possible to obtain primary nanoparticles of very homogeneous size with a unimodal size distribution, ie very tight and monodisperse, of good purity. These primary nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation can show good crystallinity after their deposition, or can develop good crystallinity after appropriate heat treatment of the layer.
- these nanoparticles of very homogeneous size and narrow distribution makes it possible to obtain, after deposition, a porous layer of controlled and open porosity, a porous layer of which the pore size is homogeneous, and ultimately to increase the capacity. of the anode according to the invention.
- the capacity of the anode according to the invention depends on the porosity of the porous layer of the anode member. The greater the porosity of the layer, the more room there will be within the pores of this layer for the subsequent deposition of lithium.
- the porous layer obtained after depositing these nanoparticles has few, preferably, no closed pores.
- the porosity of this layer must be as large as possible, and must be open porosity; it is this open porosity which ensures the electrical continuity of the metallic lithium which is deposited within the porous anode member during the charging of the battery.
- the fact of using primary nanoparticles of monodisperse size confers on the porous layer obtained after deposition of these particles a perfectly homogeneous porosity within the host structure as well as a thickness of the solid areas of very homogeneous lithium ion conductor material. within the host structure.
- the average size of the pores within the host structure according to the invention is homogeneous, i.e. the average value of the size of the pores does not depend on its distance from one of the two interfaces of the porous layer.
- This structure makes it possible to avoid having local zones with larger solid electrolyte particle sizes, which can modify the homogeneity of the deposit of metallic lithium in the structure.
- the large specific surface area linked to the porosity of the host structure according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the current densities during the deposition and during the extraction of lithium. These low current densities contribute to limiting the loss of capacities during the cycling of the battery.
- the quality and reproducibility of the lithium deposition / extraction process is all the better controlled in a host structure according to the invention that the specific surface of the host structure is large, its porosity is homogeneous and the thickness of the solid areas of lithium ion conductive material is very homogeneous within the host structure.
- the nanoparticles are prepared directly at their primary size by hydrothermal or solvothermal synthesis; this technique makes it possible to obtain nanoparticles with a very narrow size distribution, called “monodisperse nanoparticles”.
- the size of these non-aggregated or non-agglomerated nanopowders / nanoparticles is called the primary size. It is advantageously between 5 nm and 100 nm, preferably between 10 nm and 80 nm; this promotes, during the subsequent process steps, the formation of an interconnected mesoporous network with ionic conduction, thanks to the “necking” phenomenon described below.
- This suspension of monodisperse nanoparticles can be produced in the presence of ligands or organic stabilizers so as to avoid aggregation, or even agglomeration, of the nanoparticles, which makes it possible to better control their size.
- ligands or organic stabilizers in the reaction medium, in sufficient quantity, makes it possible to control the level of agglomeration, or even to suppress the formation of agglomerates.
- This suspension of monodisperse nanoparticles can be purified to remove any potentially troublesome ions. Depending on the degree of purification it can then be specially treated to form aggregates or agglomerates of a controlled size. More precisely, the formation of aggregates or agglomerates can result from the destabilization of the suspension caused in particular by ions, by the increase in the dry extract of the suspension, by changing the solvent of the suspension, by the addition of agents of destabilization.
- anode members and anodes according to the invention consists in having good control over the size of the primary particles of the materials which conduct the lithium ions used and their degree of aggregation or agglomeration.
- the suspension obtained can be used to make mesoporous deposits. It is this suspension of aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles which is then used for depositing by electrophoresis, by the ink-jet printing process hereinafter “ink-jet”, by spraying, by flexographic printing, by scraping hereinafter “doctor blade”, by roller coating, by curtain coating, by slot-die coating, or by dip-coating the porous layers, preferably mesoporous, according to the invention.
- ink-jet ink-jet printing process
- doctor blade by roller coating
- curtain coating by slot-die coating
- dip-coating the porous layers preferably mesoporous, according to the invention.
- the porous layer preferably mesoporous, entirely solid, without organic components, of the anode organ, also called host structure, is obtained by the deposition of agglomerates and / or aggregates of nanoparticles of conductive materials of lithium ions.
- the sizes of the primary particles constituting these agglomerates and / or aggregates are of the order of one nanometer or ten nanometers, and the agglomerates and / or aggregates contain at least 4 primary particles.
- agglomerates of a few tens or even hundreds of nanometers in diameter rather than primary, non-agglomerated particles each with a size of the order of one nanometer or ten nanometers makes it possible to increase the deposit thicknesses.
- the agglomerates are advantageously less than about 500 nm in size. Sintering agglomerates larger than this value would not make it possible to obtain a continuous mesoporous film. In this case, two different porosity sizes are observed in the deposit, namely a porosity between agglomerates and a porosity inside the agglomerates.
- This homogeneous structure is essential; it makes it possible, during its subsequent use as an anode, to avoid the formation of dendrites in the porous, preferably mesoporous, layer. Its very large specific surface area considerably reduces the local current densities in the anode using this porous layer, which promotes nucleation and homogeneous deposition of metallic lithium.
- an anode comprising a porous layer made from nanoparticles with an average primary diameter D 50 clearly greater than 100 nm or having an average pore diameter greater than 100 nm, can exhibit a large variation in local current density and a specific gravity. high current; this variation is all the more important when the particle size distribution used to make the porous layer is polydisperse.
- the metallic lithium deposited at the center of the porosity of the porous layer risks remaining “confined” to the center of the porosity during the discharge of the battery.
- This “confined” lithium does not participate in the charge / discharge cycles of the anode and represents as much loss of capacity in cycling, especially at high currents.
- the initial lithium entering the anode is that located at the surface of the electrode. The more lithium is found near the exchange surfaces, in a large quantity, the more the risk of having “confined” “inactive” lithium is reduced. This risk is all the more reduced as the local stripping current density is low.
- the large specific surfaces of the anodes according to the invention the current densities at the interface between the host structure and the lithium are low, but multiplied by the very large surface area of the electrode, this allows, despite everything, to have very powerful batteries.
- the balancing of the diffusion resistances in this structure is optimal; there is no risk of locally concentrating currents or metallic lithium deposits in the host structure and ultimately degrading the host structure. Furthermore, this risk is eliminated by the very high specific surface area which makes it possible to locally reduce the density of the deposition current.
- This structure makes it possible to guarantee a lithium diffusion front from the interface with the collector towards the solid electrolyte. In the absence of defects, it is indeed the potential gradient which drives the lithium progression front in the structure. Although current densities are reduced at the lithium / host structure interface, battery power is not affected. On the contrary, this architecture allows high power operations.
- the porous layer of the anode member according to the invention is electrically insulating; it is the metallic lithium, which, by being deposited, will transform this porous layer into an anode; i.e. make this porous layer conductive.
- the porous layer according to the invention is electrically insulating, a potential gradient is created naturally in the anode when it is charged with metallic lithium.
- Lithium being an electrical conductor, will thus be deposited in contact with the anode current collector, where the potential is lowest.
- the lithium will thus fill the porosities of the electrode from the interface with the anode collector towards the interface with the solid electrolyte. This will create in the anode structure, a lithium progression front from the interface close to the current collector towards the area close to the solid electrolyte. In order to ensure the flow of current, it is important to have good contact between the deposited lithium and the current collector.
- h max 0.41 [(GM ⁇ rcp R 3 ) / 2 ⁇ ] where h max denotes the critical thickness, G the shear modulus of the nanoparticles, M the number of coordination, ⁇ rcp the volume fraction of nanoparticles, R the radius of the particles and ⁇ the interfacial tension between the solvent and the air. It follows that the use of agglomerates, mesoporous, made up of primary nanoparticles at least ten times smaller than the size of the agglomerate, makes it possible to considerably increase the limiting thickness of the layers for cracking.
- a lower surface tension solvent such as isopropyl alcohol (abbreviated IPA)
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- binders and dispersants can be removed by a heat treatment in air, such as by debinding, during a sintering treatment or during a heat treatment carried out prior to the sintering treatment.
- ligands eg polyvinylpyrolidone, PVP
- PVP polyvinylpyrolidone
- the use of stabilizers advantageously makes it possible to produce an ink containing agglomerates which are homogeneous in size.
- stabilizers and binders make it possible to adjust the viscosity of the suspension, the adhesion of the particles so as to optimize the porosity of the deposit of agglomerates and to form a homogeneous deposit in particular by coating by dipping (an English "dip-coating") , from an ink.
- ink with a high solids content of nanoparticle agglomerates to be stable, stabilizers are advantageously present around the particles.
- the host structure is produced by electrophoresis, the presence of stabilizer is not necessary because the suspension used has in particular a lower solids content than the ink used by dip-coating. The thickness of the deposit obtained by electrophoresis is smaller.
- a mesoporous layer having an average diameter is obtained during the subsequent process steps.
- mesopores between 2 nm and 50 nm.
- the porous layer which constitutes the anode member according to the invention must be produced from an electrically insulating and ionic conductor material, more precisely a conductor of lithium ions.
- the conductive materials of lithium ions that can be used to produce this porous layer, preferably mesoporous, preference will be given to materials which are electrochemically stable in contact with metallic lithium, having a low electronic conductivity, preferably less than 10 -10 S / cm and again. more preferably less than 10 -11 S / cm in order to facilitate the precipitation of metallic lithium in contact with the anode current collector and to create a front of progression of the deposition of metallic lithium in the host structure from the interface located towards the collector of current to separation with solid electrolyte.
- ionic conductive materials used for the mesoporous structure have an ionic conductivity greater than 10 -6 S / cm, preferably greater than 10 -5 S / cm and exhibit relatively low melting points in order to achieve partial consolidation of the nanoparticles at low. temperature.
