WO2021075204A1 - 圧電素子 - Google Patents
圧電素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021075204A1 WO2021075204A1 PCT/JP2020/035426 JP2020035426W WO2021075204A1 WO 2021075204 A1 WO2021075204 A1 WO 2021075204A1 JP 2020035426 W JP2020035426 W JP 2020035426W WO 2021075204 A1 WO2021075204 A1 WO 2021075204A1
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- piezoelectric element
- protective layer
- piezoelectric
- layer
- conductive member
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/88—Mounts; Supports; Enclosures; Casings
- H10N30/883—Additional insulation means preventing electrical, physical or chemical damage, e.g. protective coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
- H04R17/005—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers using a piezoelectric polymer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/02—Forming enclosures or casings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/30—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with mechanical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as generators or sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/50—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices having a stacked or multilayer structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/852—Composite materials, e.g. having 1-3 or 2-2 type connectivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/853—Ceramic compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
- H10N30/875—Further connection or lead arrangements, e.g. flexible wiring boards, terminal pins
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric element.
- the speakers used in these thin displays are also required to be lighter and thinner. Further, in a flexible display having flexibility, flexibility is also required in order to integrate into the flexible display without impairing lightness and flexibility. As such a lightweight, thin and flexible speaker, it is considered to adopt a sheet-shaped piezoelectric element (electroacoustic conversion film) having a property of expanding and contracting in response to an applied voltage.
- a sheet-shaped piezoelectric element electroacoustic conversion film
- Patent Document 1 has a thin film electrode formed on both sides of a dielectric layer, a dielectric layer (piezoelectric layer), and a protective layer formed on the surfaces of both thin film electrodes. Further, an electroacoustic conversion film in which at least one of the protective layers has a thin layer portion having a film thickness thinner than that of the peripheral portion is described.
- a vapor-deposited film having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less is suitable for the electrode layer.
- Patent Document 1 describes a configuration in which a recess is provided in the protective layer, a conductive material is inserted into the recess, and a lead wire for electrically connecting the electrode layer and an external device is connected to the conductive material. Has been done. It is described that this makes it possible to ensure the electrical connection between the electrode layer and the lead-out wiring, and that the electrode layer is completely covered with a protective layer, so that deterioration of the electrode layer due to oxidation or the like can be prevented. ing.
- the coating thickness varies depending on the viscosity of the coating liquid, and the conductivity is improved. It can be difficult to secure.
- the protective layer is as thin as about 4 ⁇ m, the depth of the holes provided in the protective layer is about 4 ⁇ m, and considering the warp of the electroacoustic conversion film, the coating liquid is applied on the holes. Is difficult to apply reliably. Therefore, there is a possibility that the electrical connection to the electrode layer cannot be ensured.
- silver paste used as a conductive material is expensive, there is also a desire to reduce the amount used, so it is necessary to increase the amount of the conductive material used to ensure that the conductive material is present in the pores. Is difficult.
- An object of the present invention is to solve such a problem of the prior art, and to provide a piezoelectric element capable of reliably connecting to an electrode layer.
- a piezoelectric element having a piezoelectric layer, electrode layers formed on both sides of the piezoelectric layer, and a protective layer laminated on a surface of the electrode layer opposite to the surface on the piezoelectric layer side.
- the protective layer has holes that penetrate from the surface to the electrode layer.
- a filling member made of a conductive material, which is formed from the inside of the hole to a part of the surface of the protective layer and is electrically connected to the electrode layer.
- a conductive member that covers at least a part of the filling member and is electrically connected to the filling member.
- a piezoelectric element having a fixing member for fixing a conductive member.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the hole is gradually changed in the depth direction, and the equivalent circle diameter on the electrode layer side is smaller than the equivalent circle diameter on the conductive member side [1] to [5].
- the piezoelectric element according to any one of. [7] The piezoelectric element according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer in the pore portion is smaller in the central portion in the plane direction than in the region other than the central portion.
- [8] The piezoelectric element according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer in the hole portion is larger in the central portion in the plane direction than in the region other than the central portion.
- the protective layer has a plurality of holes and has a plurality of holes.
- the surface of the protective layer is provided with an enclosing member that surrounds the hole.
