Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4995—Pyrazines or piperazines forming part of bridged ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/537—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines spiro-condensed or forming part of bridged ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
  • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
  • A61K31/553—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. loxapine, staurosporine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/69—Boron compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
  • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
  • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
  • G01N33/5038—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects involving detection of metabolites per se
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

• proteases and/or aberrant protease activity are associated with numerous pathological processes including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and autoimmune diseases (Chakraborti S, Dhalla NS. Pathophysiological Aspects of Proteases. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2017). Intriguingly, also many viral pathogens exploit cellular proteases for the proteolytic processing and maturation of their own proteins. Similarly, activation of bacterial toxins frequently requires cleavage by proteases of the infected or intoxicated host.
• protease furin This protease most likely cleaves and activates more than 150 mammalian, viral, and bacterial substrates (Tian S, Huang Q, Fang Y et al. FurinDB: a database of 20 ⁇ residue furin cleavage site motifs, substrates and their associated drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 1060–1065.) Among them are viral envelope glycoproteins and bacterial toxins, as well as cellular factors that promote tumor development and growth if they are hyperactivated.
• Furin is a member of the evolutionarily ancient family of proprotein convertases. Their similarity with bacterial subtilisin and yeast kexin proteases has led to the abbreviation PCSK (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type). Humans encode nine members of this protease family (PCSK1–9), with PCSK3 representing furin. PCSKs are well known for their ability to activate other cellular proteins. The proteolytic conversion of inactive precursor proteins into bioactive molecules has already been described in the 1960s (Steiner DF, Cunningham D, Spigelman L et al. Insulin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor. Science 1967; 157: 697–700).
• furin is a subtilisin-like proprotein processing enzyme in higher eukaryotes. Mol Biol Rep 1990; 14: 265–275).
• PCSKs reactive chloromethyl ketone
• CMK peptide (Decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-CMK) engages the active site of furin at the catalytic Ser368 residue to give a tetrahedral hemiketal that irreversibly alkylates the His194 residue.
• This well-known irreversible protease inhibition mechanism of a halomethylketone provides very high and durable potency, however also can account for non- selective protease inhibition, particularly against other PCSK family members. Furin plays a diverse biological role in health and diseases with high unmet medical need.
• Infectious diseases may be spread from one person to another and are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi.
• Pathogenicity is the ability of a microbial agent to cause disease and virulence is the degree to which an organism is pathogenic.
• the envelope glycoproteins In order for viruses to enter host cells and replicate, the envelope glycoproteins must be proteolytically activated (Nakayama K. Biochem. J.1997, 327(3), 625-635). The processing of envelope glycoproteins may in some cases impact viral pathogenicity (Nakayama K. Biochem.
• the glycoprotein precursors of many virulent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), avian influenza virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Ebola virus, anthrax, and Zika virus (ZIKV), are cleaved at a site marked by a consensus sequence consistent with furin recognition (Thomas G. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol.2002, 3(10), 753-766; 2, 36-38). The cleavage of HIV glycoprotein160 and infectious virus production are blocked when the furin inhibitor ⁇ 1-PDX is expressed in cells (Nakayama K. Biochem. J.1997, 327(3), 625-635).
• HCV human immunodeficiency virus
• RSV respiratory syncytial virus
• ZIKV Zika virus
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV
• a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus), comprising administering to the subject a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCo
• the methods disclosed herein further comprise administering to a subject in need thereof an additional pharmaceutical agent (e.g., an antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory).
• an additional pharmaceutical agent e.g., an antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory.
• the present disclosure provides methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits for decreasing the viral infectivity of a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising Formula (I) as described herein.
• compositions and kits useful in the present disclosure comprise a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• pharmaceutical compositions and kits useful in the present disclosure comprise a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, and optionally an additional pharmaceutical agent (e.g., an antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, an antifibrotic agent).
• the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in the treatment of a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in the prevention of a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating viral infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1) , a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing viral infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• the compounds useful in the present disclosure are of the Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound of Formula (I) is of the Formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: [0019]
• the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula (Table 1, #192): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound of Formula (I) is of the Formula (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound of Formula (III) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula (Table 2, #219): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• kits comprising a container with a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), as described herein.
• the kits described herein may include a single dose or multiple doses of the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
• the kits may be useful in a method of the disclosure.
• the kit further includes an additional pharmaceutical agent.
• the kit further includes instructions for using the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
• a kit described herein may also include information (e.g. prescribing information) as required by a regulatory agency, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
• the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer.
• Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses.
• the bond is a single bond
• the dashed line is a single bond or absent
• a formula includes compounds that do not include isotopically enriched atoms and also compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms. Compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms may be useful, for example, as analytical tools and/or probes in biological assays.
• range When a range of values (“range”) is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. A range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided.
• C 1-6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1–6 , C 1–5 , C 1–4 , C 1–3 , C 1–2 , C 2–6 , C 2–5 , C 2–4 , C 2–3 , C 3–6 , C 3–5 , C 3–4 , C 4–6 , C 4–5 , and C 5–6 alkyl.
• aliphatic refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups.
• heteroaliphatic refers to heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, and heterocyclic groups.
• alkyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1–20 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C 1–12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1–10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1–9 alkyl”).
• an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1–8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1–7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1–6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1–5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1–4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1–3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1–2 alkyl”).
• an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkyl”). Examples of C 1–6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ) (e.g., n- propyl, isopropyl), butyl (C 4 ) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl), pentyl (C 5 ) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tert-amyl), and hexyl (C 6 ) (e.g., n- hexyl).
• alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C 7 ), n-octyl (C 8 ), n-dodecyl (C 12 ), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F).
• substituents e.g., halogen, such as F
• the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C 1–12 alkyl (such as unsubstituted C 1–6 alkyl, e.g., ⁇ CH 3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu or s-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)).
• unsubstituted C 1–12 alkyl such as unsubstituted C 1–6 alkyl, e.g.
• the alkyl group is a substituted C 1–12 alkyl (such as substituted C 1–6 alkyl, e.g., –CH 2 F, –CHF 2 , –CF 3 , –CH 2 CH 2 F, –CH 2 CHF 2 , –CH 2 CF 3 , or benzyl (Bn)).
• Alkoxy refers to a group containing an alkyl radical, attached through an oxygen linking atom.
• (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy refers to a straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having at least 1 and up to 4 carbon atoms attached through an oxygen linking atom.
• Exemplary “(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy” groups include, without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, isobutoxy, and t-butoxy.
• alkyl When the term “alkyl” is used in combination with other substituent groups, such as “halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl”, “(C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl-”, or “(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl-”, the term “alkyl” is intended to encompass a divalent straight or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical, wherein the point of attachment is through the alkyl moiety.
• halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl is intended to mean a radical having one or more halogen atoms, which may be the same or different, at one or more carbon atoms of an alkyl moiety containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which is a straight or branched-chain carbon radical.
• halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, –CH 2 F (fluoromethyl), -CHF 2 (difluoromethyl), –CF 3 (trifluoromethyl), –CCl 3 (trichloromethyl), 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2- fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and hexafluoroisopropyl.
• (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl-” groups include, but are not limited to, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, and cyclohexylethyl.
• Examples of “(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl-” groups include, but are not limited to, methoxyethyl, methoxyisopropyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxyisopropyl, isopropoxyethyl, isopropoxyisopropyl, t-butoxyethyl, and t-butoxyisopropyl.
• haloalkyl is a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the –H atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
• Perhaloalkyl is a subset of haloalkyl, and refers to an alkyl group wherein all of the –H atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
• the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1–20 haloalkyl”).
• the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1–10 haloalkyl”).
• the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1–9 haloalkyl”).
• the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1–8 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1–7 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1–6 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1–5 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1–4 haloalkyl”).
• the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1–3 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1–2 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, all of the haloalkyl –H atoms are independently replaced with fluoro to provide a “perfluoroalkyl” group. In some embodiments, all of the haloalkyl –H atoms are independently replaced with chloro to provide a “perchloroalkyl” group.
• haloalkyl groups include –CHF 2 , ⁇ CH 2 F, ⁇ CF 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CF 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CCl 3 , ⁇ CFCl 2 , ⁇ CF 2 Cl, and the like.
• heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms), such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
• a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–20 alkyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 11 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–11 alkyl”).
• a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–7 alkyl”).
• a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–3 alkyl”).
• a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
• the heteroalkyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 1–12 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is a substituted heteroC 1–12 alkyl.
• alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1-20 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C 1–12 alkenyl”).
• an alkenyl group has 1 to 11 carbon atoms (“C 1–11 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1–10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1–9 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1–8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1–7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1–6 alkenyl”).