- lithiated phosphates are preferred, in particular lithiated phosphates, preferably chosen from - lithiated phosphates of the NaSICON type, Li 3 PO 4 ; LiPO 3 ; Li 3 Al 0.4 Sc 1.6 (PO 4 ) 3 called "LASP"; Li 1 + x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25; Li 1 + 2x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25 such as Li 1.2 Zr 1.9 Ca 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 or Li 1.4 Zr 1.8 Ca 0.2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; the LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Li 1 + 3x Zr 2 (P 1-x Si x O 4 ) 3 with 1.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.3; Li 1-x La x / 3 Zr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 1 + 6x Zr 2 (P 1-x
- lithiated phosphates as conductive materials of lithium ions makes it possible to reduce the sintering temperature and to facilitate, at low temperature, the partial coalescence of the primary nanoparticles in aggregates, or agglomerates, and between aggregates or agglomerates.
- lithium ion conductive materials that can be used to produce this porous layer, preferably mesoporous, preference will be given to materials comprising a mixture of lithiated phosphates and lithiated borates, in particular a mixture comprising: at least one lithiated phosphate chosen from lithiated phosphates of the NaSICON type, Li 3 PO 4 ; LiPO 3 ; Li 3 Al 0.4 Sc 1.6 (PO 4 ) 3 called "LASP"; Li 1 + x Zr 2-x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25; Li 1 + 2x Zr 2- x Ca x (PO 4 ) 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25 such as Li 1.2 Zr 1.9 Ca 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 or Li 1.4 Zr 1.8 Ca 0.2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Li 1 + 3x Zr 2 (P 1-x Si x O 4 ) 3 with
- lithium ion conductive materials comprising at least one lithiated phosphate and at least one lithiated borate are advantageously used to produce the porous, preferably mesoporous, layer of the anode member according to the invention.
- These materials are stable both at the functional potential of the anodes comprising metallic lithium and of the cathodes.
- the use of this type of material makes it possible to make stable host structures over time, which do not degrade.
- these materials have low melting points and the partial coalescence by sintering of these materials (hereinafter referred to as the “necking” phenomenon) can be done at relatively low temperature, especially when the particles are nanometric, which represents a low temperature. additional economic benefit.
- the silicates and / or the solid electrolytes of the anti-pervoskite type can also be used to produce this porous, preferably mesoporous, layer, since they are stable over a very wide potential range.
- the conductive materials of lithium ions comprising titanium and / or germanium are not stable in contact with lithium; these materials are not used to produce a porous layer according to the invention.
- the conductive materials of lithium ions used in the form of nanoparticles and described above are solid electrolytes, which by definition are electronically insulating. 3.
- a layer of a suspension of nanoparticles is deposited on a substrate, by any suitable technique, and in particular by a method selected from the group formed by: electrophoresis, a printing process and preferably inkjet printing or flexographic printing, a coating and coating process preferably by doctor blade, roller, curtain, dipping, or through a slot-shaped die.
- the suspension is typically in the form of an ink, that is to say a fairly fluid liquid, but can also have a pasty consistency.
- the deposition technique and the conduct of the deposition process must be compatible with the viscosity of the suspension, and vice versa.
- the deposited layer will then be dried.
- the layer can then be consolidated to obtain the desired mesoporous structure.
- This consolidation will be described below. It can be carried out by heat treatment, by heat treatment preceded by mechanical treatment, and optionally by thermomechanical treatment, typically thermocompression. During this thermomechanical or thermal treatment, the electrode layer will be freed of any constituent and organic residue (such as the liquid phase of the suspension of the nanoparticles and of any surfactant products): it becomes an inorganic layer.
- the consolidation of a plate is preferably carried out after its separation from its intermediate substrate, since the latter would risk being degraded during this treatment.
- the porous layer of the anode member preferably mesoporous, can be deposited on a substrate.
- Said substrate may be, in a first embodiment, a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector, or be, in a second embodiment, an intermediate, temporary substrate which will be explained in more detail below.
- the porous layer of the anode member preferably mesoporous, can be deposited on a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector (as described below in the section "Substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector. electric current collector ”, with a preference for copper, nickel and molybdenum) or on an intermediate, temporary substrate.
- said substrate is a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector.
- Said substrate on which said layer is deposited performs the function of current collector for the anode member / anode.
- the porous layer of the anode member can be deposited on one or both sides of the substrate.
- the current collector in batteries employing anode members according to the invention must be a stable metallic substrate in a potential range preferably between 0 V and 3 V with respect to the potential of lithium and resistant to heat treatments at high temperature.
- a metal substrate is chosen, which can in particular be made of tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, or an alloy of two or more of these materials.
- Such metal substrates are quite expensive and can greatly increase the cost of the battery.
- Mo, W, Cr, Inox and their alloys are particularly well suited. It is also possible to coat this metal substrate with a conductive or semiconductor oxide before the deposition of the porous layer, which makes it possible in particular to protect less noble substrates such as copper and nickel. Copper and nickel are well suited to operate at the anode level and aluminum and titanium at the cathode level.
- the substrate is preferably chosen from strips of copper, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, chromium, niobium, zirconium, titanium, and alloy strips comprising at least one of these elements. Stainless steel can also be used. These substrates have the advantage of being stable over a wide range of potentials and resistant to heat treatments.
- Copper, nickel, molybdenum and their alloys are preferably used as a substrate for the porous layer of the anode member.
- Substrates based on alloys of nickel-chromium, stainless steels, chromium, titanium, aluminum, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, niobium or alloys containing at least one of these elements are preferably used as a cathode substrate.
- These substrates of the porous layer of the anode member, of the anode and / or of the cathode may or may not be coated with a conductive and electrochemically inert deposit. Such coatings can be produced by depositing nitrides, carbides, graphites, gold, palladium and / or platinum.
- the thickness of the layer after step (c) is advantageously between approximately 1 ⁇ m and approximately 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 1 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m, more preferably between 10 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, or even between 10 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the layer after step (c) is limited in order to avoid any cracking problem.
- the porous layers are not deposited on a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector, but on an intermediate, temporary substrate.
- the deposition of the porous layer of the anode member is advantageously carried out on one face of the intermediate substrate, so as to subsequently be able to easily separate the porous layer from this intermediate substrate.
- Said intermediate substrate may be a flexible substrate, which may be a polymeric sheet, for example poly (ethylene terephthalate), abbreviated PET.
- the deposition step is advantageously carried out on one face of said intermediate substrate in order to facilitate the subsequent separation of the layer from its substrate.
- the layer can be separated from its substrate before or after drying, preferably before any heat treatment.
- the thickness of the layer after drying, during step (c) is advantageously less than or equal to 5 mm, advantageously between approximately 1 ⁇ m and approximately 500 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the drying layer, during step (c) is advantageously less than 300 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 5 ⁇ m and approximately 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
- the process for manufacturing the anode member for a battery uses an intermediate polymer substrate (such as PET) and results in a so-called “raw strip” strip.
- This raw strip is then separated from its substrate; it then forms porous and self-supporting plates or sheets (hereinafter the term “plate” is used, regardless of its thickness).
- Said porous plate obtained in step (c) has a thickness advantageously less than or equal to 5 mm, preferably between approximately 1 ⁇ m and approximately 500 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the layer after step (c) is advantageously less than 300 ⁇ m, preferably between approximately 5 ⁇ m and approximately 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
- an electrically conductive sheet is also supplied, covered on both sides with a thin intermediate layer of nanoparticles preferably identical to those constituting the plate or covered on both sides with a thin layer of conductive adhesive.
- Said thin layers preferably have a thickness of less than 1 ⁇ m.
- This sheet can be a metal strip or a graphite sheet.
- This electrically conductive sheet is then interposed between two porous plates obtained previously after the heat treatment of step c).
- the assembly is then heat-pressed so that said intermediate thin layer of nanoparticles is transformed by sintering and consolidates the porous plate / substrate / porous plate assembly to obtain a rigid and one-piece sub-assembly.
- the bond between the porous layer and the intermediate layer is established by atom diffusion; this phenomenon is known by the English term "diffusion bonding”.
- This assembly is carried out with two porous plates, preferably made from the same nanoparticles of at least one material which is electrically insulating and conductive of lithium ions, and the metal foil placed between these two porous plates.
- One of the advantages of the second embodiment is that it makes it possible to use inexpensive substrates such as aluminum strips, copper or graphite strips. In fact, these strips do not withstand heat treatment for consolidating the deposited layers; the fact of sticking them on the porous plates after their heat treatment also makes it possible to avoid their oxidation.
- the lithiophilic coating can then advantageously be deposited on and inside the pores of the porous, preferably mesoporous, plates, of the porous plate / substrate / porous plate assembly, as has been described above, in particular when the porous plates used are thick.
- This assembly by “diffusion bonding” can be carried out separately as has just been described, and the anode member / substrate / anode member sub-assemblies as well. obtained can be used in manufacturing a battery.
- This assembly by diffusion bonding can also be achieved by stacking and heat-pressing the entire structure of the battery; in this case, a multilayer stack is assembled comprising a first porous layer of the anode member according to the invention, its metal substrate, a second porous layer of the anode member according to the invention, a solid electrolyte layer, a first cathode layer, its metallic substrate, a second cathode layer, a new solid electrolyte layer, and so on.
- This anode member / substrate / anode member sub-assembly can be obtained by bonding the porous plates to an electrically conductive sheet capable of subsequently acting as an electric current collector, or by deposition, followed by drying and possibly a treatment. thermal layers on a substrate capable of acting as an electric current collector, in particular a metallic substrate.
- the electrolyte film is then deposited on the latter.
- the necessary cutouts are then made to produce a battery with several elementary cells, then the sub-assemblies are stacked (typically in "head to tail” mode) and the thermocompression is carried out to weld the anode components and cathodes together at the level of the solid electrolyte.
- the cutouts necessary to produce a battery with several elementary cells can be made, before the deposition of an electrolyte film, on each anode member / substrate / anode member and cathode / substrate / cathode sub-assembly. Then the anode member / substrate / anode member sub-assemblies and / or the cathode / substrate / cathode sub-assemblies are coated with an electrolyte film, then the sub-assemblies are stacked (typically in "head to tail” mode) and thermocompression is carried out to weld the anode members and the cathodes together at the level of the electrolyte film.
