WO2021169330A1 - 大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置及其方法 - Google Patents

大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置及其方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021169330A1
WO2021169330A1 PCT/CN2020/122125 CN2020122125W WO2021169330A1 WO 2021169330 A1 WO2021169330 A1 WO 2021169330A1 CN 2020122125 W CN2020122125 W CN 2020122125W WO 2021169330 A1 WO2021169330 A1 WO 2021169330A1
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Prior art keywords
pollination
tube
way
pollination tube
hybrid rice
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PCT/CN2020/122125
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王永维
姚福强
王俊
韦真博
程绍明
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浙江大学
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Application filed by 浙江大学 filed Critical 浙江大学
Priority to JP2022505360A priority Critical patent/JP7281151B2/ja
Priority to US17/340,098 priority patent/US12069995B2/en
Publication of WO2021169330A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021169330A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
    • A01H1/027—Apparatus for pollination

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  • the invention relates to a field mechanized pollination device for hybrid rice seed production, in particular to a pneumatic pollination device and method suitable for large-scale seed production parent planting.
  • Hybrid rice seeds are the material basis for hybrid rice production, but rice is a self-pollinated plant, and the natural hybridization rate in natural environments is generally only 0.2% to 0.3%.
  • the flowering period of rice pollen is only 7 to 10 days, and the flowering time is only about 2-4 hours a day. The pollination must be completed within a limited time.
  • the production adopts major seed production agronomy such as 6:20, 6:24, 8:32 for seed production, and there is no technology and equipment that can achieve directional and uniform pollination of pollen. Therefore, the current hybrid rice seed production industry is a kind of mechanized and intelligent operation than hybrid rice seed production pollination equipment, which greatly improves the productivity of pollination operations, improves the mechanization level of hybrid rice seed production, the quality and yield of hybrid rice seed production, and effectively solves the problem of machinery Substitution and labor are very tense, in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the seed industry.
  • the present invention aims to solve the problem of lack of mechanized pollination equipment for hybrid rice seed production, adapt to the large-scale seed production needs, and provide a large-scale hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device, through which each pollinator acts differently. In this area, directional, uniform and efficient pollination can be achieved.
  • a pneumatic pollination device for Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production which includes a pneumatic pollination component, a controller, a lifting adjustment component, and a four-wheel power chassis;
  • the pneumatic pollination component is installed on the front of the four-wheel power chassis through the lifting adjustment component , The up and down lifting is controlled by the lifting adjustment component, and the controller is installed on the upper part of the four-wheel power chassis;
  • the pneumatic pollination components include a lifting frame, an airflow velocity sensor, a left side one-way pollination tube, a left middle one-way pollination tube, a central pollination tube, a right middle one-way pollination tube, a right side one-way pollination tube, and a blower , Support plate, motor drive, battery;
  • the left side one-way pollination tube and the left middle one-way pollination tube are all L-shaped, and the front part of the horizontal section of the left side one-way pollination tube and the left middle one-way pollination tube is set on the side facing away from the central pollination tube.
  • a baffle is fixed horizontally under the air mouth, the one-way pollination tube on the left side and the vertical section of the one-way pollination tube in the left middle are equipped with a base with air velocity sensor at the same height;
  • the right side is one-way
  • the pollination tube and the right middle one-way pollination tube are mirror-symmetrical structures with the left side one-way pollination tube and the left middle one-way pollination tube respectively;
  • the central pollination tube is also L-shaped.
  • the front part of the horizontal section of the central pollination tube is provided with air blowing ports facing both sides.
  • the baffle is fixed horizontally under the air blowing ports, and the middle and lower part of the vertical section of the central pollination tube is provided with an installation airflow velocity.
  • the base of the sensor, the installation height of the base is the same as the height of the base on other pollination tubes;
  • each pollination tube There are two opposite L-shaped sliding sleeves at the rear of the vertical part of each pollination tube.
  • the distance between the two L-shaped sliding sleeves is the same as the height of the lifting frame.
  • the two L-shaped sliding sleeves are clamped and installed on the front of the lifting frame and fixed by locking bolts, and the lower part of the horizontal section of each pollination tube is on the same level;
  • Five support plates are distributed and fixed on the upper part of the support, and five blowers are respectively fixed on the side of the support plate, the one-way pollination tube on the left side, the one-way pollination tube in the left middle, the central pollination tube, the one-way pollination tube in the right middle,
  • the air inlets of the one-way pollination pipe on the right side are respectively connected to a blower through a hose;
  • Five airflow velocity sensors are respectively fixed on the base of the one-way pollination tube on the left side, the one-way pollination tube in the left middle, the center pollination tube, the middle one-way pollination tube on the right, and the vertical tube of the one-way pollination tube on the right side.
  • the measuring points of the speed sensor all extend into the center of the pollination tube;
  • the battery is fixed on the four-wheel power chassis, and the five motor drivers for airflow control are respectively fixed on the side of the five support plates.
  • the power input of each motor driver is connected to the battery through a cable, and the output ends of the five motor drivers are respectively connected through the cable. It is connected with five blowers; the control end of the five motor drives is connected with the controller through a control cable.
  • the lifting adjustment component includes a bracket, a lifting rail, a sliding block, a screw rod, and a stepping motor.
  • the sliding blocks and the lifting rails form a moving pair.
  • the rear of the lifting frame is installed on the lifting rails through the sliding block.
  • the middle and lower parts of the screw rod are installed in the middle of the lifting frame through ball nuts, and the upper part of the screw rod passes through the bearings.
  • the stepping motor is fixed on the front upper middle part of the bracket, the upper end of the screw rod is fixedly connected with the stepping motor, and the central axis of the screw rod is on the same line as the axis of the output shaft of the stepping motor.