- the difference between the average height of the interface of the piezoelectric layer with the electrode layer at the position where the hole is not formed and the average height of the interface of the piezoelectric layer with the electrode layer at the position of the hole is 25 ⁇ m or less [1].
- the piezoelectric element according to any one of [15]. [17]
- the conductive member has a long shape and has a long shape.
- the conductive member has a folded portion that is folded back in the longitudinal direction and has a folded portion.
- the fixing member is described in any one of [1] to [16] for fixing the conductive member and the protective layer in a region opposite to the connection position between the conductive member and the filling member with the folded-back portion interposed therebetween. Piezoelectric element.
- the conductive member has a long shape and has a long shape.
- the conductive member is connected to the filling member on one end side in the longitudinal direction.
- the fixing member is described in any one of [1] to [17], which is arranged at a position far from one end of the connecting position between the conductive member and the filling member in the longitudinal direction of the conductive member.
- Piezoelectric element [19] The piezoelectric element according to [18], which has a second fixing member for fixing at least a part of the edge portion of the region between one end and the fixing member of the conductive member to the protective layer.
- a piezoelectric element capable of reliably connecting to an electrode layer.
- piezoelectric element of this invention It is a partially enlarged sectional view of another example of the piezoelectric element of this invention. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating the average height of an interface. It is a partially enlarged sectional view of another example of the piezoelectric element of this invention. It is a partially enlarged plan view of another example of the piezoelectric element of this invention. It is a partially enlarged plan view of another example of the piezoelectric element of this invention. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of a piezoelectric element. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of a piezoelectric element. It is a conceptual diagram for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of a piezoelectric element.
- the description of the constituent elements described below may be based on a typical embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment.
- the numerical range represented by using "-" means a range including the numerical values before and after "-" as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention is A piezoelectric element having a piezoelectric layer, electrode layers formed on both sides of the piezoelectric layer, and a protective layer laminated on the surface of the electrode layer opposite to the surface on the piezoelectric layer side.
- the protective layer has holes that penetrate from the surface to the electrode layer.
- a filling member made of a conductive material, which is formed from the inside of the hole to a part of the surface of the protective layer and is electrically connected to the electrode layer.
- a conductive member that covers at least a part of the filling member and is electrically connected to the filling member. It is a piezoelectric element having a fixing member for fixing the conductive member.
- the conductive member may be a conductive sheet such as copper foil.
- the conductive member may be a combination of a plurality of conductive members. For example, a configuration having a conductor and a conductive wire or a conductive sheet connected to the conductor is exemplified.
- the fixing member fixes the conductive member to a predetermined portion.
- the fixing member may be one that fixes the conductive member to the protective layer, or may be one that is fixed to another part of the piezoelectric element.
- the fixing member may fix the conductive member to another member.
- the fixing member 74 may fix the conductive member 72 to the diaphragm 100.
- FIG. 1 conceptually shows an example of the piezoelectric element of the present invention by a cross-sectional view.
- FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the piezoelectric element of FIG. 1 as viewed from above.
- FIG. 3 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a part of the piezoelectric element of FIG.
- the piezoelectric element 10 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 has a piezoelectric layer 20 which is a sheet-like material having piezoelectricity, a lower electrode 24 laminated on one surface of the piezoelectric layer 20, and a lower electrode laminated on the lower electrode 24.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 shown in FIG. 1 contains piezoelectric particles 36 in a matrix 34 containing a polymer material. Further, the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are the electrode layers in the present invention. Further, the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 are protective layers in the present invention. As will be described later, the piezoelectric element 10 (piezoelectric layer 20) is polarized in the thickness direction as a preferred embodiment.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention has a hole in the protective layer, and a filling member formed in the hole, a conductive member connected to the filling member, and a fixing member for fixing the conductive member. , Have. This point will be described with reference to FIG. Although FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a part of the upper protective layer 30 side, the lower protective layer 28 side also has the same configuration. In the following description, the upper protective layer 30 and the upper electrode 26 side will be described as an example.
- the upper protective layer 30 has a hole 31 penetrating from the surface to the upper electrode 26. That is, the hole portion 31 is formed so as to penetrate the upper protective layer 30 from the surface opposite to the upper electrode 26 to the interface on the upper electrode 26 side. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the hole portion 31 is formed in the vicinity of the end portion of the upper protective layer 30 in the plane direction.
