WO2021169331A1 - 手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法 - Google Patents

手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021169331A1
WO2021169331A1 PCT/CN2020/122127 CN2020122127W WO2021169331A1 WO 2021169331 A1 WO2021169331 A1 WO 2021169331A1 CN 2020122127 W CN2020122127 W CN 2020122127W WO 2021169331 A1 WO2021169331 A1 WO 2021169331A1
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Prior art keywords
blowpipe
air
way air
way
pollination
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PCT/CN2020/122127
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王永维
姚福强
郝一枫
王俊
韦真博
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浙江大学
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Application filed by 浙江大学 filed Critical 浙江大学
Priority to JP2022505362A priority Critical patent/JP7281152B2/ja
Priority to US17/340,105 priority patent/US11985929B2/en
Publication of WO2021169331A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021169331A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
    • A01H1/027—Apparatus for pollination
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hand-held pneumatic pollinator for hybrid rice seed production, in particular to a pneumatic pollination device and method adapted to large-scale seed production parent planting.
  • Human-powered pollination mainly includes single-long poles to drive powder, double short poles to push powder, and ropes to pull powder.
  • Single-long pole pollination and double-short pole pollination are pollination methods that use poles to push the male plant to the female plant to make the pollen fall off and scatter to the stigma of the female plant.
  • the suitable parent planting row ratio is 1:3, 1: 4.
  • Pollination of planting methods such as 2:6 and 2:8, the harvested seeds have higher quality and higher yield, but the labor intensity is high and the productivity is low, which is not compatible with the requirements of modern large-scale seed production.
  • Rope pollination is a method of pollination in which two people pull one end of the rope and run on both sides of the farm.
  • the rope is used to push the male plant to the female plant, so that the pollen will float to the stigma of the female parent.
  • the pollination method is the last choice for improving productivity, but it has high labor intensity, low pollen utilization rate and large yield loss. It can be seen that although the traditional human pollination method is simple and easy to implement, it has problems such as high labor intensity, low efficiency, easy damage to plants, obvious uneven pollination, and reduced seed production, which can no longer meet the requirements of modern seed production.
  • Mechanical pollination includes two types: collision and pneumatic. Collision pollination mainly simulates the "driving pollination" of human bamboo poles, shaking off the pollen and spreading it to the female parent to achieve pollination.
  • this pollination method basically scattered the pollen on the plants near the male parent. Where, the propagation distance is short, the distribution is uneven, and the collision process is easy to cause damage to the plants, which does not meet the requirements of modern seed industry for efficient pollination.
  • the principle of pneumatic pollination is to use a fan to generate a continuous and stable airflow to blow the pollen away from the stamen and fall on the stigma of the pistil to complete the pollination, but there is currently no corresponding model.
  • the current hybrid rice seed production industry urgently needs Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production mechanized pollination equipment, which greatly improves the productivity of pollination operations, improves the level of hybrid rice seed production mechanization, the quality and yield of hybrid rice seed production, and effectively solves the large-scale large-scale production comparison system.
  • the present invention aims to solve the problem of the lack of mechanized pollination equipment for hybrid rice seed production, adapt to the needs of large-scale seed production, and provide a hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator, which makes pollen fall off and combine with each air blower.
  • a hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator which includes a hand-held power chassis, a lifting assembly, a pneumatic pollination assembly, and a control assembly; the lifting assembly and the control assembly are fixed on the upper part of the hand-held power chassis , The pneumatic pollination assembly is fixed at the front of the lifting assembly and is controlled by the lifting assembly to move up and down;
  • the walk-behind power chassis includes an engine, a centrifugal clutch, a supporting wheel, a driving wheel, a reducer, a crop divider, and an armrest.
  • the power output shaft of the engine is connected to the power input shaft of the reducer through a centrifugal clutch, and the driving wheel is installed
  • the supporting wheels are fixed under the reducer
  • the front of the armrest is fixed on the reducer
  • the crop divider is fixed on the front of the reducer
  • the lifting assembly is fixed on the reducer through a bracket;
  • the pneumatic pollination assembly includes a lifting frame, a flow rate sensor, a first right one-way air blowpipe, a second right one-way air blowpipe, a central two-way air blowpipe, a deflector, a second left one-way air blowpipe, and a first left one-way air blowpipe.
  • the first left one-way air blowpipe is L-shaped and the vertical section length is the same.
  • the first right one-way air blowpipe, the second right one-way air blowpipe, the central two-way air Two right-angle sliding sleeves are fixed symmetrically at the same height of the vertical section of the one-way air blowpipe, and the distance between the two right-angle sliding sleeves is the same as the width of the lifting frame, the first right one-way air blowpipe, the second right one-way
  • the air blowpipe, the central two-way air blowpipe, the second left one-way air blowpipe, and the first left one-way air blowpipe are uniformly fitted on the lifting frame from right to left by right-angle sliding sleeves, and are locked by each right-angle sliding sleeve.
  • Bolt fixing five supporting plates are evenly fixed on the upper part of the lifting assembly, five DC fans are fixed on the front side of the five supporting plates, and five drive controllers are fixed on the rear side of the five supporting plates.
  • the air outlet is respectively communicated with the upper part of the first right one-way air blowpipe, the second right one-way air blowpipe, the central two-way air blowpipe, the second left one-way air blowpipe, and the first left one-way air blowpipe through a hose;
  • the front end of the horizontal section of the first right one-way air blowpipe, the second right one-way air blowpipe, the central two-way air blowpipe, the second left one-way air blowpipe, and the first left one-way air blowpipe are all provided with air mouths, and the air mouths
  • the lower part is equipped with a baffle to form the air flow that makes the pollen of the male parent drift to the female parent;
  • the air blowpipe and the vertical section of the first left unidirectional air blowpipe are respectively fixed with a flow velocity sensor at the same height.
  • the detection end of each flow velocity sensor extends into the inside of the blowpipe to measure the airflow velocity in the pipe; the battery is fixed on the support of the lifting assembly ;
  • the lifting assembly includes a bracket, a guide rail, a screw rod, a stepping motor, and a sliding block.
  • the guide rail is vertically fixed on the upper part of the front of the bracket.
  • the upper part of the guide rail is provided with a bearing support.
  • the lower end of the rod is installed on the front upper part of the bracket through the bearing support, and the guide rail is parallel to the central axis of the screw rod.
