WO2021185070A1 - 一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统 - Google Patents

一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021185070A1
WO2021185070A1 PCT/CN2021/078625 CN2021078625W WO2021185070A1 WO 2021185070 A1 WO2021185070 A1 WO 2021185070A1 CN 2021078625 W CN2021078625 W CN 2021078625W WO 2021185070 A1 WO2021185070 A1 WO 2021185070A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
short circuit
energy
battery cell
released
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2021/078625
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李晓辉
杨博智
王萌
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Guangzhou Automobile Group Co Ltd
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Guangzhou Automobile Group Co Ltd
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Priority to CN202180003918.XA priority Critical patent/CN114175353A/zh
Publication of WO2021185070A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021185070A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/659—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by heat storage or buffering, e.g. heat capacity or liquid-solid phase changes or transition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/60—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements
    • H02J7/65—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements against overtemperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of battery safety, in particular to a method and device for preventing battery thermal runaway, and a battery system.
  • batteries such as lithium-ion batteries
  • lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles or electric bicycles (such as the power lithium-ion batteries currently used in electric vehicles or electric bicycles), which are used in mobile phones and notebooks.
  • uncontrollable thermal runaway becomes a challenging problem.
  • An effective method is needed to solve the problem of battery safety (especially thermal runaway).
  • the present invention provides a method for preventing thermal runaway of a battery.
  • the method for preventing battery thermal runaway includes: detecting battery thermal runaway occurring on at least one battery cell in the battery; One battery cell is connected with an external short circuit to release the battery energy of the at least one battery cell through the external short circuit.
  • the detection of battery thermal runaway occurring on at least one battery cell in the battery includes at least one of the following:
  • the amount of temperature rise preset in the at least one battery cell within a preset time period is detected.
  • the detecting the internal short circuit inside the at least one battery cell specifically includes:
  • Calculate real-time information of each battery cell of the battery where the real-time information includes at least one of the following: partial derivatives of voltage and time, real-time internal resistance, real-time internal impedance phase; and
  • the external short circuit includes an external resistor.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is fixed; or the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is based on the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, or based on the impedance of the internal circuit of the battery. Or resistance, or both the impedance or resistance based on the internal short circuit of the battery cell and the impedance or resistance of the internal circuit of the battery are adjustable.
  • the method further includes at least one of the following:
  • dissipating the heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit specifically includes:
  • the external short circuit is connected to a radiator, and the radiator absorbs the heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit.
  • converting the released battery energy into mechanical energy includes at least one of the following: converting the released battery energy into kinetic energy; and converting the released battery energy into potential energy.
  • converting the released battery energy into chemical energy specifically includes: performing a water electrolysis process through the released battery energy.
  • the present invention provides a device for preventing thermal runaway of a battery.
  • the device for preventing battery thermal runaway includes: an external short circuit, which has multiple pairs of switches for controlling the connection of each battery cell of the battery to the external short circuit, wherein each pair of switches cuts off the corresponding pair of switches in the initial state The connection of the battery cell to the external short-circuit; and in response to receiving the activation instruction, the connection of the battery cell corresponding to the pair of switches and the external short-circuit is turned on, so that the battery of the battery cell corresponding to the pair of switches The energy is released through the external short circuit; and the control module is configured to send an activation instruction to each pair of switches corresponding to the at least one battery cell in response to a battery thermal runaway being notified of at least one battery cell of the battery.
  • the battery thermal runaway that occurs in at least one battery cell is caused by at least one of the following: an internal short circuit occurs inside the at least one battery cell; unwanted lithium on the anode of the at least one battery cell Plating; in at least one battery cell, a predetermined amount of temperature rise within a predetermined period of time.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is fixed; or the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is based on the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, or based on the impedance of the internal circuit of the battery. Or resistance, or both the impedance or resistance based on the internal short circuit of the battery cell and the impedance or resistance of the internal circuit of the battery are adjustable.
  • the device further includes at least one of the following: a heat dissipation module configured to dissipate heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit; a mechanical energy conversion module configured In order to convert the released battery energy into mechanical energy; the chemical energy conversion module is configured to convert the released battery energy into chemical energy; the electricity storage module is configured to store the released battery energy in a super capacitor or an inductor.
  • a heat dissipation module configured to dissipate heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit
  • a mechanical energy conversion module configured In order to convert the released battery energy into mechanical energy
  • the chemical energy conversion module is configured to convert the released battery energy into chemical energy
  • the electricity storage module is configured to store the released battery energy in a super capacitor or an inductor.
  • the heat dissipation module specifically includes: a heat sink, which is connected to the external short circuit and absorbs heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit.
  • the mechanical energy conversion module is configured to perform at least one of the following: converting the released battery energy into kinetic energy; and converting the released battery energy into potential energy.
  • the chemical energy conversion module is configured to perform a water electrolysis process through the released battery energy.
  • control module is connected to a battery management system (BMS) of the battery, wherein the control module is configured to receive a notification from the BMS that at least one battery cell in the battery has a battery thermal runaway .
  • BMS battery management system
  • the present invention provides a battery system.
  • the battery system includes a battery provided with a plurality of battery cells, and a device for preventing thermal runaway of the battery, wherein the device for preventing thermal runaway of the battery includes: an external short circuit, which has the control of each battery cell of the battery to The plurality of pairs of switches connected to the external short-circuit, wherein each pair of switches cuts off the connection of the battery cell corresponding to the pair of switches to the external short-circuit in the initial state;
  • the battery cell corresponding to the switch is connected to the external short circuit, so that the battery energy of the battery cell corresponding to the pair of switches is released through the external short circuit; and the control module is configured to respond to at least one of the batteries being notified
  • the battery cell generates battery thermal runaway and sends an activation instruction to each pair of switches corresponding to the at least one battery cell.
  • the battery includes a lithium ion battery.
  • control module is connected to a battery management system (BMS) of the battery, wherein the control module is configured to receive a notification from the BMS that at least one battery cell in the battery has a battery thermal runaway .
  • BMS battery management system
  • Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of a method for preventing battery thermal runaway according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a device for preventing battery thermal runaway according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a battery system according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows a flow chart of a control algorithm for dissipating the energy of a dangerous battery into an external short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5(a) shows an example of a battery in normal operation according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5(b) shows an example of a battery having a battery cell with a detected short circuit (or temperature rise) according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5(c) shows an example of a battery having a fully discharged short-circuit (or temperature-increased) battery cell according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5(d) shows an example of a battery with multiple short-circuited (or temperature-increased) battery cells according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 6(a) shows an equivalent circuit of a battery according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 6(b) shows an internal short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6(c) shows an external short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preventing thermal runaway of a battery.
  • the method can be applied to any type of lithium ion battery, such as batteries used in mobile phones, notebook computers, portable devices, energy storage stations, mobile power supplies, electric cars, electric bicycles, electric robots, etc.
  • Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of a method for preventing battery thermal runaway according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 1, the method for preventing battery thermal runaway includes the following steps S102 and S104.
  • step S102 battery thermal runaway occurring on at least one battery cell of the battery is detected.
  • step S102 may include at least one of the following operations.
  • an internal short circuit inside at least one battery cell is detected.