• an alkenyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1–5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1–4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1–3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1–2 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkenyl”). The one or more carbon- carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl).
• Examples of C 1–4 alkenyl groups include methylidenyl (C 1 ), ethenyl (C 2 ), 1- propenyl (C 3 ), 2-propenyl (C 3 ), 1-butenyl (C 4 ), 2-butenyl (C 4 ), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
• Examples of C 1–6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like.
• alkenyl examples include heptenyl (C 7 ), octenyl (C 8 ), octatrienyl (C 8 ), and the like.
• each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
• the alkenyl group is an unsubstituted C 1-20 alkenyl.
• the alkenyl group is a substituted C 1-20 alkenyl.
• heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
• heteroatom e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms
• a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–20 alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–12 alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 1 to 11 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–11 alkenyl”).
• a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–9 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–8 alkenyl”).
• a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–5 alkenyl”).
• a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–2 alkenyl”).
• a heteroalkenyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1–6 alkenyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 1–20 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted heteroC 1–20 alkenyl.
• alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C 1-20 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1-10 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1-9 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1- 8 alkynyl”).
• an alkynyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1-7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1-2 alkynyl”).
• an alkynyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkynyl”).
• the one or more carbon- carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl).
• Examples of C 1-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, methylidynyl (C 1 ), ethynyl (C 2 ), 1-propynyl (C 3 ), 2-propynyl (C 3 ), 1-butynyl (C 4 ), 2-butynyl (C 4 ), and the like.
• C 1-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C 5 ), hexynyl (C 6 ), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C 7 ), octynyl (C 8 ), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is an unsubstituted C 1-20 alkynyl.
• the alkynyl group is a substituted C 1-20 alkynyl.
• the term “carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-14 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system.
• a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-14 carbocyclyl”).
• a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 13 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-13 carbocyclyl”).
• a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-12 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 11 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-11 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-7 carbocyclyl”).
• a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 4-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 carbocyclyl”).
• Exemplary C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
• Exemplary C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
• Exemplary C 3-10 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C 9 ), cyclononenyl (C 9 ), cyclodecyl (C 10 ), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
• Exemplary C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-10 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloundecyl (C 11 ), spiro[5.5]undecanyl (C 11 ), cyclododecyl (C 12 ), cyclododecenyl (C 12 ), cyclotridecane (C 13 ), cyclotetradecane (C 14 ), and the like.
• the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
• Carbocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
• each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
• the carbocyclyl group is an unsubstituted C 3-14 carbocyclyl.
• the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C 3-14 carbocyclyl.
• “carbocyclyl” is a non-aromatic, monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-14 cycloalkyl”).
• a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 cycloalkyl”).
• a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 cycloalkyl”).
• a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 cycloalkyl”).
• a cycloalkyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 4-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclohexyl (C 5 ).
• C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C 3 ) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
• Examples of C 3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C 8 ).
• each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
• heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“3–14 membered heterocyclyl”).
• heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
• a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
• Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
• Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
• each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
• the heterocyclyl group is an unsubstituted 4–11 membered heterocyclyl.
• the heterocyclyl group is a substituted 4–11 membered heterocyclyl.
• the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein 1, 2, or 3 atoms in the heterocyclic ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, as valency permits.
• a heterocyclyl group is a 5–10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5–10 membered heterocyclyl”).
• a heterocyclyl group is a 5–8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5–8 membered heterocyclyl”).
• a heterocyclyl group is a 5–6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5–6 membered heterocyclyl”).
• the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl group has 1–3 ring heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl group has 1–2 ring heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl group has 1 ring heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl.
• Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl.
• Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5- dione.
• Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl.
• Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
• Exemplary 6- membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
• Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl.
• Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazinyl.
• Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
• Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl.
• Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, 1H-benzo[e][1,4]di
• aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6–14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C 6-14 aryl”).
• aromatic ring system e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array
• an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
• an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 10 aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1–naphthyl and 2-naphthyl).
• an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 14 aryl”; e.g., anthracyl).
• Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
• each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
• the aryl group is an unsubstituted C 6- 14 aryl.
• the aryl group is a substituted C 6-14 aryl.
• “Aralkyl” is a subset of “alkyl” and refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
• heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”).
• the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
• Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
• Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
• Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
• the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
• the heteroaryl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms in the heteroaryl ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• the heteroaryl is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- or 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms in the heteroaryl ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
• a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
• a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
• a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
• the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1–3 ring heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1–2 ring heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5- 6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is an unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
• Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl.
• Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
• Exemplary 5- membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
• Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include tetrazolyl.
• Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include pyridinyl.
• Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
• Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
• Exemplary 7- membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
• Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
• Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
• Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and phenazinyl.
• Heteroaralkyl is a subset of “alkyl” and refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
• the term “unsaturated bond” refers to a double or triple bond.
• the term “unsaturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond.
• the term “saturated” or “fully saturated” refers to a moiety that does not contain a double or triple bond, e.g., the moiety only contains single bonds.
• alkylene is the divalent moiety of alkyl
• alkenylene is the divalent moiety of alkenyl
• alkynylene is the divalent moiety of alkynyl
• heteroalkylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkyl
• heteroalkenylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkenyl
• heteroalkynylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkynyl
• carbocyclylene is the divalent moiety of carbocyclyl
• heterocyclylene is the divalent moiety of heterocyclyl
• arylene is the divalent moiety of aryl
• heteroarylene is the divalent moiety of heteroaryl.
• a group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise.
• the term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted.
• alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted.
• Optionally substituted refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group).
• substituted means that at least one –H present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
• a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
• substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, and includes any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
• Heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have –H substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary substituents described herein.
• the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, ⁇ OR aa , ⁇ SR aa , ⁇ N(R bb ) 2 , –CN, –SCN, or –NO 2 .
• the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen moieties) or unsubstituted C 1–10 alkyl, ⁇ OR aa , ⁇ SR aa , ⁇ N(R bb ) 2 , –CN, –SCN, or –NO 2 , wherein R aa is –H, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1–10 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group (e.g., silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl) when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3- nitro-2-pyridine sulfen
• the molecular weight of a carbon atom substituent is lower than 250, lower than 200, lower than 150, lower than 100, or lower than 50 g/mol.
• a carbon atom substituent consists of carbon, –H, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and/or silicon atoms.
• a carbon atom substituent consists of carbon, –H, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and/or nitrogen atoms.
• a carbon atom substituent consists of carbon, –H, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine atoms.
• a carbon atom substituent consists of carbon, –H, fluorine, and/or chlorine atoms.
• halo or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, ⁇ F), chlorine (chloro, ⁇ Cl), bromine (bromo, ⁇ Br), or iodine (iodo, ⁇ I).
• hydroxyl or “hydroxy” refers to the group ⁇ OH.
• the term “amino” refers to the group ⁇ NH 2 .
• the term “substituted amino,” by extension, refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or a trisubstituted amino. In certain embodiments, the “substituted amino” is a monosubstituted amino or a disubstituted amino group.
• trisubstituted amino refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with three groups, and includes ⁇ N(R bb ) 3 or ⁇ N(R bb ) 3 + X ⁇ , wherein R bb and X ⁇ are as defined herein.
• sulfonyl refers to–SO 2 N(R bb ) 2 , –SO 2 R aa , or –SO 2 OR aa , wherein R aa and R bb are as defined herein.
• acyl groups include aldehydes ( ⁇ CHO), carboxylic acids ( ⁇ CO 2 H), ketones, acyl halides, esters, amides, imines, carbonates, carbamates, and ureas.
• Acyl substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the substituents described herein, that result in the formation of a stable moiety (e.g., aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, oxo, imino, thiooxo, cyano, isocyano, amino, azido, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, halo, aliphaticamino, heteroaliphaticamino, alkylamino, heteroalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aliphaticoxy, heteroaliphaticoxy, alkyl
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a “pathological condition” (e.g., an infectious disease, or one or more signs or symptoms thereof) as described herein.
• pathological condition e.g., an infectious disease, or one or more signs or symptoms thereof
• treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms have developed or have been observed.
• treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease or condition.
• treatment may be administered after a suspected exposure has occurred.
• treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay or prevent recurrence.
• the term “prevent,” “preventing,” or “prevention” refers to a prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not and/or was not with a disease but is at risk of developing the disease or who was with a disease, is not with the disease, but is at risk of regression of the disease. In certain embodiments, the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disease or at a higher risk of regression of the disease than an average healthy member of a population.
• a prophylactic treatment may be administered after a suspected exposure has occurred to prevent viral infection. In some embodiments, a prophylactic treatment may be administered after a suspected exposure has occurred to lessen the severity of symptoms of the viral infection.