  • the stepping motor is fixed on the upper end of the guide rail.
  • the upper end of the screw rod is fixedly connected with the output shaft of the stepping motor. It forms a spiral fit with the screw rod;
  • the guide rail is provided with a sliding block, and the sliding block and the guide rail form a moving pair.
  • the front part of the two ball nuts is fixedly connected with the middle part of the lifting frame, and the rear part of the two ball nuts is fixedly connected with the two sliding blocks;
  • the control assembly includes a controller, a flow rate sensor, a drive controller, a battery, a 485-to-TTL module, and a touch screen.
  • the battery supplies power to the controller and the touch screen through a voltage stabilizing module.
  • Five flow rate sensors are connected to the controller through a 485-to-TTL module.
  • the five drive controllers are connected to the controller through the control line, the battery is connected to the five drive controllers through the cable, and the five drive controllers are respectively connected to the five DC fans.
  • the first left one-way air torch and the second left one-way air torch are both L-shaped, and the front part of the horizontal section of the first left one-way air torch and the second left one-way air torch is away from the center two-way
  • Each side of the air blowpipe is provided with air mouths, which are horizontal and long slits, and the deflector is fixed horizontally under the air mouth, and the deflector is triangular; the first right one-way air blowpipe and the second right one-way air blowpipe are connected with each other respectively.
  • the first left one-way air blowpipe and the second left one-way air blowpipe are mirror-symmetrical structures.
  • the central two-way air blow tube is L-shaped, and the front part of the horizontal section of the central two-way air blow tube is provided with air blow openings on both sides, and the baffle is fixed horizontally below the air blow opening.
  • the first left one-way air torch, the second left one-way air torch, the central two-way air torch, the second right one-way air torch, and the first right one-way air torch are installed on the lifting frame, and five The horizontal sections of the bronchial blowpipes are on the same plane, and the front-end centers of the horizontal sections of the five blowpipes are in a concave "V" shape toward the inwardly of the hand-held power chassis.
  • the length difference between the horizontal sections of two adjacent air blowpipes is 1-1.5 times the length of the air blowpipe.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a pollination method using the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator described in any of the above solutions, and the steps are as follows:
  • the first step is to adjust the distribution of the air torch: adjust the horizontal position of the central two-way air torch in the horizontal position of the lifting frame, so that the longitudinal center of the central two-way air torch and the longitudinal center of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed pollinator are on the same vertical plane, that is, the center The longitudinal center of the two-way air torch coincides with the longitudinal center plane of the driving wheel of the hand-held power chassis, and then adjusts each air torch according to the row spacing of the hybrid rice seed production male parent to make the first left one-way air torch and the second left one-way air torch Blowpipe, second left one-way blowpipe, first right one-way blowpipe, make first left one-way blowpipe, second left one-way blowpipe, central two-way blowpipe, second left one-way blowpipe, first The space between the center lines of the horizontal section of the right one-way air blowpipe in turn is the same as the five row spacing corresponding to the six rows of hybrid rice male parents in the production field, and then the locking bolts on the right-angle sliding
  • the second step is to move the device to the hybrid rice production field: before 10:00 when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, drive the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator to the seed production field, and drive the wheel to the middle two rows of fathers In this room, the horizontal section of the central two-way air torch is parallel to the two most central parents.
  • the controller is operated through the touch screen and the drive controller is controlled to control the rotation of the stepping motor, so that the air mouth of each air torch is located in the middle and lower part of the pollen spike ;
  • the third step is to adjust the air flow parameters of the air blowpipe: according to the pollination air speed requirements of different varieties of hybrid rice and different male lines, set the first left one-way air blowpipe, the second left one-way air blowpipe, and the center two-way through the touch screen of the controller. Air blowpipe, second left one-way air blowpipe, and first right one-way air blowpipe at their respective airflow speeds, and then control and drive the controller through the controller to make five DC fans work, and each air blowpipe has a set wind speed at the air outlet Output airflow;
  • the fourth step of field pollination when the male parent of hybrid rice is in the full blooming period 10:30-14:30, after the above-mentioned air blowpipe airflow parameters are adjusted, the power chassis of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator is in the middle two rows of the male parent
  • the first left one-way air torch, the second left one-way air torch, the central two-way air torch, the second left one-way air torch, and the first right one-way air torch are located between the rows of the male parent of the six-row hybrid rice.
  • the airflow from the first left one-way air blowpipe and the second left one-way air blowpipe blows to the left to the left two rows of male heads, the second left one-way air blowpipe and the first right one-way air blowpipe
  • the airflow blows to the right to the ears of the two rows of male parents.
  • the airflow from both sides of the central bidirectional air blowpipe blows to the left and right sides to the ears of the two rows of male parents.
  • the pollen of the male parents swings in the airflow and ears.
  • the pollen from the male parent in the left three rows drifts to the adjacent female parent row on the left under the action of the left airflow, and the pollen from the male parent in the right three rows moves to the right under the action of the right airflow.
  • the adjacent female parent rows drift away.
  • Step 5 Stop maintenance: After pollination is finished every day, first control the drive controller to stop the five DC fans through the controller, and then drive the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator to the agricultural machinery warehouse for maintenance as required. Be prepared for pollination in two days.
  • the air flow speed of each air blow tube is different, and the air flow speed at the air blow port of each air blow tube is measured by a flow velocity sensor to measure the flow velocity in the tube, and is adjusted by a DC fan controlled by a drive controller through a controller.
  • each air blowpipe acts individually at a set airflow speed to blow off the pollen from the corresponding male parent and drift to the corresponding main parent compartment, realizing the directional drift of pollen in large-scale seed production.
  • Uniform pollination solves the problem of accurate pollen transmission under the conditions of large-scale seed production, and provides models for mechanized and efficient pollination of rice seed production.
  • Figure 1 is a side view of the right front view axis of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator
  • Figure 2 is the left side view of the rear view axis of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator
  • Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the lifting assembly of a hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the central two-way air blowpipe
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the first left one-way air blowpipe
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of the composition of the controller
  • walk-behind power chassis 1 engine 1-1, centrifugal clutch 1-2, support wheels 1-3, drive wheels 1-4, reducer 1-5, crop divider 1-6, armrest 1 -7, bracket 2, controller 3, lifting frame 4, screw rod 5, ball nut 6, flow rate sensor 7, first right one-way air blowpipe 8, second right one-way air blowpipe 9, central two-way air blowpipe 10, Guide plate 11, second left one-way air blowpipe 12, first left one-way air blowpipe 13, DC fan 14, drive controller 15, support plate 16, stepping motor 17, guide rail 18, battery 19, slider 20 , Right-angle sliding sleeve 21, air mouth 22
  • a hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator its main components include a hand-held power chassis 1, a lifting assembly, a pneumatic pollination assembly, and a control assembly.