- a convex portion 32 is formed at the edge portion of the hole portion 31.
- the convex portion 32 is formed in a substantially annular shape on the edge portion of the hole portion 31 so as to surround the hole portion 31.
- the filling member 70 is made of a conductive material, is filled in the hole 31, and is formed so as to cover a part of the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- the portion of the filling member 70 that protrudes from the hole portion 31 is also referred to as a protruding portion 71.
- the filling member 70 is in contact with the upper electrode 26 in the hole 31 and is electrically connected to the upper electrode 26.
- the upper protective layer 30 has the convex portion 32, but the protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70 is formed from the hole portion 31 to the outside of the convex portion 32.
- the conductive member 72 is arranged so as to cover at least a part of the filling member 70, and is electrically connected to the filling member 70.
- the conductive member 72 is arranged so as to cover the entire surface of the filling member 70 when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- the conductive member 72 is an elongated conductive sheet, and is connected to the filling member 70 on one end side in the longitudinal direction. Further, the conductive member 72 is arranged so that the other end portion in the longitudinal direction extends to the outside of the upper protective layer 30 in the surface direction.
- the fixing member 74 fixes the conductive member 72 and the upper protective layer 30 at a position of the conductive member 72 that does not cover the filling member 70.
- the fixing member 74 is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the conductive member 72 at a position farther from the end portion on the filling member 70 side than the connection position between the conductive member 72 and the filling member 70. There is. Further, the fixing member 74 is arranged between the connection position between the conductive member 72 and the filling member 70 and the end edge of the upper protective layer 30 in the longitudinal direction of the conductive member 72. Further, in the illustrated example, the fixing member 74 is arranged between the upper protective layer 30 and the conductive member 72, and the upper protective layer 30 and the conductive member 72 are adhered to each other.
- the conductive member 72 is electrically connected to the filling member 70, and the filling member 70 is electrically connected to the upper electrode 26. Therefore, the conductive member 72 is used as a lead-out wiring. It can be used and wiring can be connected to the conductive member 72.
- the coating thickness varies depending on the viscosity of the coating liquid, and it is difficult to secure conductivity. In some cases. Further, since the protective layer is as thin as about 4 ⁇ m, the depth of the holes provided in the protective layer is about 4 ⁇ m, and considering the warp of the electroacoustic conversion film, the coating liquid is applied on the holes. Is difficult to apply reliably. In addition, since silver paste used as a conductive material is expensive, there is also a desire to reduce the amount used, so it is necessary to increase the amount of the conductive material used to ensure that the conductive material is present in the pores. Is difficult.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention has a hole in the protective layer, and fixes the filling member formed in the hole, the conductive member covering the filling member, and the conductive member and the protective layer. It has a fixing member and a fixing member.
- a coating liquid of a conductive material is applied to a hole provided in a protective layer, the conductive member is put on the coating liquid, and then the coating liquid is dried and cured. Is formed.
- the conductive member and the protective layer are fixed by the fixing member, so that the position of the conductive member can be prevented from being displaced when the coating liquid is uncured.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention can reliably make an electrical connection between the conductive member 72 and the filling member 70 and an electrical connection between the filling member 70 and the upper electrode 26. Further, since the filling member can be surely present in the hole, it is not necessary to increase the amount of the conductive material used.
- the shape of the opening surface of the hole 31 is not limited, and various shapes such as a circular shape, an elliptical shape, a rectangular shape, a polygonal shape, and an indefinite shape can be used.
- a circular shape is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of formation and the like.
- the size of the opening surface of the hole 31 is not particularly limited as long as the electrical connection with the filling member 70 can be secured and the piezoelectric element can operate properly.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the opening surface of the hole 31 is preferably 0.5 mm to 20 mm, more preferably 1.5 mm to 5 mm, still more preferably 2 mm to 3 mm.
- the height of the portion of the filling member 70 protruding from the hole 31 (the height from the surface of the upper protective layer 30, hereinafter also referred to as “the height of the filling member”) is electrical with the conductive member 72.
