WO2021107603A2 - Long-acting gdf15 fusion protein and pharmaceutical composition comprising same - Google Patents

Long-acting gdf15 fusion protein and pharmaceutical composition comprising same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021107603A2
WO2021107603A2 PCT/KR2020/016842 KR2020016842W WO2021107603A2 WO 2021107603 A2 WO2021107603 A2 WO 2021107603A2 KR 2020016842 W KR2020016842 W KR 2020016842W WO 2021107603 A2 WO2021107603 A2 WO 2021107603A2
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gdf15
amino acid
seq
fusion protein
acting
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2021107603A3 (en
Inventor
Seyoung LIM
Young Bong Park
Sukyung KIM
Bo Ra SIM
Wonee Chong
Hyun Ho Choi
Ji Eun Yang
Mi Kyeong Ju
Won Tae Kim
Youn Woo Lee
Junhwan Kim
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Yuhan Corp
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Yuhan Corp
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Priority to EP20892374.8A priority Critical patent/EP4065597A4/en
Application filed by Yuhan Corp filed Critical Yuhan Corp
Priority to JP2022530716A priority patent/JP2023503472A/ja
Priority to CN202080081137.8A priority patent/CN114729020A/zh
Priority to MX2022006173A priority patent/MX2022006173A/es
Priority to BR112022010227A priority patent/BR112022010227A2/pt
Priority to AU2020394255A priority patent/AU2020394255A1/en
Priority to US17/779,932 priority patent/US20230002460A1/en
Priority to CA3161302A priority patent/CA3161302A1/en
Publication of WO2021107603A2 publication Critical patent/WO2021107603A2/en
Publication of WO2021107603A3 publication Critical patent/WO2021107603A3/en
Priority to ZA2022/04624A priority patent/ZA202204624B/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • C07K14/495—Transforming growth factor [TGF]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/90—Fusion polypeptide containing a motif for post-translational modification
    • C07K2319/91—Fusion polypeptide containing a motif for post-translational modification containing a motif for glycosylation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fusion protein that includes a GDF15 variant having increased physiological activity and in vivo stability, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same.
  • GDF15 Growth differentiation factor-15
  • MIC-1 macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1
  • PBMP placental bone morphogenetic protein
  • NAG-1 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor-beta
  • GDF15 inhibits dietary intake through binding to GDNF family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) and ret proto-oncogene (RET), which are specifically expressed in brain tissue, and thus results in body weight loss (Tsai VW, et al ., PLoS One 2013; 8(2): e55174; US 8,192,735).
  • GDF15 has an excellent body weight loss effect in a case of being administered to various obese animal models, and have identified that in addition to such an effect, GDF15 further has metabolic advantages such as lowering blood glucose level, improving lipid level, and improving insulin resistance.
  • the wild-type GDF15 is problematic in that in a case where it is used medically, high frequency of administration is needed due to its short in vivo half-life. Accordingly, efforts are being made to develop long-acting formulations that are intended to increase an in vivo half-life of GDF15.
  • an immunoglobulin Fc fusion technique is most widely used in that it results in increased in vivo half-life and there is little concern about adverse effects such as toxicity or induction of immune responses.
  • GDF15 While making efforts to improve physiological activity and stability of GDF15, the present inventors have identified that in a case where a mutation is introduced at a particular location of GDF15 and an immunoglobulin Fc region is bound thereto, the GDF15 has enhanced activity and increased in vivo half-life, and thus have completed the present invention.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a GDF15 variant having improved physiological activity and stability, and a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome, comprising, as an active ingredient, the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein in which the GDF15 variant is bound to human IgG Fc or a variant thereof.
  • fusion protein dimer comprising two of the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the GDF15 variant or the GDF15 fusion protein.
  • an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule.
  • a host cell comprising the expression vector.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome comprising, as an active ingredient, the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer.