  • Drive the screw rod to rotate and drive the lifting frame to move up and down.
  • the vertical sections of the left side one-way pollination tube, left middle one-way pollination tube, central pollination tube, right middle one-way pollination tube, and right side one-way pollination tube have the same vertical length, and the five pollination tubes are horizontal.
  • the segments are on the same plane, and the front-end centers of the horizontal segments of the five pollination tubes are in a concave "V" shape facing the four-wheel power chassis.
  • the difference in length between the horizontal sections of two adjacent pollination tubes is 1-1.5 times the length of the air mouth.
  • the deflector is triangular, and the tip is facing the forward direction of the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device.
  • the air mouthpieces are all opened on the horizontal center plane of the horizontal section.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a pollination method using the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device according to any one of the above schemes, and the steps are as follows:
  • the first step is to adjust the distribution of pollination tubes: adjust the horizontal position of the central pollination tube on the lifting frame so that the longitudinal center of the central pollination tube and the longitudinal center of the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device are on the same vertical plane, and then slide The locking bolts on the sleeve are fixed to the lifting frame; horizontally adjust the left side one-way pollination tube, the left middle one-way pollination tube, the right middle one-way pollination tube, and the right side one-way pollination tube horizontally and horizontally according to the parent planting row spacing to make The one-way pollination tube on the left side, the one-way pollination tube in the left middle, the central pollination tube, the middle-right one-way pollination tube, and the one-way pollination tube on the right side are adjacent to each other in the horizontal section.
  • the corresponding five rows have the same spacing, and then use the locking bolts on the sliding sleeve to fix each pollination tube with
  • the second step is to move the device to the hybrid rice seed production field: before 10:00 when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, drive the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device to the seed production field so that its four walking driving wheels span On the six-row male parent, the walking driving wheel is located between the adjacent ridges of the hybrid rice male parent and the female parent, and the horizontal section of the central pollination tube is located between the two most central male parent ridges of the six-row male parent;
  • the third step is to adjust the height of the pneumatic pollination unit: the stepping motor is controlled by the controller.
  • the stepping motor drives the screw to rotate, and the screw drives the lifting frame to move up and down to drive the five pollination tubes to move up and down synchronously. Stop moving when the air mouth reaches the middle and lower part of the male ear area;
  • the fourth step is to adjust the airflow parameters of the pollination pipe: According to the current pollination airflow speed requirements of the hybrid rice male line, the controller sets the left side one-way pollination pipe, the left middle one-way pollination pipe, the center pollination pipe, and the right middle. The airflow velocity at the respective air ports of the one-way pollination tube and the one-way pollination tube on the right side, and then the controller controls the motor driver to make the five blowers work, and each pollination tube output airflow at the set wind speed;
  • Step 5 Field pollination: During the 10:30-14:30 period when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, after the above-mentioned pollination tube airflow parameters are adjusted, the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device spans six rows of hybrid rice The male parent moves forward along its center at a prescribed speed.
  • the left side one-way pollination tube, the left middle one-way pollination tube, the center pollination tube, the right middle one-way pollination tube, and the right side one-way pollination tube are located at six Between the rows of the male parent of hybrid rice, the air from the one-way pollination tube on the left side and the air blower of the one-way pollination tube in the left middle blows to the left to the ears of the two rows of male parents on the left, the one-way pollination tube in the right middle and the right side The airflow from the air nozzles of the one-way pollination tube blows right to the ears of the two rows of male parents on the right, and the airflow from the air nozzles on both sides of the central pollination tube blows to the left and right sides to the ears of the middle two rows of male parents.
  • the pollen of the male parents is in the airflow.
  • the pollen of the three rows of male parent on the left is scattered to the adjacent female row on the left under the action of the leftward airflow, and the pollen of the three rows of male parent on the right is in the right direction. Under the action of the airflow, it drifts to the adjacent female parent row on the right side.
  • Step 6 Stop maintenance: After pollination is finished every day, the controller controls the motor drive to stop the five blowers, and then drives the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device to the agricultural machinery warehouse for maintenance as required. Get ready for pollination.
  • the airflow speed of each pollination tube is different, and the airflow speed at the air mouth of each pollination tube is measured by the airflow speed sensor to measure the flow rate in the tube, and is adjusted by the blower controlled by the motor driver through the controller.
  • the invention has the beneficial benefits that the male parent pollen of hybrid rice can be separated from the flower stamens and drifted to the female parent compartment through the directional and uniform airflow, and the airflow speeds acting on the pollination tubes of each male parent row can be transported to the main female parent.
  • pollen directional drift and uniform pollination provide working devices for mechanized and efficient pollination of hybrid rice seed production.
  • Figure 1 is a three-dimensional structure diagram of the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the assembly structure of the ball nut, sliding sleeve, screw rod and bracket;
  • Figure 3 is a three-dimensional structure diagram of the one-way pollination tube in the left middle
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of the composition of the controller
  • FIG. 1 to 4 it is a Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device of the present invention.
  • Its main components include pneumatic pollination components, a controller 17, a lifting adjustment component and a four-wheel power chassis 1.
  • the pneumatic pollination component is used to form the pollination airflow. It is installed on the front of the four-wheel power chassis 1 through the lifting adjustment component, and the lifting adjustment component controls the up and down lifting.
  • the controller 17 is installed on the upper part of the four-wheel power chassis 1 for Control the work of each component in the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device.
  • the pneumatic pollination components include lifting frame 5, air velocity sensor 6, left side one-way pollination tube 7, left middle one-way pollination tube 8, central pollination tube 9, right middle one-way pollination tube 10,
  • the one-way pollination tube 11, the blower 14, the support plate 15, the motor driver 16, and the storage battery 18 are on the right side.