- the height of the filling member is preferably 2 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the size (size in the plane direction) of the protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70 is not particularly limited as long as the electrical connection with the conductive member 72 can be secured.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the protruding portion 71 is preferably 1 mm to 40 mm, more preferably 2 mm to 30 mm, and even more preferably 2 mm to 20 mm.
- the upper protective layer 30 has a configuration in which the convex portion 32 is provided at the edge portion of the hole portion 31, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the upper protective layer 30 does not have the convex portion 32. You may.
- the depth of the hole portion 31 can be made deeper than the thickness of the upper protective layer 30, the coating liquid of the conductive material can be easily collected, and the filling member 70 and the upper portion can be easily collected. The contact area between the electrode 26 and the filling member 70 and the conductive member 72 can be secured.
- the height of the convex portion 32 is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 0.7 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the configuration has one hole 31 and one filling member 70, but the present invention is not limited to this, and a plurality of holes 31 and filling member 70 may be provided.
- FIG. 4 it has two hole portions 31 and two filling members 70 arranged in each of the two hole portions 31.
- the two holes 31 are arranged adjacent to each other in the longitudinal direction of the conductive member 72.
- Each of the two filling members 70 is filled in the hole 31 in the same manner as the above-mentioned filling member, and is formed so as to cover a part of the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- the conductive member 72 is arranged so as to cover the two filling members 70 arranged in the two holes 31.
- the two filling members 70 have a protruding portion 71 connected to the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- FIG. 5 it has five hole portions 31 arranged on a cross and has a filling member 70 arranged in each of the five hole portions 31.
- the filling member 70 has a protruding portion 71 connected and integrated on the surface of the upper protective layer 30. Further, the protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70 is formed so as to completely cover the inner region surrounded by the five holes 31 on the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- the piezoelectric element has a plurality of filling members 70
- at least one filling member 70 may have a protruding portion 71, but it is preferable that all the filling members 70 have a protruding portion 71. ..
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention may have an enclosure member surrounding the perimeter of the hole on the surface of the protective layer, and the filling member may be formed in the enclosure member.
- the surface of the upper protective layer 30 has a surrounding member 76 surrounding the hole 31 on the outer peripheral side of the hole 31 and the convex 32. In the region surrounded by the surrounding member 76, the protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70 exists. Further, the upper surface (the surface opposite to the upper protective layer 30 side) of the surrounding member 76 is covered with the conductive member 72.
- the enclosure member 76 is, for example, an annular member, and its height (thickness) is higher than that of the convex portion 32. Further, the height of the enclosure member 76 is preferably equal to or less than the height of the filling member 70 so that the filling member 70 formed inside the enclosure member 76 and the conductive member 72 are in contact with each other. ..
- the enclosure member 76 By having the enclosure member 76, it is possible to prevent the coating liquid from moving from the hole portion 31 when the coating liquid of the conductive material is applied, and the filling member 70 can be reliably present at the position of the hole portion 31. ..
- the shape of the opening of the enclosure member 76 is not limited to a circular shape, and may be various shapes such as an elliptical shape, a rectangular shape, a polygonal shape, and an indefinite shape. Further, when the upper protective layer 30 has a plurality of holes 31, it may have a plurality of surrounding members 76 arranged at the positions of the holes 31, or a size that surrounds the plurality of holes 31. It may be configured to have one enclosure member 76.
- the size (diameter) and height of the enclosure member 76 may be appropriately set according to the size of the hole portion 31, the height of the convex portion 32, the size and height of the protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70, and the like. ..
- the equivalent circle diameter of the enclosure member 76 is preferably 3 mm to 60 mm, more preferably 5 mm to 50 mm, and even more preferably 5 mm to 40 mm.
- the height of the enclosure member 76 is preferably 0.01 mm to 1 mm, more preferably 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, and even more preferably 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm.
- the enclosure member 76 is preferably adhered to the upper protective layer 30 with an adhesive or the like. Further, it is preferable that the conductive member 72 is also adhered with an adhesive or the like.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention may have a recess formed around a hole in the protective layer.
- a recess 33 is provided around the hole 31 on the outer peripheral side of the hole 31 and the convex 32 on the surface of the upper protective layer 30.
- a protruding portion 71 of the filling member 70 exists in the recess 33.