• the term “effective amount” means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.
• the term “therapeutically effective amount” means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder.
• therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of Formula (I), as well as salts thereof may be administered as the raw chemical.
• therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of Formula (I-a), as well as salts thereof may be administered as the raw chemical.
• the active ingredient may be presented as a pharmaceutical composition.
• inhibitors refer to the ability of a compound to reduce, slow, halt, or prevent activity of a particular biological process (e.g., furin activity, viral infectivity, viral entry into a cell, viral replication, toxin activation and/or activity) in a subject relative to vehicle.
• a “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle–aged adult, or senior adult)).
• the animal is a mammal.
• the animal may be a male or female and at any stage of development.
• the subject may have previously tested positive for infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• the subject may have previously tested negative for infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1)
• a deltacoronavirus e.g., a gammacoronavirus
• the subject may be displaying symptoms of infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus), e.g., fever, cough, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, loss of smell, loss of taste, diarrhea, and/or body aches.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-
• the subject may be not displaying any symptoms of infection from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus.
• administer refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting
• Figure 1 shows a model for the processing of S-protein and its blockade by furin and TMPRSS2 inhibitors.
• Viral infection is favored by the presence of a furin-like sites at S1/S2 and S2’.
• TMPRSS2 in target cells enhances infection by shedding ACE2 into soluble sACE2 (in bold) and is also enhanced by cleavage of S1 into S1’, which forms a secreted complex with sACE2.
• Optimal blockade of viral infection is achieved by a combination of furin and TMPRSS2 inhibitors.
• TMPRSS2 In the absence of a furin-like site at S1/S2 ( ⁇ S1/S2), high levels of TMPRSS2 can favor infection by cleaving S1 into S1’ and shedding ACE2 into soluble sACE2 complexed with S1’ ( Figure 1-2).
• Figure 2 shows inhibition of the processing of the pro-(S) protein, which was expressed with a V5 tag, to active (S)-protein by endogenous furin-like enzymes in VeroE6 (African green monkey kidney), BHK21 (Chinese hamster kidney), or A549 (Human pulmonary epithelial) cell lines when Compound 192 or Compound 219 are present at 0.3 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M, or when decanoyl-RVKR-CMK (RVKR) is present at 50 ⁇ M.
• VeroE6 African green monkey kidney
• BHK21 Choinese hamster kidney
• A549 Human pulmonary epithelial
• Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the primary structure of proS and its domains and the furin-like S1/S2 site generating the S1- and S2-subunits, as well as the S2’ site preceding the fusion peptide ( Figure 3A).
• the signal peptide (SP), N-terminal domain (NTD), receptor binding domain (RBD) to ACE2, the two heptad repeats HR1 and HR2, the transmembrane domain (TM), the cytosolic tail (CT) and the C-terminal V5-tag are indicated.
• SP signal peptide
• NTD N-terminal domain
• RBD receptor binding domain
• TM transmembrane domain
• CT cytosolic tail
• C-terminal V5-tag the C-terminal V5-tag
• S1/S2 site is cleaved only in SARS-1 by TMPRSS2, while in SARS2, TMPESS2 cleaves at S2’ at pH6.
• Western blot analyses were conducted of the processing of WT proS into V5-tagged S2 and S2’ by the proprotein convertases furin, PC5A, PACE4, and PC7 following co-transfection of their cDNAs in HeLa cells ( Figure 3E). The migration positions of immature proS im , S2 and S2’, as well as the actin loading control are marked.
• V empty pIRES-EGFP-V5 vector.
• Figure 4 shows comparative processing of proS and its S1/S2 mutants by endogenous proteases in HeLa cells and upon co-expression of furin or TMPRSS2.
• Hela cells were transiently co-transfected with cDNAs coding for an empty vector (V), including vectors encoding furin, TMPRSS2, and V5 tagged WT spike glycoprotein or its proprotein convertase (PC) cleavage site mutants at positions P4 (R682A), P1 (R685A), and P1’ (S686A).
• V empty vector
• PC proprotein convertase
• FIG. 4B A Western blot showing the impact of ACE2 on the processing of spike glycoprotein by furin and TMPRSS2 is shown in Figure 4B.
• the percent processing shown under each lane was calculated from the ratio of the V5-imunoreactivity of each protein relative to the total V5- immunoreactivity.
• the data are representative of at least three independent experiments.
• Figure 5 shows inhibition of proprotein convertases (PCs) by representative compounds of the disclosure.
• Figure 5A shows chemical motif of inhibitors.
• the structure of Compound 93 is shown in Figure 5B.
• Last column represents the effects of the compounds of this disclosure on U2OS cells expressing each of furin, PC5A, PACE4, and PC7 simultaneously transduced with a BacMam-delivered construct containing a Golgi- targeting sequence followed by a 12-amino acid furin/PCSK cleavage site from Bone Morphogenic Protein 10 (BMP10) and then GFP at the C terminus (GalNAc-T2-GGGGS- DSTARIRR ⁇ NAKG-GGGGS-GFP). Dibasic cleavage releases NAKG-GGGGS-GFP thereby reducing the Golgi-associated fluorescence estimated by imaging.
• BMP10 Bone Morphogenic Protein 10
• Figure 6 shows spike-induced cell-to-cell fusion relies on furin cleavage at S1/S2 using a luminescence-based assay HeLa TZM-bl reporter cells stably transfected with an HIV-1-based vector expressing luciferase under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), which can be activated by HIV Tat protein.
• LTR HIV-1 long terminal repeat
• Cell-to-cell fusion between donor cells (HeLa) expressing the fusogenic SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein along with the HIV trans- activator Tat, and acceptor cells (TZM-bl) that express ACE2 Figure 6A.
• Tat is transferred from donor to acceptor cells, thereby inducing luciferase expression.
• Donor HeLa cells were co-transfected with vectors (1:1 ratio) expressing WT Spike, ⁇ S1/S2 with EV or TMPRSS2 ( Figure 6C).
• Acceptor TZM-bl cells were transfected with ACE2.
• HeLa and TZM-bl were co-cultured for 18h and luciferase activity measured.
• Donor HeLa cells express WT S or ⁇ S1/S2.
• Acceptor TZM-bl cells express EV only, EV + ACE2, EV + TMPRSS2, or ACE2 + TMPRSS2 at a ratio 1:1 (Figure 6D).
• the extent of fusion is represented as a ratio between the RLU measured for each condition and the RLU measured in the fusion between HeLa cells expressing EV with respective TZM-bl cells.
• Figure 7 shows processing of SARS-CoV-2 S by furin-like convertases is essential for viral entry in human lung epithelial cells but not in model HEK 293 cells stably expressing ACE2 ( Figure 7A).
• Furin cleavage of proS at the S1/S2 site is required for SARS- CoV-2 pseudoviral entry in Calu-3 but not 293T-ACE2.
• Cells were inoculated with luciferase-expressing HIV particles pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type Spike (WT S) or mutated S ( ⁇ S1/S2). Each dot represents a different experiment with median luciferase activity calculated from three biological replicates. Three or four experiments were performed for each cell type. Error bars indicate standard deviation (SD).
• Inhibiting proS processing at S1/S2 by a novel furin-like inhibitor (Compound 93) during pseudovirion packaging prevents viral entry in Calu-3 but not in 293T-ACE2 ( Figure 7B).
• a line graph represents results of the triplicate plaque assay results (mean ⁇ SD).
• the virus titers (expressed as plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/ml)) released in the supernatant (24h post-infection) of infected Calu-3 cells treated with indicated concentrations of Compound 93 were determined by plaque assay (mean ⁇ SD of triplicates, *, p ⁇ 0.05; **, p ⁇ 0.01; ***, p ⁇ 0.001) (left panel) ( Figure 8B).
• the selectivity index (SI) of Compound 93 in Calu-3 cells as shown in top right panel was determined by selectivity index relation between IC50 and CC50 (CC 50 /IC 50 ).
• the left y axis indicates the inhibition of virus titer (percent) relative to that of the untreated control group (red).
• the right y axis indicates the cell viability (percent) relative to that of the untreated control group (green).
• the CC 50 (50% cytotoxic concentration), IC 50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration), and SI (selectivity index) values for each inhibitor are as shown.
• Representative plaque images of infected Calu- 3 cells treated with indicated doses of the compounds are shown in the bottom right panel. Immunoblots for the infected Calu-3 cells (right panel) and viral particles secreted in the supernatant (left panel) with and without treatment with the compounds indicate reduced viral protein levels (Figure 8C).