  • the left side one-way pollination tube 7 and the left middle one-way pollination tube 8 are both L-shaped, and the basic structure of the two is basically the same, which is formed by connecting a vertical section and a horizontal section.
  • Figure 3 shows the structure of the one-way pollination tube 8 in the left middle.
  • the horizontal section of the left one-way pollination tube 7 and the left middle one-way pollination tube 8 has an air blowing port 21 on the side facing away from the central pollination tube 9, and a baffle 22 is horizontally fixed under the air blowing port 21, so that the left side
  • the side unidirectional pollination tube 7 and the left middle unidirectional pollination tube 8 can form an airflow blowing to the left, and the direction of the airflow can be adjusted by the angle of the baffle 22.
  • Both the left side unidirectional pollination tube 7 and the left middle unidirectional pollination tube 8 are provided with a base 23 on which the air velocity sensor 6 is installed at the same height in the lower part of the vertical section.
  • the one-way pollination tube 10 on the right side and the one-way pollination tube 11 on the right side and the one-way pollination tube 7 on the left side and the one-way pollination tube 8 on the left side respectively are mirror-symmetrical structures, and the mirror symmetry plane is the center of the central pollination tube 9 Vertical surface.
  • the air blowing port 21 opened on the one-way pollination tube 10 on the right side and the one-way pollination tube 11 in the middle right side is also located on the side away from the central pollination tube 9 so that it can form an airflow blowing to the right.
  • the central pollination tube 9 is also L-shaped.
  • the front part of the horizontal section of the central pollination tube 9 is provided with air blowing ports 21 facing both sides.
  • the baffle 22 is fixed horizontally below the air blowing ports 21. Both air blowing ports 21 are opened, so they can form two airflows blowing toward the left and right sides.
  • the middle and lower part of the vertical section of the central pollination pipe 9 is also provided with a base 23 on which the air velocity sensor 6 is installed, and the installation height of the base 23 is the same as the height of the base 23 on other pollination pipes.
  • the air nozzle 21 is a slit for the airflow in the tube to blow out; the air nozzles 21 are all opened on the horizontal center plane of the horizontal section of the pollination tube.
  • the so-called horizontal center plane means passing through The horizontal diameter of the cross-section of the pollination tube.
  • Two opposite L-shaped sliding sleeves 20 are arranged at the rear of the vertical part of each pollination tube.
  • the distance between the two L-shaped sliding sleeves 20 is consistent with the height of the lifting frame 5 so that it can be clamped on the lifting frame 5.
  • the relative position of the pollination tube on the lifting frame 5 can be adjusted horizontally. When the pollination tube is moved to the target position on the lifting frame 5, it can be fixed by tightening the locking bolts.
  • Five support plates 15 are evenly distributed and fixed on the upper rear part of the support 2, and five blowers 14 are respectively fixed on the side of the support plate 15 one by one, the left side unidirectional pollination tube 7, the left middle unidirectional pollination tube 8,
  • the air inlets of the central pollination tube 9, the right middle one-way pollination tube 10, and the right side one-way pollination tube 11 are respectively connected to a blower 14 through a hose, and the connection is also one-to-one.
  • the hose can ensure that the pollination tube has A certain amount of lateral movement space.
  • Each pollination tube can be controlled by the blower 14 to control the airflow at the air blowing port 21.
  • Five air velocity sensors 6 are respectively fixed on the left side one-way pollination tube 7, left middle one-way pollination tube 8, central pollination tube 9, right middle one-way pollination tube 10, right side one-way pollination tube 11 vertical tube
  • On the base 23 of the airflow velocity sensor 6 all extend into the center of the pollination tube to detect the airflow inside the pollination tube in real time.
  • the battery 18 is fixed on the four-wheel power chassis 1, and the five motor drivers 16 for airflow control are respectively fixed on the side of the five support plates 15 one by one.
  • the power input of each motor driver 16 is connected to the battery 18 through a cable.
  • the battery 18 supplies power to the motor driver 16.
  • the output terminals of the five motor drivers 16 are respectively connected to the five blowers 14 through cables; the control terminals of the five motor drivers 16 are connected to the controller 17 through control cables.
  • five airflow speed sensors 6 can also be connected to the controller 17 to send the airflow data in the pollination tube to the controller 17 to realize real-time control of the airflow size.
  • the controller 17 is implemented by a PLC control module, and its compositional principle block diagram is shown in Figure 4:
  • the airflow speed sensor 6 on each pollination tube is connected to the PLC control module through a 485-to-TTL module, Bluetooth module, touch screen Connected to the PLC control module.
  • the battery 18 supplies power to the PLC control module and touch screen through the voltage regulator module.
  • the five motor drivers 16 are connected to the PLC control module through control lines.
  • the battery is connected to five motor drivers 16 through cables, and five motor drivers at the same time 16 are respectively connected with five blowers 14, and the Bluetooth module can be used for signal transmission with the outside.
  • the specific parameter setting can be carried out through the touch screen for easy operation.
  • the lifting adjustment component in the present invention can be any device that can realize the vertical adjustment of the pneumatic pollination component.
  • the lifting adjustment component can be realized by a screw nut transmission device.
  • the lifting adjustment component includes a bracket 2, a lifting rail 3, a sliding block 4, a screw rod 12, and a stepping motor 13. 1.
  • two lifting guide rails 3 are respectively fixed in parallel on the two sides of the front end of the bracket 2 along the vertical direction.
  • Each lifting rail 3 is provided with a sliding block 4, and the sliding block 4 and the lifting rail 3 constitute a moving pair.