  • Most (>90%) mechanical, electrical and thermal abuse can cause internal short circuits, which in turn can lead to thermal runaway. Therefore, if the energy in the battery cell can be removed when an internal short circuit is detected, it should be possible to prevent battery thermal runaway from occurring next.
  • the operation of detecting an internal short circuit inside at least one battery cell may include: calculating real-time information of each battery cell of the battery, where the real-time information includes: partial derivatives of voltage and time, Real-time internal resistance, at least one of real-time internal impedance phases; according to the real-time information, it is determined whether at least one of all battery cells of the battery has an internal short circuit.
  • the method for preventing battery thermal runaway in the embodiment of the present invention does not limit the specific method for detecting internal short circuits.
  • an unnecessary lithium plating layer on the anode of at least one battery cell is detected.
  • Unnecessary lithium plating on the anode of the battery cell sometimes causes an internal short circuit and then thermal runaway, or causes a rapid increase in temperature and thermal runaway. Therefore, if the energy in the battery cell can be removed when the unnecessary lithium plating on the anode of the battery cell is detected, it should be able to prevent the battery from thermal runaway in the future.
  • a preset temperature increase amount within a preset time period in at least one battery cell is detected. This operation is to detect a relatively rapid temperature rise in the battery cell, which is also a factor that causes the battery to run out of control. Therefore, if the energy in the battery cell can be removed when the preset temperature increase within the preset time period is detected in at least one battery cell, it should be possible to prevent battery thermal runaway from occurring next. There may be various means for detecting the rapid temperature rise in at least one battery cell.
  • the operation of detecting a rapid temperature increase may include: detecting a preset temperature increase within a preset time period in at least one battery cell, where the preset temperature The specific value of the increase and the preset time period can be obtained through experiments or simulations, so that the abnormal temperature increase can be effectively and correctly detected.
  • step S104 in response to detecting battery thermal runaway occurring on at least one battery cell of the battery, at least one battery cell is short-circuited to the outside, and the battery energy of the at least one battery cell is released through the external short circuit.
  • the external short circuit may include an external resistor.
  • the external short circuit can include other components that can be equivalent to an external resistor.
  • the term “external” is used to indicate that the resistor is a resistor located outside the battery.
  • the term “external short circuit” is used to indicate that the short circuit is formed by connecting the battery cell with components located outside the battery
  • the term “internal short circuit” is used to indicate that the short circuit is formed inside the battery.
  • the at least one battery cell is short-circuited with the outside to form a closed loop.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell. In practical applications, it is recommended to use an external short-circuit impedance or resistance much smaller than the internal short-circuit impedance or resistance of the battery cell.
  • this method can not only be used to prevent thermal runaway of the battery caused by an internal short circuit, but also can be used to prevent a sharp rise in temperature.
  • a preset value obtained through simulation or testing can be used as the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit may be fixed, for example, the above-mentioned preset value.
  • the resistance or resistance of the external short circuit is based on the battery cell.
  • the solution of this embodiment can prevent the battery from short-circuiting (or heating up) from thermal runaway inside the battery, and can limit the temperature rise caused by the internal short-circuit to a certain extent, so as not to cause large-scale short-circuit and thermal runaway.
  • the method may further include At least one of the following actions.
  • the heat generated by the released battery energy is dissipated at the external short circuit.
  • dissipating the heat generated by the discharged battery energy at the external short circuit may include: connecting the external short circuit with a radiator that absorbs the battery discharged at the external short circuit. Energy produced by heat.
  • radiators may include: water container (the external short circuit should be immersed in it to dissipate the heat generated by the released battery energy when the external short circuit occurs); the chassis or body of the car (larger thermal mass), phase change material (latent heat) Larger) or other types of heat-absorbing objects.
  • Other forms of heat sinks may also be used, and the method for preventing battery thermal runaway in the embodiment of the present invention does not limit the specific form of the heat sink.
  • Operation 2 Convert the released battery energy into mechanical energy.
  • converting the released battery energy into mechanical energy may include at least one of the following: converting the released battery energy into kinetic energy (in the form of a rotating disk); and converting the released battery Energy is converted into potential energy (in the form of a compression spring).
  • the released battery energy can also be converted into other forms of mechanical energy, and the method for preventing battery thermal runaway in the embodiment of the present invention does not limit the specific form of mechanical energy.
  • Operation 3 Convert the released battery energy into chemical energy.
  • converting the released battery energy into chemical energy may include: performing a water (H 2 O) electrolysis process through the released battery energy.
  • the released battery energy can be converted into other forms of chemical energy, and the method for preventing battery thermal runaway according to the embodiment of the present invention has no limitation on the specific form of chemical energy.
  • Operation 4 The released battery energy is stored in the super capacitor or inductor.
  • the super capacitor or inductor Currently, it is feasible to move and store battery power in supercapacitors or inductors, which can quickly discharge/power off dangerous batteries.
  • the battery energy is quickly released to the external energy sink.
  • the external electrical short circuit will be activated by the short circuit (or temperature increase) of the battery.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is much smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, so that most of the stored battery power is released to the external short circuit through the external short circuit. Only a small part of the battery power is consumed by the internal short circuit. Therefore, the temperature rise within the battery cell due to the internal short circuit is very small. The temperature rise caused by the internal short circuit is limited to a certain extent, so it will not cause a large-scale short circuit and thermal runaway.
  • a device for preventing thermal runaway of a battery is provided.
  • the device for preventing battery thermal runaway can be installed in any terminal or device or vehicle with lithium ion batteries, such as mobile phones, laptops, portable devices, energy storage stations, mobile power supplies, electric cars, electric bicycles, electric robots Wait.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a device for preventing battery thermal runaway according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 2, the device for preventing battery thermal runaway includes:
  • the external short circuit 22 has a switch 220 that controls the connection of each battery cell of the battery to the external short circuit 22, wherein each switch 220 cuts off the connection of the battery cell corresponding to the switch 220 to the external short circuit in the initial state; in response to receiving Activate the command to connect the battery cell corresponding to the switch 220 to the external short circuit 22, so that the battery energy of the battery cell corresponding to the switch 220 is released through the external short circuit 22; and
  • the control module 24 is configured to send an activation instruction to each pair of switches 220 corresponding to the at least one battery cell in response to the at least one battery cell being notified of battery thermal runaway.
  • battery thermal runaway may be caused by mechanical abuse, electrical abuse or thermal abuse. Statistics show that more than 90% of battery thermal runaway is caused by an internal short circuit inside the battery, which may occur during the entire battery life.
  • battery thermal runaway that occurs on at least one battery cell of the battery may be caused by at least one of the following:
  • At least one battery cell has an internal short circuit.
  • the external short circuit 22 may include an external resistor.
  • the external short circuit 22 may include other components that can be equivalent to an external resistor.
  • the term “external resistor” is used to indicate that the resistor is a resistor located outside the battery.
  • the term “external short circuit” is used to indicate that the short circuit is formed by connecting the battery cell with components located outside the battery, and the term “internal short circuit” is used to indicate that the short circuit is formed inside the battery.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit 22 is smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell. In practical applications, it is recommended to use the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit 22 which is much smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell.