• Figure 9 shows endo-F and Endo-H sensitivity of V5-tagged proS and its cleavage products by furin and TMPRSS2 in HeLa cells.
• Protein extracts from HeLa cells transiently expressing: V5-tagged spike protein alone, wild type (WT) or S1/S2 site mutant ( ⁇ S1/S2) were treated with Endo-F and Endo-H or mock treated (NT) and analyzed by Western blotting using a V5-mAb (Figure 9A).
• the spike protein WT alone or in combination with Furin or TMPRSS2 in the absence (NT) or presence of PC inhibitors RVKR (50 ⁇ M) or D6R (20 ⁇ M) treated in the same way is also shown ( Figure 9B).
• Spike protein ,WT or R905A mutant, in combination with TMPRSS2 were treated with Endo-F and Endo-H or mock treated (NT) and analyzed by Western blotting using a V5-mAb (Figure 9C). Consistently, endogenous and furin overexpression generated S2 fragment, was more pronounced when cells expressed PC inhibitors. TMPRSS2 expressing cells did not generate S2 fragment, nor was the TMPRSS2 cleavage of S impacted by these inhibitors. [0084] Figure 10 shows proteomic analysis of S2 and S2’. V5-tagged S-protein was immunoprecipitated from a Hela cell lysate using V5-agarose and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.
• FIG. 11 shows that the compounds do not affect the generation of S2a and S2b by TMPRSS2.
• Hela cells were transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding either empty vector, S-protein in the presence or absence of human TMPRSS2, were either not-treated (NT) or treated with the compounds at indicated concentrations.
• NT not-treated
• the cells were collected, and their protein extracts were analyzed by Western blotting using a mAb- V5.
• Figure 12 shows TMPRSS2 cleaves proS into ER-retained fragments, sheds ACE2 into a soluble form (sACE2), and cleaves the spike protein S1-subunit into a shorter fragment (S1’) that forms a complex with sACE2.
• Camostat inhibits TMPRSS2 activities on proS, S1, and ACE2.
• HeLa-ACE2 cells were transiently transfected with empty vector (V) or increasing cDNA ratios of V5-tagged WT spike protein to TMPRSS2 (spike-V5:TMPRSS2) as indicated and 24 h later incubated for an additional 24 h in serum-free media containing 120 ⁇ M Camostat (+) or control DMSO (-) ( Figure 12A).
• Immunoblot of the 24 h conditioned media was first probed for S1 and S1’ using an antibody against S1-subunit (GTX135356), stripped and next probed for sACE2 (ab108252) and mature TMPRSS2 m (14437-1-AP) (upper panel).
• Cell lysates were immunoblotted for spike protein (V5-mAb), ACE2 (ab108252) and ⁇ -Actin (lower panel).
• HeLa-ACE2 cells were transiently transfected for 48 h with empty vector (V), TMPRSS2, and V5-tagged spike protein (S) alone or in combination with TMPRSS2 (S+TMPRSS2) in a ratio of 1:0.7 (Figure 12B).
• FIG. 13 shows TMPRSS2-generates soluble ACE2 (sACE2) and enhances the production of S2’ in cells and S1’ in media.
• sACE2 soluble ACE2
• the HeLa cells media (concentrated 5-fold) (upper panel) and cell lysates (lower panel) were analyzed by immunoblotting as indicated.
• Media concentrated 8-fold
• FIG. 14 shows immunocytochemistry of the co-localization of ACE2 and S- protein or ⁇ S1/S2 in HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence of S-protein (S) and ⁇ S1/S2 (green) were revealed using the spike S1-antibody GTX632604 in non-permeabilized (NP) conditions or with anti-V5 in permeabilized (P) conditions ( Figure 14).
• FIG. 16 shows cell-to-cell fusion assay: correlation between syncytia formation and luciferase activity.
• the ACE2 expression in TZM-bl allowed fusion with cells expressing S in dose dependent manner (B) Expression of mS1/S2 in donor cells did not enhance the fusion with ACE2 expressing TZM-bl cells.
• HeLa donor cells
• ZM-bl acceptor cells
• Figure 16A Hela cell transfected with and empty vector (EV), or expressing HIV-Env, SARS-CoV-2 Spike, or ⁇ S1/S2 were placed in co-culture for 18h and the number of syncytia was examined using CellMaskTM to probe for the plasma membrane and Dapi to stain the nuclei.
• Donor cells were transfected with vectors expressing either no protein (EV), Tat, WT Spike (S), Tat and WT Spike (Tat+S), or Tat and HIV-Env (Tat+Env) (Figure 16B).
• EV vector expressing no protein
• Figure 17 shows the effects of target cells on TMPRSS2 and soluble ACE2 on cell- to-cell fusion.
• Donor HeLa cells were transfected with a plasmid vector expressing no protein EV, WT Spike, ⁇ S1/S2 or WT-Spike together with soluble ACE2 (hACE2707X).
• FIG. 18 shows SARS-CoV-2 viral entry in HEK293 cells is primarily mediated via a pH-dependent pathway. Co-expression of ACE2 with various doses of TMPRSS2 in acceptor cells gradually promoted fusion of mS1/S2 expressing cells to similar level as WT S-induced fusion. However sACE2 had no effect on mS1/S2. So at high levels of TMPRSS in ACE2 acceptor cells fusion between cells is possible with or without cleavage at S1/S2 site.
• 293T-ACE2 were pretreated with chloroquine (CLQ; 100 ⁇ M) for 2 h and subsequently inoculated with luciferase-expressing HIV particles pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 wild- type (WT) or mutated ( ⁇ S1/S2) spike (S). HIV particles made in the absence of S (no S) served as a negative control. Efficiency of viral entry was determined by luciferase activity. Each dot represents an independent experiment (median luciferase of biological triplicates). Error bars show SD. [0093] Figure 19 shows novel furin-like inhibitors block viral entry in human epithelial cells but not in model HEK293 cells stably expressing ACE2.
• FIG. 20A and 20B The virus titers (PFU per milliliter) released in the supernatant (24 hr post infection) of infected Calu-3 cells treated with indicated concentrations of (A) Compound 219, and (B) Compound 192 were determined by plaque assay (mean ⁇ SD of triplicates, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.05, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.01, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.001).
• the selectivity index (SI) of (A) Compound 219, and (B) Compound 192 in Calu-3 cells as shown in the top right panel was determined by CC 50 /IC 50 .
• the left y axis indicates the inhibition of virus titer (percent) relative to that of the untreated control group (red).
• Figure 21 shows furin-like inhibitors modestly reduce virus production in SARS- CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Replication kinetics were studied at 12, 24 and 48 hr post infection by plaque assay to determine the plaque- forming units (PFUs) of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the supernatant of infected Vero E6 cells treated or not with 1 ⁇ M Compound 93, 219, and 192 ( Figure 21A).
• PFUs plaque- forming units
• a line graph represents results of the triplicate plaque assay (mean ⁇ SD). Virus released in the supernatant (48 hr post infection) of infected Vero E6 cells treated with indicated concentrations of Compound 93 (Figure 21B), Compound 219 ( Figure 21C), and Compound 192 ( Figure 21D) were determined by plaque assay (mean ⁇ SD of triplicates, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.05, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.01, ⁇ p ⁇ 0.001).
• the present disclosure provides methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits for the treatment and/or prevention of a viral infection caused by a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus), comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV,
• kits for the treatment and/or prevention of a viral infection caused by a variant of a SARS-CoV-2 virus e.g. B.1.351 (i.e., the South African COVID-19 variant), B.1.1.7 (i.e., the UK COVID-19 variant), P.1 (i.e., the Brazilian COVID-19 variant)).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV
• Also provided herein are methods for inhibiting viral exit from a cell of a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, S
• the present disclosure provides methods for the treatment and/or prevention of a viral infection caused by a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus), comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, M
• the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by a coronaviridae family virus. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by an alphacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by HCoV-NL63 or HCoV-229E. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by a betacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, or HCoV-HKU1.
• the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by SARS-CoV. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by SARS-CoV-2. In certain embodiments, the provided methods are for the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections caused by MERS-CoV.
• the present disclosure provides methods of treating a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., therapeutically effective amount) of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (
• provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from an alphacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from HCoV- NL63 or HCoV-229E. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from a betacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, or HCoV-HKU1. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from SARS-CoV. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from SARS-CoV-2.
• provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from MERS-CoV. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from HCoV- OC43. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating viral infections resulting from HCoV-HKU1.
• the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., a prophylactically effective amount) of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV- NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacorona
• the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a viral infection resulting from a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., a prophylactically effective amount) of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising Formula (I) as described herein.