  • the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, according to the present invention is superior to conventional GDF15 variants in terms of in vitro efficacy, binding affinity for GDF15 receptors, and body weight loss effect.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which comprises, as an active ingredient, the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer, of the present invention, causes appetite suppression, and thus can be effectively used as a therapeutic agent for metabolic diseases or obesity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition which comprises, as an active ingredient, the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer, can be used in combination therapy or the like with chemical drugs and other therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases, and can be effectively used in combination therapy with conventional therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases or obesity.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM4, FM4-1, FM4-2, and FM4-3) in which asparagine (N), which is the amino acid at position 56 in mature GDF15, and/or aspartic acid (D), which is the amino acid at position 103 in mature GDF15, is substituted with another amino acid.
  • asparagine N
  • aspartic acid D
  • FIG. 2 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM9, FM13, FM14, FM15, and FM16) in which serine (S), which is the amino acid at position 64 in mature GDF15 is substituted with another amino acid.
  • S serine
  • FIG. 3 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM4, FM5, and FM9).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of binding affinity for GDF15 receptors (GFRAL and RET), long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM4, FM5, and FM9).
  • FIG. 5 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM1, and FM10).
  • FIG. 6 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM2, and FM11).
  • FIG. 7 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM3, and FM12).
  • FIG. 8 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of binding affinity for GDF15 receptors (GFRAL and RET), long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM10 and FM11).
  • FIG. 9 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity depending on linker type and length, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM9-1, FM9-2, FM9-3, FM9-4, FM9-5, and FM9-6).
  • FIG. 10 illustrates results obtained by comparing, in terms of activity depending on linker type and length, long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM11-1, FM11-2, FM11-3, FM11-4, FM11-5, and FM11-6).
  • FIG. 11 illustrates results obtained by comparing long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers; FM9-4, FM9-6, FM11-4, and FM11-6) in terms of change of body weight (%) in diet-induced obese mice (DIO mice), by repeated administration.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates results obtained by comparing long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers; FM9-6) in terms of change of body weight (%) in diet-induced obese mice (DIO mice), by single administration.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates results obtained by comparing long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers; FM9-6) in terms of change of body weight (%) in ob/ob mice, by repeated administration.
  • the N-terminal extension domain is a polypeptide consisting of any one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 5;
  • the core domain is a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 20, or a polypeptide derived from SEQ ID NO: 20 in which any one amino acid selected from the group consisting of amino acids at positions 15, 50, 58, 97, and combinations thereof in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 is substituted with another amino acid;
  • arginine (R) which is the amino acid at position 15, may be substituted with alanine (A), aspartic acid (D), asparagine (N), cysteine (C), glutamic acid (E), glutamine (Q), glycine (G), histidine (H), isoleucine (I), leucine (L), lysine (K), methionine (M), phenylalanine (F), proline (P), serine (S), threonine (T), tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y), or valine (V),
  • asparagine (N) which is the amino acid at position 50, may be substituted with alanine, arginine (R), aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine,
  • serine which is the amino acid at position 58, may be substituted with alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine, and
  • aspartic acid (D) which is the amino acid at position 97, may be substituted with alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine.
  • core domain refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence from positions 7 to 112 in the amino acid sequence of GDF15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, including a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 20, or a polypeptide derived from SEQ ID NO: 20 in which any one amino acid selected from the group consisting of amino acids at positions 15, 50, 58, 97, and combinations thereof in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 is substituted with another amino acid.
  • the first core domain may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the core domain may include any one variation selected from the group consisting of the following variations (1) to (6):
  • S serine
  • K lysine
  • R arginine
  • N asparagine
  • D aspartic acid
  • E glutamic acid
  • C cysteine
  • L leucine
  • arginine (R) which is the amino acid at position 15 in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, is substituted with asparagine (N), and serine (S), which is the amino acid at position 58 in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, is substituted with lysine (K) or arginine (R).
  • the core domain may consist of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 6 to 19.
  • the N-terminal extension domain is a domain bound to the N-terminus of the above-described core domain, and may be a polypeptide consisting of any one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 5.
  • ⁇ N2 may also be indicated as “delta N2", meaning that in the amino acid sequence of human GDF15 represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acids at positions 1 and 2 are deleted.
  • ⁇ N2 is expressed as an N-terminal extension domain, it may be expressed as "NGDH”.