  • the lifting assembly and the control assembly are fixed on the upper part of the walk-behind power chassis 1, the pneumatic pollination assembly is fixed at the front of the lifting assembly and the lifting assembly controls the up and down movement.
  • the control assembly is used to control the pollinator. work.
  • the walk-behind power chassis 1 includes an engine 1-1, a centrifugal clutch 1-2, a supporting wheel 1-3, a driving wheel 1-4, a reducer 1-5, and a crop divider 1-6.
  • the armrests 1-7 the output shaft of the engine 1-1 is connected with the power input shaft of the reducer 1-5 through the centrifugal clutch 1-2, and the driving wheels 1-4 are installed on the power output shaft of the reducer 1-5, supporting
  • the heavy wheels 1-3 are fixed under the reducer 1-5, and the supporting wheels 1-3 and the driving wheels 1-4 jointly support the weight of the entire pollinator and drive the pollinator to travel.
  • the front part of the armrest 1-7 is fixed on the reducer 1-5 for the operator to adjust the direction of travel.
  • the crop divider 1-6 is fixed at the front of the reducer 1-5 to prevent crops from entering the position of the driving wheel 1-4.
  • the lifting assembly is fixed on the reducer 1-5 through the bracket 2.
  • the pneumatic pollination assembly includes a lifting frame 4, a flow rate sensor 7, a first right one-way air blowpipe 8, a second right one-way air blowpipe 9, a central two-way air blowpipe 10, a baffle 11, and a second left one-way air blowpipe 12.
  • the central two-way air torch 10, the second left one-way air torch 12, and the first left one-way air torch 13 are all L-shaped, and are formed by connecting a vertical section and a horizontal section, and the vertical section of each air torch has the same length.
  • the vertical sections of the first right one-way air torch 8, the second right one-way air torch 9, the central two-way air torch 10, the second left one-way air torch 12, and the first left one-way air torch 13 are all up and down at the same height
  • Two right-angle sliding sleeves 21 are symmetrically fixed, and the distance between the two right-angle sliding sleeves 21 is the same as the width of the lifting frame 4, so that the two right-angle sliding sleeves 21 can be engaged with the upper and lower ends of the lifting frame 4.
  • the lifting frame 4 can be used as a mounting bracket for 5 air blowpipes.
  • the first right one-way blowpipe 8, the second right one-way blowpipe 9, the central two-way blowpipe 10, the second left one-way blowpipe 12, and the first left one-way blowpipe 13 go from right to left through a right-angle sliding sleeve 21 They are evenly sleeved on the lifting frame 4 in sequence.
  • the relative positions of the air blow pipes on the lifting frame 4 can be adjusted laterally. When the air blow pipes are moved to the target position on the lifting frame 4, they can be fixed by tightening the locking bolts on each right-angle sliding sleeve 21.
  • the five support plates 16 are evenly fixed on the upper part of the lifting assembly, the five DC fans 14 are fixed on the front side of the five support plates 16 in one-to-one correspondence, and the five drive controllers 15 are fixed on the five branches in a one-to-one correspondence.
  • the air outlets of the five DC fans 14 correspond to the first right one-way air torch 8, the second right one-way air torch 9, the central two-way air torch 10, and the second left one through the hose respectively.
  • the upper part of the one-way air blow pipe 12 and the first left one-way air blow pipe 13 are connected.
  • the hose can ensure that the air blowpipe has a certain amount of lateral movement space.
  • Each air blowing pipe can be controlled by the direct current fan 14 to blow out the airflow.
  • the front end of the horizontal section of the first right one-way air blowpipe 8, the second right one-way air blowpipe 9, the central two-way air blowpipe 10, the second left one-way air blowpipe 12, and the first left one-way air blowpipe 13 are all provided with air mouths. 22, and the lower part of the air blowing port is provided with a baffle 11 for guiding the flow direction of the air flow, thereby forming an air flow that causes the pollen of the male parent to diffuse to the female parent.
  • the first right one-way air torch 8, the second right one-way air torch 9, the central two-way air torch 10, the second left one-way air torch 12, and the first left one-way air torch 13 are fixed at the same height in the vertical section.
  • the flow rate sensor 7, the detection end of each flow rate sensor 7 extends into the center of the inside of the air blow tube where it is used to measure the air flow velocity in the tube.
  • the storage battery 19 is fixed on the bracket 2 of the lifting assembly, and is used for supplying power to the power consuming components.
  • the opening position of the air blowing port 22 on the one-way air blowing pipe 13 needs to be optimized.
  • the first left one-way air torch 13 and the second left one-way air torch 12 are both L-shaped, and their structures are basically similar.
  • Figure 5 shows the first left one-way air torch 13 Schematic.
  • the horizontal sections of the first left one-way air torch 13 and the second left one-way air torch 12 each have an air blowing port 22 on the side facing away from the central two-way air torch 10, and the airflow direction of the air blowing is leftward.
  • the air blowing port 22 is a horizontal long slit, which can make the air flow form a greater blowing force.
  • the deflector 11 is fixed horizontally below the air blowing port 22, and the airflow direction can be adjusted by the angle of the deflector 22.
  • the deflector 11 is designed as a triangle, and the tip is facing the forward direction of the pollinator, so as to reduce the damage to the ear of rice during the traveling process.
  • the first right one-way air torch 8 and the second right one-way air torch 9 are mirror-symmetrical with the first left one-way air torch 13, and the second left one-way air torch 12 respectively, and the mirror symmetry plane is the central two-way air torch 10 The vertical center plane.
  • the air mouth 22 of the first right one-way air torch 8 and the second right one-way air torch 9 are also opened at the front of the horizontal section away from the central two-way air torch 10, and a baffle is also required under the air mouth 22 11.
  • the direction of the air flow it blows is to the right.
  • the central two-way air blowpipe 10 is L-shaped, and the other four air blowpipes only open one side of the air mouth 22 is that the front of the horizontal section of the central two-way air blowpipe 10 is opened on both sides.