  • a ball nut 19 is fixed in the lifting frame 5, the middle and lower part of the screw rod 12 is installed in the middle of the lifting frame 5 through the ball nut 19, and the screw rod 12 and the ball nut 19 form a screw pair.
  • the upper part of the screw rod 12 is mounted on the front upper middle part of the bracket 2 through a bearing.
  • the stepping motor 13 is fixed on the front upper middle part of the bracket 2.
  • the axis of the output shaft is on the same straight line.
  • the left side unidirectional pollination tube 7, the left middle unidirectional pollination tube 8, the center pollination tube 9, the right middle unidirectional pollination tube 10, and the right side unidirectional pollination tube 11 have the same vertical length.
  • the five pollinator horizontal sections are on the same plane but their lengths are different.
  • the front-end center line of the horizontal section of the five pollination tubes is in a concave "V" shape facing the four-wheel power chassis 1.
  • the pollination tubes on both sides are longer, and the center pollination tube is the shortest.
  • the length difference between the horizontal sections of two adjacent pollination pipes is 1-1.5 times the length of the air mouth 21.
  • the deflector 22 is triangular, and the tip is facing the forward direction of the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device, so as to reduce the damage to the rice ears during the traveling process.
  • the first step is to adjust the distribution of pollination tubes: adjust the horizontal position of the central pollination tube 9 on the lifting frame 5 so that the longitudinal center of the central pollination tube 9 and the longitudinal center of the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device are on the same vertical plane. Then it is fixed with the lifting frame 5 by the locking bolts on the sliding sleeve 20; horizontally adjust the left side one-way pollination tube 7, the left middle one-way pollination tube 8, the right middle one-way pollination tube 10, and the right side according to the parent planting row spacing.
  • the second step is to move the device to the hybrid rice seed production field: before 10:00 when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, drive the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device to the seed production field so that its four walking driving wheels span On the six-row male parent, the walking driving wheel is located between the adjacent ridges of the hybrid rice male parent and the female parent, and the horizontal section of the central pollination tube 9 is located between the two most central male parent ridges of the six-row male parent;
  • the third step is to adjust the height of the pneumatic pollination component: the stepping motor 13 is controlled by the controller 17, and the stepping motor 13 drives the screw 12 to rotate, and the screw 12 drives the lifting frame 5 to move up and down to drive the five pollination tubes to move up and down synchronously. Stop moving when the air mouths 21 of the five pollinator tubes reach the middle and lower part of the male ear area;
  • the fourth step is to adjust the airflow parameters of the pollination pipe: According to the current pollination air velocity requirements of the hybrid rice male line, the left side one-way pollination pipe 7, the left middle one-way pollination pipe 8, and the central pollination pipe are set by the controller 17 9. The airflow velocity at each air port 21 of the right middle one-way pollination tube 10 and the right side one-way pollination tube 11, and then the controller 17 controls the motor driver 16 to make the five blowers 14 work. Set wind speed to output air flow;
  • Step 5 Field pollination: During the 10:30-14:30 period when the male parent of the hybrid rice is in full bloom, after the above-mentioned pollination tube airflow parameters are adjusted, the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device spans six rows of hybrid rice The male parent moves forward along its center at a prescribed speed, one-way pollination tube 7 on the left side, one-way pollination tube 8 on the left, a central pollination tube 9, a middle-right one-way pollination tube 10, and one-way pollination on the right side. Tubes 11 are located between the rows of the male parent of the six rows of hybrid rice.
  • the air blowing port 21 of the one-way pollination tube 7 on the left side and the one-way pollination tube 8 on the left side blows leftward to the two rows of male parent ears on the left, and the middle right side.
  • the airflow from the one-way pollination tube 10 and the one-way pollination tube 11 on the right side blows to the right two rows of male parent ears.
  • the pollen of the male parent leaves the flower core and drifts with the air flow under the action of the air flow and the ear swing.
  • the pollen of the male parent in the left three rows moves to the adjacent female parent on the left under the action of the left air current.
  • Step 6 Stop maintenance: After pollination is finished every day, the controller 17 controls the motor driver 16 to stop the five blowers 14 and then drives the Daxingbi hybrid rice seed production pneumatic pollination device to the agricultural machinery warehouse for maintenance as required. Prepare for pollination the next day.
  • the airflow speed at the air nozzle 21 of each pollination tube is measured by the airflow speed sensor 6 and the airflow speed in the tube is measured by the controller 17 and adjusted by the motor driver 16 controlled by the blower 14.
  • five pollination tubes are used to disperse and transport pollen from the six-row male parent, or three pollinators are used for the four-row male parent, and seven pollinators correspond to the eight-row female parent. .