• a betacoronavirus e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1
• an effective amount e.g., a prophylactically effective amount
• the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a viral infection resulting from SARS-CoV in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., a prophylactically effective amount) of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising Formula (I) as described herein.
• an effective amount e.g., a prophylactically effective amount
• the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting the entry of a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) into a cell, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, S
• provided herein are methods of inhibiting the entry of a coronaviridae family virus into a cell, in a subject by at least 1%, at least 3%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• the entry of a coronaviridae family virus into a cell, in a subject is inhibited by at least 1%, at least 3%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• provided herein are methods of inhibiting the entry of a coronaviridae family virus into a cell, in a subject by at least 30%. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of inhibiting the entry of a coronaviridae family virus into a cell, in a subject by at least 50%. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of inhibiting the entry of a coronaviridae family virus into a cell, in a subject by at least 75%.
• the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting the replication of a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV
• provided herein are methods of inhibiting the replication of a coronaviridae family virus in a subject by at least 1%, at least 3%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• the replication of a coronaviridae family virus in a subject is inhibited by at least 1%, at least 3%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• provided herein are methods of inhibiting the replication of a coronaviridae family virus in a subject by at least 30%. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of inhibiting the replication of a coronaviridae family virus in a subject by at least 50%. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of inhibiting the replication of a coronaviridae family virus in a subject by at least 75%.
• the present disclosure provides methods of decreasing viral infectivity of a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV
• the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting viral infectivity in a biological sample (e.g., an in vitro biological sample), the method comprising contacting the biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• a biological sample e.g., an in vitro biological sample
• the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting viral infectivity in a cell (e.g., an in vitro cell), the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• the methods, uses, pharmaceutical compositions, kits, and compounds described herein further comprise administering one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents).
• the compounds or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, in reducing the risk to develop a disease in a subject in need thereof, and/or in inhibiting the activity of a transcription factor in a subject or cell), improve bioavailability, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and/or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and/or modify distribution in a subject or cell.
• the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.
• a pharmaceutical composition described herein including a compound described herein and an additional pharmaceutical agent shows a synergistic effect that is absent in a pharmaceutical composition including one of the compounds and the additional pharmaceutical agent, but not both.
• the methods, uses, pharmaceutical compositions, kits, and compounds comprising a compound of Formula (I) and camostat may show a synergistic effect over compositions comprising Compound (I) or camostat in treating viral infections.
• the methods, uses, pharmaceutical compositions, kits, and compounds comprising a compound of Formula (I) and camostat may also show additive effects over compositions comprising Compound (I) or camostat in treating viral infections.
• the compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.
• Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents.
• Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents.
• Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S.
• CFR Code of Federal Regulations
• proteins proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.
• CFR Code of Federal Regulations
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is a pharmaceutical agent useful for treating and/or preventing a viral infection (e.g., a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a viral infection e.g., a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV
• the additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the compound or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses.
• the particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the compound described herein with the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In general, it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.
• the additional pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, anti- inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, cardiovascular agents, anti-allergic agents, and pain-relieving agents.
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antiviral agent (e.g., Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amantadine, Atazanavir, Chloroquine, Darunavir, Elvitegravir, Fosamprenavir, Ganciclovir, Indinavir, Ledipasvir, Lopinavir, Nitazoxanide, Oseltamivir, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Raltegravir, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Sofosbuvir, Tipranavir, Velpatasvir, Zanamivirfavipiravir, remdesivir, Oya1, galidesivir, umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine).
• an antiviral agent e.g., Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amantadine, Atazanavir, Chloroquine, Darunavir, Elvitegravir, Fosamprena
• the antiviral agent is chloroquine. In certain embodiments, the antiviral agent is hydroxychloroquine. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antibacterial agent (e.g., azithromycin). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-inflammatory (e.g., Gimsilumab, IL-6 antibodies, actemra, paracetamol, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)). In certain embodiments, the anti-inflammatory may be a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (e.g., adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab).
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antifibrotic agent (e.g., Pirfenidone, Nintedanib). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is Pirfenidone. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is Nintedanib.
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is in the form of an additional therapy (e.g., receiving antibodies from survivor patients’ blood, DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines). In certain embodiments, the additional therapy is treatment with an antibody. In certain embodiments, the additional therapy is treatment with a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the additional therapy is treatment with a human body from a survivor patients’ blood. In certain embodiments, the additional therapy is treatment with a monoclonal antibody.
• the additional therapy is treatment with antibodies that bind the S-spike protein. In certain embodiments, the additional therapy is treatment with a monoclonal antibody that binds the S-spike protein.
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is an N-methyl-D- aspartate (NDMA) receptor glutamate receptor antagonist (e.g., ifenprodil). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an ACE2 blocker (e.g., APNO1). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is a CCR5 antagonist. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antibody that bind S-spike protein (e.g., REGN3048-3051). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is idebenone.
• NDMA N-methyl-D- aspartate
• ACE2 blocker e.g., APNO1
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is a CCR5 antagonist.
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antibody that bind S-spike protein (e.g., REGN3048-3051). In
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is interferon beta. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an ADAM-17 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is 4-methylumbelliferone.
• Additional pharmaceutical agents may also include serine protease inhibitors (e.g., TMPRSS2 inhibitors (e.g., camostat, nafamostat)), ACE2 inhibitors (e.g., benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, or trandolapril).
• TMPRSS2 inhibitors e.g., camostat, nafamostat
• ACE2 inhibitors e.g., benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril,
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is a TMPRSS2 inhibitor (e.g., camostat, nafamostat)). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is camostat. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is nafamostat. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, or trandolapril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is benazepril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is captopril.
• the additional pharmaceutical agent is enalapril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is fosinopril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is lisinopril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is moexipril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is perindopril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is quinapril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is ramipril. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is trandolapril.
• the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in treating and/or preventing a viral infection caused by a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus), comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) as described herein.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a beta
• the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV- 229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43,
• the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus) in a subject in need thereof.
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a
• the coronaviridae family virus is an alphacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the alphacoronavirus is HCoV-NL63. In certain embodiments, the alphacoronavirus is HCoV-229E. In certain embodiments, the coronaviridae family virus is a betacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the betacoronavirus is SARS-CoV. In certain embodiments, the betacoronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. In certain embodiments, the betacoronavirus is MERS- CoV. In certain embodiments, the betacoronavirus is HCoV-OC43. In certain embodiments, the betacoronavirus is HCoV-HKU1.
• the coronaviridae family virus is a deltacoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the coronaviridae family virus is a gammacoronavirus. [00120] In certain embodiments, the virus is a variant of a SARS-Cov-2 virus (e.g., B.1.351, B.1.1.7, P.1). In certain embodiments, the SARS-Cov-2 variant is the B.1.351 variant (i.e., the South African COVID-19 variant). In certain embodiments, the SARS-Cov-2 variant is the B.1.1.7 variant (i.e., the UK COVID-19 variant).
• a SARS-Cov-2 virus e.g., B.1.351, B.1.1.7, P.1
• the SARS-Cov-2 variant is the B.1.351 variant (i.e., the South African COVID-19 variant).
• the SARS-Cov-2 variant is the B.1.1.7 variant (i.e., the UK COVID-19 variant).
• the SARS-CoV-2 variant is the P.1 variant (i.e., the Brazilian COVID-19 variant).
• the compounds of Formula (I) useful in the methods, compositions, and uses of this disclosure prevents or inhibits the furin-mediated processing Spike (S)-protein, which may be cleaved during virus egress.
• the compounds of Formula (I) useful in the methods, compositions, and uses of this disclosure prevents or inhibits the furin-mediated processing Spike (S)-protein, which may be cleaved during virus entry into a cell.
• the compounds of Formula (I) useful in the present disclosure inhibit viral fusion by cleaving the glycoproteins of a virus.
• the compounds of Formula (I) useful in the present disclosure inhibit viral fusion (during viral entry or exit of the cell) by inhibiting the furin-mediated processing of the Spike (S)-protein. Cleavage of the (S)-protein may be required to expose the fusion protein, which allows for viral entry and exit into the cell.
• X is –O– or –NR 8 , wherein R 8 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In another embodiment, X is –NR 8 , wherein R 8 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In certain embodiments, X is –O–.
• R 3 is optionally substituted –O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is optionally substituted –OCF 3 .
• R 3 is optionally substituted (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is –Me.
• R 3 is – CF 3 .
• R 3 is –CHF 2 .
• R 3 is –CH 2 F.
• R 3 is halogen.
• R 3 is –F.
• R 3 is –Cl.