  • the mouthpiece 22 and the baffle 11 are horizontally fixed below the mouthpiece 22, so that the central two-way blowpipe 10 can blow air to both sides at the same time.
  • the first left one-way air torch 13, the second left one-way air torch 12, the central two-way air torch 10, the second right one-way air torch 9, and the first right one-way air torch 8 are installed on the lifting frame 4, and five
  • the horizontal section of the bronchus is on the same horizontal plane, but its length is different.
  • the central connection of the front end of the horizontal section of the five air blowpipes is in a concave "V" shape facing the hand-held power chassis 1.
  • the air blowpipes on both sides are longer, and the central air blowpipe is the shortest.
  • the difference in length between the horizontal sections of two adjacent air blowpipes is 1-1.5 times the length of the air blowhole 22.
  • the lifting assembly includes a bracket 2, a guide rail 18, a screw rod 5, a stepping motor 17 and a sliding block 20.
  • the guide rail 18 is vertically fixed on the upper part of the front of the support 2, and the upper part of the guide rail 18 is provided with a bearing support, and the screw rod 5 The upper end is installed on the guide rail 18 through the bearing support on the upper part of the guide rail 18.
  • the lower end of the screw rod 5 is installed on the front upper part of the bracket 2 through the bearing support, and the guide rail 18 is parallel to the center axis of the screw rod 5, and the stepping motor 17 is fixed on the guide rail 18.
  • the upper end of the screw rod 5 is coaxially fixedly connected with the output shaft of the stepping motor 17, and the screw rod 5 can be driven by the stepping motor 17 to rotate.
  • the ball nut 6 is sleeved on the screw rod 5 and forms a spiral fit with the screw rod 5.
  • the guide rail 18 is provided with a sliding block 20.
  • the sliding block 20 and the guide rail 18 constitute a moving pair.
  • the front part of the two ball nuts 6 is fixedly connected with the middle part of the lifting frame 4, and the rear part of the two ball nuts 6 is fixedly connected with the two sliding blocks 20.
  • the two ball nuts 6 can be controlled to move up and down, and then the slider 20 and the lifting frame 4 drive the pneumatic pollination assembly up and down to make the air flow blown out. It can blow to the ears of male parents of different heights.
  • the control assembly includes controller 3, flow sensor 7, drive controller 15, battery 19, 485-to-TTL module and touch screen.
  • Battery 19 supplies power to controller 3 and touch screen through a voltage stabilizing module.
  • Five flow sensors 7 pass 485 to TTL.
  • the module is connected to the controller 3, the five drive controllers 15 are connected to the controller 3 through control lines, the battery 19 is connected to the five drive controllers 15 through cables, and the five drive controllers 15 are respectively connected to five DC fans 14 .
  • the controller 3 is implemented by a PLC control module, and its compositional principle block diagram is shown in Figure 6.
  • the flow rate sensor 7 on each blowpipe is connected to the PLC control module through a 485-to-TTL module, and the Bluetooth module, touch screen and The PLC control module is connected.
  • the battery 19 supplies power to the PLC control module and the touch screen through the voltage regulator module.
  • the five drive controllers 15 are connected to the PLC control module through control lines.
  • the battery 19 is connected to the five drive controllers 15 through cables, and five at the same time.
  • the drive controller 15 is connected to five DC fans 14 respectively, and the Bluetooth module can be used for signal transmission with the outside.
  • the specific parameter setting can be carried out through the touch screen for easy operation.
  • the number of air blowpipes is actually adjusted according to the parental ratio of hybrid rice seed production. If the male parent is planted in 4 rows, the first left one-way air blowpipe 13 and the first right one-way air blowpipe 8 can be directly removed. If the male parent is planted in 8 rows, additional air blowers can be added to accommodate 8 rows of male parent rice. Seed production requirements.
  • the pollination method based on the above-mentioned hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator, the steps are as follows:
  • the first step is to adjust the distribution of the air torch: adjust the horizontal position of the central two-way air torch 10 on the lifting frame 4 so that the longitudinal center of the central two-way air torch 10 is on the same vertical plane as the longitudinal center of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator , That is, the longitudinal center of the central two-way air blowpipe 10 coincides with the longitudinal center plane of the driving wheels 1-4 of the walk-behind power chassis 1, and then adjust the air blowpipes according to the row spacing of the hybrid rice seed production male parent to make the first left one-way air Blowpipe 13, the second left one-way blowpipe 12, the second left one-way blowpipe 12, the first right one-way blowpipe 8, the first left one-way blowpipe 13, the second left one-way blowpipe 12, the center
  • the two-way air torch 10, the second left one-way air torch 12, and the first right one-way air torch 8 have the same spacing as the five rows corresponding to the male parent of the six rows of hybrid rice in the production field.
  • the second step is to move the device to the hybrid rice production field: before 10:00 when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, drive the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator to the seed production field, and drive the wheel to the middle two rows of fathers In this room, the horizontal section of the central two-way air torch 10 is parallel to the two most central parents.
  • the controller 3 is operated through the touch screen and the drive controller is controlled to control the rotation of the stepping motor 17 so that the air mouth of each air torch is located with pollen spikes.
  • the third step is to adjust the air flow parameters of the air blowpipe: according to the pollination air speed requirements of different varieties of hybrid rice and different male lines, set the first left one-way air blowpipe 13 and the second left one-way air blowpipe 12 through the touch screen of the controller 3 respectively
  • the airflow velocity at the respective air mouths 22 of the central two-way air blowpipe 10, the second left one-way air blowpipe 12, and the first right one-way air blowpipe 8 are then controlled by the controller 3 to drive the controller 15 to make the five DC fans 14 work ,
  • Each air blowing pipe air blowing port 22 outputs air flow at a set wind speed;
  • the fourth step of field pollination when the male parent of hybrid rice is in the full blooming period 10:30-14:30, after the above-mentioned air blowpipe airflow parameters are adjusted, the power chassis of the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator is in the middle two rows of the male parent
  • the first left one-way air torch 13, the second left one-way air torch 12, the central two-way air torch 10, the second left one-way air torch 12, and the first right one-way air torch 8 are located in six rows of hybrid rice.