  • the device can not only prevent thermal runaway of the battery caused by an internal short circuit, but also prevent a sharp rise in temperature. In the case of battery thermal runaway caused by rapid heating, a preset value obtained through simulation or testing can be used as the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit 22 may be fixed, for example, the aforementioned preset value. In some other exemplary embodiments of the present invention, since the internal resistance (R i ) of the battery and the resistance of the internal short circuit (R isc ) can be changed during the discharging process, it is preferable that the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit 22 is based on the battery.
  • the solution of this embodiment can prevent the battery from short-circuiting (or heating up) from thermal runaway inside the battery, and can limit the temperature rise caused by the internal short-circuit to a certain extent, so as not to cause large-scale short-circuit and thermal runaway.
  • the device may further include At least one of the following modules.
  • the heat dissipation module is configured to dissipate the heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit 22.
  • the heat dissipation module may include a heat sink that is connected to the external short circuit 22 and absorbs heat generated by the released battery energy at the external short circuit 22.
  • a radiator may include: a water container (the external short circuit should be immersed in it to dissipate the heat generated by the released battery energy when the external short circuit occurs); the chassis or body of the automobile (larger thermal mass), phase change material (larger latent heat) Or other types of heat-absorbing objects.
  • the device for preventing battery thermal runaway does not limit the specific form of the heat sink.
  • the mechanical energy conversion module is configured to convert the released battery energy into mechanical energy.
  • the mechanical energy conversion module is configured to perform at least one of the following: convert the released battery energy into kinetic energy (in the form of a rotating disk); and convert the released battery energy into Potential energy (in the form of a compression spring).
  • the released battery energy can be converted into other forms of mechanical energy, and the device for preventing battery thermal runaway according to the embodiment of the present invention does not limit the specific form of mechanical energy.
  • the chemical energy conversion module is configured to convert the released battery energy into chemical energy. There may be many ways to convert the released battery energy into chemical energy. There are many ways to convert the released battery energy into chemical energy. For example, in at least one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the chemical energy conversion module is configured to perform a water (H 2 O) electrolysis process through the released battery energy.
  • the released battery energy can be converted into other forms of chemical energy, and the device for preventing battery thermal runaway according to the embodiment of the present invention does not limit the specific form of chemical energy.
  • the power storage module is configured to store the released battery energy in a super capacitor or inductor.
  • a super capacitor or inductor Currently, it is feasible to move and store battery power in supercapacitors or inductors, which can quickly discharge/power off dangerous batteries.
  • control module 24 may be connected to a battery management system (BMS), wherein the control module 24 may be configured to receive from the BMS the battery thermal runaway caused by at least one battery cell of the battery notify.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the battery energy is quickly released to the external energy sink.
  • the external electrical short circuit will be activated by the short circuit (or temperature increase) of the battery.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is much smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, so that most of the stored battery power is released to the external short circuit through the external short circuit. Only a small part of the battery power is consumed by the internal short circuit. Therefore, the temperature rise within the battery cell due to the internal short circuit is very small. The temperature rise caused by the internal short circuit is limited to a certain extent, so it will not cause a large-scale short circuit and thermal runaway.
  • the modules described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate.
  • the part displayed as a module can be a physical module or not, that is, it can be placed in one location or distributed on multiple network modules. Some or all of the modules can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the technical solution of the present invention.
  • all functional modules in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated in the processing module; or these modules may exist separately and physically; or two or more modules may be integrated in one module.
  • the integrated module can be implemented in the form of hardware or software functional modules.
  • a battery system is provided.
  • the battery system can be applied to any terminal or device or vehicle with lithium ion batteries, such as mobile phones, notebook computers, portable devices, energy storage stations, mobile power supplies, electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric robots, etc.
  • Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a battery system according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 3, the battery system may include:
  • a battery 32 with multiple battery cells and
  • the device 34 for preventing battery thermal runaway includes: an external short circuit 22, which has a switch 220 for controlling the connection of each battery cell of the battery to the external short circuit 22, wherein each switch In the initial state, 220 cuts off the connection of the battery cell corresponding to the switch 220 to the external short-circuit; in response to receiving the activation command, the connection of the battery cell corresponding to the switch 220 to the external short-circuit 22 is turned on, so as to be connected to the switch 220.
  • the battery energy of the corresponding battery cell is released through the external short circuit 22; and the control module 24 is configured to send to each pair of switches 220 corresponding to the at least one battery cell in response to being notified that at least one battery cell of the battery has thermal runaway. Activation instructions.
  • the battery 32 includes a lithium ion battery.
  • control module 24 may be connected to the battery management system (BMS) of the battery 32, wherein the control module 24 may be configured to receive battery thermal runaway in at least one battery cell receiving the battery from the BMS announcement of.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the battery energy is quickly released to the external energy sink.
  • the external electrical short circuit will be activated by the short circuit (or temperature increase) of the battery.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is much smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, so that most of the stored battery power is released to the external short circuit through the external short circuit. Only a small part of the battery power is consumed by the internal short circuit. Therefore, the temperature rise within the battery cell due to the internal short circuit is very small. The temperature rise caused by the internal short circuit is limited to a certain extent, so it will not cause a large-scale short circuit and thermal runaway.
  • the modules described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate.
  • the part displayed as a module can be a physical module or not, that is, it can be placed in one location or distributed on multiple network modules. Some or all of the modules can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the technical solution of the present invention.
  • all functional modules in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated in the processing module; or these modules may exist separately and physically; or two or more modules may be integrated in one module.
  • the integrated module can be implemented in the form of hardware or software functional modules.
  • the key point of the method to prevent battery thermal runaway is to quickly release battery energy to an external energy sink after the battery thermal runaway alarm is detected.
  • an internal circuit short circuit or a rapid temperature increase
  • the external electrical short circuit is activated by the short circuit (or temperature increase) of the battery.
  • the impedance or resistance of the external short circuit is much smaller than the impedance or resistance of the internal short circuit of the battery cell, so that most of the stored battery power is released to the external short circuit through the external short circuit. Only a small part of the battery power is consumed by the internal short circuit. Therefore, the temperature rise within the battery cell due to the internal short circuit is very small. The temperature rise caused by the internal short circuit is limited to a certain extent, so it will not cause a large-scale short circuit and thermal runaway.
  • the external short circuit can be used as a heater immersed in a water container or connected to some energy traps to quickly absorb the heat generated in the external short circuit.
  • the radiator can also be the chassis or body of the car (due to the larger thermal mass), phase change material (larger latent heat) or other types of heat-absorbing objects. Heat may also be dissipated to the above-mentioned multiple types of heat sinks (not limited to them).
  • the electrical energy in the battery can also be converted or stored into other forms of energy, such as mechanical energy, chemical energy, or stored in some kind of inductor or supercapacitor.
  • the stored mechanical energy may be in the form of kinetic energy in the form of a rotating disk, or it may be in the form of potential energy such as a compression spring.
  • the chemical energy can be water (H 2 O) or other electrolysis.
  • Supercapacitors or inductors are also possible because they are solid state with high energy density. Even with the most advanced technology, supercapacitors or inductors still have relatively high cost and self-discharge problems. However, it is possible to store energy for several battery cells before large-scale internal short circuits and thermal runaway occur. These limitations may It's a big problem.