- the concave portion 33 is formed on the outer peripheral side of the convex portion 32. Further, when the enclosure member 76 is provided, the recess 33 is formed inside the enclosure member 76.
- the depth of the recess 33 from the surface of the upper protective layer 30 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the equivalent circle diameter of the hole portion changes stepwise in the depth direction, and it is preferable that the equivalent circle diameter on the electrode layer side is smaller than the equivalent circle diameter on the conductive member side.
- the size of the hole 31 changes in the middle of the depth direction, and the circle-equivalent diameter D 2 in the region on the upper electrode 26 side is the surface side (conductive member side). It is smaller than the circle-equivalent diameter D 1 in the region of. In FIG. 8, the conductive member is not shown.
- the holes formed in the protective layer are formed by laser processing. Since heat is generated during laser processing and the protective layer, piezoelectric layer, etc. in the vicinity of the hole have heat, the electrode layer at the position of the hole is heated and the strength tends to decrease. In particular, the electrode layer is liable to be damaged at the boundary position between the hole and the protective layer.
- the coating liquid can be appropriately retained in the pores when the coating liquid of the conductive material is applied.
- the electrode layer and the piezoelectric layer expand due to heat, but since the coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity differ between the electrode layer and the piezoelectric layer, expansion due to heating and expansion and Due to shrinkage due to slow heat, a gap may be formed between the electrode layer and the piezoelectric layer in the hole. In particular, since heat tends to be trapped in the central portion of the hole portion, the void portion tends to be formed in the central portion.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 is deformed to form a gap 80.
- the filling member 70 and the conductive member 72 are not shown.
- the difference d between the average height of the interface of the piezoelectric layer with the electrode layer at the position where the hole is not formed and the average height of the interface of the piezoelectric layer with the electrode layer at the position of the hole is 25 ⁇ m. It is preferably 0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 0 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the difference d is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 0% to 40%, and even more preferably 0% to 30% of the average thickness of the piezoelectric layer.
- the method of measuring the difference d will be described with reference to FIG.
- the piezoelectric layer including the position of the hole is cut out to an arbitrary size, embedded in an epoxy resin or the like, and cured.
- the piezoelectric layer in the resin is cut with a focused ion beam (FIB) or the like to expose the cross section of the piezoelectric layer.
- FIB focused ion beam
- This cross section is observed with an optical microscope or the like, and the boundary line (interface) between the piezoelectric layer and the electrode layer having a length of about 40 mm is converted into a curve mathematical expression by image conversion software.
- the interface between the piezoelectric layer and the electrode layer has roughness as shown in FIG.
- the arithmetic mean roughness Ra and the like are calculated by image analysis of the boundary line in the portion other than the hole portion on about 10 cut surfaces, and the average value is calculated to perform piezoelectricity in the portion other than the hole portion. Calculate the average height d 0 of the interface of the layers. Similarly, the average height d 1 of the interface of the piezoelectric layer is calculated from the image analysis of the boundary line in the hole portion. The difference between the calculated average height d 0 and the average height d 1 is calculated to obtain the average height difference d. Specifically, the average height (Rc) of the roughness curve element described in JIS B 0601-2001 is used to stop the average height at a portion other than the hole portion.
- the average height d 0 of the left and right interfaces with respect to the hole is calculated.
- the average height d 1 of the interface of the piezoelectric layer is calculated from the image analysis of the boundary line in the hole portion.
- the one with the largest dissociation between d 1 and d 0 is defined as d.
- the protective layer when a hole is formed in the protective layer by laser processing, the protective layer may not be completely removed and a residue of the protective layer may be present on the surface of the electrode layer.
- the residue of this protective layer is unevenly distributed on the surface of the electrode layer depending on the conditions of laser processing and the like. For example, in the central portion of the hole portion, heat during laser processing tends to be trapped, so that the residue of the protective layer tends to be less than that in the peripheral portion.
- the protective layer may have a large amount of residue in the central portion of the hole and a small amount in the peripheral portion.
- the electrical connection between the filling member and the electrode layer can be secured in the central portion, and the decrease in strength of the electrode layer can be suppressed in the peripheral portion.