  • the airflow from the first left one-way air blowpipe 13 and the second left one-way air blowpipe 12 at the air mouth 22 blows to the left to the two rows of the father’s ears, and the second left one-way air blowpipe 12,
  • the airflow of the first right unidirectional air blowpipe 8 blows to the right two rows of male parent ears
  • the airflow of the central two-way air blowpipe 10 blows to the left and right sides to the middle two rows of male parent ears.
  • the pollen of the male parent leaves the flower core and drifts with the air flow under the action of the air current and the swing of the ear.
  • the pollen of the male parent is dispersed to the adjacent female parent on the right under the action of the right airflow.
  • Step 5 Stop maintenance: After pollination is finished every day, the controller 3 controls the drive controller 15 to stop the five DC fans 14 and then drives the hand-held pneumatic hybrid rice seed production pollinator to the agricultural machinery warehouse for maintenance as required , And prepare for pollination the next day.
  • the airflow velocity at the air blowing port 22 of each air blowing pipe is measured by the flow velocity sensor 7 and adjusted by the DC fan 14 controlled by the drive controller 15 through the controller 3.
  • five pollination tubes are used to disperse and transport pollen from the six-row male parent, or three pollinators are used for the four-row male parent, and seven pollinators correspond to the eight-row female parent. .

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Abstract

一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，包括手扶式动力底盘（1）、升降总成、气力式授粉总成、控制总成，升降总成、控制总成固定在手扶式动力底盘（1）上部，气力式授粉总成固定在升降总成的前部且由升降总成控制上下升降。还公开了该手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的授粉方法。授粉时每支气吹管位于对应的两行父本的行间，通过气吹管前部气吹口处定向、均匀、恒速的气流将花粉吹脱花蕊并向母本厢输送花粉，且每支气吹管气流速度不同保证了其输送花粉至特定的母本区域，从而实现了大行比制种时高效、均匀授粉，整机结构紧凑，满足当前杂交水稻规模化大行比制种机械化授粉要求。

Description

手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法 技术领域
本发明涉及手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，具体的说是一种适应规模化制种父母本大行比种植的气力式授粉装置及其方法。
背景技术
中国是杂交水稻发源地也是杂交稻种主要产区，2017年全国杂交水稻制种面积约16万公顷，年产种子超过2.8亿千克，制种已实现规模化。但授粉是一项技术要求强、精度要求高、时间要求紧的作业。水稻花粉花期较短，盛花期仅有7～10天，一般一天内只有1.5～2小时的开花时间，必须在有限的时间内完成授粉作业。人工辅助授粉包括人力式和机械式，截止目前尚无推广应用的机械式授粉机，人力式授粉仍是主要授粉方式。人力式授粉主要有单长竿赶粉、双短杆推粉、绳索拉粉。单长竿赶粉、双短杆推粉是用杆将父本植株推向母本植株使花粉脱落并散落到母本植株柱头的授粉方法，适用父母本种植行比为1:3、1:4、2:6、2:8等种植方式的授粉，收获的种子质量较高、产量也较高，但劳动强度大、生产率低，与现代规模化制种要求不相适应。绳索拉粉是两人各拉绳索的一端分别在制种田两侧跑步，利用绳索将父本植株推向母本植株，使花粉飘散至母本柱头的授粉方法，是当前没有适用的授粉装备条件下为提高生产率不得已选择的授粉方式，但劳动强度高、花粉利用率低、产量损失大。可见，传统的人力授粉方法虽简单易行，但存在劳动强度大、效率低、易伤植株，授粉不均现象较明显，降低了制种产量等问题，已经不能满足现代种业生产的要求。机械式授粉包括碰撞式和气力式两种，碰撞式授粉主要是模拟人力竹竿“赶粉”，将花粉振落并向母本传播实现授粉，但这种授粉方式花粉基本散落在近父本植株处，传播距离短、分布不均匀，且碰撞过程易对植株造成损伤，不符合现代种业高效授粉的要求。气力式授粉原理是利用风机产生持续、稳定的气流将花粉吹离花蕊并飘落在雌蕊柱头上，完成授粉，但目前尚无相应的机型。因此，当前杂交水稻制种业急需的大行比杂交水稻制种机械化授粉设备，大幅度提高授粉作业生产率，提高杂交水稻制种机械化水平、制种质量和产量，有效解决规模化大行比制种花粉定向输送、均匀授粉问题，以促进种业持续、健康发展。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决目前杂交水稻制种缺乏机械化授粉装备的问题，适应规模化大行比制种需求，提供一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，通过每个气吹管使花粉脱落并定向输送，以作用于相对应的母本区域，实现定向、均匀、高效授粉。
本发明为解决其技术问题采用的技术方案如下：
一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，其包括手扶式动力底盘、升降总成、气力式授粉 总成、控制总成；升降总成、控制总成固定在手扶式动力底盘上部，气力式授粉总成固定在升降总成的前部且由升降总成控制上下升降；
所述手扶式动力底盘包括发动机、离心式离合器、支重轮、驱动轮、减速器、分禾器、扶手，发动机的动输出轴通过离心式离合器与减速器动力输入轴连接，驱动轮安装在减速器动力输出轴上，支重轮固定在减速器下方，扶手前部固定在减速器上，分禾器固定在减速器前部，升降总成通过支架固定在减速器上；
所述气力式授粉总成包括升降架、流速传感器、第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、导流板、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管、直流风机、驱动控制器、支板、蓄电池、直角滑套，第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管均为L形且垂直段长度相同，在第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管的垂直段同一高度处均上下对称地固定有的两个直角滑套，且两个直角滑套间的间距与升降架宽度相同，第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管通过直角滑套从右到左依次均匀套装在升降架上，并通过每个直角滑套上的锁紧螺栓固定；五个支板均匀固定在升降总成上部，五个直流风机分别固定在五个支板前侧部，五个驱动控制器分别固定在五个支板后侧部，五个直流风机的出风口通过软管分别与第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管上部相连通；
第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管的水平段前端均开设有气吹口，且气吹口处下部均设有导流板，用于形成使父本的花粉向母本行飘散的气流；第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一左单向气吹管垂直段同一高度处分别固定有一个流速传感器，每个流速传感器的检测端伸入所在气吹管内部以测定管内气流速度；蓄电池固定在升降总成的支架上；