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Abstract

一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，包括气力式授粉部件、控制器（17）、升降调节部件、四轮动力底盘（1），气力式授粉部件通过升降调节部件安装于四轮动力底盘（1）的前部，由升降调节部件控制上下升降，控制器（17）安装在四轮动力底盘（1）上部。还公开了该大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的授粉方法。授粉时通过各授粉管的气流分别作用对应杂交水稻父本行的穗部，使父本花粉脱离花蕊并向母本厢飘移，各父本行的授粉管的气流速度不同保证花粉输送至主要母本作用区域，实现花粉定向飘移、均匀授粉，提供了杂交水稻的机械化高效授粉。

Description

大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置及其方法 技术领域
本发明涉及杂交水稻制种田间机械化授粉装置，具体的说是一种适应规模化制种父母本大行比种植的气力式授粉装置及其方法。
背景技术
杂交水稻种子是杂交水稻生产的物质基础，但水稻属于自花授粉植物，在自然环境中天然杂交率一般只有0.2％～0.3％，要使种子保持其杂交优势，目前只能借助“人工作业”授粉来保证充分、均匀的授粉，增加异交结实率、提高制种产量与质量。水稻花粉花期仅有7～10天，一天仅约2-4小时开花时间，必须在有限的时间内完成授粉作业。
目前，国内尚无适用的授粉机械与装备。授粉环节仍采用传统的单长竿赶粉、双短杆推粉、绳索拉粉等“人力式”授粉完成。单长竿赶粉、双短杆推粉仅适用于父母本种植行比为1:3、1:4、2:6、2:8的家庭小规模制种，生产率极低，每小时只能授粉0.2-0.3公顷，而授粉作业期短，需要大量劳动力才能完成，根本无法满足现代种业规模化生产的要求；绳索拉粉虽生产率略高，但存在劳动强度高、花粉利用率很低、植株损伤严重、产量损失大等问题。近年来，国内外尝试利用微型无人机用于授粉作业，但由于直升机旋翼下方的气流方向主体是“垂直的”，不利于花粉向母本扩散，授粉结实率，达不到制种授粉要求。另外，由于目前杂交水稻制种父母本种植行比为1:3、1:4、2:6、2:8等小行比制种，不利于授粉等多个环节机械化作业，如果为了实现机械化生产采用大行比如6：20、6：24、8：32等制种农艺进行种子生产，又没有能够实现将花粉定向均匀授粉的技术与装备。因此，当前杂交水稻制种业一种机械化、智能化作业的大行比杂交水稻制种授粉设备，大幅度提高授粉作业生产率，提高杂交水稻制种机械化水平、制种质量和产量，有效解决机器换人和劳动力十分紧张问题，以促进种业持续、健康发展。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决目前杂交水稻制种缺乏机械化授粉装备的问题，适应规模化大行制种需求，提供一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，通过每个授粉器作用不同的母本区域，实现定向、均匀、高效授粉。
本发明为解决其技术问题采用的技术方案如下：
一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其包括气力式授粉部件、控制器、升降调节部件、四轮动力底盘；气力式授粉部件通过升降调节部件安装于四轮动力底盘的前部，由升降调节部件控制上下升降，控制器安装在四轮动力底盘上部；
所述的气力式授粉部件包括升降架、气流速度传感器、左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管、鼓风机、支板、电机驱动器、蓄电池；
所述的左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管均为L形，左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管的水平段前部背离中央授粉管一侧均开设气吹口，气吹口下方水平固定有导流板，左侧边单向授粉管和左中间单向授粉管的垂直段中下部同一高度处均设有安装气流速度传感器的基座；右侧边单向授粉管、右中间单向授粉管分别与左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管是镜像对称结构；
所述的中央授粉管也为L形，中央授粉管水平段的前部朝向两侧均开设气吹口，气吹口下方水平固定有导流板，中央授粉管垂直段的中下部设有安装气流速度传感器的基座，基座安装高度与其他授粉管上的基座高度一致；
每条授粉管的竖直部分后部均设有两个相对的L形滑套，两个L形滑套的间距与升降架高度一致，滑套外侧设有锁紧螺栓；每条授粉管均通过两个L形滑套卡合安装于升降架前部并由锁紧螺栓锁紧固定，且各授粉管水平段的下部在同一水平面上；
五只支板分布式固定在支架的后上部，五只鼓风机分别固定在支板的侧面，左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管的进气口通过软管分别连接一只鼓风机；
五只气流速度传感器分别固定在左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管竖直管的基座上，气流速度传感器的测点均伸入至所在授粉管内中心处；
蓄电池固定在四轮动力底盘上，五只用于气流控制的电机驱动器分别固定在五只支板的侧面，每只电机驱动器电源输入端通过电缆与蓄电池连接，五只电机驱动器输出端通过电缆分别与五只鼓风机连接；五只电机驱动器控制端通过控制电缆与控制器连接。
作为优选，所述的升降调节部件包括支架、升降导轨、滑块、丝杆、步进电动机，支架后端固定在四轮动力底盘前部，两支升降导轨分别沿垂直方向固定在支架前端的两边，升降导轨上设有滑块，滑块与升降导轨构成移动副，升降架后部通过滑块安装在升降导轨上，丝杆中下部通过滚珠螺母安装在升降架中部，丝杆上部通过轴承安装在支架前上中部，步进电动机固定在支架前上中部，丝杆上端与步进电动机固定连接，且丝杆的中心轴线与步进电动机输出轴的轴线在同一直线上，由步进电动机驱动丝杆转动并带动升降架上下移动。
作为优选，所述的左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管的垂直段长度相同，五支授粉管水平段在同一平面上，且五支授粉管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向四轮动力底盘内凹的“V”形。
进一步的，五支授粉管中，相邻两条授粉管水平段的长度差为气吹口长度的1-1.5倍。
作为优选，所述的导流板为三角形，且尖端朝向大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的前进方向。
作为优选，五支授粉管中，气吹口均开设于其水平段的水平中心面上。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种利用上述任一方案所述大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的授粉方法，其步骤如下：
第一步调节授粉管分布：调节中央授粉管在升降架的横向水平位置，使中央授粉管纵向中心与大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，然后通过滑套上的锁紧螺栓与升降架固定；按照父本种植行距横向水平调节左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管，使左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用滑套上的锁紧螺栓使各授粉管与升降架固定；