  • ⁇ N3, WS insertion, G4N, D5S, H6T may also be indicated as “delta N3, WS insertion, G4N, D5S, H6T", meaning that in the amino acid sequence of human GDF15 represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acids at positions 1 to 3 are deleted, and tryptophan and serine are inserted therein; glycine, which is the amino acid at position 4, is substituted with asparagine; aspartic acid, which is the amino acid at position 5, is substituted with serine; and histidine, which is the amino acid at position 6, is substituted with threonine.
  • the ⁇ N3, WS insertion, G4N, D5S, H6T is expressed as an N-terminal extension domain, it may be indicated as "WSNST”.
  • ⁇ N3, G4N, D5S, H6T may also be indicated as “delta N3, G4N, D5S, H6T", meaning that in the amino acid sequence of human GDF15 represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acids at positions 1 to 3 are deleted; glycine, which is the amino acid at position 4, is substituted with asparagine; aspartic acid, which is the amino acid at position 5, is substituted with serine; and histidine, which is the amino acid at position 6, is substituted with threonine.
  • NST N-terminal extension domain
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 and a core domain consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 20.
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 and a core domain consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 20.
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 and a core domain consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 6 to 19.
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 and a core domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, or 20.
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 and a core domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, or 20.
  • the GDF15 variant may include an N-terminal extension domain consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 and a core domain consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, and 10 to 19.
  • the GDF15 variant may consist of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 39.
  • a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein in which the GDF15 variant is bound to human IgG Fc or a variant thereof.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be Fc of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, or a variant thereof.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be human IgG1 Fc or a variant thereof, and the human IgG1 Fc may consist of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be a contiguous amino acid sequence that is 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 41, or a fragment of the Fc including a CH3 domain.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be a contiguous amino acid sequence that is 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 41, or a fragment of the Fc including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be a contiguous amino acid sequence that is 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 41, or a fragment of the Fc including a partial hinge region, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may have an amino acid sequence that is 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • the IgG Fc or a variant thereof includes a first polypeptide including an IgG1 Fc sequence, the IgG Fc sequence including a CH3 sequence that includes at least one engineered protuberance; and a second polypeptide including an IgG1 Fc sequence, the IgG Fc sequence including a CH3 sequence that includes at least one engineered cavity, in which the first polypeptide dimerizes with the second polypeptide via positioning of the protuberance of the first polypeptide into the cavity of the second polypeptide.
  • the first polypeptide may include an engineered protuberance that allows binding to another IgG Fc polypeptide (for example, second polypeptide) including an engineered cavity.
  • the second polypeptide may include an engineered cavity that allows binding to another IgG Fc polypeptide (for example, first polypeptide) including an engineered protuberance.
  • the protuberance of the first polypeptide and the cavity of the second polypeptide may be each engineered into a CH3 domain of IgG Fc.
  • the protuberance of the first polypeptide and the cavity of the second polypeptide are neither connected nor bound to the GDF15 variant.
  • the engineered protuberance may include at least one substitution in the amino acid sequence of human IgG1 Fc having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • the amino acid positions are numbered according to EU numbering.
  • the substitution may be present at a position selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 347, 366, and 394.
  • the substitution may be any one selected from the group consisting of Q347W/Y, T366W/Y, T394W/Y, and combinations thereof.
  • the engineered cavity may include at least one substitution in corresponding amino acids in the human IgG1 Fc sequence, and the substitution may be present at a position selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 366, 368, 394, 405, and 407.
  • the substitution may be any one selected from the group consisting of T366S, L368A, T394S, F405T/V/A, Y407T/V/A, and combinations thereof.
  • the protuberance may include the substitution T366W/Y, and the cavity may include any one substitution selected from the group consisting of T366S, L368A, Y407T/V/A, and combinations thereof.
  • the protuberance may include the substitution T366W/Y, and the cavity may include the substitution Y407T/V/A.
  • the protuberance may include the substitution T366Y, and the cavity may include the substitution Y407T.
  • the protuberance may include the substitution T366W, and the cavity may include the substitution Y407A.
  • the protuberance may include the substitution T394Y, and the cavity may include the substitution Y407T.