升降总成包括支架、导轨、丝杆、步进电动机、滑块，导轨垂直固定在支架前上部，导轨上部设有轴承支座，丝杆上端通过导轨上部的轴承支座安装在导轨上，丝杆下端通过轴承支座安装在支架前上部，且导轨与丝杆中心轴线平行，步进电动机固定在导轨上端，丝杆上端与步进电动机输出轴同轴固定连接，滚珠螺母套装在丝杆上并与丝杆构成螺旋配合；导轨上设有滑块，滑块与导轨构成移动副，两个滚珠螺母前部与升降架中部固定连接，两个滚珠螺母后部与两个滑块固定连接；
所述控制总成包括控制器、流速传感器、驱动控制器、蓄电池、485转TTL模块、触摸屏，蓄电池通过稳压模块为控制器、触摸屏供电，五只流速传感器通过485转TTL模块与控制器连接，五只驱动控制器与控制器通过控制线连接，蓄电池通过电缆与五只驱动控制器连接，同时五只驱动控制器分别与五只直流风机连接。
作为优选，所述的第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管均为L形，第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管的水平段的前部背离中央双向气吹管一侧均开设气吹口，气吹口为水平长狭缝，导流板水平固定在气吹口下方，导流板为三角形；第一右单向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管分别与第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管是镜像对称结构。
作为优选，所述的中央双向气吹管为L形，中央双向气吹管水平段的前部朝两侧均开设气吹口，导流板水平固定在气吹口下方。
作为优选，所述的第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二右单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管安装在升降架上，且五支气吹管的水平段在同一平面，五支气吹管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向手扶式动力底盘内凹的“V”形。
进一步的，相邻两支气吹管水平段的长度差为气吹口长度的1-1.5倍。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种利用上述任一方案所述手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的授粉方法，其步骤如下：
第一步调节气吹管分布：调节中央双向气吹管在升降架的横向水平位置，使中央双向气吹管纵向中心与手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，即中央双向气吹管纵向中心而与手扶式动力底盘的驱动轮纵向中心面重合，然后依据杂交水稻制种父本的行距调节各气吹管，使第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管，使第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用直角滑套上的锁紧螺栓使各气吹管与升降架固定；
第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至制种田，驱动轮行至最中间两行父本间，且中央双向气吹管水平段平行于最中心两行父本，通过触摸屏操作控制器并控制驱动控制器进而控制步进电动机转动，使各气吹管的气吹口位于有花粉穗的中下部；
第三步调节气吹管气流参数：根据不同品种杂交水稻不同父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器的触摸屏分别设定第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管各自气吹口处的气流速度，然后通过控制器控制驱动控制器使五只直流风机工作，各气吹管气吹口处以设定风速输出气流；
第四步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30，上述气吹管气流参数调节后，手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机动力底盘在最中间两行父本间行走，第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、中央双向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，第一左单向气吹管、第二左单向气吹管的气吹口的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，第二左单向气吹管、第一右单向气吹管气吹口的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央双向气吹管两侧气吹口的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的 花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
第五步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器控制控制驱动控制器使五只直流风机停止，然后将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
作为优选，各气吹管的气流速度不同，每支气吹管气吹口处的气流速度通过流速传感器测定管内流速并通过控制器由驱动控制器控制直流风机调节。
本发明具有的有益效益是：每个气吹管以设定的气流速度单独作用于对应父本行将花粉吹落并向对应的主要作用母本厢飘移，实现规模化大行比制种花粉定向飘移、均匀授粉，解决了规模化大行制种条件下花粉准确传播的难题，为水稻制种机械化高效授粉提供了机型。
附图说明
图1是手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的右前视轴侧图；
图2是手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机后左视轴侧图；
图3是手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机升降总成结构示意图；
图4是中央双向气吹管的三维结构示意图；
图5是第一左单向气吹管的三维结构示意图
图6是的控制器的组成原理框图；
图中：手扶式动力底盘1、发动机1-1、离心式离合器1-2、支重轮1-3、驱动轮1-4、减速器1-5、分禾器1-6、扶手1-7、支架2、控制器3、升降架4、丝杆5、滚珠螺母6、流速传感器7、第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、导流板11、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13、直流风机14、驱动控制器15、支板16、步进电动机17、导轨18、蓄电池19、滑块20、直角滑套21、气吹口22
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实例对本发明作进一步说明。
如图1～6所示，一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，其主要部件包括手扶式动力底盘1、升降总成、气力式授粉总成、控制总成。其中，升降总成、控制总成固定在手扶式动力底盘1上部，气力式授粉总成固定在升降总成的前部且由升降总成控制上下升降，控制总成的作用是控制授粉机的工作。
如图2所示，手扶式动力底盘1包括发动机1-1、离心式离合器1-2、支重轮1-3、驱动轮1-4、减速器1-5、分禾器1-6和扶手1-7，发动机1-1的动输出轴通过离心式离合器1-2与减速器1-5动力输入轴连接，驱动轮1-4安装在减速器1-5动力输出轴上，支重轮1-3固定在减速器1-5下方，支重轮1-3和驱动轮1-4共同支撑整台授粉机的重量并驱动授粉机行进。扶手1-7前部固定在减速器1-5上，用于操作人员调整行进方向。分禾器1-6固定在减速器1-5前部，防止作物进入驱动轮1-4位置。升降总成通过支架2固定在减速器1-5上。
气力式授粉总成包括升降架4、流速传感器7、第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、导流板11、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13、直流风机14、驱动控制器15、支板16、蓄电池19和直角滑套21，第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13均为L形，且由垂直段和水平段连接而成，各气吹管的垂直段长度相同。在第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13的垂直段同一高度处均上下对称地固定有的两个直角滑套21，且两个直角滑套21间的间距与升降架4宽度相同，使得两个直角滑套21能够卡合于升降架4的上下端。升降架4可作为5条气吹管的安装支架。第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13通过直角滑套21从右到左依次均匀套装在升降架4上。各气吹管在升降架4上的相对位置可以横向调整，当气吹管在升降架4上移动至目标位置后可以通过拧紧每个直角滑套21上的锁紧螺栓实现固定。