- thermocompression welding is carried out at a relatively low temperature, which is possible thanks to the very small size of the nanoparticles. As a result, oxidation of the metal layers of the substrate is not observed.
- a conductive adhesive loaded with graphite
- a sol-gel type deposit loaded with conductive particles, or even metal strips, preferably used is used.
- low melting point eg aluminum
- thermomechanical treatment thermopressing
- said electrically conductive sheet is metallic, it is preferably a laminated sheet, i.e. obtained by lamination.
- the rolling can optionally be followed by a final annealing, which can be a softening annealing (total or partial) or recrystallization, depending on the terminology of metallurgy.
- a final annealing which can be a softening annealing (total or partial) or recrystallization, depending on the terminology of metallurgy.
- an electrochemically deposited sheet for example an electrodeposited copper sheet or an electrodeposited nickel sheet.
- a porous anode member is obtained, located on either side of a metal substrate serving as an electronic current collector.
- the deposition of the porous layer of the anode member can be carried out electrophoretically, by the dip coating process, by the inkjet printing process (called “ink-jet” in English), by spraying, by flexographic printing, by roller coating (called “roll coating” in English), by curtain coating (called “curtain coating” in English), by coating by extrusion through a slot-shaped die (called “slot -die “in English) or by coating by scraping (called” doctor blade “in English), and this from a suspension comprising aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles of conductive material of lithium ions, preferably from a concentrated suspension containing agglomerates of nanoparticles.
- the porous layer is advantageously deposited by the dip coating process or by the slot-die process from a concentrated solution containing agglomerates of monodisperse nanoparticles.
- the deposition processes of aggregates or agglomerates of monodisperse nanoparticles electrophoretically, by the dip coating process, by the inkjet printing process, by roller coating, by curtain coating, by Slot-die type coating, by spraying, by flexographic printing or by coating by scraping are simple, safe processes, easy to implement, to industrialize and to obtain a final homogeneous porous layer.
- the deposit by electrophoretic route allows to deposit layers uniformly over a large area with a high deposition rate.
- Coating techniques, particularly by dipping, roller, slot-die, curtain or scraping simplify the management of baths compared to electrophoretic deposition techniques, because unlike electrophoresis, the content particle size of the bath remains constant during deposition by coating.
- the deposition by inkjet printing makes it possible to make localized deposits in the same way as the deposits by scraping under mask.
- Thick-bed porous coats can be achieved in one step by roller, curtain, slot-die or scrap coating techniques.
- Aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles can be deposited by a coating process, for example by dipping, regardless of the chemical nature of the nanoparticles used. Coating is the preferred deposition process when the nanoparticles used have little or no electric charge.
- the step of depositing by dipping the aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles followed by the step of drying the layer obtained are repeated as much as necessary.
- the dip-coating deposition process is a simple, safe process, easy to implement, to industrialize and to obtain a homogeneous final layer and compact.
- the layers deposited on the substrates defined above must be dried; drying must not induce the formation of cracks.
- the drying is advantageously carried out under controlled humidity and temperature conditions.
- the dried layers can be consolidated by a heat treatment step associated or not with mechanical compression.
- this treatment leads to a partial coalescence of the primary nanoparticles in the aggregates, or the agglomerates, and between neighboring aggregates or agglomerates; this phenomenon is called “necking” or “neck formation”. It is characterized by the partial coalescence of two particles in contact, which remain separated but connected by a neck (constricted); this is illustrated schematically in figure 2. Lithium ions and electrons are mobile within these necks and can diffuse from one particle to another without encountering grain boundaries. The nanoparticles are welded together to ensure the conduction of ions from one particle to another. Thus a three-dimensional network of interconnected particles with high ionic mobility is formed; this network comprises pores, preferably mesopores.
- the nanoparticles are welded together forming an entirely ceramic continuous structure, allowing lithium ions to pass through the entire thickness of the electrode, without having to add organic compounds and / or lithium salts.
- the structure of the anode member is partially sintered, it no longer reveals the notion of particles but rather a notion of porous structure.
- the nanoparticles are welded together forming an entirely ceramic continuous structure, allowing lithium ions to pass through the entire thickness of the electrode, without having to add organic compounds and / or lithium salts.
- the porous layer obtained has a porosity of between 35% and 70% by volume.
- porosity in the porous layer of the anode member makes it possible, during the subsequent steps of charging and discharging the metallic lithium anode, to avoid variations in the volume of the anode.
- metallic lithium anodes have a planar exchange surface with the solid electrolyte. This very small exchange surface limits the power of the battery.
- the architecture of the anode proposed by the applicant comprising a porous layer serving as a host structure, as well as metallic lithium charged inside the pores of said porous layer, makes it possible to obtain very high power densities linked to a very high power density. large exchange surface within the anode member.
- the temperature necessary to obtain the partial coalescence of the nanoparticles and their consolidation depends on the material; taking into account the diffusive nature of the phenomenon which leads to necking, the duration of the treatment depends on the temperature.
- this consolidation will be carried out either by simple drying or by drying followed by a heat treatment which may or may not be associated with mechanical compression.
- the heat treatment also makes it possible to remove the adsorbed organic residues resulting from the suspension of nanoparticles used, such as organic solvents, binders, ligands and / or residual organic stabilizers.
- the heat treatment also makes it possible to complete the drying of the layer, knowing that the metallic lithium must precipitate in the mesoporous network of the anode organ when the battery is charged is very reactive with respect to traces of humidity to spontaneously form LiOH. It is therefore necessary that the drying and the heat treatment be carried out under conditions allowing to eliminate all the water molecules adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles if the deposition was carried out in water, or all traces of organic residuals if the deposition was carried out in solvents or if the suspensions in general contained organic additives.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- the porous layer of the anode member has a thickness of between 1 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- this porous layer of the anode member has, from preferably a thickness of between 20 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m, more preferably a thickness of about 100 ⁇ m.
- a layer of a very thin lithiophilic material, covering and preferably without defects, is applied on and within the pores of the porous layer.
- the accessible surfaces of the porous layer, as well as the accessible parts of the current collectors, are lined with a lithiophilic material, stable in contact with metallic lithium.
- this layer of a lithiophilic material on the surface of the porous layer of the anode member allows, when the porous layer of the anode member is obtained from ionic conductive materials which are rather lithiophobic, ie which do not wet lithium, to limit the strong contact resistance existing between lithium and the porous layer, to facilitate the reversibility of the lithium insertion / deposition reaction and to reduce the growth phenomena of metallic lithium dendrites in the most lithiophilic like some grain boundaries.
- this lithiophilic layer is deposited by the technique of depositing ALD atomic layers or chemically in CSD solution, during a step (d) after step (c) of drying the porous layer. More generally, with the lithiophilic layer deposition techniques indicated here, a constant thickness of said lithiophilic layer is obtained within the porous, preferably mesoporous, layer.
- the lithiophilic material can for example be ZnO, Al, Si, CuO.
- the deposition of the lithiophilic layer must be carried out after consolidation, which corresponds to a partial sintering of the nanoparticles obtained by surface diffusion mechanisms. If such a nanolayer is applied to the surfaces of the nanoparticles before consolidation, this sintering may no longer be possible, or else this nanolayer will end up in the solder neck between two particles and prevent the diffusion of lithium ions.
- the deposition of the lithiophilic layer is carried out on the accessible surfaces of the porous layer, as well as on the accessible parts of the substrate on which the porous layer is placed, the substrate having a metallic surface and being able to serve as a current collector.
- the lithium is deposited on and inside the pores of the porous layer as well as on the substrate accessible through the pores of the porous layer; this makes it possible to ensure good electrical contact between the anode, when the porous layer comprises metallic lithium in its pores, and the cell of the battery.
- This lithiophilic deposit makes it possible to ensure good contact of the metallic lithium on the surface of the porous layer and makes it possible to reduce the polarization resistance, ie to guarantee good wettability of the surface of the porous layer by the metallic lithium while reducing the interfacial resistance existing between the metallic lithium and the material electrically insulating and conducting lithium ions of the porous layer, and further improves the performance of lithium ion batteries comprising at least one anode according to the invention.
- this deposition is carried out by a technique making it possible to produce an encapsulating coating (also called “conformal deposition”), ie a deposition which faithfully reproduces the atomic topography of the substrate on which it is applied.
- this lithiophilic deposit is less than or equal to 10 nm; the thickness of this lithiophilic deposit is homogeneous on and inside the pores of the host structure.
- this lithiophilic deposit In order not to reduce the power of the battery comprising an anode member according to the invention coated with such a lithiophilic deposit, this lithiophilic deposit must have a very fine and homogeneous thickness.
- the thicker the lithiophilic deposit produced on and inside the pores of the porous host structure the larger the volume making it possible to accommodate the metallic lithium when it is deposited on and in the pores of this porous layer becomes considerably reduced.
- ALD Atomic Layer Deposition
- CSD Chemical Solution Deposition
- the deposition of the lithiophilic layer is carried out before assembly of the battery, in particular when the electrolyte and / or the cathode contain organic materials.
- the lithiophilic layer should only be deposited on surfaces which do not contain an organic binder.
- the deposition by ALD is carried out at a temperature typically between 100 ° C and 300 ° C. At this temperature, the organic materials forming the binder (for example the polymers contained in the electrodes produced by ink tape casting) risk decomposing and will pollute the ALD reactor.
- the ALD deposition technique is carried out layer by layer, by a cyclic process, and makes it possible to produce a conformal covering coating which covers the entire surface of the porous layer. Its thickness is typically between 0.5 nm and 10 nm.
- the CSD deposition technique also makes it possible to produce a conformal coating; its thickness is typically less than 10 nm, preferably between 0.5 nm and 5 nm.
- a ZnO layer with a thickness of the order of 1 to 5 nm may be suitable.
- the ZnO layer covering the surface of the porous layer makes it possible to ensure good wettability between the metallic lithium and the solid electrolyte material used to produce the porous layer, subsequently serving as a host structure for the metallic lithium.