  • the first polypeptide may consist of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 42, 44, and 46
  • the second polypeptide may consist of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 43, 45, and 47.
  • the protuberance is referred to as "knob” and the cavity is referred to as "hole”.
  • the first polypeptide is Fc 'knob' including an engineered protuberance
  • the second polypeptide is Fc 'hole' including an engineered protuberance.
  • the first and second polypeptides may be physically associated with each other via non-covalent interactions (for example, hydrophobic effects, such as hydrophobic interaction between the knob and hole regions of the Fc), covalent bonds (for example, disulfide bonds such as one or two or more disulfide bonds between hinge regions of the Fc in the first and second polypeptides), or both.
  • the term "dimer” refers to a protein complex including at least two polypeptides. Each of these polypeptides includes an N-terminus and a C-terminus. At least two polypeptides may be associated with each other via one or both of covalent and non-covalent (for example, electrostatic, ⁇ -effects, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects) interactions. The two polypeptides may have the same amino acid sequence or may be different from each other. In a case where the two polypeptides are identical to each other, the dimer is referred to as a (homo)dimer; and in a case where the two polypeptides are different from each other, the dimer is referred to as a heterodimer.
  • the human IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be a heterodimer including a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide; and the heterodimer may be a heterodimer formed of A-1 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and A-2 (SEQ ID NO: 43), a heterodimer formed of B-1 (SEQ ID NO: 44) and B-2 (SEQ ID NO: 45), or a heterodimer formed of C-1 (SEQ ID NO: 46) and C-2 (SEQ ID NO: 47).
  • the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may include an additional mutation, to improve properties of a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • a heterodimer consisting of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide may include an additional mutation.
  • the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may include mutation(s) that abolish (for example, decrease or eliminate) IgG effector function.
  • an Fc partner sequence may include mutation(s) that abolish effector functions such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP).
  • the mutations E233A and L235A may be introduced into the IgG Fc formed of A-1 and A-2 or a variant thereof (which is a heterodimer), to eliminate IgG1 effector function.
  • the heterodimer formed of B-1 and B-2 which includes the mutation N297A, can be used to eliminate N-linked glycans.
  • Into the heterodimer formed of C-1 and C-2 may be introduced the mutations L234A, L235A, and N297A, to eliminate IgGl effector function and N-linked glycans.
  • Binding between the GDF15 variant and the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be such that the C-terminus of the first polypeptide or the C-terminus of the second polypeptide, in the IgG Fc or a variant thereof, is bound to the N-terminus of the GDF15 variant.
  • binding between the GDF15 variant and the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be such that the N-terminus of the first polypeptide or the N-terminus of the second polypeptide, in the IgG Fc or a variant thereof, is bound to the C-terminus of the GDF15 variant.
  • binding between the GDF15 variant and the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be such that the C-terminus of the first polypeptide in the IgG Fc or a variant thereof is bound to the N-terminus of the GDF15 variant.
  • binding between the GDF15 variant and the IgG Fc or a variant thereof may be made through a linker.
  • the linker may be a peptide that consists of 10 to 50 amino acid residues, including glycine, serine, alanine, and glutamic acid residues.
  • the linker may include (G4S) n , where n may be an integer of 1 to 10 or an integer of 2 to 7. For example, n may be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
  • a linker including (G4S) 5 which is a case where n is an integer of 5, was used.
  • a linker including GS(G4S) n , GS(EEEA) n , (EEEA) n , GS(EAAAK) n , (EAAAK) n , or GSGGSS(PT) n may be mentioned, where n may be an integer of 1 to 10.
  • the suitable linker is not limited thereto.
  • a linker including GS(EEEA) 6 which is a case where n is an integer of 6, or a linker including GS(EAAAK) 5 , which is a case where n is an integer of 5, was used.
  • the linker may be GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 48), GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 92), GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 93), GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 94), GSEEEAEEEAEEEAEEEAEEEA (SEQ ID NO: 95), GSGGSSPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPT
  • the linker may be GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 48), GSEEEAEEEAEEEAEEEAEEEA (SEQ ID NO: 95), or GSEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 97).
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein includes one GDF15 variant per heterodimer consisting of a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide.