• R 3 is –Br. In certain embodiments, R 3 is –I. In certain embodiments, R 3 is –Me. In certain embodiments, each R 3 is independently halogen, methyl, or difluoromethyl. In another embodiment, each R 3 is independently fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, or difluoromethyl. In one embodiment, each R 3 is independently halogen. In another embodiment, each R 3 is independently fluoro, chloro, or bromo. In another embodiment, each R 3 is independently fluoro or chloro. In certain embodiments, each R 3 is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 3 is –CN.
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or (C 1 - C 4 )alkylNH 2 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-11 membered monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged, or spiro- bicyclic saturated ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , – C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , –C(O)R 7 , –CONHR 8 , –CONR 7 R 8 , or –SO 2 R 7 .
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or –(C 1 -C 4 )alkylNH 2 . In another embodiment, R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or –(C 1 -C 4 )alkylNH 2 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-11 membered monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged, or spiro-bicyclic saturated ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , –C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , –C(O)R 7 , –CONHR 8 , – CONR 7 R 8 , or –SO 2 R 7 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted pyrrolidine, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, or morpholine ring.
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent a 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , –C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , – C(O)R 7 , –CONHR 8 , –CONR 7 R 8 , or –SO 2 R 7 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent a 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring, optionally containing one or two additional nitrogen heteroatoms, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , and –C(O)R 7 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent a 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring, optionally containing one additional nitrogen heteroatom, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by one substituent which is R 7 .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent an optionally substituted piperazine ring.
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted piperazine ring.
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula:
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperidine ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperidine ring of the formula: .
• R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula: certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a pyrrolidine ring of the formula: [00132]
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently H, or optionally substituted (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In certain embodiment, R 4 and R 5 are the same. In certain embodiments, R 4 and R 5 are different. In certain embodiments, R 4 is H. In certain embodiments, R 5 is H.
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently H, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or (C 2 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 4 is –Me.
• R4 is –C(O)R 7 .
• R 4 is –C(O)Me.
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-11 membered monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged, or spiro-bicyclic saturated ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , –C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –SO 2 (C 1 C 4 )alkyl, –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , – N(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , –N(R 8 )SO 2 R 9 , –N(R 8 )CONR 8 R 9 , –N(R 8 )CON(R 8 )SO 2 R 9 , –C(O)R 7 ,
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperidine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperidine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperidine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula:
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a piperazine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form ring of the formula: 4 5 .
• R and R taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a pyrrolidine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a pyrrolidine ring of the formula: .
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a pyrrolidine ring of the formula:
• R and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a pyrrolidine ring of the formula:
• R and R 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of the formula: .
• each R 6 is independently halogen or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In another embodiment, each R 6 is independently halogen. In another embodiment, each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, and methyl. In another embodiment, each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, and bromo. In another embodiment, each R 6 is independently fluoro or chloro. In certain embodiments, each R 6 is fluoro. In another embodiment, each R 6 is chloro.
• each R 6 is independently (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In another embodiment, each R 6 is methyl. [00134] In one embodiment, each R 7 is independently (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, or –(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or two of triazolyl, tetrazolyl, –CO 2 R 8 , –CONR 8 R 9 , –CON(R 8 )CO 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, –OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –OCON(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, –(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl,
• each R 7 is independently (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl, halo(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, or — (C 1 -C 2 )alkyl(C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with –CO 2 R 8 , – CONR 8 R 9 , –OH, oxo, –(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –(C 1 -C 4 )alkylOH, –NR 8 R 9 , –N(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , –N(R 8 )CO 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, –N(R 8 )CH 2 CO 2 R 9 , –N(R 8 )CONR 8 R 9 , –N(N(R
• each R 7 is independently (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl, halo(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, or — (C 1 -C 2 )alkyl(C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or two substituents –CO 2 R 8 , –CONR 8 R 9 , –OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, –OCONR 8 R 9 , – (C 1 -C 4 )alkylOH, – NR 8 R 9 , –N(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , –N(R 8 )CO 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, –N(R 8 )CONR 8 R 9 , –N(R 8 )SO 2 R 9 , –SO(C 1
• each R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl which is optionally substituted by one substituent which is –CO 2 H, –OH, –N(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , or –SO(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• each R 7 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl which is optionally substituted by one substituent which is –CO 2 H, –OH, –N(R 8 )C(O)R 9 , or –SO(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• each of R 8 and R 9 is independently H, optionally substituted (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or optionally substituted (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl.
• each R 8 and R 9 is independently H or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• each R 8 and R 9 is independently (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 8 and R 9 are each methyl.
• each R 8 and R 9 is H.
• R 8 is H; and R 9 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 8 is H; and R 9 is –Me.
• R 8 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is –Me. In another embodiment, R 8 is –H. In another embodiment, R 9 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is –Me. In another embodiment, R 9 is –H. [00136] In one embodiment, n is 1, 2, or 3. In another embodiment, n is 2 or 3. In another embodiment, n is 2.
• the compound of Formula (I) useful in the present disclosure is of the Formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is –O– or –N(R 8 )–; R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or optionally substituted (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; optionally, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-11 membered monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged, or spiro-bicyclic saturated ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , –C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , – C(
• the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00139] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00140] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00141] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00142] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00143] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula (Table 1, #192): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) may be any one of the compounds found in Table 1 below.
• the disclosed compositions, methods, and uses comprise administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds found in Table 1 below. Table 1.
• the compound of Formula (I) useful in the present disclosure is of the Formula (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is –O– or –N(R 8 )–; R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or optionally substituted (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; optionally, R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-11 membered monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged, or spiro-bicyclic saturated ring, optionally containing one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, –OCONR 8 R 9 , –CO 2 R 8 , –C(O)CO 2 R 8 , –R 7 , –OR 7 , –NHR 8 , –NR 7 R 8 , – C(O
• the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00147] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00148] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00149] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00150] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00151] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula thereof, useful in the present disclosure is of the formula: [00152] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) useful in the present disclosure is of the formula (Table 2, #219): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (III) may be any one of the compounds found in Table 2 below.
• the disclosed compositions, methods, and uses comprise administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds found in Table 2 below.
• Table 2 Table 2.
• Compounds useful in the present disclosure [00154] The synthesis and characterization of the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2 can be found in international PCT application no.: PCT/EP2019/062098, filed May 10, 2019, published on November 14, 2019 with publication No. WO 2019/215341, which is incorporated herein by reference. [00155] Typically, but not absolutely, the salts of the present disclosure are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Salts of the disclosed compounds containing a basic amine or other basic functional group may be prepared by any suitable method known in the art, including treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, alpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulf
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, methoxybenzoates, phthalates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutrates, citrates, lactates, ⁇ -hydroxybutyrates, glycolates, tartrates mandelates, and
• Salts of the disclosed compounds containing a carboxylic acid or other acidic functional group can be prepared by reacting with a suitable base.
• a suitable base which affords a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, which includes alkali metal salts (especially sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salts (especially calcium and magnesium), aluminum salts, and ammonium salts, as well as salts made from physiologically acceptable organic bases, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, morpholine, pyridine, piperidine, picoline, dicyclohexylamine, N,N’- dibenzylethylenediamine, 2-hydroxyethylamine, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, tri-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine, procaine, dibenzylpiperidine, dehydroabietylamine, N,N’- bisdehydroabietylamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine, collidine, quinine,
• composition useful in the present disclosure (also referred to as pharmaceutical formulation) comprising a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more excipients (also referred to as carriers and/or diluents in the pharmaceutical arts).
• excipients are acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof (i.e., the patient).
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients will vary depending upon the particular dosage form chosen.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for a particular function that they may serve in the composition.
• certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of uniform dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of stable dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the carrying or transporting of the compound or compounds of this disclosure once administered to the patient from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include the following types of excipients: diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anticaking agents, hemectants, chelating agents, plasticizers, viscosity increasing agents, antioxidants, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, and buffering agents.
• compositions may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example, by oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual, or transdermal), vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, or intradermal) routes.
• compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example, by bringing into association the active ingredient with the excipient(s).
• the exact amount of a compound required to achieve an effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound, mode of administration, and the like.
• An effective amount may be included in a single dose (e.g., single oral dose) or multiple doses (e.g., multiple oral doses).
• the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is three months, six months, or one year.
• the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is the lifetime of the subject.