第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至制种田，使其四个行走驱动轮跨在六行父本上，行走驱动轮位于杂交水稻父本与母本相邻的垄间，中央授粉管水平段位于六行父本的最中心两行父本垄间；
第三步调节气力式授粉部件高度：通过控制器控制步进电动机工作，步进电动机驱动丝杆转动，丝杆带动升降架上下移动从而带动五支授粉管同步上下移动，当五支授粉管的气吹口到达父本穗区中下部时停止移动；
第四步调节授粉管气流参数：根据当前品种杂交水稻父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器设定左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管各自气吹口处的气流速度，然后通过控制器控制电机驱动器使五只鼓风机工作，各授粉管气吹口处以设定风速输出气流；
第五步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30时段，上述授粉管气流参数调节完毕后，大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置横跨六行杂交水稻父本并沿其中心向前按规定的速度前进，左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管、中央授粉管、右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，左侧边单向授粉管、左中间单向授粉管的气吹口的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，右中间单向授粉管、右侧边单向授粉管气吹口的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央授粉管两侧气吹口的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置 行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
第六步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器控制控制电机驱动器使五只鼓风机停止，然后将大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
作为优选，各授粉管的气流速度不同，每支授粉管气吹口处的气流速度通过气流速度传感器测定管内流速并通过控制器由电机驱动器控制鼓风机调节。
本发明具有的有益效益是：通过定向、匀速气流使杂交水稻父本花粉脱离花蕊并向母本厢飘移，作用于各父本行的授粉管的气流速度不同能够花粉花粉输送至主要作用母本区域，从而实现规模化大行比制种花粉定向飘移、均匀授粉，为杂交水稻制种机械化高效授粉提供了工作装置。
附图说明
图1是大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的三维结构图；
图2是的滚珠螺母、滑套、丝杆与支架装配结构示意图；
图3是的左中间单向授粉管的三维结构图；
图4是的控制器的组成原理框图；
图中：四轮动力底盘1、支架2、升降导轨3、滑块4、升降架5、气流速度传感器6、左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11、丝杆12、步进电动机13、鼓风机14、支板15、电机驱动器16、控制器17、蓄电池18、滚珠螺母19、滑套20、气吹口21、导流板22、基座23。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实例对本发明作进一步说明。
如图1～4所示，为本发明的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其主要部件包括气力式授粉部件、控制器17、升降调节部件和四轮动力底盘1。其中，气力式授粉部件用于形成授粉气流，其通过升降调节部件安装于四轮动力底盘1的前部，由升降调节部件控制上下升降，控制器17安装在四轮动力底盘1上部，用于控制大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置中各部件的工作。
如图1所示，气力式授粉部件包括升降架5、气流速度传感器6、左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11、鼓风机14、支板15、电机驱动器16、蓄电池18。
左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8均为L形，两者的基本机构基本相同，由垂直段和水平段连接而成。其中图3展示了左中间单向授粉管8的结构。左侧边单向授粉管7、 左中间单向授粉管8的水平段前部背离中央授粉管9一侧均开设气吹口21，气吹口21下方水平固定有导流板22，由此左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8能够形成朝左侧吹的气流，而气流方向则可以通过导流板22的角度进行调整。左侧边单向授粉管7和左中间单向授粉管8的垂直段中下部同一高度处均设有安装气流速度传感器6的基座23。右侧边单向授粉管10、右中间单向授粉管11分别与左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8是镜像对称结构，其镜像对称面为中央授粉管9的中心垂面。右侧边单向授粉管10、右中间单向授粉管11上开设的气吹口21也位于背离中央授粉管9一侧，因此其能够形成朝右侧吹的气流。另外，如图2所示，中央授粉管9也为L形，中央授粉管9水平段的前部朝向两侧均开设气吹口21，气吹口21下方水平固定有导流板22，由于两侧均开设气吹口21，因此其能够形成朝左右两侧吹的两股气流。中央授粉管9垂直段的中下部也设有安装气流速度传感器6的基座23，基座23安装高度与其他授粉管上的基座23高度一致。在本实施例中，五支授粉管中，气吹口21是一道狭缝，供管内的气流吹出；气吹口21均开设于所在授粉管水平段的水平中心面上，所谓水平中心面也就是经过授粉管横断面的水平直径的水平面。
每条授粉管的竖直部分后部均设有两个相对的L形滑套20，两个L形滑套20的间距与升降架5高度一致，使其能够卡合在升降架5上。滑套20外侧设有锁紧螺栓，每条授粉管均通过两个L形滑套20卡合安装于升降架5前部，且各授粉管水平段的下部在同一水平面上。授粉管在升降架5上的相对位置可以横向调整，当授粉管在升降架5上移动至目标位置后可以通过拧紧锁紧螺栓实现固定。
五只支板15均匀的分布式固定在支架2的后上部，五只鼓风机14分别一一对应固定在支板15的侧面，左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11的进气口通过软管分别连接一只鼓风机14，其连接也是一一对应的，软管可以保证授粉管具有一定的横向移动空间。每条授粉管均可通过鼓风机14控制其气吹口21处的气流大小。
五只气流速度传感器6分别固定在左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11竖直管的基座23上，气流速度传感器6的测点均伸入至所在授粉管内中心处，以实时检测授粉管内部的气流大小。
蓄电池18固定在四轮动力底盘1上，五只用于气流控制的电机驱动器16分别一一对应固定在五只支板15的侧面，每只电机驱动器16电源输入端通过电缆与蓄电池18连接，由蓄电池18为电机驱动器16供电。五只电机驱动器16输出端通过电缆分别与五只鼓风机14连接；五只电机驱动器16控制端通过控制电缆与控制器17连接。同时，五只气流速度传感器6也可接入控制器17中，将授粉管内的气流数据发送至控制器17，实现对气流大小的实时控制。