  • the GDF15 variant may include at least one N-linked glycan.
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein may include i) a GDF15 variant consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 39, ii) a first polypeptide consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 42, 44, and 46, and iii) a second polypeptide consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 43, 45, and 47.
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein may include i) a GDF15 variant consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 39, ii) a linker consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48, iii) a first polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, and iv) a second polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein may include i) a GDF15 variant consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 39, ii) a linker consisting of any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 92 to 97, iii) a first polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, and iv) a second polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.
  • fusion protein dimer comprising two of the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • the two long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins are dimerized through GDF15-GDF15 interaction, and this was designated "fusion protein dimer”.
  • Nucleic acid molecule Nucleic acid molecule, expression vector, and host cell
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • isolated nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention that has been separated from at least about 50% of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or other materials with which it is naturally found when the entire nucleic acid is isolated from source cells; is operably linked to a polynucleotide which it is not linked to in nature; or does not occur in nature as part of a larger polynucleotide sequence.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is substantially free from any other contaminating nucleic acid molecules, or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment and would interfere with its use in polypeptide production, or its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic, or research application.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein may have different sequences due to codon redundancy.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule may be appropriately modified or may have a nucleotide added to the N-terminus or C-terminus, depending on purposes, as long as it can produce the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • an expression vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes the GDF15 variant or the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein.
  • the term "expression vector” refers to a vector which is suitable for transformation of a host cell and contains a nucleic acid sequence that directs or controls expression of an inserted heterologous nucleic acid sequence.
  • the vector includes linear nucleic acids, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, RNA vectors, viral vectors, and analogs thereof.
  • the viral vector include, but are not limited to, a retrovirus, an adenovirus, and an adeno-associated virus.
  • expression of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence or “expression” of a target protein refers to transcription of an inserted DNA sequence, translation of an mRNA transcript, and production of a fusion protein product, an antibody, or an antibody fragment.
  • a useful expression vector may be RcCMV (Invitrogen, Carlsbad) or a variant thereof.
  • the useful expression vector may include a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter for promoting continuous transcription of a target gene in mammalian cells, and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal sequence for increasing a post-transcriptional RNA stability level.
  • CMV human cytomegalovirus
  • a host cell comprising the expression vector.
  • the term "host cell” refers to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell into which a recombinant expression vector can be introduced.
  • the term “transformed” or “transfected” means that a nucleic acid (for example, vector) is introduced into a cell by a number of techniques known in the art.
  • the host cell may be transformed or transfected with a DNA sequence of the present invention, and may be used for expression and/or secretion of a target protein.
  • Examples of the host cell that can be used in the present invention may include immortal hybridoma cells, NS/0 myeloma cells, 293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, CAP cells (human amniotic fluid-derived cells), and COS cells.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome comprising, as an active ingredient, the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered via any route.
  • the composition of the present invention may be provided to an animal either directly (for example, topically, by injection, implantation, or local administration to a tissue site) or systemically (for example, by parenteral or oral administration) using any appropriate means.
  • the composition of the present invention is parenterally provided, such as by intravenous, subcutaneous, ophthalmic, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, rectal, intraorbital, intracerebral, intracranial, intraspinal, intraventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intracapsular, intranasal, or aerosol administration
  • the composition may be aqueous or include a portion of a physiologically applicable body fluid suspension or solution. Accordingly, since a carrier or vehicle is physiologically acceptable, it may be added to the composition and delivered to a patient. Therefore, physiological saline may be generally included as a body fluid-like carrier for formulations.
  • frequency of administration may vary depending on pharmacokinetic parameters of the GDF15 variant in a formulation used.
  • physicians would administer the pharmaceutical composition until the dose thereof reaches a dose that achieves a desired effect.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered as a single dose, or two or more doses at time intervals (which may or may not contain an equal amount of a target fusion protein), or may be administered as continuous infusion through an implantable device or catheter. Further refinement of an appropriate dose is routinely made by those skilled in the art and falls within the scope of work which is routinely performed by them.