  • the concept can be applied to other types of lithium-ion batteries for other applications, such as mobile phones, notebook computers, portable devices, energy storage stations, mobile power supplies, electric cars, electric bicycles, electric robots, etc.
  • Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of a control algorithm for dissipating the energy of a dangerous battery into an external short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the control flow includes the following operations S401 to S406.
  • key information about the internal short circuit of each cell (such as the partial derivative of voltage with respect to time, real-time internal resistance, real-time phase of internal impedance, etc.) is calculated based on the collected information.
  • operation S403 it is detected whether one of the battery cells has an internal short circuit (or the temperature rises rapidly), and if it is detected that any battery cell has an internal short circuit, the flow proceeds to operation S404.
  • FIG. 5 shows an implementation example of the method, and the method shows how the electric energy of one of the plurality of battery cells is discharged to the external radiator.
  • the circuit shown in Figure 5 (for example, each battery cell contains two switches) is only used to discharge or transfer the energy of the dangerous battery cell to an external short circuit. It has nothing to do with the electrical connection of the original battery. The electrical connection of the original battery can be connected in series or in parallel. To generate the required voltage.
  • Fig. 5(a) shows an example of a battery working normally according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 5(a), when an internal short circuit is not detected in any battery pack, the system will work in normal operation mode, while the external short circuit will be in open mode.
  • FIG. 5(b) shows an example of a battery having a battery cell of which a short circuit (or temperature rise) is detected according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a short circuit or temperature rise
  • FIG. 5(b) when it is detected that an internal short circuit (or a rapid temperature rise) occurs inside a battery cell (ie, the fifth battery cell from the left), the short circuit (or temperature rise)
  • the battery cell is connected to an external short circuit (impedance or resistance R esc ) in a closed loop.
  • FIG. 5(c) shows an example of a battery having a fully discharged short-circuited (or temperature-increased) battery cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the electrical energy stored in the short-circuit (or temperature rise) battery cell is completely discharged through an external short-circuit (impedance or resistance is R esc ), and most of the discharged energy is absorbed by the energy sink.
  • Fig. 5(d) shows an example of a battery having a plurality of short-circuited (or temperature-increased) battery cells according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the internal short circuit or rapid temperature rise
  • all short circuits or temperature
  • the raised battery cells can be short-circuited to the outside and discharged at the same time.
  • FIG. 5 only shows an example of implementation, and there may be many other similar variations.
  • Fig. 6(a) shows an equivalent circuit of a battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6(b) shows an internal short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6(c) shows an external short circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. The following is a rough estimate based on Figure 6 to show the feasibility of discharging energy to an external short circuit.
  • R i is assumed that the internal resistance of the battery cell is 0.001 ⁇ , R isc internal short circuit resistance is 1.0 ⁇ , the external short circuit resistance R esc is 0.02 ⁇ , about 93% of all the battery power will be dissipated to the external resistor R esc. The remaining 7% of the energy will be the heat loss of the short circuit (or temperature rise) battery.
  • the external short-circuit resistance (R esc ) can be a fixed value or an adjustable value. Since the internal resistance (R i ) and internal short-circuit resistance (R isc ) of the battery will change during the discharge process, it is best to adjust the value of the external short-circuit resistance (R esc ) during the rapid depletion period so that most (>90) %) of the stored electric energy is dissipated to R esc through an external short circuit. This may require more advanced control and higher system complexity.

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Abstract

本发明提供了一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统。该方法包括：检测发生在电池中的至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控；响应于检测到在电池的至少一个电池单元上发生的电池热失控，将所述至少一个电池单元与一外部短路连通，以通过所述外部短路释放所述至少一个电池单元的电池能量。

Description

一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统
相关申请
本申请要求于2020年3月19日提交美国专利商标局、申请号为16823367、发明名称为“一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统”的美国专利申请的优先权，上述专利的全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及电池安全技术领域，尤其涉及一种用于防止电池热失控的方法和装置以及电池系统。