- the residue of the protective layer in the central portion of the hole portion is larger than that in the peripheral portion, heat can be suppressed from being trapped in the central portion during laser processing, so that the generation of the above-mentioned void portion can be suppressed and the relative permittivity can be suppressed. It is possible to suppress the change of.
- the protective layer is made of a resin film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the residue of the protective layer contains carbon. Therefore, when measuring the amount of residue of the protective layer on the surface of the electrode layer, the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer may be measured.
- the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer is determined by a method of peeling the conductive member from the piezoelectric element, performing elemental analysis with XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrometer) while etching from the surface of the filling member, and observing the presence or absence of carbon. Can be sought.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
- the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer in the pore portion is larger in the central portion in the plane direction than in the region other than the central portion.
- the amount of carbon on the surface of the electrode layer in the pore portion is larger in the central portion in the plane direction than in the region other than the central portion.
- the central portion of the hole portion is an area having an area of 1/16 of the area of the hole portion centered on the position of the center of gravity of the hole portion in the plane direction.
- the peripheral portion is an area other than the central portion.
- the residual amount of the protective layer is an average value measured at 10 points in this range.
- the conductive member has a long shape
- the conductive member has a folded-back portion that is folded back in the longitudinal direction
- the fixing member is sandwiched between the folded-back portion and the conductive member.
- the conductive member and the protective layer may be fixed in a region opposite to the connection position with the filling member. This configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a part of another example of the piezoelectric element of the present invention.
- the structure is the same as that of the piezoelectric element shown in FIG. 3 except for the shape of the conductive member 72. Therefore, different points will be mainly described in the following description.
- the conductive member 72 is folded back in the longitudinal direction, and if one region is a region 72a and the other region is a region 72b with the folded portion 73 interposed therebetween, one surface of the region 72a is connected to the filling member 70.
- One side of the region 72b is connected to the fixing member 74. That is, the region 72b in which the conductive member 72 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the fixing member 74 is a region opposite to the region 72a connected to the filling member 70 with the folded-back portion 73 interposed therebetween.
- the conductive member 72 has a region 72a shorter than the region 72b, and the short region 72a is arranged on the filling member 70 toward the filling member 70. Further, the region 72b of the conductive member 72 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the fixing member 74 at a position where it does not overlap with the region 72a.
- the conductive member 72 is bent, one region 72a is connected to the filling member 70 with the folded-back portion 73 interposed therebetween, and the other region 72b is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the fixing member 74. Then, when the coating liquid of the conductive material is applied to the holes provided in the protective layer and the conductive member 72 is put on the coating liquid, a force toward the coating liquid side is applied to the region 72a, so that the conductive material is conductive. Adhesion between the member 72 and the coating liquid can be ensured, and a reliable electrical connection between the conductive member 72 and the filling member 70 can be obtained.
- the position of the folded-back portion 73 may be adjusted and arranged so that the region 72a of the conductive member 72 covers the plurality of filling members 70. Good.
- it may have a second fixing member for fixing the edge portion of the conductive member near the connection position with the filling member to the protective layer.
- the conductive member 72 has an elongated shape.
- the conductive member 72 is connected to the filling member 70 on one end side in the longitudinal direction, and the fixing member 74 is a connection position between the conductive member 72 and the filling member 70 in the longitudinal direction of the conductive member 72. It is arranged at a position farther from the end portion on the filling member 70 side.
- the three sides of the region between the end portion on the filling member 70 side and the fixing member 74 are fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the second fixing member 82, respectively.
- the second fixing member 82 is preferably provided at a position that does not overlap with the filling member 70 (protruding portion 71) in the surface direction.
- the fixing member 74 is a so-called adhesive layer / adhesive layer arranged between the conductive member 72 and the upper protective layer 30, but the present invention is not limited to this. As shown in 13, it may be a so-called adhesive sheet that is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 from above the conductive member 72.
- the second fixing member 82 is a so-called adhesive sheet that is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 from above the conductive member 72, but the present invention is not limited to this, and as shown in FIG.
- the second fixing member 82 may be a so-called adhesive layer / adhesive layer arranged between the conductive member 72 and the upper protective layer 30.
- the filling member 70 has a recess at the connection position between the filling member 70 and the conductive member 72 and the conductive member 72 is formed to be curved along the recess. Good.