  • a unit dose of the fusion protein in humans is 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 mg/kg body weight, and specifically, 1 ⁇ g to 10 mg/kg body weight.
  • the above-mentioned amount is an optimal amount, the amount may vary depending on a disease to be treated, or presence or absence of adverse effects. An optimal dose may be determined using a conventional experiment.
  • Administration of the fusion protein may be made by periodic bolus injections, or continuous intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal administration from an external reservoir (for example, intravenous bag) or an internal reservoir (for example, biodegradable implant).
  • the fusion protein of the present invention may be administered to a subject recipient together with other biologically active molecules.
  • an optimal combination of the fusion protein and other molecules, and dosage forms and precise doses thereof may be determined by conventional experiments well known in the art.
  • GDF15 variant a use of the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer, for prevention or treatment of diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome.
  • GDF15 variant a use of the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer, for manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome.
  • a method for preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome comprising a step of administering, to an individual, the GDF15 variant, the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein, or the fusion protein dimer.
  • the individual may be an individual suffering from diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome.
  • the individual may be a mammal, preferably a human.
  • first polypeptides were prepared by performing substitutions of respective amino acids at positions 32, 51, 56, 60, 64, 90, 92, 93, 97, 101, and 103 in GDF15, which are predicted to have a large effect on protein activity through three-dimensional structure analysis of GDF15, and causing the resulting GDF15's to be bound to IgG1 Fc_knob, and these first polypeptides are shown in Table 1 below.
  • a first polypeptide having a structure of Fc_knob-(G4S) 5 -GDF15 variant and a second polypeptide having Fc_hole structure
  • gene cloning was conducted using pcDNA3.3 (Invitrogen) expression vector that includes a gene encoding a first polypeptide consisting of any one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 49, 60, 65, and 69 to 90 and a gene encoding a second polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 49, 60, 65, and 69 to 90 were synthesized by making a request to Macrogen, Inc.
  • Example 1.2 Expression and purification of long-acting GDF15 fusion protein (dimer)
  • Example 1.1 The pcDNA3.3 expression vector cloned in Example 1.1 was transiently transfected into ExpiCHO cell line (Invitrogen). Then, on Day 8, the cell culture was harvested and purified. To purify the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide in theharvest cell culture fluid (HCCF), affinity purification using Protein A resin was performed.
  • HCCF harvest cell culture fluid
  • the HCCF was loaded onto MabSelect SuRe Protein A resin (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 1x PBS (pH 7.4), to induce binding.
  • the MabSelect SuRe Protein A resin was washed with 1X PBS (pH 7.4). Then, elution was performed using 0.1 M glycine (pH 3.0) solution, to obtain a final substance.
  • the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide were neutralized to a level of about pH 8.0 using 1 M Tris-HCl solution.
  • the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide were completely dimerized through knob-in-hole interaction, and this was designated "long-acting GDF15 fusion protein”.
  • Two molecules of the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein were dimerized again through GDF15-GDF15 interaction, and this was designated "fusion protein dimer”.
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins produced in Example 1 were compared in terms of GDF15 activity.
  • the GDF15 activity was measured using a Bright-Glo TM luciferase assay kit (Promega) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line overexpressing GFRAL/RET/SRE-luc.
  • HEK293 cells overexpressing GFRAL/RET/SRE-luc were dispensed into each well of a 96-well-plate in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, and then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . After 24 hours, each medium in the 96-well-plate was replaced with 50 ⁇ l of serum-free medium, and incubated for 4 hours at 37°C and 5% CO 2 .
  • each of the long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins produced in Example 1 was prepared by 3-fold serial dilution starting from a concentration of 2000 nM using serum-free medium. Then, 50 ⁇ l of the long-acting GDF15 fusion protein dilution was added to each well that contains 50 ⁇ l of the replaced serum-free medium and the GFRAL/RET/SRE-luc cell line, so that the actual concentration was obtained by 3-fold serial dilution starting from 1000 nM. Then, reaction was allowed to proceed for 4 hours at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . After 4 hours, each well was treated with 100 ⁇ l of Bright-Glo TM solution, which had been prepared by adding Bright-Glo TM buffer to Bright-Glo TM substrate, and reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 minute at room temperature.