背景技术
如今，电池(例如锂离子电池)的能量密度越来越高，例如电动汽车或电动自行车中的锂离子电池(例如当前用于电动汽车或电动自行车的动力锂离子电池)，用于手机，笔记本电脑，便携式设备，能量存储站，移动电源，电动机器人等的锂离子电池。然而，不可控的热失控成为一个具有挑战性的问题。需要有效的方法来解决电池安全性(尤其是热失控)问题。
提高电池安全性的常用方法包括改善电池化学性能，优化电池/模块组设计，更好的冷却，使用大数据/AI/物理模型准确预测内部短路(热失控)以及更先进的控制和BMS(电池管理系统)等。到目前为止，防止电池热失控非常具有挑战性，因此需要有效的方法。
发明内容
以下呈现简化的本发明概述，以提供对本发明的一些方面的基本理解。该概述不是本发明的广泛说明。它并不旨在确定本发明的关键或重要元素。以下概述仅以简化形式呈现本发明的一些概念，作为以下具体描述的序言。
根据本发明实施例的一个方面，本发明提供了一种用于防止电池热失控的方法。该用于防止电池热失控的方法包括：在检测发生在电池中至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控；以及响应于检测到在电池的至少一个电池单元上发生的电池热失控，将所述至少一个电池单元与一外部短路连通，以通过所述外部短路释放所述至少一个电池单元的电池能量。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述检测发生在电池中至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控至少包括以下之一：
检测所述至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路；
检测所述至少一个电池单元的阳极上不需要的锂镀层；以及
检测在所述至少一个电池单元中的预设时间段内预设的温度上升量。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述检测所述至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路具体包括：
计算所述电池的每个电池单元的实时信息，所述实时信息包括以下至少之一：电压和时间的偏导数，实时的内部电阻，实时的内部阻抗相位；以及
基于所述实时信息，确定电池的所有电池单元中的至少一个电池单元是否发生内部短路。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述外部短路包括一个外部电阻。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻小于所述电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻是固定的；或者所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻，或者基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻是可调的。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述方法还包括以下至少之一：
消散在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量；
将释放的电池能量转换为机械能；
将释放的电池能量转换为化学能；
将释放的电池能量保存在超级电容器或电感器中。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，在外部短路处消散由释放的电池能量产生的热量具体包括：
将所述外部短路与散热器连接，所述散热器吸收在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，将释放的电池能量转换为机械能 至少包括以下之一：将释放的电池能量转换为动能；将释放的电池能量转换为势能。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，将释放的电池能量转换为化学能具体包括：通过释放的电池能量进行水的电解过程。
根据本发明实施例的另一个方面，本发明提供了一种用于防止电池热失控的装置。该用于防止电池热失控的装置包括：外部短路，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到所述外部短路的连接的多对开关，其中每对开关在初始状态时切断与该对开关相对应的电池单元到所述外部短路的连接；并响应于接收到激活指令，接通与该对开关相对应的电池单元与所述外部短路的连接，以使与该对开关相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过所述外部短路释放；以及控制模块，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与所述至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关发送激活指令。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，至少有一个电池单元发生的电池热失控由以下至少之一引起：至少一个电池单元内部发生内部短路；在至少一个电池单元阳极上的不需要的锂镀层；在至少一个电池单元中，在预定时间段内的预定温度上升量。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻小于所述电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻是固定的；或者所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻，或者基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻是可调的。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述装置还包括以下至少之一：散热模块，被配置为消散在所述外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量；机械能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为机械能；化学能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为化学能；储电模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量保存在超级电容器或电感器中。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述散热模块具体包括：散热器，其与所述外部短路连接并且吸收在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热 量。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述机械能转换模块被配置为执行以下至少一项：将释放的电池能量转换为动能；将释放的电池能量转换为势能。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述化学能转换模块被配置为：通过释放的电池能量进行水的电解过程。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述控制模块与电池的电池管理系统(BMS)连接，其中所述控制模块被配置为从BMS接收电池中至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控的通知。
根据本发明实施例的又一个方面，本发明提供了一种电池系统。该电池系统包括：设有多个电池单元的电池，以及用于防止电池热失控的装置，其中，所述用于防止电池热失控的装置包括：外部短路，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到所述外部短路的连接的多对开关，其中每对开关在初始状态时切断与该对开关相对应的电池单元到所述外部短路的连接；并响应于接收到激活指令，接通与该对开关相对应的电池单元与所述外部短路的连接，以使与该对开关相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过所述外部短路释放；以及控制模块，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与所述至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关发送激活指令。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述电池包括锂离子电池。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，所述控制模块与电池的电池管理系统(BMS)连接，其中所述控制模块被配置为从BMS接收电池中至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控的通知。
附图说明
这里描述的附图用于提供对本发明的更深入的理解，并构成本发明的一部分。示意性的实施例及其描述用于解释本发明，而不意图对本发明构成不适当的限制。在附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明实施例的一种用于防止电池热失控的方法的流程图；
图2示出了根据本发明实施例的一种用于防止电池热失控的装置的示意 图；
图3示出了根据本发明实施例的一种电池系统的示意图；
图4示出了根据本发明实施例将危险电池的能量耗散到外部短路电路中的控制算法的流程图；
图5(a)示出了根据本发明实施例的正常工作的电池的示例；
图5(b)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有一个被检测到的短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的电池的示例；
图5(c)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有一个被完全放电的短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的电池的示例；
图5(d)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有多个短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的电池的示例；
图6(a)示出了根据本发明实施例的电池的等效电路；
图6(b)示出了根据本发明实施例的内部短路；以及
图6(c)示出了根据本发明实施例的外部短路。
具体实施方式
为使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案，下面结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚和完整地描述。显然，所描述的实施例仅是本发明实施例的一部分，而不是所有实施例。在本发明实施例的基础上，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都应属于本发明保护的范围。