在本实施例中，控制器17采用PLC控制模块实现，其组成原理框图如图4所示：每支 授粉管上的气流速度传感器6通过485转TTL模块与PLC控制模块连接，蓝牙模块、触摸屏与PLC控制模块连接，蓄电池18通过稳压模块为PLC控制模块、触摸屏供电，五只电机驱动器16与PLC控制模块通过控制线连接，蓄电池通过电缆与五只电机驱动器16连接，同时五只电机驱动器16分别与五只鼓风机14连接，蓝牙模块可用于与外部进行信号传输。具体的参数设定可以通过触摸屏进行，以便于操作。
本发明中的升降调节部件可以是任何能够实现气力式授粉部件上下高度调整的设备。本实施例中，升降调节部件可以通过丝杆螺母传动装置实现。参见图1，该升降调节部件包括支架2、升降导轨3、滑块4、丝杆12和步进电动机13，支架2作为气力式授粉部件的安装机架，其后端固定在四轮动力底盘1前部，两支升降导轨3分别沿垂直方向平行固定在支架2前端的两边。每条升降导轨3上均设有一个滑块4，滑块4与升降导轨3构成移动副，升降架5后部通过滑块4安装在升降导轨3上，可随滑块4上下移动。升降架5中固定有滚珠螺母19，丝杆12中下部通过滚珠螺母19安装在升降架5中部，丝杆12与滚珠螺母19构成螺旋副。丝杆12上部通过轴承安装在支架2前上中部，步进电动机13固定在支架2前上中部，丝杆12上端与步进电动机13固定连接，且丝杆12的中心轴线与步进电动机13输出轴的轴线在同一直线上。由此，通过步进电动机13即可驱动丝杆12转动，并带动升降架5上下移动，进而调整升降架5上固定的气力式授粉部件的高度，使其吹出的气流能够吹向不同高度的父本穗部。
在本实施例中，左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11的垂直段长度相同，而五支授粉管水平段在同一平面上但是其长度是不同的。为了提高气力式授粉效果，五支授粉管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向四轮动力底盘1内凹的“V”形，两侧的授粉管较长，而中心的授粉管最短。在五支授粉管中，相邻两条授粉管水平段的长度差为气吹口21长度的1-1.5倍。
在本实施例中，导流板22为三角形，且尖端朝向大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的前进方向，以减少行进过程中对水稻穗部的损伤。
基于上述大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的授粉方法，步骤如下：
第一步调节授粉管分布：调节中央授粉管9在升降架5的横向水平位置，使中央授粉管9纵向中心与大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，然后通过滑套20上的锁紧螺栓与升降架5固定；按照父本种植行距横向水平调节左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11，使左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用滑套20上的锁紧螺栓使各授粉管与升降架5固定；
第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将大行比 杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至制种田，使其四个行走驱动轮跨在六行父本上，行走驱动轮位于杂交水稻父本与母本相邻的垄间，中央授粉管9水平段位于六行父本的最中心两行父本垄间；
第三步调节气力式授粉部件高度：通过控制器17控制步进电动机13工作，步进电动机13驱动丝杆12转动，丝杆12带动升降架5上下移动从而带动五支授粉管同步上下移动，当五支授粉管的气吹口21到达父本穗区中下部时停止移动；
第四步调节授粉管气流参数：根据当前品种杂交水稻父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器17设定左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11各自气吹口21处的气流速度，然后通过控制器17控制电机驱动器16使五只鼓风机14工作，各授粉管气吹口21处以设定风速输出气流；
第五步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30时段，上述授粉管气流参数调节完毕后，大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置横跨六行杂交水稻父本并沿其中心向前按规定的速度前进，左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8、中央授粉管9、右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，左侧边单向授粉管7、左中间单向授粉管8的气吹口21的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，右中间单向授粉管10、右侧边单向授粉管11气吹口21的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央授粉管9两侧气吹口21的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
第六步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器17控制控制电机驱动器16使五只鼓风机14停止，然后将大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
由于各授粉管的气流速度可以是不同的，因此每支授粉管气吹口21处的气流速度通过气流速度传感器6测定管内流速并通过控制器17由电机驱动器16控制鼓风机14调节。
另外，在本发明中，采用的是五支授粉管对六行父本进行花粉吹散并输送，也可以是三支授粉管对四行父本，以及七支授粉对应八行母本等形式。
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何细微修改、等同替换和改进，均应包含在本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：包括气力式授粉部件、控制器(17)、升降调节部件、四轮动力底盘(1)；气力式授粉部件通过升降调节部件安装于四轮动力底盘(1)的前部，由升降调节部件控制上下升降，控制器(17)安装在四轮动力底盘(1)上部；
    所述的气力式授粉部件包括升降架(5)、气流速度传感器(6)、左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)、鼓风机(14)、支板(15)、电机驱动器(16)、蓄电池(18)；
    所述的左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)均为L形，左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)的水平段前部背离中央授粉管(9)一侧均开设气吹口(21)，气吹口(21)下方水平固定有导流板(22)，左侧边单向授粉管(7)和左中间单向授粉管(8)的垂直段中下部同一高度处均设有安装气流速度传感器(6)的基座(23)；右侧边单向授粉管(10)、右中间单向授粉管(11)分别与左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)是镜像对称结构；
    所述的中央授粉管(9)也为L形，中央授粉管(9)水平段的前部朝向两侧均开设气吹口(21)，气吹口(21)下方水平固定有导流板(22)，中央授粉管(9)垂直段的中下部设有安装气流速度传感器(6)的基座(23)，基座(23)安装高度与其他授粉管上的基座(23)高度一致；