五个支板16均匀固定在升降总成上部，五个直流风机14分别一一对应的固定在五个支板16前侧部，五个驱动控制器15分别一一对应的固定在五个支板16后侧部，五个直流风机14的出风口通过软管分别一一对应的与第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13上部相连通。软管可以保证气吹管具有一定的横向移动空间。每条气吹管均可通过直流风机14控制其吹出的气流大小。
第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13的水平段前端均开设有气吹口22，且气吹口处下部均设有用于对气流流向进行引导的导流板11，由此形成使父本的花粉向母本行飘散的气流。第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13垂直段同一高度处分别固定有一个流速传感器7，每个流速传感器7的检测端伸入所在气吹管内部中心，用于测定管内气流速度。蓄电池19固定在升降总成的支架2上，用于为耗电元件供电。
在本发明中，为了能够更好地进行授粉工作，第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一左单向气吹管13上的气吹口22开设位置需要进行优化设计。在本实施例中，第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12均为L 形，两者的结构基本相似，图5中示出了第一左单向气吹管13的结构示意图。第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12的水平段的前部背离中央双向气吹管10一侧均开设气吹口22，其吹出的气流方向朝左。气吹口22为水平长狭缝，能够使气流形成更大的吹力，导流板11水平固定在气吹口22下方，气流方向则可以通过导流板22的角度进行调整。本实施例中导流板11设计为三角形，且尖端朝向授粉机的前进方向，以减少行进过程中对水稻穗部的损伤。第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9分别与第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12是镜像对称结构，镜像对称面为中央双向气吹管10的垂直中心面。因此，第一右单向气吹管8、第二右单向气吹管9的气吹口22也开设于水平段的前部背离中央双向气吹管10一侧，气吹口22下方也需要设置导流板11，其吹出的气流方向朝右。另外，如图4所示，中央双向气吹管10为L形，与其余四条气吹管仅开设一侧的气吹口22不同的是，中央双向气吹管10水平段的前部朝两侧均开设气吹口22，导流板11水平固定在气吹口22下方，由此中央双向气吹管10可以同时向两侧吹气。
第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12、中央双向气吹管10、第二右单向气吹管9、第一右单向气吹管8安装在升降架4上，且五支气吹管的水平段在同一水平面，但是其长度是不同的。为了提高气力式授粉效果，五支气吹管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向手扶式动力底盘1内凹的“V”形，两侧的气吹管较长，而中心的气吹管最短。在五支气吹管中，相邻两条气吹管水平段的长度差为气吹口22长度的1-1.5倍。
如图3所示，升降总成包括支架2、导轨18、丝杆5、步进电动机17和滑块20，导轨18垂直固定在支架2前上部，导轨18上部设有轴承支座，丝杆5上端通过导轨18上部的轴承支座安装在导轨18上，丝杆5下端通过轴承支座安装在支架2前上部，且导轨18与丝杆5中心轴线平行，步进电动机17固定在导轨18上端，丝杆5上端与步进电动机17输出轴同轴固定连接，丝杆5可由步进电动机17带动旋转。滚珠螺母6套装在丝杆5上并与丝杆5构成螺旋配合。导轨18上设有滑块20，滑块20与导轨18构成移动副，两个滚珠螺母6前部与升降架4中部固定连接，两个滚珠螺母6后部与两个滑块20固定连接。由此，通过控制步进电动机17的正转和反转，即可控制两个滚珠螺母6上下移动，进而通过滑块20和升降架4带动气力式授粉总成上下升降，使其吹出的气流能够吹向不同高度的父本穗部。
控制总成包括控制器3、流速传感器7、驱动控制器15、蓄电池19、485转TTL模块和触摸屏，蓄电池19通过稳压模块为控制器3、触摸屏供电，五只流速传感器7通过485转TTL模块与控制器3连接，五只驱动控制器15与控制器3通过控制线连接，蓄电池19通过电缆与五只驱动控制器15连接，同时五只驱动控制器15分别与五只直流风机14连接。
在本实施例中，控制器3采用PLC控制模块实现，其组成原理框图如图6所示：每支气吹管上的流速传感器7通过485转TTL模块与PLC控制模块连接，蓝牙模块、触摸屏与PLC控制模块连接，蓄电池19通过稳压模块为PLC控制模块、触摸屏供电，五只驱动控制器15 与PLC控制模块通过控制线连接，蓄电池19通过电缆与五只驱动控制器15连接，同时五只驱动控制器15分别与五只直流风机14连接，蓝牙模块可用于与外部进行信号传输。具体的参数设定可以通过触摸屏进行，以便于操作。
虽然在该授粉机中安装了4条气吹管，但实际上气吹管数量根据杂交水稻制种父母本行比进行调节。如果父本种植为4行，可以直接卸下第一左单向气吹管13、第一右单向气吹管8，如果父本种植为8行，可以再增加气吹管以适应8行父本水稻制种要求。
基于上述手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的授粉方法，步骤如下：
第一步调节气吹管分布：调节中央双向气吹管10在升降架4的横向水平位置，使中央双向气吹管10纵向中心与手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，即中央双向气吹管10纵向中心而与手扶式动力底盘1的驱动轮1-4纵向中心面重合，然后依据杂交水稻制种父本的行距调节各气吹管，使第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12、第二左单向气吹管12、第一右单向气吹管8，使第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一右单向气吹管8水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用直角滑套21上的锁紧螺栓使各气吹管与升降架4固定；
第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至制种田，驱动轮行至最中间两行父本间，且中央双向气吹管10水平段平行于最中心两行父本，通过触摸屏操作控制器3并控制驱动控制器进而控制步进电动机17转动，使各气吹管的气吹口位于有花粉穗的中下部；
第三步调节气吹管气流参数：根据不同品种杂交水稻不同父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器3的触摸屏分别设定第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一右单向气吹管8各自气吹口22处的气流速度，然后通过控制器3控制驱动控制器15使五只直流风机14工作，各气吹管气吹口22处以设定风速输出气流；
第四步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30，上述气吹管气流参数调节后，手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机动力底盘在最中间两行父本间行走，第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12、中央双向气吹管10、第二左单向气吹管12、第一右单向气吹管8分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，第一左单向气吹管13、第二左单向气吹管12的气吹口22的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，第二左单向气吹管12、第一右单向气吹管8气吹口22的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央双向气吹管10两侧气吹口22的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作 用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
第五步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器3控制控制驱动控制器15使五只直流风机14停止，然后将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
由于各气吹管的气流速度不同，每支气吹管气吹口22处的气流速度通过流速传感器7测定管内流速并通过控制器3由驱动控制器15控制直流风机14调节。
另外，在本发明中，采用的是五支授粉管对六行父本进行花粉吹散并输送，也可以是三支授粉管对四行父本，以及七支授粉对应八行母本等形式。
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何细微修改、等同替换和改进，均应包含在本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机，其特征在于：包括手扶式动力底盘(1)、升降总成、气力式授粉总成、控制总成；升降总成、控制总成固定在手扶式动力底盘(1)上部，气力式授粉总成固定在升降总成的前部且由升降总成控制上下升降；