- a recess is formed on the surface of the filling member 70 on the conductive member 72 side. Further, the conductive member 72 is curved along the recess formed in the filling member 70 and is in contact with and connected to the filling member 70.
- FIG. 21 is an example of a configuration in which the conductive member 72 has a folded-back portion 73.
- a recess is formed on the surface of the filling member 70 on the conductive member 72 side.
- the region 72a of the conductive member 72 is curved along the recess formed in the filling member 70 and is connected to the filling member 70 in contact with the filling member 70.
- the filling member 70 has a recess, and the conductive member 72 is curved along the recess so as to be conductive with the filling member 70.
- the contact area with the member 72 can be increased, and the electrical connection between the filling member 70 and the conductive member 72 can be ensured.
- the recess formed in the filling member 70 is formed at a position corresponding to the hole 31 of the protective layer, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- a recess may be formed at a position where the filling members 70 are connected. ..
- the recesses of the filling member 70 are formed after the conductive material to be the filling member 70 is applied to the holes 31 and the conductive member 72 is placed on the conductive material 84 in the method for manufacturing the piezoelectric element described later.
- the conductive material 84 can be formed by pressing the conductive material 84 from above the conductive member 72.
- the conductive member 72 is provided with a curved portion corresponding to the concave portion in advance, and the conductive member 72 is placed so that the curved portion of the conductive member 72 is on the conductive material 84 to be conductive.
- the recesses of the filling member 70 can be formed.
- the conductive member is a conductive sheet
- the conductive member may be a combination of a plurality of conductive members. ..
- the example shown in FIG. 23 is an example in which the conductor 92 and the conductive wire 86 are provided as the conductive member.
- the conductor 92 and the conductive wire 86 are connected by solder 87.
- the conductor 92 is only connected on the filling member 70 and is not fixed to the upper protective layer 30 or the like.
- the conductive wire 86 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the fixing member 74.
- the examples shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 are examples in which the conductor 92 and the printed wiring sheet 98 are provided as the conductive members.
- the printed wiring sheet 98 is a printed wiring board 96 printed on an insulating substrate 94 such as a plastic sheet.
- the wiring 96 of the printed wiring sheet 98 is connected to the conductor 92.
- the conductor 92 is only connected on the filling member 70 and is not fixed to the upper protective layer 30 or the like.
- the printed wiring sheet 98 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the fixing member 74.
- the conductive member may be a combination of a plurality of conductive members. In that case, at least one of the members constituting the conductive member may be fixed to a predetermined portion by the fixing member 74.
- a conductive member such as a conductive wire may be further connected to the conductive member 72 made of the conductive sheet. Further, the conductive member such as the conductive wire may be connected to any position of the conductive member 72.
- the conductive wire 86 is fixed by solder 87 to the surface side of the conductive member 72 made of a conductive sheet at a position where it is connected to the filling member 70.
- the conductive wire 86 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the adhesive member 88 at a position in the middle of the extending direction.
- the conductive member 72, the solder 87, and the conductive wire 86 can be said to be the conductive member in the present invention, and the adhesive member 88 can be said to be the fixing member in the present invention.
- a conductive support column 90 is provided on the surface side of a position connected to the filling member 70 of the conductive member 72 made of a conductive sheet, and a socket 89 that fits into the support column is provided.
- the conductive wire 86 at the tip is connected.
- the conductive wire 86 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30 by the adhesive member 88 at a position in the middle of the extending direction.
- the conductive member 72, the support column 90, the socket 89, and the conductive wire 86 can be said to be the conductive member in the present invention, and the adhesive member 88 can be said to be the fixing member in the present invention.
- the conductive member 72 electrically connected to the upper electrode 26 via the filling member 70 on the upper protective layer 30 side and the filling member 70 on the lower protective layer 28 side.
- the conductive member 72 which is electrically connected to the lower electrode 24, is preferably arranged so that the positions in the plane direction do not overlap with each other. As a result, it is possible to prevent the conductive member 72 on the upper electrode side 26 and the conductive member 72 on the lower electrode side 24 from coming into contact with each other to cause a short circuit.