需要指出的是，本发明的说明书和权利要求以及附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等旨在区分类似的对象，并且不需要描述特定的顺序或优先顺序。应当理解的是，可以在适当的条件下交换以这种方式使用的数据，以便这里描述的本公开的实施例可以以除了此处附图示出或描述的顺序之外的顺序来实现。另外，术语“包括”、“包含”及其变体旨在涵盖非排他性的内容。例如，包含一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或设备不必限于那些明确列出的步骤或单元，并且可以包括没有清楚地显示的这些过程、方法、产品或设备的其他固有步骤或单元。
本发明实施例提供了一种用于防止电池热失控的方法。该方法可以应用 于任何类型的锂离子电池，例如用于手机，笔记本电脑，便携式设备，能量存储站，移动电源，电动汽车，电动自行车，电动机器人等的电池。图1示出了本发明实施例的防止电池热失控的方法的流程图。如图1所示，该防止电池热失控的方法包括以下步骤S102和S104。
在步骤S102中，发生在电池的至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控被检测。
在实际情况下，电池热失控可能是由于机械滥用，电滥用或热滥用造成的。统计数据显示，超过90％的电池热失控是由于电池内部的内部短路引起的，这种短路可能会在整个电池寿命期间发生。在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，为了有效地识别和解决电池热失控问题，步骤S102可以包括以下操作中的至少一项。
在操作S102-1中，至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路被检测到。大多数(>90％)机械，电气和热滥用会导致内部短路，进而导致热失控。因此，如果在检测到内部短路时可以去除电池单元中的能量，则应该可以防止接下来发生电池热失控。可以有各种手段来检测电池单元内部的内部短路。在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，检测至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路的操作可以包括：计算电池的每个电池单元的实时信息，其中，实时信息包括：电压和时间的偏导数，实时内部电阻，实时内部阻抗相位中的至少一个；根据所述实时信息，确定所述电池的所有电池单元中的至少一个电池单元是否发生内部短路。还有检测电池单元内部的内部短路的其他手段，并且本发明实施例中的用于防止电池热失控的方法对检测内部短路的具体方法没有限制。
在操作S102-2中，在至少一个电池单元的阳极上的不需要的锂镀层被检测到。电池单元阳极上不需要的锂镀层有时会引起内部短路，然后发生热失控，或者导致温度快速升高然后发生热失控。因此，如果在检测到电池单元阳极上不需要的锂镀层时能够去除电池单元中的能量，那么应该能够防止接下来发生电池热失控。可以有多种手段来检测至少一个电池单元的阳极上不需要的锂镀层。
在操作S102-3中，在至少一个电池单元中的预设时间段内的预设温度 升高量被检测到。该操作是为了检测电池单元中相对较快的温度升高，这也是导致电池热失控的因素。因此，如果当在至少一个电池单元中检测到在预设时间段内的预设温度升高量时能够去除电池单元中的能量，则应该能够防止接下来发生电池热失控。可以有各种在至少一个电池单元中检测温度快速升高的手段。在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，检测快速温度升高的操作可以包括：在至少一个电池单元中的预设时间段内检测到预设的温度升高量，此处预设的温度升高量和预设时间段的具体值可以通过实验或模拟获得，从而使异常的温度升高可以被有效且正确地检测到。
在步骤S104中，响应于检测到在电池的至少一个电池单元上发生的电池热失控，将至少一个电池单元与外部短路连接，通过该外部短路释放至少一个电池单元的电池能量。
在本发明的一些示例性实施例中，外部短路可以包括一外部电阻器。可替代地，外部短路可以包括可以等效于外部电阻器的其他元器件。在本实施例中，术语“外部”用于指示该电阻器是位于电池外部的电阻器。类似地，术语“外部短路”用于指示该短路是通过将电池单元与位于电池外部的元器件连接而形成的，术语“内部短路”用于指示该短路是在电池内部形成。当检测到在电池的至少一个电池单元上发生的电池热失控时，该至少一个电池单元的电池能量可以通过将该至少一个电池单元与外部电阻器连接而形成的外部短路来释放。
该至少一个电池单元与外部短路连接以形成闭环。为了使外部短路能够释放被短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的大部分电能，也就是说，使外部短路能够耗尽电池单元的大部分电能，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施方式中，外部短路的阻抗或电阻小于电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。在实际应用中，建议使用比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多的外部短路的阻抗或电阻。在此，应该注意的是，该方法不仅可以用于防止由内部短路引起的电池热失控，还可以用于防止温度的急剧上升。对于由快速升温引起的电池热失控的情况，可以采用通过模拟或测试获得的预设值作为电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施方式中，外部短路的阻抗或电阻可以是 固定的，例如，上述预设值。在本发明的一些其他示例性实施例中，由于电池的内部电阻(R i)和内部短路的电阻(R isc)在放电过程中可以变化，因此优选地，外部短路的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻(R isc)，或基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻(R i)，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻(R isc)和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻(R i)来进行调整。
通过本实施例的解决方案，可以防止短路(或升温)电池内部的电池热失控，并且可以在一定程度上限制由于内部短路引起的温度上升，从而不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
由于短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的大部分电能通过外部短路而耗尽，并且这部分电能如果处理不当也可能导致电池外部故障，在本发明至少一个实施例中，该方法可以进一步包括以下操作中的至少一项。
操作1：由释放的电池能量产生的热量在外部短路处被消散。可以有许多方法帮助消除外部短路产生的热量。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，在外部短路处消散由释放的电池能量产生的热量可以包括：将外部短路与散热器连接，该散热器吸收在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量。这种散热器的一些示例可以包括：水容器(外部短路要浸入其中以消散外部短路时由释放的电池能量产生的热量)；汽车的底盘或车身(热质量较大)，相变材料(潜热较大)或其他类型的吸热物体。还可以采用其他形式的散热器，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的方法对散热器的具体形式没有限制。
操作2：将释放的电池能量转换为机械能。可以有很多方法将释放的电池能量转换为机械能。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，将释放的电池能量转换为机械能可以包括以下至少之一：将释放的电池能量转换为动能(以旋转盘的形式)；以及将释放的电池能量转换为势能(以压缩弹簧的形式)。释放的电池能量也可以被转换成其他形式的机械能，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的方法对机械能的具体形式没有限制。
操作3：将释放的电池能量转换为化学能。可以有很多方法将释放的电池能量转换为化学能。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，将释放的电池能量转换成化学能可以包括：通过释放的电池能量进行水(H 2O)的 电解过程。释放的电池能量可以被转换成其他形式的化学能，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的方法对化学能的具体形式没有限制。
操作4：释放的电池能量被保存在超级电容器或电感器中。当前，将电池电量移动并存储到超级电容器或电感器中是可行的方法，可以快速将危险电池放电/断电。
根据本实施例中描述的方法，在检测到电池热失控报警之后，电池能量被快速释放到外部的能量阱。一旦检测到并验证了一个电池单元的内部电路短路(或温度快速升高)，外部电气短路就会通过短路(或温度升高)的电池激活。外部短路的阻抗或电阻比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多，从而大部分存储的电池电能通过外部短路释放到外部短路。通过内部短路仅消耗一小部分电池电能，因此，在电池单元内部因内部短路产生的温度上升非常小。由于内部短路引起的温度上升在一定程度上受到限制，因此不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
要注意的是，为了简单说明起见，该方法的每个前述实施例被描述为一系列动作组合。但是本领域技术人员应该知道，本发明不限于所描述的动作的顺序，这是因为根据本发明某些步骤可以以其他顺序执行或者同时执行。此外，本领域技术人员还应该知道，说明书中所描述的所有实施例都是优选实施例，所涉及的动作和模块可以不是必需的。
根据本发明的另一个实施例，提供了一种用于防止电池热失控的装置。该用于防止电池热失控的装置可以安装在任何带有锂离子电池的终端或设备或车辆中，例如手机，笔记本电脑，便携式设备，储能站，移动电源，电动汽车，电动自行车，电动机器人等。图2示出了根据本发明实施例的防止电池热失控的装置的示意图。如图2所示，该用于防止电池热失控的装置包括：
外部短路22，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到外部短路22的连接的开关220，其中每个开关220在初始状态时切断与开关220相对应的电池单元到外部短路的连接；响应于接收到激活指令，接通与开关220相对应的电池单元与外部短路22的连接，以使与开关220相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过外部短路22释放；以及
控制模块24，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与该至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关220发送激活指令。
在实际情况下，电池热失控可能是由于机械滥用，电滥用或热滥用造成的。统计数据显示，超过90％的电池热失控是由于电池内部的内部短路引起的，这种短路可能会在整个电池寿命期间发生。在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，发生在电池的至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控可能是由以下至少之一引起的：
(1)至少一个电池单元内部发生内部短路。
(2)在至少一个电池单元阳极上的不需要的锂镀层。
(3)在至少一个电池单元中，在预定时间段内的预定温度上升量。