    所述手扶式动力底盘(1)包括发动机(1-1)、离心式离合器(1-2)、支重轮(1-3)、驱动轮(1-4)、减速器(1-5)、分禾器(1-6)、扶手(1-7)，发动机(1-1)的动输出轴通过离心式离合器(1-2)与减速器(1-5)动力输入轴连接，驱动轮(1-4)安装在减速器(1-5)动力输出轴上，支重轮(1-3)固定在减速器(1-5)下方，扶手(1-7)前部固定在减速器(1-5)上，分禾器(1-6)固定在减速器(1-5)前部，升降总成通过支架(2)固定在减速器(1-5)上；
    所述气力式授粉总成包括升降架(4)、流速传感器(7)、第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、导流板(11)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)、直流风机(14)、驱动控制器(15)、支板(16)、蓄电池(19)、直角滑套(21)，第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)均为L形且垂直段长度相同，在第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)的垂直段同一高度处均上下对称地固定有的两个直角滑套(21)，且两个直角滑套(21)间的间距与升降架(4)宽度相同，第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)通过直角滑套(21)从右到左依次均匀套装在升降架(4)上，并通过每个直角滑套(21)上的锁紧螺栓固定；五个支板(16)均匀固定在升降总成上部，五个直流风机(14)分别固定在五个支板(16)前侧部，五个驱动控制器(15)分别固定在五个支板(16)后侧部，五个直流风机(14)的出风口通过软管分别与第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)上部相连通；
    第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)的水平段前端均开设有气吹口，且气吹口处下部均设有导流板(11)，用于形成使父本的花粉向母本行飘散的气流；第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一左单向气吹管(13)垂直段同一高度处分别固定有一个流速传感器(7)，每个流速传感器(7)的检测端伸入所在气吹管内部以测定管内气流速度；蓄电池(19)固定在升降总成的支架(2)上；
    升降总成包括支架(2)、导轨(18)、丝杆(5)、步进电动机(17)、滑块(20)，导轨(18)垂直固定在支架(2)前上部，导轨(18)上部设有轴承支座，丝杆(5)上端通过导 轨(18)上部的轴承支座安装在导轨(18)上，丝杆(5)下端通过轴承支座安装在支架(2)前上部，且导轨(18)与丝杆(5)中心轴线平行，步进电动机(17)固定在导轨(18)上端，丝杆(5)上端与步进电动机(17)输出轴同轴固定连接，滚珠螺母(6)套装在丝杆(5)上并与丝杆(5)构成螺旋配合；导轨(18)上设有滑块(20)，滑块(20)与导轨(18)构成移动副，两个滚珠螺母(6)前部与升降架(4)中部固定连接，两个滚珠螺母(6)后部与两个滑块(20)固定连接；
    所述控制总成包括控制器(3)、流速传感器(7)、驱动控制器(15)、蓄电池(19)、485转TTL模块、触摸屏，蓄电池(19)通过稳压模块为控制器(3)、触摸屏供电，五只流速传感器(7)通过485转TTL模块与控制器(3)连接，五只驱动控制器(15)与控制器(3)通过控制线连接，蓄电池(19)通过电缆与五只驱动控制器(15)连接，同时五只驱动控制器(15)分别与五只直流风机(14)连接。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法，其特征在于：所述的第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)均为L形，第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)的水平段的前部背离中央双向气吹管(10)一侧均开设气吹口(22)，气吹口(22)为水平长狭缝，导流板(11)水平固定在气吹口(22)下方，导流板(11)为三角形；第一右单向气吹管(8)、第二右单向气吹管(9)分别与第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)是镜像对称结构。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法，其特征在于：所述的中央双向气吹管(10)为L形，中央双向气吹管(10)水平段的前部朝两侧均开设气吹口(22)，导流板(11)水平固定在气吹口(22)下方。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法，其特征在于：所述的第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二右单向气吹管(9)、第一右单向气吹管(8)安装在升降架(4)上，且五支气吹管的水平段在同一平面，五支气吹管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向手扶式动力底盘(1)内凹的“V”形。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机及其方法，其特征在于：相邻两支气吹管水平段的长度差为气吹口(22)长度的1-1.5倍。
  6. 一种利用如权利要求1～5任一所述手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的授粉方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    第一步调节气吹管分布：调节中央双向气吹管(10)在升降架(4)的横向水平位置，使中央双向气吹管(10)纵向中心与手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，即中央双向气吹管(10)纵向中心而与手扶式动力底盘(1)的驱动轮(1-4)纵向中心面重合，然后依据杂交水稻制种父本的行距调节各气吹管，使第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一右单向气吹管(8)，使第一左单向 气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一右单向气吹管(8)水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用直角滑套(21)上的锁紧螺栓使各气吹管与升降架(4)固定；
    第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至制种田，驱动轮行至最中间两行父本间，且中央双向气吹管(10)水平段平行于最中心两行父本，通过触摸屏操作控制器(3)并控制驱动控制器进而控制步进电动机(17)转动，使各气吹管的气吹口位于有花粉穗的中下部；
    第三步调节气吹管气流参数：根据不同品种杂交水稻不同父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器(3)的触摸屏分别设定第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一右单向气吹管(8)各自气吹口(22)处的气流速度，然后通过控制器(3)控制驱动控制器(15)使五只直流风机(14)工作，各气吹管气吹口(22)处以设定风速输出气流；
    第四步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30，上述气吹管气流参数调节后，手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机动力底盘在最中间两行父本间行走，第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、中央双向气吹管(10)、第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一右单向气吹管(8)分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，第一左单向气吹管(13)、第二左单向气吹管(12)的气吹口(22)的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，第二左单向气吹管(12)、第一右单向气吹管(8)气吹口(22)的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央双向气吹管(10)两侧气吹口(22)的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
    第五步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器(3)控制控制驱动控制器(15)使五只直流风机(14)停止，然后将手扶气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的授粉方法，其特征在于：各气吹管的气流速度不同，每支气吹管气吹口(22)处的气流速度通过流速传感器(7)测定管内流速并通过控制器(3)由驱动控制器(15)控制直流风机(14)调节。
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