- the lithiophilic layer 47, 48 applied by ALD or CSD on the porous layer covers only the surface of this porous layer and part of the surface of the current collector.
- the porous layer being partially sintered, the lithium ions pass through the solder (the necking) between the particles of the porous layer.
- the “weld” zone 45 between the porous layer and the substrate is not covered by the lithiophilic layer.
- the lithiophilic layer applied by ALD or CSD covers only the free surfaces of the pores 46, in particular the accessible surfaces of the porous layer 22 and those of the substrate 21.
- lithiophilic deposits produced by ALD or CSD are particularly efficient. They are certainly thin, but completely covering, without defects.
- the method according to the invention which necessarily involves a step of depositing nanoparticles of conductive material of lithium ions, causes the nanoparticles to “weld” themselves naturally or under heat treatment to generate a structure.
- porous, rigid, three-dimensional, without organic binder; this porous, preferably mesoporous, layer is perfectly suited to the application of a surface treatment by ALD which goes into the depth of the open porous structure of the layer.
- porous layers preferably mesoporous, coated or not with a lithiophilic layer by ALD or by CSD, it is possible to deposit a layer of a solid electrolyte in order to produce a battery cell.
- porous layers according to the invention coated or not with a lithiophilic layer can be used as anode members of a battery.
- the batteries using such anode components or such anodes according to the invention cannot be impregnated with liquid electrolytes. Impregnation of the porous layer of the anode according to the invention would prevent the “plating” of lithium in the pores, and the structure could no longer function as an anode.
- the cathodes used in such batteries can be layers of the “all solid” type, ie devoid of impregnated liquid or pasty phases (said liquid or pasty phases possibly being a conductive medium of lithium ions, capable of acting as an electrolyte).
- These cathodes can in particular be obtained in a thin layer by PVD or CVD deposition and be dense, ie have a porosity of less than 15% by volume, or by sintering powders of cathode materials.
- the cathodes used in such batteries can also be: - mesoporous “all solid” type layers, impregnated with a liquid or pasty phase, typically a conductive medium of lithium ions, which spontaneously enters the interior of the layer.
- this layer can be considered as quasi-solid, or again - impregnated porous layers (ie layers having a network of open pores which can be impregnated with a liquid or pasty phase, and which gives these layers wet properties).
- They can be deposited by several techniques and preferably by the inkjet printing process, by scraping, by slot-die type coating, electrophoretic deposition or by other deposition techniques known to those skilled in the art allowing the use of a suspension of nanoparticles.
- the average size of these nanoparticles of cathode materials is preferably less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm.
- cathodes can comprise electronic conductors such as graphite, or metallic nanoparticles, polymers which conduct lithium ions, these polymers possibly containing lithium salts to ensure ionic conductivity in the cathode.
- Electrolytes which can be used in batteries according to the invention
- the solid electrolyte layer is deposited on the face of the anode member and / or of the cathode.
- the electrolyte layer should be dense.
- nanoparticles functionalized by a polymer coating makes it possible to block the propagation of lithium dendrites in the electrolyte; these layers can be electrochemically stable both in contact with lithium anodes and cathodes operating at more than 4V.
- the solid electrolyte layers used in a battery comprising anode members or anodes according to the invention, are advantageously made from solid electrolyte materials: - having an electronic conductivity of less than 10 -10 S / cm, preferably less than 10 -11 S / cm to limit the risk of subsequent formation of lithium dendrites,
- the structure of the electrolyte defines the conditions for assembling the battery.
- the solid electrolyte layer is deposited by any suitable means on the anode member coated or not according to the invention and / or on the cathode.
- This electrolyte layer must be dense in order to avoid any deposition of metallic lithium within this layer.
- the solid electrolyte layer is made from core / shell particles comprising as the core a particle of a material serving as an electrolyte onto which is grafted a shell comprising a polymer, as will be explained below in section 5.2.1.
- the emblematic and preferred example of this polymer is PEO, which can here always be replaced by another polymer selected from the list given below.
- the core of the core / shell particles is advantageously a solid electrolyte material and / or a ceramic.
- the solid electrolyte layer comprises a solid electrolyte and PEO or another of the polymers listed.
- the solid electrolyte layer comprises a solid electrolyte and polymer in a solid electrolyte / polymer volume ratio greater than 35%, preferably greater than 50% and even more preferably greater than 70%.
- the electrolyte nanoparticles can be produced by nanogrinding / dispersing a solid electrolyte powder or by hydrothermal synthesis or by solvothermal synthesis or by precipitation.
- the electrolyte nanoparticles which are inorganic, can then be functionalized with organic molecules in a liquid phase, according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
- Functionalization consists in grafting to the surface of the nanoparticles a molecule exhibiting a structure of the Q-Z type in which Q is a function ensuring the attachment of the molecule to the surface, and Z is a polymer group.
- said polymer must be a conductor of ions (and in particular of lithium ions, knowing that the lithium ion is the smallest of the ions of a metal), and must be an insulator electronic.
- the polymers which are particularly suitable for implementing the present invention are poly (ethylene oxide) abbreviated PEO, poly (propylene oxide) abbreviated PPO, poly (dimethylsiloxane) abbreviated PDMS, poly (acrylonitrile) abbreviated PAN, poly (methyl methacrylate) abbreviated PMMA, poly (vinyl chloride) abbreviated PVC, poly (vinylidene fluoride) abbreviated PVDF, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, poly (acrylic acid) abbreviated PAA.
- Lithium salts can be dissolved in the polymer, liquid electrolytes can be added to the polymer to make a gel, or conductive nanoparticles can be added to the polymer; this latter embodiment is particularly advantageous. It is also possible to use, as polymer of the shell of core-shell nanoparticles, a graft polymer comprising ionic groups having lithium Li + ions or a graft polymer comprising OH groups of which the hydrogen has been, at least in part. , preferably completely, substituted with lithium. This substitution can be carried out by simple immersion of the core-shell particles comprising OH groups on the surface in a LiOH solution at 80 ° C. for 8 hours.
- the functionalization consists in grafting to the surface of nanoparticles a molecule exhibiting a structure of the Q- Z type in which Q is a function ensuring the attachment of the molecule to the surface, and Z is generally a polymer, preferably selected from PEO, PPO, PDMS, PAN, PMMA, PVC, PVDF, PAA, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, and in this example a PEO group.
- a complexing function of the surface cations of the nanoparticles can be used, such as the phosphate or phosphonate function.
- the electrolyte nanoparticles are functionalized with a PEO derivative of the type.
- X represents an alkyl chain or a hydrogen atom
- n is between 40 and 10,000 (preferably between 50 and 200)
- m is between 0 and 10
- Q ' is an embodiment of Q and represents a group selected from the group formed by: and where R represents an alkyl chain or a hydrogen atom, R 'represents a methyl group or an ethyl group, x is between 1 and 5, and x' is between 1 and 5.
- the electrolyte nanoparticles are functionalized with methoxy-PEO-phosphonate where n is between 40 and 10,000 and preferably between 50 and 200.
- a solution of QZ (or Q'-Z, where appropriate) is added to a colloidal suspension of electrolyte nanoparticles so as to obtain a molar ratio between Q (which here comprises Q ') and the set of cations present in the electrolyte nanoparticles (here abbreviated “NP-E”) between 1 and 0.01, preferably between 0.1 and 0.02.
- NP-E the set of cations present in the electrolyte nanoparticles
- the Q-Z molecule risks not being in sufficient quantity to ensure sufficient conductivity of the lithium ions; it also depends on the particle size. Using more Q-Z during functionalization would result in unnecessary consumption of Q-Z.
- the electrolyte layer is advantageously a dense layer. To obtain a final porosity rate of less than 15%, preferably less than 10%, on layers produced on metallic substrates and without cracks, it is necessary to maximize the compactness of the deposit of starting nanoparticles.
- colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles of which the average size of the nanoparticles does not exceed 100 nm are used for the deposition of the electrolyte layer. These nanoparticles also have a fairly wide distribution in size. When this size distribution follows a Gaussian distribution approximately, then the ratio (sigrna / R moy) of the standard deviation over the mean radius of the nanoparticles must be greater than 0.6.
- the mean diameter of the largest distribution should not exceed 100 nm, and preferably not exceed 50 nm.
- This first population of larger nanoparticles may have a narrower size distribution and with a ratio sigrna / R mean less than 0.6.
- This population of “Large” nanoparticles must represent between 50% and 75% of the dry extract of the deposit (expressed as a percentage by mass relative to the total mass of nanoparticles in the deposit).
- the second population of nanoparticles will therefore represent between 50% and 25% of the dry extract of the deposit (expressed as a percentage by mass relative to the total mass of nanoparticles in the deposit).
- the average diameter of the particles of this second population should be at least 5 times smaller than that of the population of the largest nanoparticles.
- the size distribution of this second population could be narrower and potentially with a sigma / R avg ratio of less than 0.6.
- these nanoparticles can advantageously be synthesized in the presence of ligands or organic stabilizers so as to avoid aggregation, or even agglomeration, of the nanoparticles.
- the materials used in the manufacture of lithium ion batteries are particularly sensitive, the slightest modification of their crystalline state or their chemical composition results in degraded electrochemical performance. Also, for this type of application, it is preferable to use nanoparticles prepared in suspension directly by precipitation, according to solvothermal or hydrothermal type processes, at the desired primary nanoparticle size.