  • the two selected long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins were a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein (hereinafter referred to as FM4+Fc_hole) having the mutations ⁇ N2, N56C, and D103C, and a long-acting GDF15 fusion protein (hereinafter referred to as FM5+Fc_hole) having the mutations ⁇ N2 and S64K; and their in vitro GDF15 activity (E max ) was measured to be 133.3% and 147.2%, respectively. From these results, it was identified that the FM4+Fc_hole and the FM5+Fc_hole had improved in vitro GDF15 activity.
  • FM4+Fc_hole long-acting GDF15 fusion protein having the mutations ⁇ N2, N56C, and D103C
  • FM5+Fc_hole long-acting GDF15 fusion protein having the mutations ⁇ N2 and S64K
  • Example 2 It was identified in Example 2 that the FM5+Fc_hole, which is an S64K variant of GDF15, had improved in vitro GDF15 activity.
  • long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins which were based on the FM5+Fc_hole and in which serine (S), which is the amino acid at position 64 in mature GDF15 was substituted with another amino acid, were additionally designed as shown in Table 4 below, and produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, in vitro GDF15 activity was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2.
  • Example 5 Measurement of binding affinity of long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM4+Fc_hole, FM5+Fc_hole, and FM9+Fc_hole)
  • the FM4+Fc_hole, the FM5+Fc_hole, and the FM9+Fc_hole, having improved in vitro GDF15 activity, in Examples 3 and 4 were compared in terms of binding affinity for GFRAL and RET which are GDF15 receptors.
  • a cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed using the HEK293 cell line overexpressing GFRAL and RET.
  • HEK293 cells overexpressing GFRAL/RET/SRE-luc were dispensed into each well of a 96-well-plate in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, and then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . After 24 hours, the medium was removed from each well of the 96-well-plate. Then, each medium was treated with 4% paraformaldehyde and reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 minutes at room temperature. Paraformaldehyde was removed therefrom. Treatment with 0.6% hydrogen peroxide solution was performed, and reaction was allowed to proceed again for 20 minutes. Then, treatment with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA)-phosphate buffered saline with Tween 20 (PBST) buffer was performed, and blocking was allowed to proceed for 2 hours.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the FM4+Fc_hole, the FM5+Fc_hole, or the FM9+Fc_hole was subjected to 2-fold serial dilution, starting from 200 ⁇ g/mL, using PBS buffer containing 1% BSA. 100 ⁇ l of the FM4+Fc_hole, the FM5+Fc_hole, or the FM9+Fc_hole, each of which was diluted in various concentrations, was applied to a 96-well-plate containing a GFRAL/RET-overexpressing cell line, and reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • TMB 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine
  • the FM9+Fc_hole showed remarkably superior binding affinity for the GDF15 receptors, and the FM4 + Fc_hole and the FM5+Fc_hole also showed high binding affinity for the GDF15 receptors.
  • N-linked glycans were introduced at various positions in GDF15. Presence of N-linked glycans in the GDF15 sequence is known to increase retention time of the corresponding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during a process of protein secretion, thereby minimizing misfolded products and helping protein expression. Increased retention time has a beneficial effect on folding kinetics and can result in significantly improved heterodimeric (Fc/Fc) knob-in-hole assembly and recovery from mammalian tissue culture.
  • Fc/Fc heterodimeric
  • the FWT+Fc_hole had correctly-assembled fusion protein dimer purity after first-step purification of 50.9%
  • the FM1+Fc_hole, the FM2+Fc_hole, the FM3+Fc_hole, the FM10+Fc_hole, the FM11+Fc_hole, and the FM12+Fc_hole in each of which N-linked glycans were introduced into GDF15, had improved, correctly-assembled fusion protein dimer purity of 80.2%, 73.0%, 86.3%, 65.2%, and 70.3%, respectively.
  • NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.'s fusion protein dimer (B13a/B13b (into which N-linked glycans are introduced) in U.S. Patent No. 9920118 was measured to have purity of 75.8%.