• a dose (e.g., a single dose, or any dose of multiple doses) described herein includes independently between 0.1 ⁇ g and 1 ⁇ g, between 0.001 mg and 0.01 mg, between 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg, between 0.1 mg and 1 mg, between 1 mg and 3 mg, between 3 mg and 10 mg, between 10 mg and 30 mg, between 30 mg and 100 mg, between 100 mg and 300 mg, between 300 mg and 1,000 mg, or between 1 g and 10 g, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
• a dose described herein includes independently between 1 mg and 3 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
• a dose described herein includes independently between 3 mg and 10 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 10 mg and 30 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 30 mg and 100 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. [00162] Dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the intended recipient, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant prescribing the medication.
• an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus)
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS- CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus)
• the effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of a viral infection resulting from SARS-CoV-2 is in the range of 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight of recipient per day.
• the actual amount per day would suitably be from 7 to 700 mg and this amount may be given in a single dose per day or in a number (such as two, three, four, five or six) of sub-doses per day such that the total daily dose is the same.
• Inhaled daily dosages range from 10 ⁇ g - 10 mg/day, with preferred 10 ⁇ g - 2 mg/day, and more preferred 50 ⁇ g - 500 ⁇ g/day.
• kits e.g., pharmaceutical packs.
• the kit comprises a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein, and instructions for using the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
• the kit comprises a first container, wherein the first container includes the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
• the kit further comprises a second container.
• the second container includes an excipient (e.g., an excipient for dilution or suspension of the compound or pharmaceutical composition).
• each of the first or second containers are independently a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, dispenser package, tube, or inhaler.
• a kit described herein includes a first container comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein.
• a kit described herein is useful in treating and/or preventing a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV- OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus.
• the kit
• kits described herein further includes instructions for using the compound or pharmaceutical composition included in the kit.
• a kit described herein may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• the information included in the kits is prescribing information.
• kits and instructions provide for treating a viral infection resulting from a coronaviridae family virus (e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• a coronaviridae family virus e.g., an alphacoronavirus (e.g., HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E), a betacoronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS- CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), a deltacoronavirus, a gammacoronavirus).
• the instructions are for administering the compound or pharmaceutical composition to
• the instructions comprise information required by a regulatory agency, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMA).
• FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• EMA European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products
• the instructions comprise prescribing information.
• the cells were washed and transfected (LipofectamineTM) with 1 microgram of a cDNA coding for codon optimized (S)- protein (obtained from Sino Biologicals) inserted in a pIRES expression vector with a V5 tagged at the C-terminus of the S-protein. All three cell lines were then incubated for 24 h with Compound 192 or Compound 219 at 0.3 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M, or decanoyl-RVKR- CMK (RVKR) at 50 ⁇ M ( Figure 2). Next, cell lysates were obtained. Separation by SDS- PAGE (8%) and Western blot analyses were done with a V5 mAb.
• TMPRSS2 was also proposed to participate in SARS-CoV-2 entry in some cells. Accordingly, it was then determined whether TMPRSS2 can cleave at S1/S2 or S2’ in vitro. However, TMPRSS2 that cleaves a peptide mimicking SARS-CoV-1 at S1/S2, was unable to process SARS-CoV-2 at S1/S2 or S2’ (Figure 3D).
• TMPRSS2 cleaved the furin-generated S1-subunit ( ⁇ 135 kDa) into a shorter S1’ fragment ( ⁇ 115 kDa) secreted into the medium ( Figure 12A). This cleavage may enhance the efficacy of separation of the S1 and S2 domains when S1 is bound to ACE-2, but before membrane fusion by the S2-subunit. It was previously reported that TMPRSS2 sheds ACE2 into a soluble form (sACE2), and the latter activity may be associated with enhanced kinetics of cell-to-cell fusion (syncytia) and ACE2-receptor viral uptake.
• sACE2 a soluble form
• HeLa cells expressing both S-protein and ACE2 formed many syncytia, associated with reduced cell surface expression of the S-protein, and an even greater reduction of ACE2 ( Figure 14-b).
• Cells expressing both ⁇ S1/S2 and ACE2 showed an accumulation of both proS and ACE2 inside the cells and at the cell surface ( Figure 14-c). However, they barely induced the formation of syncytia, and when they did, the cell surface expression of S-protein and to a lesser extent ACE2 were decreased ( Figure 14-d).
• S-expressing HeLa cells Figures 15-a,b
• phenocopy those expressing ⁇ S1/S2 Figures 6B- c,d.
• TMPRSS2 was co-expressed with S-protein or with ⁇ S1/S2 in donor cells to assess the role of TMPRSS2 in cell-to-cell fusion.
• TMPRSS2 abolished the fusogenic activity of S, providing evidence that TMPRSS2- mediated retention of S-protein in the ER by the generation of S2a and S2b impaired the cell- to-cell fusion activity of S-protein at the plasma membrane ( Figure 6C).
• the sACE2-S1 complex may bind a receptor on acceptor cells, e.g., to integrins via their RGD motifs or S1- binding to neuropilin 1, 2, to promote cell-to-cell fusion.
• the plates were mixed by inversion, and following a 30 min preincubation of enzyme with compound at room temperature ( ⁇ 22 o C), the substrate FAM- QRVRRAVGIDK-TAMRA (AnaSpec # 808143, 5 ⁇ l of a 1, 0.25, 0.20, and 0.5 ⁇ M solution in assay buffer for furin, PCSK5, PCSK6, and PCSK7 respectively) was added using a Multidrop Combi to the entire assay plate.
• the plates were centrifuged at 500Xg for 1 minute and incubated at room temperature for two hours. Enzyme inhibition was then quantified using an Envision instrument (PerkinElmer).
• Golgi imaging assay This assay uses an image-based platform to evaluate the intracellular activity of furin inhibitors. Reactions were performed in black 384-well, tissue culture-treated, clear bottom plates (Greiner). Compounds under analysis were dissolved in DMSO (1.0 mM) and serially diluted 1 to 3 with DMSO through eleven dilutions. This creates a final compound concentration range from 0.00017 to 10 ⁇ M, and 0.1 ⁇ L of each concentration was transferred to the corresponding well of the assay plate.
• frozen cells are thawed in assay media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium Nutritional Mixture F-12 (Ham) without phenol red containing 5% FBS) and diluted to deliver 6000 cells/well (50 ⁇ l) to the plate using a Multidrop Combi (Thermo). After a 24- hour incubation period at 37 o C, the cells are stained with Cell Mask Deep Red, fixed in paraformaldehyde and the nuclei stained using Ho33342. The Golgi-targeted GFP forms bright punctate clusters within the cell.
• assay media Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium Nutritional Mixture F-12 (Ham) without phenol red containing 5% FBS
• Multidrop Combi Thermo
• the cells are stained with Cell Mask Deep Red, fixed in paraformaldehyde and the nuclei stained using Ho33342.
• the Golgi-targeted GFP forms bright punctate clusters within the cell.
• the endogenous protease cleaves GFP from its N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2 Golgi tether, releasing GFP into the Golgi lumen where fluorescence is diluted below the threshold of assay sensitivity.
• GFP fluorescence increases as intra-Golgi protease activity is reduced.
• Cellular GFP intensity is determined by image-based acquisition (Incell 2200, Perkin Elmer) at 40x magnification with 4 fields measured per well.
• Multi-scale top hat segmentation is used to identify the GFP-tagged puncta and to quantitate the average fluorescence of all puncta on a per cell basis. Cellular toxicity is determined in parallel.
• Furin and TRMPSS2 fluorogenic assays Recombinant furin was purchased from BioLegend (#719406), TRMPSS2 from Cusabio and the DABCYLGlu-EDANS labelled peptides encompassing the different cleavage sites (Supplementary Table 1) were purchased from Genscript. Reactions were performed at room temperature in black 384-well polystyrene low volume plates (CELLSTAR-Greiner Bio-One # 784476) at a final volume of 15 ⁇ L.
• the fluorescent peptides were used at 5 ⁇ M and the reactions were performed in 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 6.5 or 7.5), 0.2% Triton X-100, 1mM CaCl 2 and furin was added at a final concentration of 2-100 nM.
• Small-molecule inhibitors (Compound 93, Compound 219, and Compound 192) were dissolved in DMSO (1 mM) and serially diluted 1 to 2 with DMSO to provide a final compound concentration range from 50 ⁇ M to 0.01 nM with 5% DMSO in the enzymatic assay.
• TMPRSS2 the fluorescent peptides were used at 5 ⁇ M and the reactions were performed in 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 6.5 or 7.5), 0.2% Triton X-100, 50 mM NaCl and TMPRSS2 was added at final concentrations of 25-100 nM. Cleavage of the synthetic peptides was quantitated by determining the increase of EDANS (493 nM) fluorescence following release of the DABCYL quencher, which is excited at 335 nM using a Safire 2 Tecan fluorimeter. The fluorescence was followed during 90 min, and the enzymatic activity was deduced by measurement of the increase of fluorescence during the linear phase of the reaction.