- electrolyte a material chosen from those mentioned above because they are stable, as such, in contact with metallic lithium and cathodes. It can also be used as the core of the core / shell particles, an electrolyte material less stable in contact with metallic lithium, such as a material selected from the group formed by: o garnets of formula Li d A 1 x A 2 y (TO 4 ) z where ⁇ A 1 represents a cation of oxidation degree + II, preferably Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, Y, Gd; and where ⁇ A 2 represents a cation of oxidation degree + III, preferably Al, Fe, Cr, Ga, Ti, La; and where ⁇ (TO 4 ) represents an anion in which T is an atom of oxidation degree + IV, located at the center of a tetrahedron formed by oxygen atoms, and in which TO 4 advantageously represents the silicate anion or zirconate, knowing that all or part
- a colloidal suspension of electrolyte nanoparticles at a mass concentration of between 0.1% and 50%, preferably between 5% and 25%, and even more preferably at 10% is used to carry out the functionalization of the electrolyte particles. At high concentration, there may be a risk of bridging and a lack of accessibility of the surface to be functionalized (risk of precipitation of non-functional or poorly functionalized particles).
- the electrolyte nanoparticles are dispersed in a liquid phase such as water or ethanol.
- This reaction can be carried out in any suitable solvent making it possible to solubilize the QZ molecule.
- the functionalization conditions can be optimized, in particular by adjusting the temperature and the duration of the reaction, and the solvent used.
- the reaction medium is left under stirring for 0 h to 24 hours (preferably for 5 minutes to 12 hours, and even more preferably for 0.5 hours to 2 hours). hours), so that at least some, preferably all of the QZ molecules can be grafted to the surface of the electrolyte nanoparticles.
- the functionalization can be carried out under heating, preferably at a temperature between 20 ° C and 100 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction medium must be adapted to the choice of the functionalizing molecule QZ.
- These functionalized nanoparticles therefore have a core (“core”) made of electrolyte material and a shell made of polymer, preferably of PEO.
- the thickness of the bark can typically be between 1 nm and 100 nm; this thickness can be determined by transmission electron microscopy, typically after labeling the polymer with ruthenium oxide (RuO 4 ).
- the nanoparticles thus functionalized are then purified, preferably, by successive centrifugation and redispersion cycles and / or by tangential filtration.
- the colloidal suspension of functionalized electrolyte nanoparticles is centrifuged so as to separate the functionalized particles from unreacted Q-Z molecules present in the supernatant. After centrifugation, the supernatant is removed.
- the pellet comprising the functionalized particles is redispersed in the solvent.
- the pellet comprising the functionalized particles is redispersed in an amount of solvent making it possible to achieve the desired dry extract. This redispersion can be carried out by any means, in particular by the use of an ultrasonic bath or else with magnetic and / or manual stirring.
- cycles of successive centrifugations and redispersions can be carried out so as to eliminate the unreacted Q-Z molecules.
- at least one, even more preferably at least two cycles of successive centrifugations and redispersions is carried out.
- the suspension can be reconcentrated until the desired dry extract is reached, by any suitable means.
- the dry extract of a suspension of electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized with PEO comprises more than 40% (by volume) of solid electrolyte material, preferably more than 60% and even more preferably more than 70% of material. solid electrolyte.
- the polymer used as shell in the core / shell particles is a grafted polymer comprising ionic groups having lithium ions Li + or a grafted polymer comprising OH groups of which the hydrogen has been, at least in part, preferably completely, substituted by lithium
- nanoparticles of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 or ZrO 2 can be used as electrically insulating nanoparticles. 5.2.4 Preparation of an electrolyte layer from electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized by a polymer on the anodic organ and / or on the cathode
- the electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized with a polymer as has been described above can be deposited on the anode member and / or on the cathode electrophoretically, by the coating process by dipping, by the process of printing by inkjet, by roller coating, by centrifugal coating, by curtain coating, by scraping, by slot-die type coating or by other suitable deposition techniques known to those skilled in the art allowing the use of a suspension of functionalized electrolyte nanoparticles. These processes are simple, safe, easy to implement and to industrialize. Electrophoresis or dip coating or slot-die type coating are preferred. These two coating techniques make it easy to produce compact layers without defects.
- the dry extract of the suspension of electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized with the polymer used to deposit an electrolyte layer electrophoretically, by dip-coating or by other deposition techniques known to those skilled in the art according to the invention is less than 50% by mass; such a suspension is sufficiently stable during deposition.
- the coating methods can be used regardless of the chemical nature of the nanoparticles used, and are preferred when the electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized by the polymer have little or no electronically charged. They make it possible to simplify the management of the baths compared to the electrophoretic deposition techniques, because the composition of the bath remains constant.
- the same remark applies to inkjet printing which allows localized deposits to be made, like the process of scraping through a mask. Electrophoresis allows particles to be deposited uniformly over large areas with a high deposition rate.
- the step of depositing the electrolyte or polymer functionalized nanoparticles by dipping followed by the step of drying the layer obtained are repeated as many times as necessary.
- this succession of coating steps by dipping / drying is time-consuming, the dip-coating deposition process is a simple, safe process, easy to implement and to industrialize, and it makes it possible to obtain a final layer homogeneous and compact.
- a preferred polymer for functionalization is PEO.
- Lithium salts can be dissolved in the polymer, liquid electrolytes can be added to the polymer to make a gel, or conductive nanoparticles can be added to the polymer; this latter embodiment is particularly advantageous. It is also possible to use, as polymer, graft polymers comprising ionic groups having lithium ions Li + or graft polymers comprising OH groups in which the hydrogen has been at least partly, preferably completely, substituted by lithium. This substitution can be carried out by simple immersion of the core-shell particles comprising OH groups on the surface in a LiOH solution at 80 ° C. for 8 hours.
- these layers have crystallized electrolyte nanoparticles bound together by amorphous PEO.
- these layers have an electrolyte nanoparticle content of greater than 35%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 60% and even more preferably greater than 70% by volume.
- the electrolyte nanoparticles present in these layers have a size D 50 less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm and even more preferably less than or equal to 30 nm; this value relates to the “core” of the “core - shell” nanoparticles. This particle size ensures good conductivity of the lithium ions between the electrolyte particles and the PEO.
- the electrolyte layer obtained after drying has a thickness less than 15 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 8 ⁇ m in order to limit the thickness and the weight of the battery without reducing its properties.
- the densification of this layer of nanoparticles is advantageously carried out at a later stage of the process, namely during the assembly of the cell by thermocompression of the two sub-assemblies, anode member and cathode, with this film of dried electrolyte between the two. .
- Densification makes it possible to reduce the porosity of the layer.
- the structure of the layer obtained after densification is continuous, almost without porosity, and the ions can migrate there easily, without it being necessary to add liquid electrolytes containing lithium salts, such liquid electrolytes being the cause of the low thermal resistance of the batteries, and of the poor aging resistance of the batteries .
- the layers based on solid electrolyte and on PEO obtained after drying and densification generally exhibit a porosity of less than 20%, preferably less than 15% by volume, even more preferably less than 10% by volume, and optimally less than 5% by volume. This value can be determined by transmission electron microscopy on a section.
- the densification of the electrolyte layer after its deposition can be carried out by any suitable means, preferably: a) by any mechanical means, in particular by mechanical compression, preferably uniaxial compression; b) by thermocompression, i.e. by heat treatment under pressure.
- a) by any mechanical means in particular by mechanical compression, preferably uniaxial compression
- thermocompression i.e. by heat treatment under pressure.
- the optimum temperature strongly depends on the chemical composition of the deposited materials, and especially on the polymer of the bark; it also depends on the particle sizes and the compactness of the layer.
- a controlled atmosphere is preferably maintained in order to avoid oxidation and surface pollution of the deposited particles.
- the compaction is carried out under a controlled atmosphere and at a temperature between room temperature and the melting temperature of the PEO used; the thermocompression can be carried out at a temperature between room temperature (about 20 ° C) and about 300 ° C; but it is preferred not to exceed 200 ° C. (or even more preferably 100 ° C.) in order to avoid degradation of the PEO.
- Densification of the electrolyte nanoparticles functionalized with PEO can be obtained only by mechanical compression (application of mechanical pressure) because the shell of these nanoparticles comprises PEO, a polymer which can easily be deformed at a relatively low pressure.
- the compression is carried out in a pressure range of between 10 MPa and 500 MPa, preferably between 50 MPa and 200 MPa and at a temperature of the order of 20 ° C to 200 ° C.
- the inventors have observed that at the interfaces the PEO is amorphous and ensures good ionic contact between the solid electrolyte particles. PEO can thus conduct lithium ions, even in the absence of liquid electrolyte. It promotes the assembly of the lithium ion battery at low temperature, thus limiting the risk of interdiffusion at the interfaces between the electrolytes and the electrodes.
- the electrolyte layer obtained after densification has a thickness less than 15 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 8 ⁇ m, in order to limit the thickness and the weight of the battery without reducing its properties.
- the electrolyte layer is deposited by electrophoresis or by a coating technique (such as dip coating, extrusion coating through a slot-shaped die, curtain coating) or by any other means. suitable on at least one cathode layer 22 covering a substrate 21 and / or on at least one anode member layer 12 covering a substrate 11; in both cases said substrate must have sufficient conductivity to be able to act as a cathode or anode current collector, respectively.
- the cathode and anode member layers are stacked, at least one of which is coated with the electrolyte layer.
- This stack comprising an alternating succession of cathode and anode, covered with a layer of solid electrolyte, is then hot pressed under vacuum, it being understood that at least one anode member according to the invention is used in this stack.
- the assembly of the cell formed by an anode member according to the invention 12, the electrolyte layer 13, 23 and a cathode layer 22 is carried out by hot pressure, preferably under an inert atmosphere.
- the temperature is advantageously between 20 ° C and 300 ° C, preferably between 20 ° C and 200 ° C, and even more preferably between 20 ° C and 100 ° C.
- the pressure is advantageously uniaxial and between 10 MPa and 200 MPa, and preferably between 50 MPa and 200 MPa.
- Procurement a. at least one conductive substrate previously covered with a cathode called hereinafter “cathode layer” 22, b. at least one conductive substrate previously covered with an anode member according to the invention 12, c. of a colloidal suspension of core-shell nanoparticles comprising particles of a material which can serve as an electrolyte, onto which a polymer shell, preferably of PEO, is grafted,
- step (4) Treatment of the stack of layers of cathode and anode member obtained in step (4) by mechanical compression and / or heat treatment so as to assemble the electrolyte layers present on the layers of cathode and d 'anode organ.