在本发明的一些示例性实施例中，外部短路22可以包括外部电阻器。可替代地，外部短路22可以包括能够等效于外部电阻器的其他元器件。在本实施例中，术语“外部电阻器”用于指示该电阻器是位于电池外部的电阻器。类似地，术语“外部短路”用于指示短路是通过将电池单元与位于电池外部的元器件连接而形成的，术语“内部短路”用于指示短路是在电池内部形成。
为了使外部短路22能够释放短路的(或温度升高的)电池单元的大部分电能，也就是说，使外部短路能够耗尽电池单元的大部分电能，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，外部短路22的阻抗或电阻小于电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。在实际应用中，建议使用比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多的外部短路22的阻抗或电阻。在此，应该注意的是，该装置不仅可以防止由内部短路引起的电池热失控，还可以防止温度的急剧上升。对于由快速升温引起的电池热失控的情况，可以采用通过模拟或测试获得的预设值作为电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施方式中，外部短路22的阻抗或电阻可以是固定的，例如，上述预设值。在本发明的一些其他示例性实施例中，由于电池的内部电阻(R i)和内部短路的电阻(R isc)在放电过程中可以变化，因此优选地，外部短路22的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻(R isc)，或基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻(R i)，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻(R isc)和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻(R i)来进行调整。
通过本实施例的解决方案，可以防止短路(或升温)电池内部的电池热失控，并且可以在一定程度上限制由于内部短路引起的温度上升，从而不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
由于短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的大部分电能通过外部短路而耗尽，并且这部分电能如果处理不当也可能导致电池外部故障，在本发明至少一个实施例中，该装置可以进一步包括以下模块中的至少一个。
(1)散热模块，被配置为在外部短路22处消散由释放的电池能量产生的热量。可以有多种方法用于帮助消散在外部短路22处产生的热量。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，散热模块可以包括：散热器，其与外部短路22连接并且吸收在外部短路22处由释放的电池能量产生的热量。这样的散热器可以包括：水容器(外部短路要浸入其中以消散外部短路时由释放的电池能量产生的热量)；汽车的底盘或车身(热质量较大)，相变材料(潜热较大)或其他类型的吸热物体。可能存在其他形式的散热器，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的装置对散热器的具体形式没有限制。
(2)机械能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为机械能。可以有很多方法将释放的电池能量转换为机械能。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，机械能转换模块被配置为执行以下至少一项：将释放的电池能量转换为动能(以旋转盘的形式)；以及将释放的电池能量转换为势能(以压缩弹簧的形式)。释放的电池能量可以被转换成其他形式的机械能，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的装置对机械能的具体形式没有限制。
(3)化学能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为化学能。可能有很多方法将释放的电池能量转换为化学能。可以有很多方法将释放的电池能量转换为化学能。例如，在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，化学能转换模块被配置为：通过释放的电池能量进行水(H 2O)的电解过程。释放的电池能量可以被转换成其他形式的化学能，并且本发明实施例的用于防止电池热失控的装置对化学能的具体形式没有限制。
(4)储电模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量保存在超级电容器或电感器中。当前，将电池电量移动并存储到超级电容器或电感器中是可行的方法， 可以快速将危险电池放电/断电。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，控制模块24可以与电池的电池管理系统(BMS)连接，其中控制模块24可以被配置为从BMS接收电池的至少一个电池单元发生的电池热失控的通知。
根据实施例中描述的装置，在检测到电池热失控报警之后，电池能量迅速释放到外部能量阱。一旦检测到并验证了一个电池单元的内部电路短路(或温度快速升高)，外部电气短路就会通过短路(或温度升高)的电池激活。外部短路的阻抗或电阻比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多，从而大部分存储的电池电能通过外部短路释放到外部短路。通过内部短路仅消耗一小部分电池电能，因此，在电池单元内部因内部短路产生的温度上升非常小。由于内部短路引起的温度上升在一定程度上受到限制，因此不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
被描述为分开部分的模块在物理上可以是分开的，也可以不是。显示为模块的部分可以是物理模块，也可以不是物理模块，也就是说，它可以放置在一个位置或分布在多个网络模块上。可以根据实际需要选择部分或全部模块，来达到本发明技术方案的目的。
而且，本发明实施例中的所有功能模块可以集成在处理模块中；或者这些模块分离地且物理地存在；或者两个或两个以上的模块集成在一个模块中。集成模块可以以硬件或软件功能模块的形式实现。
根据本发明的又一个实施例，提供了一种电池系统。该电池系统可应用于带有锂离子电池的任何终端或设备或车辆，例如手机，笔记本电脑，便携式设备，储能站，移动电源，电动车，电动自行车，电动机器人等。图3示出了根据本发明实施例的电池系统的示意图。如图3所示，该电池系统可以包括：
设有多个电池单元的电池32，以及
用于防止电池热失控的装置34，其中，该用于防止电池热失控的装置34包括：外部短路22，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到外部短路22的连接的开关220，其中每个开关220在初始状态时切断与开关220相对应的电池单元到外部短路的连接；响应于接收到激活指令，接通与开关220相对应 的电池单元与外部短路22的连接，以使与开关220相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过外部短路22释放；以及控制模块24，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与该至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关220发送激活指令。
本实施例用于防止电池热失控的装置34的其他方面可基于前述实施例中的描述获知，因此在此不再赘述。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，电池32包括锂离子电池。
在本发明的至少一个示例性实施例中，控制模块24可以与电池32的电池管理系统(BMS)连接，其中，控制模块24可以被配置为从BMS接收电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控的通知。
根据实施例中描述的电池系统，在检测到电池热失控报警之后，电池能量迅速释放到外部能量阱。一旦检测到并验证了一个电池单元的内部电路短路(或温度快速升高)，外部电气短路就会通过短路(或温度升高)的电池激活。外部短路的阻抗或电阻比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多，从而大部分存储的电池电能通过外部短路释放到外部短路。通过内部短路仅消耗一小部分电池电能，因此，在电池单元内部因内部短路产生的温度上升非常小。由于内部短路引起的温度上升在一定程度上受到限制，因此不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
被描述为分开部分的模块在物理上可以是分开的，也可以不是。显示为模块的部分可以是物理模块，也可以不是物理模块，也就是说，它可以放置在一个位置或分布在多个网络模块上。可以根据实际需要选择部分或全部模块，来达到本发明技术方案的目的。
而且，本发明实施例中的所有功能模块可以集成在处理模块中；或者这些模块分离地且物理地存在；或者两个或两个以上的模块集成在一个模块中。集成模块可以以硬件或软件功能模块的形式实现。
根据本发明的又一个实施例，描述了用于防止电池热失控的详细方法。
防止电池热失控的方法的关键点是，在检测到电池热失控报警后，将电池能量快速释放到外部能量阱。一旦检测到并验证了一个电池单元的内部电路短路(或温度快速升高)，外部电气短路就会通过短路(或温度升高)的 电池激活。外部短路的阻抗或电阻比电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻小得多，从而大部分存储的电池电能通过外部短路释放到外部短路。通过内部短路仅消耗一小部分电池电能，因此，在电池单元内部因内部短路产生的温度上升非常小。由于内部短路引起的温度上升在一定程度上受到限制，因此不会引起大规模短路和热失控。
外部短路可以用作一浸入水容器中或与某些能量阱连接的加热器，以快速吸收外部短路中产生的热量。散热器也可以是汽车的底盘或车身(由于较大的热质量)，相变材料(较大的潜热)或其他类型的吸热物体。热量也可能散发到上述多种类型的散热器(不限于它们)。
除了散发热量之外，还可以将电池中的电能转换或保存为其他形式的能量，例如机械能，化学能，或者将其保存到某种电感器或超级电容器。所存储的机械能的形式可以是旋转盘形式的动能，也可以是诸如压缩弹簧的势能。化学能可以是水(H 2O)或其它的电解。超级电容器或电感器也是可能的，因为它们是具有高能量密度的固态。即使采用最先进的技术，超级电容器或电感器仍然存在相对较高的成本和自放电问题，但要在几个电池单元发生大规模内部短路和热失控之前就为其存储能量，这些局限性可能是个大问题。
尽管被浪费了，但电池中的电力成本相对较低。目前，我们认为(1)将电池中的电能耗散到外部热量中；或者(2)将电池中的电能移动并存储到超级电容器中，与快速地将危险电池放电/断电相比，是相对可行得多的方法。此外，我们认为上述方案(将电池电量转换/存储为热能，机械能，化学能，电能等)可以组合在一起，以便在车辆中使用一种或多种方案。
该概念可以应用于其他应用的其他类型的锂离子电池，例如手机，笔记本电脑，便携式设备，储能站，移动电源，电动汽车，电动自行车，电动机器人等。
为了实现本实施例的方法，可以有各种控制算法。以下是可能的控制算法的示例，其中，危险电池(具有检测到的早期内部电路短路)的能量被耗散到外部短路电路中(例如，该方法在车辆中的实施)。图4示出了根据本发明实施例将危险电池的能量耗散到外部短路电路中的控制算法的流程图。 如图4所示，控制流程包括以下操作S401至S406。