• the ⁇ Env Vpr Luciferase Reporter Vector (pNL4-3.Luc.R-E-) was obtained from Dr. Nathaniel Landau through the NIH AIDS Reagent Program whereas the pHIV-1NL4-3 ⁇ Env-NanoLuc construct was a kind gift from Dr. P Bieniasz. Plasmids encoding VSV-G, as HIV-1 Env and tat were previously described.
• HEK293T Monolayers of HeLa, HEK293T, HEK293T17 and Vero E6 cells were cultured in 5% CO 2 at 37°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• HEK293T-ACE2 a generous gift from Dr. Paul Bieniasz, were maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 1% nonessential amino acids (NEAA) and 50 ⁇ g/ml blasticidin (Invivogen). Calu-3 were cultivated in F12K/DMEM containing 10% FBS.
• the cells were cultured in 5% CO 2 at 37°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• the cells were transfected with JetPrime transfection reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Polyplus transfection, New York, USA).
• the culture media were changed to serum-free DMEM and incubated for an additional 24h.
• the cells were maintained in media containing 500 ⁇ g/mL of neomycin (G418, Wisent) for two weeks.
• 293T17 cells 600,000 cells plated in a 6-well vessel
• 1 ⁇ g pNL4-3.Luc.R-E- or pHIV-1NL ⁇ Env-NanoLuc
• 293T17 cells were treated with small-molecule inhibitors (e.g., Compound 93, 219, or 192) at 6 h post transfection.
• Pseudovirions expressing the nano- or firefly-luciferase were collected at 24 h or 48 h post transfection, respectively.
• Viral supernatants were clarified by centrifugation at 300 x g, passed through a 0.45- ⁇ m pore-size polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF; Milipore) syringe filter (Millipore; SLGVR33RS), and aliquots frozen at ⁇ 80°C.
• PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
• Millipore SLGVR33RS
• aliquots frozen at ⁇ 80°C for WB analysis of purified pseudovirions, viral supernatants were concentrated by ultracentrifugation on a 20% sucrose cushion for 3h at 35,000 RPM; Beckman Couter OPTIMA XE; Ti70.1 rotor).
• the proteins were separated on 7% tris-glycine or 8% tricine gels by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Perkin Elmer).
• media from cultured and transfected cells were collected and concentrated 10x using Amicon Ultra 2 ml devices with a 10 kDa cut-off (Millipore; UFC 201024), as specified by the manufacturer, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting.
• V5-mAb V2660 1:5000; Invitrogen
• ACE2 antibody rabbit monoclonal ab108252; 1:3,000; Abcam
• TMPRSS2 antibody rabbit polyclonal; 14427-1-AP; 1:1,000; Proteintech
• Actin antibody rabbit polyclonal A2066; 1:5,000; Sigma
• SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody rabbit polyclonal GenTex GTX135356; 1:2,000; GenTex.
• the antigen-antibody complexes were visualized using appropriate HRP conjugated secondary antibodies and enhanced chemiluminescence kit (ECL; Amersham or Bio-Rad) and normalization was reported to ⁇ - actin.
• ECL enhanced chemiluminescence kit
• Glycosidase treatment 30 to 50 ⁇ g proteins were digested for 90 min at 37 o C with endoglycosidase-H (Endo-H; P0702L) or endoglycosidase-F (Endo-F; P0705S) as recommended by the manufacturer (New England Biolabs).
• Inhibitor treatment At 24h post transfection, cells were incubated for 6h with two pan-PC inhibitors: the cell permeable decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (cmk; 50 mM; 4026850.001; Bachem) , or with the cell surface PC-inhibitor hexa-D-arginine (D6R; 20 ⁇ M; 344931; EMD). Culture media were then replaced with fresh ones containing the inhibitors for an additional 24h. For the selective cell-permeable furin-like inhibitors, the cells were treated with the inhibitors at the specified concentration starting at 5h pre-transfection and throughout the duration of the experiment.
• the cell permeable decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone cmk; 50 mM; 4026850.001; Bachem
• D6R cell surface PC-inhibitor hexa-D-arginine
• HeLa or HeLa TZM-bl cells were plated at 200,000 cells in 12-well plates. HeLa cells were transiently transfected with different constructs of SARS-COV-2 Spike or NL4.3- HIV Env, or an empty vector and 0.2 ⁇ g of CMV-Tat plasmid. HeLa TZM-bl cells were transfected with human ACE2, TMPRSS2 or a combination of both. At 6h post-transfection, media were replaced with fresh ones containing furin-inhibitors, and 24h later the cells were detached with PBS-EDTA (1 ⁇ M).
• cells were either non-permeabilized or permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS containing 2% BSA for 5 min, washed, and then blocking was performed with PBS containing 2% BSA for 1h.
• Cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 o C using an antibody against V5 (mouse monoclonal R960-25; 1:1000; Invitrogen), Spike (mouse monoclonal GTX632604; 1:500; GeneTex) and ACE2 (goat polyclonal AF933; 1:500; RnDsystems). Following wash, corresponding species- specific Alexa-Fluor (488 or 555)-tagged antibodies (Molecular Probes) were incubated for 1h at room temperature.
• SARS-CoV-2 which served as the viral source, was originally isolated from a COVID-19 patient in Quebec, Canada and was designated as LSPQ1.
• Vero E6 The clinical isolate was amplified, tittered in Vero E6 using a plaque assay as detailed below, and the integrity of the S-protein multi-basic protein convertase site validated by sequencing. All experiments involving infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus were performed in the designated areas of the Biosafety level 3 laboratory (IRCM) previously approved for SARS-CoV-2 work. Plaque assay in Vero E6 [00208] Vero E6 cells (1.2 x 10 5 cells/well) were seeded in quadruplicate in 24-well tissue culture plates in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS two days before infection.
• Cells were infected with up to six ten-fold serial dilutions (10 -2 -10 -6 ) of viral supernatant containing SARS-CoV-2 for 1h at 370C (200 ⁇ l infection volume). The plates were manually rocked every 15 min during the 1-hour period. Subsequently, virus was removed, cells were washed and overlaying media (containing 0.6% low melt agarose in DMEM with 10% FBS) was added, and incubated undisturbed for 60-65h at 370C. Post incubation, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with 0.25% crystal violet (prepared in 30% methanol).
• Virus titer is expressed as plaque-forming units per ml (PFU/ml): (number of plaques x dilution factor of the virus) x 1000 / volume of virus dilution used for infection (in ⁇ l).
• Vero E.6 and Calu-3 cells were seeded in duplicates in 12-well plates (2.3 x 10 5 cells/well) the day before. Cells were pre-treated with various concentrations (0.1-1 ⁇ M) of the small-molecule inhibitor (e.g., Compound 93, 192, or 219) and vehicle alone (DMSO) for up to 24h. In certain experiments, Calu-3 were also pre-treated with Camostat for 1h. Thereafter, the cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus at MOI of 0.001 for 1h (Vero E6) or 0.01 for 3h (Calu-3 cells) in 350 ⁇ l of serum-free DMEM at 370C with occasional manual rocking of plates.
• the small-molecule inhibitor e.g., Compound 93, 192, or 219
• vehicle alone DMSO
• Calu-3 were also pre-treated with Camostat for 1h. Thereafter, the cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus at MOI of 0.001 for 1h (Vero
• Cells plus media only were used as a control. After incubation, virus was removed, and the cell monolayer was washed twice successively with PBS and serum-free DMEM. New media (total 1ml) containing the aforementioned concentrations of the small molecule inhibitor was subsequently added to cells. Cell-free supernatant (250 ⁇ l) was removed at 12, 24 and 48h post infection. The drugs were replenished for 1 ml media at 24h post-infection. The virus supernatants were stored at -80°C until further use. Viral production in the supernatant was quantified using a plaque assay on Vero E6.1 cells as described above.
• viral supernatants were harvested at the end of infection and purified on a 20% sucrose cushion using ultracentrifugation as described above. The resulting concentrated virus and corresponding infected cells were analyzed by Western blotting as appropriate.
• Quantification and statistical analysis Virus titers quantified by plaque assay in triplicate were shown as mean ⁇ standard deviation. The results from experiments done in triplicates were used to calculate the IC 50 by nonlinear regression using GraphPad Prism V5.0 software. The difference between the control cells (virus with 0.001% DMSO) and the cells treated with the small-molecule inhibitors (e.g., Compound 93, 192, or 219) were evaluated by Student’s t test.
• the disclosure includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
• the disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
• any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
• elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group.

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