    每条授粉管的竖直部分后部均设有两个相对的L形滑套(20)，两个L形滑套(20)的间距与升降架(5)高度一致，滑套(20)外侧设有锁紧螺栓；每条授粉管均通过两个L形滑套(20)卡合安装于升降架(5)前部并由锁紧螺栓锁紧固定，且各授粉管水平段的下部在同一水平面上；
    五只支板(15)分布式固定在支架(2)的后上部，五只鼓风机(14)分别固定在支板(15)的侧面，左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)的进气口通过软管分别连接一只鼓风机(14)；
    五只气流速度传感器(6)分别固定在左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)竖直管的基座(23)上，气流速度传感器(6)的测点均伸入至所在授粉管内中心处；
    蓄电池(18)固定在四轮动力底盘(1)上，五只用于气流控制的电机驱动器(16)分别固定在五只支板(15)的侧面，每只电机驱动器(16)电源输入端通过电缆与蓄电池(18)连接，五只电机驱动器(16)输出端通过电缆分别与五只鼓风机(14)连接；五只电机驱动器(16)控制端通过控制电缆与控制器(17)连接。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：所述的升降调节部件包括支架(2)、升降导轨(3)、滑块(4)、丝杆(12)、步进电动机(13)，支架(2)后端固定在四轮动力底盘(1)前部，两支升降导轨(3)分别沿垂直方向固定在支架(2)前端的两边，升降导轨(3)上设有滑块(4)，滑块(4)与升降导轨(3)构成移动副，升降架(5)后部通过滑块(4)安装在升降导轨(3)上，丝杆(12)中下部通过滚珠螺母(19)安装在升降架(5)中部，丝杆(12)上部通过轴承安装在支架(2)前上中部，步进电动机(13)固定在支架(2)前上中部，丝杆(12)上端与步进电动机(13)固定连接，且丝杆(12)的中心轴线与步进电动机(13)输出轴的轴线在同一直线上，由步进电动机(13)驱动丝杆(12)转动并带动升降架(5)上下移动。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：所述的左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)的垂直段长度相同，五支授粉管水平段在同一平面上，且五支授粉管的水平段前端中心连线呈朝向四轮动力底盘(1)内凹的“V”形。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：五支授粉管中，相邻两条授粉管水平段的长度差为气吹口(21)长度的1-1.5倍。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：所述的导流板(22)为三角形，且尖端朝向大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的前进方向。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置，其特征在于：五支授粉管中，气吹口(21)均开设于其水平段的水平中心面上。
  7. 一种利用如权利要求1～6任一所述大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的授粉方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    第一步调节授粉管分布：调节中央授粉管(9)在升降架(5)的横向水平位置，使中央授粉管(9)纵向中心与大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置的纵向中心在同一垂直平面上，然后通过滑套(20)上的锁紧螺栓与升降架(5)固定；按照父本种植行距横向水平调节左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)，使左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)水平段中心线依次相邻的间距与制种田六行杂交水稻父本对应的五个行间距一致，然后利用滑套(20)上的锁紧螺栓使各授粉管与升降架(5)固定；
    第二步移动装置至杂交水稻制种田：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:00前，将大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至制种田，使其四个行走驱动轮跨在六行父本上，行走驱动轮位于杂交水稻父本与母本相邻的垄间，中央授粉管(9)水平段位于六行父本的最中心两行父本垄间；
    第三步调节气力式授粉部件高度：通过控制器(17)控制步进电动机(13)工作，步进 电动机(13)驱动丝杆(12)转动，丝杆(12)带动升降架(5)上下移动从而带动五支授粉管同步上下移动，当五支授粉管的气吹口(21)到达父本穗区中下部时停止移动；
    第四步调节授粉管气流参数：根据当前品种杂交水稻父本行所需授粉气流速度要求，通过控制器(17)设定左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)各自气吹口(21)处的气流速度，然后通过控制器(17)控制电机驱动器(16)使五只鼓风机(14)工作，各授粉管气吹口(21)处以设定风速输出气流；
    第五步田间授粉：在杂交水稻父本处于盛花期的10:30-14:30时段，上述授粉管气流参数调节完毕后，大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置横跨六行杂交水稻父本并沿其中心向前按规定的速度前进，左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)、中央授粉管(9)、右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)分别位于六行杂交水稻父本的行间，左侧边单向授粉管(7)、左中间单向授粉管(8)的气吹口(21)的气流向左吹向左边两行父本穗部，右中间单向授粉管(10)、右侧边单向授粉管(11)气吹口(21)的气流向右吹向右边两行父本穗部，中央授粉管(9)两侧气吹口(21)的气流分别向左右两边吹向中间两行父本的穗部，父本的花粉在气流及穗部摆动作用下脱离花芯并随气流飘移，左侧三行父本的花粉在左向气流作用下向左侧相邻的母本行飘散，右侧三行父本的花粉在右向气流作用下向右侧相邻的母本行飘散，随着母本厢上方气流速度逐渐下降，花粉在重力作用下向下沉降，一部分花粉沉落在母本的穗部，实现授粉；大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶到该厢六行父本的终点时，田间掉头行驶至相邻另外一厢的六行父本，再进行授粉作业，并依次行驶至各父本厢进行授粉，在盛花期的10:30-14:30每天进行2～3次授粉作业；
    第六步停止保养：每天结束授粉后，首先通过控制器(17)控制控制电机驱动器(16)使五只鼓风机(14)停止，然后将大行比杂交水稻制种气力式授粉装置行驶至农机库按要求进行保养，为第二天授粉做好准备。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的授粉方法，其特征在于：各授粉管的气流速度不同，每支授粉管气吹口(21)处的气流速度通过气流速度传感器(6)测定管内流速并通过控制器(17)由电机驱动器(16)控制鼓风机(14)调节。
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