在操作S401中，收集每个电池的信息。
在操作S402中，基于所收集的信息来计算关于每个单元的内部短路的关键信息(诸如电压对时间的偏导数，实时的内部电阻，实时的内部阻抗的相位等)。
在操作S403中，检测电池单元之一是否发生内部短路(或温度快速升高)，如果检测到任何电池单元发生内部短路，则流程进入操作S404。
在操作S404中，将这种情况通知给用户和相关个人或实体。
在操作S405中，外部短路到具有内部短路的电池的连接被接通。
在操作S406中，短路(或温度升高)的电池存储的电能通过外部短路被完全耗尽。
为了便于理解本实施例的方法，图5示出了该方法的实现示例，该方法示出了多个电池单元之一的电能如何卸出到外部散热器中。图5所示的电路(例如，每个电池单元包含两个开关)仅用于将危险电池单元的能量卸出或转移到外部短路，与原始电池电气连接无关，原始电池电气连接可以串联或并联以产生所需电压。
图5(a)示出了根据本发明实施例正常工作的电池的示例。如图5(a)所示，当在任一电池组中均未检测到内部短路时，系统将以正常运行模式工作，而外部短路则处于开路模式。
图5(b)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有被检测到的一个短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的电池的示例。如图5(b)所示，当检测到内部短路(或温度快速升高)在一个电池单元(即，从左数起的第五个电池单元)内部发生时，短路(或温度升高)的电池单元与在闭环中与外部短路(阻抗或电阻为R esc)连接。
图5(c)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有一个被完全放电的短路(或温度升高)的电池单元的电池的示例。如图5(c)所示，存储在短路(或温度上升)电池单元中的电能通过外部短路(阻抗或电阻为R esc)被完全放电，大部分放电能量被能量阱吸收。
图5(d)示出了根据本发明实施例的具有多个短路(或温度升高)的电 池单元的电池的示例。如图5(d)所示，当检测到一个以上的电池单元(从左数第二个，第五个和第七个)的内部短路(或温度快速升高)时，所有短路(或温度升高)的电池单元可与外部短路连接并同时放电。
应该注意的是图5仅示出实现的一个示例，还可以有许多其他类似的变化方式。
图6(a)示出了根据本发明实施例的电池的等效电路。图6(b)示出了根据本发明实施例的内部短路。图6(c)示出了根据本发明实施例的外部短路。下面是基于图6的粗略估计，以表明将能量卸出到外部短路的可行性。
假设电池单元的内部电阻R i为0.001Ω，内部短路电阻R isc为1.0Ω，外部短路电阻R esc为0.02Ω，则全部电池电能的约93％将被消散到外部电阻R esc。剩余的7％的能量将是该短路(或温度升高)电池的热量损失。
以一个21700电池为例。如果使用总存储能量的7％以上来内部加热特定短路(或温度升高)的电池单元本身(不会向周围环境散发热量)，则我们估计该特定电池单元的温度升高了76℃。通过将热量传递到相邻电池单元以及循环流体的冷却效果，我们估计最终电池的温度上升可以很好地控制在阈值以下以避免热失控。
同样，如果我们假设21700电池的93％能量用于从25℃加热0.5升水(不会向周围环境散发热量)，我们计算出0.5升水的最终温度将达到58℃(水温仅升高33℃)。
上面的估计仅用于演示该方法。该方法的实际实现将考虑热管理和单元间传导。我们相信它可以在很大程度上表明该想法的可行性。
还有一点要指出的是，外部短路电阻(R esc)可以是固定值，也可以是可调值。由于电池的内阻(R i)和内部短路电阻(R isc)在放电过程中会发生变化，因此最好在快速耗尽期间调节外部短路电阻(R esc)的值，以便大部分(>90％)的存储电能通过外部短路消散到R esc。这可能需要更先进的控制和更高的系统复杂性。
以上仅为本发明的优选实施方式。应当指出的是，本领域普通技术人员在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出一些改进和修改。这些改进和修改应落入本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种用于防止电池热失控的方法，包括：
    检测发生在电池中至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控；以及
    响应于检测到在电池的至少一个电池单元上发生的电池热失控，将所述至少一个电池单元与一外部短路连通，以通过所述外部短路释放所述至少一个电池单元的电池能量。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述检测发生在电池中至少一个电池单元上的电池热失控至少包括以下之一：
    检测所述至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路；
    检测所述至少一个电池单元的阳极上不需要的锂镀层；以及
    检测在所述至少一个电池单元中的预设时间段内预设的温度上升量。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述检测所述至少一个电池单元内部的内部短路具体包括：
    计算所述电池的每个电池单元的实时信息，所述实时信息包括以下至少之一：电压和时间的偏导数，实时的内部电阻，实时的内部阻抗相位；以及
    基于所述实时信息，确定电池的所有电池单元中的至少一个电池单元是否发生内部短路。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述外部短路包括一个外部电阻。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻小于所述电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，
    所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻是固定的；或者
    所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻，或者基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻是可调的。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，还包括以下至少之一：
    消散在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量；
    将释放的电池能量转换为机械能；
    将释放的电池能量转换为化学能；
    将释放的电池能量保存在超级电容器或电感器中。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中，在外部短路处消散由释放的电池能量产生的热量具体包括：
    将所述外部短路与散热器连接，所述散热器吸收在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中，将释放的电池能量转换为机械能至少包括以下之一：
    将释放的电池能量转换为动能；
    将释放的电池能量转换为势能。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中，将释放的电池能量转换为化学能具体包括：
    通过释放的电池能量进行水的电解过程。
  11. 一种用于防止电池热失控的装置，包括：
    外部短路，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到所述外部短路的连接的多对开关，其中每对开关在初始状态时切断与该对开关相对应的电池单元到所述外部短路的连接；并响应于接收到激活指令，接通与该对开关相对应的电池单元与所述外部短路的连接，以使与该对开关相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过所述外部短路释放；以及
    控制模块，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与所述至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关发送激活指令。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，至少有一个电池单元发生的电池热失控由以下至少之一引起：
    至少一个电池单元内部发生内部短路；
    在至少一个电池单元阳极上的不需要的锂镀层；
    在至少一个电池单元中，在预定时间段内的预定温度上升量。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻小于所述电池单元的内部短路的阻抗或电阻。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的装置，其中，
    所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻是固定的；或者
    所述外部短路的阻抗或电阻基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻，或者基于电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻，或同时基于电池单元内部短路的阻抗或电阻和电池内部电路的阻抗或电阻是可调的。
  15. 根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，还包括以下至少之一：
    散热模块，被配置为消散在所述外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量；
    机械能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为机械能；
    化学能转换模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量转换为化学能；
    储电模块，被配置为将释放的电池能量保存在超级电容器或电感器中。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的装置，其中，所述散热模块具体包括：
    散热器，其与所述外部短路连接并且吸收在外部短路处由释放的电池能量产生的热量。
  17. 根据权利要求15所述的装置，其中，所述机械能转换模块被配置为执行以下至少一项：
    将释放的电池能量转换为动能；
    将释放的电池能量转换为势能。
  18. 根据权利要求15所述的装置，其中，所述化学能转换模块被配置为：
    通过释放的电池能量进行水的电解过程。
  19. 一种电池系统，包括：设有多个电池单元的电池，以及用于防止电池热失控的装置，其中，所述用于防止电池热失控的装置包括：
    外部短路，其具有控制电池的各个电池单元到所述外部短路的连接的多对开关，其中每对开关在初始状态时切断与该对开关相对应的电池单元到所述外部短路的连接；并响应于接收到激活指令，接通与该对开关相对应的电池单元与所述外部短路的连接，以使与该对开关相对应的电池单元的电池能量通过所述外部短路释放；以及
    控制模块，被配置为响应于被通知电池的至少一个电池单元发生电池热失控而向与所述至少一个电池单元对应的每对开关发送激活指令。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的电池系统，其中，所述电池包括锂离子电池。
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