- step (5) is carried out by thermocompression at low temperature.
- the anode member or the anode according to the invention in particular when the porous layer of a conductive material of lithium ions, electronically insulating, is in contact with an electrolyte layer obtained from electrolyte nanoparticles solid electronically insulating and functionalized by a polymer such as PEO, this makes it possible, on the one hand, to ensure good ionic contact between the anode according to the invention and the solid electrolyte, and, on the other hand, to avoid the appearance of lithium dendrites in the electrolyte layer.
- a polymer such as PEO
- This quality of ionic contact is linked to the fact that the polymer shells such as PEO come to coat the surface of the nanoparticles of the anode according to the invention at the level of the contact between the anode and this solid electrolyte, thus avoiding having one-off contacts.
- the cells or the battery made up of several elementary cells described above and entirely rigid must then be encapsulated by an appropriate method to ensure its protection vis-à-vis the atmosphere.
- the present invention is compatible with various encapsulation or more generally packaging systems.
- encapsulation system we describe here in detail a particular encapsulation system, with its deposition process, which is satisfactory for producing a battery which uses the anode member, which is the subject of the present invention.
- the battery in working condition has a metallic lithium anode which exhibits very high reactivity with respect to water
- the encapsulation system must exhibit excellent sealing against water vapor and water. oxygen.
- the methods of manufacturing the encapsulation, and in particular those of the first layers, are not impacted by the presence of metallic lithium (which would risk polluting the reactors used for the deposition of certain layers of the ALD encapsulation system).
- the encapsulation system 30 comprises at least one layer, and preferably represents a stack of several layers. These encapsulation layers must be chemically stable in contact with metallic lithium and at the operating potential of the cathodes, they must also withstand high temperatures and be perfectly impermeable to the atmosphere (barrier layer).
- encapsulation layers must be chemically stable in contact with metallic lithium and at the operating potential of the cathodes, they must also withstand high temperatures and be perfectly impermeable to the atmosphere (barrier layer).
- said at least one encapsulation layer must cover at least four of the six faces of said battery, and at least partially the other two faces of the battery which include the terminations. On these two other faces, it is possible to leave uncoated current collector tabs protruding in order to resume the connection. This avoids the difficulty of making tight terminations with metals stable at the operating potentials of the anodes and cathodes.
- each cathode 1110 comprises a main body 1111, a secondary body 1112 located on a first lateral edge 1101, as well as a space 1113 free of any electrode material, electrolyte and / or current collector substrate.
- the latter the width of which corresponds to that of the channel 1018 of the slot 1014 described above, extends between the longitudinal edges.
- each anode 1130 comprises a main body 1131, as well as a secondary body 1132 located on the lateral edge 1102, opposite to that 1101.
- the main body 1131 and the secondary body 1132 are separated by a space 1133 free of any electrode, electrolyte and / or current collector substrate material, connecting the longitudinal edges, ie extending between the longitudinal edges 1103 and 1104.
- the two free spaces 1113 and 1133 are mutually symmetrical, with respect to the center axis Y100.
- a first through hole 51 made in the main body of the cathode extends in the extension of a second through hole made in the secondary body of the anode, so that these holes extend one in the extension of the holes. others, and form a first through passage 61 which passes right through the battery, and that the first through hole made in the main body of the anode extends in the extension of a second through hole 52 made in the body secondary of the cathode, so that these holes 52 extend one in the extension of the other, and form a second opening passage 63 which passes right through the battery.
- the first and second passages 61/63 formed on the battery according to the invention are filled by conductive means intended to make the electrical connection between the cells of the battery as shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C. These conductive means protrude at the upper and lower surfaces of the battery.
- the conductive means can be obtained from electrically conductive materials.
- the WVTR coefficient of these conductive means is extremely low; these conductive means are waterproof. They are in intimate contact with the electrical connection zones of the stack.
- the conductive means may be a bar formed of an electrically conductive material, such as a conductive glass or a metal introduced in the molten state or by any suitable means in the passage. At the end of its solidification, this material forms the aforementioned bar, the two opposite ends of which preferably define fixing heads as shown in FIG. 6A.
- the conductive means can also be a metal rod 71,73 with an interference fit, the two opposite ends of which preferably define fixing heads, as shown in FIG. 6B.
- the conductive means can also be a metal rod surrounded by an electrically conductive sheath material, the sheath being obtainable from a glass or a metal introduced in the molten state or by any suitable means in the passage. At the end of its solidification, this material forms the metal rod surrounded by the aforementioned electrically conductive sheath material, the two opposite ends of which preferably define fixing heads as shown in FIG. 6C.
- the conductive means employed and the collectors are of the same chemical nature.
- the conductive means and the cathode current collectors are made from the same materials.
- each of these fixing heads or each of the opposite ends of the conductive means may define an electrical connection zone, namely an anode 75/75 'or cathode 76/76' connection zone of the battery according to the invention, so that the battery comprises at least one anode connection zone 75/75 'and at least one cathode connection zone 76/76', as can be seen in figure 7.
- This cell is encapsulated on its six faces, except where the conductive medium protrudes.
- the battery or the assembly can be covered with an encapsulation system 30 formed by a stack of several layers, namely of a sequence, preferably of z sequences, comprising, successively, a first covering layer, preferably chosen from parylene, type F parylene, polyimide, epoxy resins, polyamide and / or a mixture of these, deposited on the stack of anode and cathode sheets, and a second cover layer composed of an electrically insulating material deposited by depositing atomic layers on said first cover layer.
- Said second layer must be able to act as a barrier to the permeation of water. It must also be insulating. For to obtain good barrier properties, ceramics, glasses and glass-ceramics are preferred, all deposited by ALD or HDPCVD.
- polymers are certainly electrically insulating but not very waterproof.
- This sequence can be repeated at least once.
- This multilayer sequence has a barrier effect. The more the sequence of the encapsulation system is repeated, the greater this barrier effect will be. It will be all the more important as the thin layers deposited will be numerous.
- the first covering layer is a polymeric layer of epoxy resin, or of polyimide, of polyamide, or of poly-para-xylylene (better known by the term parylene), preferably based on polyimide and / or parylene.
- This first covering layer makes it possible to protect the sensitive elements of the battery from its environment.
- the thickness of said first covering layer is preferably between 0.5 ⁇ m and 3 ⁇ m.
- a material that is extremely stable in contact with metallic lithium such as parylene or a polyimide
- the parylene used as the first encapsulation layer is produced from a monomer which is a fairly large molecule compared to the size of the mesoporosities of the host structure; thus it does not enter the mesoporosity network during its deposition by ALD, but closes the access to the nanoporosities during the formation of the polymer film.
- Other polymers which are stable in contact with lithium such as a polyimide, can also be used.
- the first covering layer may be of type C parylene, of type D parylene, of type N parylene (CAS 1633-22-3), of type F parylene or a mixture of type C, D parylene. , N and / or F.
- Parylene also called polyparaxylylene or poly (p-xylylene)
- Parylene is a dielectric, transparent, semi-crystalline material which has high thermodynamic stability, excellent resistance to solvents and very low permeability. Parylene also has barrier properties to protect the battery from its external environment. The protection of the battery is increased when this first covering layer is made from type F parylene. It can be deposited under vacuum, by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- This first encapsulation layer is advantageously obtained from the condensation of gaseous monomers deposited by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique on the surfaces, which makes it possible to have a conformal covering, thin and uniform across all accessible stack surfaces. It makes it possible to follow the variations in the volume of the battery during its operation and facilitates the clean cutting of the batteries due to its elastic properties.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the thickness of this first encapsulation layer is between 2 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, preferably between 2 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m and even more preferably around 3 ⁇ m. It makes it possible to cover all of the accessible surfaces of the stack, to close only at the surface access to the pores of the anode member according to the invention of these accessible surfaces and to standardize the chemical nature of the substrate.
- the first covering layer does not fit into the pores of the anode member, the size of the polymers deposited being too large for them to fit into the pores of the stack.
- This first covering layer is advantageously rigid; it cannot be considered as a soft surface.
- a first layer of parylene is deposited, such as a layer of parylene C, of parylene D, a layer of parylene N (CAS 1633-22-3) or a layer comprising a mixture of parylene C, D and / or N.
- Parylene also called polyparaxylylene or poly (p-xylylene)
- Parylene is a dielectric, transparent, semi-crystalline material which exhibits great thermodynamic stability, excellent resistance to solvents as well as very low permeability.
- This parylene layer protects the sensitive parts of the battery from their environment. This protection is increased when this first encapsulation layer is made from parylene N.
- this first layer when it is based on parylene, does not have sufficient stability in the presence of oxygen. , and its tightness is not always satisfactory.
- this first layer is based on polyimide, it does not have sufficient sealing, in particular in the presence of water. For these reasons, a second layer is advantageously deposited which coats the first layer.
- a second covering layer composed of an electrically insulating material, preferably inorganic, is deposited by a conformal deposition technique, such as the deposition of atomic layers (ALD), on this first layer.
- ALD atomic layers
- a conformal covering is obtained of all the accessible surfaces of the stack previously covered with the first covering layer, preferably with a first layer of parylene and / or polyimide; this second layer is preferably an inorganic layer.
- the growth of the layer deposited by ALD is influenced by the nature of the substrate. A layer deposited by ALD on a substrate exhibiting different zones of different chemical natures will have inhomogeneous growth, which may cause a loss of integrity of this second protective layer.
- the techniques of deposition by ALD are particularly well suited to cover surfaces having a strong roughness in a completely sealed and compliant manner. They make it possible to produce conformal layers, free from defects, such as holes (so-called “pinhole free” layers, free from holes) and represent very good barriers. Their WVTR coefficient is extremely low.
- the WVTR coefficient Water Vapor Transmission Rate
- a layer of Al 2 O 3 100 nm thick deposited by ALD has a water vapor permeation of 0.00034 g / m 2 .d.