  • Example 7 Evaluation of activity of long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM10+Fc_hole, FM11+Fc_hole, and FM12+Fc_hole)
  • Example 8 Measurement of binding affinity of long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM10+Fc_hole and FM11+ Fc_hole)
  • Binding affinity of the FM10+Fc_hole or the FM11+Fc_hole for the GDF15 receptors, GFRAL and RET, were compared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 5.
  • remarkably superior affinity for the GDF15 receptors was measured in the FM10+Fc_hole and the FM11+Fc_hole as compared with the FWT+Fc_hole as a control (FIG. 8).
  • Example 9 Production of long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers: FM6+Fc_hole, FM7+ Fc_hole, and FM8+ Fc_hole)
  • the optimized long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins as shown in Table 9 were produced and subjected to first-step purification in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • a pool obtained by completing the first-step purification was subjected to second-step ion exchange (IEX) purification using anion exchange (AEX) resin and cation exchange (CEX) resin.
  • IEX ion exchange
  • AEX anion exchange
  • CEX cation exchange
  • the pool that had undergone the first step was loaded onto POROS HQ 50 ⁇ m Strong Anion Exchange Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) equilibrated with 1x PBS (pH 7.4), to induce binding.
  • the POROS HQ 50 ⁇ m Strong Anion Exchange Resin was washed with 1x PBS (pH 7.4), and then elution was performed by concentration gradient using 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) solution with 1 M sodium chloride, to obtain a final substance.
  • the pool that had undergone the first step was subjected to pH adjustment depending on isoelectric points, and then loaded onto POROS XS Strong Cation Exchange Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) equilibrated with 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) solution, to induce binding.
  • the POROS XS Strong Cation Exchange Resin was washed with 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) solution, and then elution was performed by concentration gradient using 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) solution with 1 M sodium chloride, to obtain a final substance.
  • the two variants showing excellent activity and purity improvement after purification were compared and evaluated in terms of activity depending on linker type and length.
  • Activity of the respective long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2, and the results are shown in Table 10.
  • the long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins were compared, in terms of activity depending on GDF15 sequence, and linker type and length, based on in vitro GDF15 activity (E max of 100%) of the FM9-6+Fc_hole.
  • Example 10.4 Evaluation of anti-obesity effect of optimized long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers), depending on different linker types, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice by repeated administration
  • DIO mice Diet-induced obese mice which have been induced by feeding a high-fat diet in mice, and are characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance.
  • the DIO mice (Taconic, USA) which had been fed a high fat diet (60 kcal % fat, Research Diets, Cat# D12492, USA) in C57BL/6N mice for 8 weeks were purchased from Raon Bio (Animal Inc., Republic of Korea). After the arrival, these animals were additionally fed by the high-fat diet (60% fat) for 5 weeks, and then used in this study.
  • Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS; Gibco, USA) was administered subcutaneously at 2-day interval (Q2D). Body weight was measured every two days from the first day of drug treatment to Day 28, and the results were shown in Table 12 below.
  • Example 10.5 Evaluation of anti-obesity effect of optimized long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers) in diet-induced obese mice by single administration
  • DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate buffer
  • Example 10.6 Evaluation of anti-obesity effect of optimized long-acting GDF15 fusion proteins (dimers) in ob/ob mice by repeated administration
  • ob/ob mice are genetically deficient in leptin gene and are characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperorexia, and obesity.
  • the FM9-6+Fc_hole of 0.1, 1, and 3 nmol/kg, and semaglutide of 10 nmol/kg were administered subcutaneously at 3-day interval (Q3D) a total of 10 times, and body weight and food intake were measured every day or every 3 days during experimental period (Day 1-Day 29), respectively.
  • Q3D 3-day interval
  • body weight and food intake were measured every day or every 3 days during experimental period (Day 1-Day 29), respectively.
  • DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline
  • FM9-6+Fc_hole manifested body weight loss effect in a dose-dependent manner.
  • FM9-6+Fc_hole, 0.1 nmol/kg treated group showed significant reduction in body weight similar to semaglutide, 10 nmol/kg treated group.
  • FM9-6+Fc_hole of 1 nmol/kg or more demonstrated the maximal efficacy in ob/ob mice (FIG. 13).

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