- the second covering layer may be of ceramic material, of vitreous material or of glass-ceramic material, for example in the form of an oxide, of the Al 2 O 3 type , of nitride, of phosphates, of oxynitride or of siloxane.
- This second covering layer has a thickness less than 200 nm, preferably between 5 nm and 200 nm, more preferably between 10 nm and 100 nm, between 10 nm and 50 nm, and even more preferably of the order of about fifty nanometers.
- This second covering layer makes it possible, on the one hand, to ensure the watertightness of the structure, ie to prevent the migration of water inside the structure, and on the other hand to protect the first layer from covering the atmosphere and thermal exposures to avoid degradation. This second layer improves the life of the encapsulated battery.
- a third covering layer is deposited on the second covering layer or on an encapsulation system 30 formed by a stack of several layers as described above, namely of a sequence, preferably of z sequences of the system of encapsulation with z ⁇ 1, to increase the protection of battery cells from their external environment.
- this third layer is made of polymer, for example of silicone (deposited for example by impregnation or by chemical vapor deposition assisted by plasma from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)), or in epoxy resin, or in polyimide, or in parylene.
- Said third layer may also be composed of a low melting point glass, preferably of a glass whose melting point is less than 600 ° C.
- the low-melting point glass can in particular be chosen from SiO 2 -B 2 O 3 ; Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 , ZnO- Bi 2 O 3 - B 2 O 3 , TeO 2 -V 2 O 5 and PbO- SiO 2 .
- the encapsulation system may comprise an alternating succession of layers of parylene and / or polyimide, preferably about 3 ⁇ m thick, and layers composed of an electrically insulating material such as deposited inorganic layers. conformally by ALD or HDPCVD to create a multi-layered encapsulation system.
- the encapsulation system can advantageously comprise a first layer of parylene and / or polyimide, preferably about 3 ⁇ m thick, a second layer composed of an electrically insulating, preferably an inorganic layer, deposited conformally by ALD or HDPCVD on the first layer, a third layer of parylene and / or polyimide, preferably about 3 ⁇ m thick deposited on the second layer and a fourth layer composed of an electrically insulating material deposited in a conformal manner by ALD or HDPCVD on the third layer.
- the battery or the assembly thus encapsulated in this sequence of the encapsulation system can then be coated with a final covering layer so as to mechanically protect the stack thus encapsulated and possibly it. impart an aesthetic appearance.
- This final layer of cover protects and improves battery life.
- this last covering layer is also chosen to withstand a high temperature, and has sufficient mechanical strength to protect the battery during its subsequent use.
- the thickness of this last covering layer is between 1 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m. Ideally, the thickness of this last covering layer is around 10-15 ⁇ m, such a thickness range helps to protect the battery from mechanical damage.
- a last covering layer is deposited on an encapsulation system formed by a stack of several layers as described above, namely of a sequence, preferably of z sequences of the encapsulation system with z ⁇ 1, preferably on this alternating succession of layers of parylene or polyimide, preferably about 3 ⁇ m thick and of inorganic layers deposited in a conformal manner by ALD or HDPCVD, to increase the protection of the battery cells from their external environment and to protect them against mechanical damage.
- This last encapsulation layer preferably has a thickness of about 10-15 ⁇ m.
- This last covering layer is preferably based on epoxy resin, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyimide, polyamide, polyurethane, silicone, sol-gel silica or organic silica or glass deposited by HDPCVD.
- this last covering layer is deposited by dipping.
- this last layer is made of polymer, for example of silicone (deposited for example by dipping or by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)), or of epoxy resin, or of polyimide, or of parylene.
- silicone typically deposited for example by dipping or by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)
- HMDSO hexamethyldisiloxane
- the choice of such a material comes from the fact that it is resistant to high temperatures and the battery can thus be easily assembled by soldering on electronic cards without the appearance of glass transitions.
- the encapsulation of the battery is carried out on at least four of the six faces of the stack.
- the encapsulation layers surround the periphery of the stack, the rest of the protection to the atmosphere being provided by the layers obtained by the terminations.
- terminations are important in the context of the present invention, because of the very strongly reducing potential of the anode.
- the electrical connections must be made with materials that are stable at the operating potential of the various electrodes.
- the copper terminations can be made at the anode, and at the cathode, conductive inks loaded with carbon can be used.
- the terminations can be deposited locally on the metal substrates in order to leave a savings. Then we encapsulate the entire battery and come back to take the contacts by cutting the protruding tab. These electrical contact areas are preferably disposed on opposite sides of the battery stack to collect current. The connections are metallized using techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the terminations can be produced in the form of a single metal layer, for example tin, or else be made up of multilayers.
- the terminations are formed, near the cathode and anode connections, of a first stack of layers successively comprising a first layer of conductive polymer, such as a resin charged with silver, of a second layer of nickel deposited on the first layer and a third layer of tin deposited on the second layer.
- the layers of nickel and tin can be deposited by electrodeposition techniques.
- the nickel layer protects the polymer layer during the solder assembly steps, and the tin layer provides solderability of the battery interface.
- the terminations make it possible to resume the positive and negative electrical connections, preferably on the opposite faces of the battery.
- the cathode connections preferably exit on one lateral side of the battery, and the anode connections are available, preferably, on the other lateral side.
- the anode member according to the invention is porous, preferably mesoporous: it has a very large specific surface. These characteristics give the battery anode low ionic resistance.
- the battery comprising an anode member according to the invention is typically a lithium ion microbattery, designed and dimensioned so as to have a capacity less than or equal to approximately 1 mA h (commonly called “microbattery”).
- microbattery typically, these microbatteries are designed to be compatible with microelectronics manufacturing processes.
- the microbatteries, comprising an anode member according to the invention can be produced with cathodes which are:
- impregnated porous layers i.e. layers having a network of open pores which can be impregnated with a liquid or pasty phase, and which gives these layers wet properties.
- the invention has many advantages, of which only a few aspects are indicated here.
- the invention solves all these problems by using a metallic lithium anode formed in a host structure (anode member). Such an anode no longer exhibits a variation in the volume of the anode during the charge-discharge cycles of the battery. Furthermore, the lithium anode is not yet formed when the encapsulation is carried out, and it is then possible to use techniques of the ALD and HDPCVD type, which make it possible to obtain very high encapsulation layers. impermeable to moisture and oxygen.
- the known metallic lithium anodes have a planar exchange surface with the solid electrolyte; the exchange surface is very low. This limits the power of the battery.
- the battery according to the invention has an anode having a very large exchange surface thanks to the deposition of lithium in a mesoporous host structure (anodic organ).
- the very large specific surface area of the host structure considerably reduces the local densities of anode currents using this porous layer (anode member), which promotes nucleation and homogeneous deposition of metallic lithium in this structure.
- the increase in the specific surface thus improves the yields of the final battery and prevents the formation of point defects during the lithium deposition and extraction steps. Thus it is possible to obtain a battery having a very high power density.
- the anode member according to the invention which is transformed into an anode during the first charging of the battery by the deposit ("plating") of metallic lithium in the open mesoporous network of the anode member, can be used to manufacture battery cells having a very high energy density.
- plat deposit
- the electrodes cannot be impregnated after assembly of the cell: impregnation with a liquid electrolyte would cause liquid to enter the mesoporous structure of the host structure (ie in the anode member) serving as anode, leaving no room for the plating of metallic lithium.
- the cathode and electrolyte must therefore be solid to allow assembly and operation of the cell.
- a dense and thick electrode is chosen, but this electrode will then be very resistive.
- the resistance of an electrode of 1 cm 2 will be of the order of 10 kOhms.
- a cathode architecture is advantageously used in which a mesoporous deposit of nanoparticles of cathode materials has been carried out beforehand.
- the cathode is subjected to a heat treatment (“sintering”) until a porosity of about 30% is obtained (which makes it possible to maintain both open porosity and good volume energy density).
- This architecture in which the nanoparticles are sintered makes it possible to dispense with the use of organic binders. Since these binders are not ionic conductors, the fact that they partially cover the surface of the active materials also reduces the power of the battery cell; this problem does not arise with at least partially sintered nanoparticles.
- the specific surface of such a cathode is very high.
- the production of a deposit of nanometric thickness of an electronically conductive layer, such as carbon, on this internal specific surface makes it possible to considerably reduce the series (ohmic) resistance of the battery. This reduction is all the more important as the specific surface of the cathode is important and as the conductivity of the graphite at the surface is high; said conductivity increases with the thickness of the deposit.
- Such a mesoporous cathode can be obtained by a process in which:
- step (b) a layer is deposited on said substrate from said colloidal suspension supplied in step (a), by a technique preferably selected from the group formed by: electrophoresis, a printing process, preferably chosen from inkjet printing and flexographic printing, and a coating process, preferably selected from roller coating, curtain coating, scrap coating, extrusion coating through a slit-shaped die, dip coating;
- step (c) said layer obtained in step (b) is dried and it is consolidated, by pressing and / or heating, to obtain a porous layer, preferably mesoporous and inorganic,
- cathodes comprising a porous layer deposited on a substrate, said layer being free of binder, having a porosity of between 20% and 60% by volume, preferably between 25% and 50%, and pores of average diameter. less than 50 nm
- Said substrate can be the electrolyte layer described above.
- the electrode is impregnated, after the deposit of the electronically conductive nanolayer, with an ionic conductor.
- This ionic conductor can be liquid or solid, or else a gel (for example a polymer impregnated with a liquid electrolyte). It fills the porosities.
- Said ionic conductor may be an ionically conductive polymer, as described above in section 5.2.1; one can use PEO (with or without lithium salt) melted to be sufficiently liquid to wet in the mesoporosities. It is also possible to impregnate with molten ionic conductive glasses (for example a glass of the borate type, mixed with borate and phosphate) or with a sulphide.
- the risk of lithium dendrites forming through the solid electrolyte films is taken care of by the use of a hybrid solid electrolyte, consisting of lithiated phosphate nanoparticles, conductors of lithium ions and chemically stable over a wide range of potential (which goes from 0 to 6V approximately).
- the polymers mentioned above (for example polymers of the PEO type) are lithiophilic and conduct lithium ions when they are amorphous.
- the addition of lithium salts and other ionic liquids in these polymers lead to the maintenance of an amorphous structure, conductors of lithium ions, but induce a risk of formation of dendrites in the polymer; this risk does not exist when these polymers are in a dry and amorphous form.
- the formation of dendrites is all the less probable the more the solid electrolyte material is a good electronic insulator.
- the solid electrolytes of the Nasicon type are much better electronic insulators than garnets for example, but in all these structures, it is the grain boundaries which remain the weak points in terms of electronic conductivity, and which risk seeing the initiation of electronic conductivity. spread of metallic lithium dendrites.
- an electrolyte with a core-shell structure in which the molecules polymer (for example of PEO type), without liquid electrolyte, surround nanoparticles of solid electrolyte materials of NASICON type.
- the nanoconfinement of polymer molecules, such as PEO around the solid electrolyte nanoparticles allows it to be kept in an amorphous state with good ionic conduction properties, without the addition of lithium salts.
- the PEO shell ensures good ionic contact with the anode according to the invention.
- a mesoporous separator based on electrochemically stable and electronically insulating nanoparticles is deposited on the mesoporous cathode coated with its electronically conductive nanocoating.
- This separator is impregnated, at the same time as the cathode, with an ionically conductive polymer.
- This polymer for example PEO optionally mixed with lithium salts and / or optionally mixed with ionic liquids, is heated to be sufficiently liquid to be able to impregnate the electrode and the electrolytic separator, both of which are mesoporous.
- Example 1 Production of the mesoporous host structure (anode organ) based on Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3
- a first aqueous solution was prepared: 30 ml of water were prepared. was poured into a beaker, and 2.94 g of lithium phosphate (LiH 2 PO 4 ) was added with stirring. The solution was kept under stirring until the lithium phosphate was completely dissolved. 2.17 ml of orthophosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 , 85% wt in water) were added first, then 0.944 g of calcium nitrate (Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O); a perfectly clear aqueous solution was obtained.
- LiH 2 PO 4 lithium phosphate
- orthophosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 , 85% wt in water
- a second alcoholic solution was prepared: 16.13 mL of zirconium n-propoxide dissolved in n-propanol ((Zr (OPr) 4 , Zirconium (IV) propoxide, 70 wt.% Solution in 1- propanol, CAS n ° 23519-77-9) were diluted in 100 mL of anhydrous ethanol The alcoholic solution was then stirred using an Ultra-turrax TM type homogenizer, then the aqueous solution was stirred. quickly added, with vigorous stirring, to the alcoholic solution, stirring was continued for 15 minutes, a viscous reaction medium was obtained containing a white precipitate in suspension The reaction medium was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes.
- the colorless supernatant was removed.
- the centrifuge pots, containing the precipitate were then placed in a vacuum oven in order to dry the precipitate overnight at 50 ° C.
- the dried precipitate was then granulated through a nylon sieve. of mesh 500 ⁇ m, using a nylon spatula. , was then calcined for one hour at 700 ° C.
- 76 g of calcined powder, 2300 g of ethanol and 0.1 mm diameter yttriated zirconia beads were then introduced into a WAB brand ball mill.
- the calcined powder was then ground for 90 minutes in this ball mill.
- a colloidal suspension with a particle size between 10 nm and 50 nm was obtained.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the colloidal suspension was introduced into a water-ethanol mixture, and the PVP was introduced into this mixture in an amount of 10% by mass relative to the Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- the suspension was then concentrated in vacuo to a dry extract of 30%. This concentrated suspension was deposited by scraping on a copper substrate. After drying, the layer was calcined at 400 ° C. in air in order to remove the organics, followed by a second rapid plateau at around 650-700 ° under an inert atmosphere in order to complete the recrystallization of the deposit.
- Example 2 Production of an ALD coating on the mesoporous host structure (anode organ) based on Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 A thin layer of ZnO was deposited on the structure mesoporous host based on Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 placed on its copper substrate obtained according to Example 1, in an ALD reactor of the P300B type (supplier: Picosun), under a argon pressure of 2 mbar at 180 ° C. Argon has been used here both as a carrier gas and for the purge. Before each deposit a drying time of 3 hours was applied. The precursors used were water and diethylzinc.
- a deposition cycle consisted of the following steps: Injection of diethylzinc, purging of the chamber with Ar, injection of water, purging of the chamber with Ar. This cycle is repeated to achieve a coating thickness of 1.5 nm. After these different cycles, the product was dried under vacuum at 120 ° C for 12 hours to remove the surface reagent residues.
- Example 3 Production of a Mesoporous Cathode Based on LiMn 2 O 4 : A suspension of LiMn 2 O 4 nanoparticles was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis according to the process described in the article by Liddle et al.
- This precipitate was subjected to a succession of centrifugation - redispersion in water steps, until an aggregated suspension was obtained with a conductivity of approximately 300 ⁇ S / cm and a zeta potential of -30 mV.
- the obtained aggregates consisted of aggregated primary particles 10 to 20 nm in size.
- the aggregates obtained had a spherical shape and an average diameter of about 150 nm; they were characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.
- About 10 to 15% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at 360,000 g / mol was then added to the aqueous suspension of aggregates. The water was evaporated until the aggregate suspension had a solids content of 10%.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the ink thus obtained was applied to a stainless steel strip (316L) with a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
- the layer obtained was dried in an oven controlled in temperature and humidity in order to avoid the formation of cracks on drying. Ink deposition and drying were repeated to obtain a layer about 10 ⁇ m thick.
- This layer was consolidated at 600 ° C. for 1 h in air in order to weld the primary nanoparticles together, to improve adhesion to the substrate and to perfect the recrystallization of LiMn 2 O 4 .
- the porous layer thus obtained has an open porosity of about 45% by volume with pores of a size between 10 nm and 20 nm.
- Example 4 Manufacture of a battery using an anode member according to the invention Mesoporous host structures (anode member) based on Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 with a thickness of approximately 100 ⁇ m were produced according to Example 1. A layer of ZnO was applied according to Example 2. The anode current collector was made of Ti, Ni or Mo (thickness approximately 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m).
- Cathodes were made of Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Mn 0.54 Co 0.13 O 2 with a thickness of 150 ⁇ m with a mesoporosity of 35%; a carbon nanocoating was applied as described at the end of Example 3 above.
- the cathode current collector was made of Cu or Mo (thickness approximately 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m).
- the cathodes were impregnated with a solution comprising PEO and molten lithium 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (LiTDI). the ionic liquid instantly enters the porosities by capillary action. The system was kept in immersion for 1 minute, then the surface was dried by a slide of N 2 .
- a dense layer of nanoparticles of Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 coated with PEO (alternatively: nanoparticles of Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) was deposited. 3 coated with PEO) on the anode member and on the cathode; these nanoparticles had a polydisperse size distribution as described in the particular embodiment in the Description section.
- the two subsystems were assembled so that the layers of Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 coated with PEO were in contact. This assembly was carried out by pressing; a cell was thus formed.
- Example 5 Manufacture of a battery using an anode member according to the invention
- the anode collector was a sheet of copper or molybdenum with a thickness of approximately 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the anode member, deposited on this collector had a thickness of approximately 100 ⁇ m and was made of Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 , with a mesoporosity of approximately 50%; a coating of ZnO was deposited in this mesoporous network by ALD.
- the cathode current collector was a sheet of titanium, nickel or molybdenum approximately 5-10 ⁇ m thick.
- the cathode deposited on this collector with a thickness of approximately 150 ⁇ m, was made of Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2, with a mesoporosity of approximately 35%; a carbon coating has been deposited in this mesoporous network by ALD or CSD.
- the separator was a layer of Li 1.4 Ca 0.2 Zr 1.8 (PO 4 ) 3 or Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 with PEO.
- the cathode impregnation electrolyte was PEO comprising LiTDI. This battery had a volume capacity density of about 400 mAh / cm 3 and a volume energy density of about 1450 mWh / cm 3 .
- Example 6 Manufacture of a Battery Using an Anode Unit According to the Invention
- the unit anodic before a thickness of about 55 ⁇ m.
- the cathode was in LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 4 , its thickness was about 150 ⁇ m with a mesoporosity of about 35% and a carbon coating in this mesoporous network.
- This battery had a volume capacity density of about 220 mAh / cm 3 and a volume energy density of about 1000 mWh / cm 3 .
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CA3182818A CA3182818A1 (fr) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | Anode de forte densite d'energie et de puissance pour batteries et methode de sa fabrication |
JP2022579662A JP2023531237A (ja) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | 高エネルギー密度及び高出力密度電池用アノード並びにその製造方法 |
CN202180052238.7A CN115989596A (zh) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | 电池用高能量高功率密度阳极及其制造方法 |
EP21737778.7A EP4169094A1 (fr) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | Anode de forte densité d'énergie et de puissance pour batteries et méthode de sa fabrication |
KR1020237002643A KR20230030634A (ko) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | 배터리용 고에너지 및 전력 밀도 애노드, 및 그 제조 방법 |
US18/003,209 US20230246188A1 (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | High energy and power density anode for batteries and method for the production thereof |
IL299309A IL299309A (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | An anode with high energy and power density for batteries and a method of making the same |
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- 2021-06-23 EP EP21737778.7A patent/EP4169094A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-06-23 KR KR1020237002643A patent/KR20230030634A/ko active Search and Examination
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FR3111740B1 (fr) | 2022-12-30 |
JP2023531237A (ja) | 2023-07-21 |
EP4169094A1 (fr) | 2023-04-26 |
CN115989596A (zh) | 2023-04-18 |
FR3111740A1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 |
IL299309A (en) | 2023-02-01 |
KR20230030634A (ko) | 2023-03-06 |
CA3182818A1 (fr) | 2021-12-30 |
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