- such a piezoelectric element 10 generates (reproduces) sound due to vibration in response to an electric signal in various acoustic devices (audio equipment) such as speakers, microphones, and pickups used in musical instruments such as guitars. It is also used to convert sound vibrations into electrical signals.
- the piezoelectric element can also be used for a pressure sensitive sensor, a power generation element, and the like.
- the piezoelectric element 10 when used for a speaker, it may be used as a sound generated by the vibration of the film-shaped piezoelectric element 10 itself.
- the piezoelectric element 10 may be attached to a diaphragm and used as an exciter that vibrates the diaphragm by the vibration of the piezoelectric element 10 to generate sound.
- each component of the piezoelectric element of the present invention will be described.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 may be a layer made of a known piezoelectric material.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 is preferably a polymer composite piezoelectric body containing the piezoelectric particles 36 in the matrix 34 containing the polymer material.
- the material of the matrix 34 (matrix and binder) of the polymer composite piezoelectric body constituting the piezoelectric layer 20 it is preferable to use a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature.
- the piezoelectric element 10 of the present invention is suitably used for a speaker having flexibility such as a speaker for a flexible display.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer 20) used for the flexible speaker preferably has the following requirements. Therefore, it is preferable to use a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature as a material satisfying the following requirements.
- room temperature refers to a temperature range of about 0 to 50 ° C.
- the speaker vibrates the piezoelectric particles at a frequency in the audio band of 20 Hz to 20 kHz, and the vibration energy causes the entire polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric element) to vibrate as a unit, thereby reproducing the sound.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric material is required to have an appropriate hardness.
- the frequency characteristic of the speaker is smooth, the amount of change in sound quality when the minimum resonance frequency changes with the change in curvature also becomes small. Therefore, the loss tangent of the polymer composite piezoelectric material is required to be moderately large.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric material is required to behave hard against vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and soft against vibrations of several Hz or less. Further, the loss tangent of the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to be appropriately large for vibrations of all frequencies of 20 kHz or less.
- polymer solids have a viscoelastic relaxation mechanism, and large-scale molecular motion decreases (Relaxation) or maximizes loss elastic modulus (absorption) as the temperature rises or the frequency decreases.
- Relaxation large-scale molecular motion decreases
- absorption loss elastic modulus
- main dispersion the relaxation caused by the micro-Brownian motion of the molecular chain in the amorphous region is called main dispersion, and a very large relaxation phenomenon is observed.
- the temperature at which this main dispersion occurs is the glass transition point (Tg), and the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism appears most prominently.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer 20), by using a polymer material having a glass transition point at room temperature, in other words, a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, for vibration of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
- a polymer composite piezoelectric material that is hard and behaves softly against slow vibrations of several Hz or less is realized.
- the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature various known materials can be used as long as they have dielectric properties.
- a polymer material having a maximum loss tangent value of 0.5 or more at a frequency of 1 Hz by a dynamic viscoelasticity test at room temperature, that is, 0 ° C. to 50 ° C. is used.
- the polymer material preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of 100 MPa or more at 0 ° C. and 10 MPa or less at 50 ° C.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the polymer material has a relative permittivity of 10 or more at 25 ° C.
- a voltage is applied to the polymer composite piezoelectric body, a higher electric field is applied to the piezoelectric particles in the matrix, so that a large amount of deformation can be expected.
- the polymer material has a relative permittivity of 10 or less at 25 ° C.
- polymer material satisfying such conditions examples include cyanoethylated polyvinyl alcohol (cyanoethylated PVA), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride core acrylonitrile, polystyrene-vinyl polyisoprene block copolymer, polyvinyl methyl ketone, and polybutyl. Examples include methacrylate. Further, as these polymer materials, commercially available products such as Hybler 5127 (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) can also be preferably used.
- Hybler 5127 manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.
- the polymer material it is preferable to use a material having a cyanoethyl group, and it is particularly preferable to use cyanoethylated PVA.
- these polymer materials may use only 1 type, and may use a plurality of types in combination (mixing).
- a plurality of polymer materials may be used in combination, if necessary. That is, in addition to the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, other dielectric polymer materials may be added to the matrix 34 for the purpose of adjusting the dielectric properties and mechanical properties. ..
- dielectric polymer material examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer.
- fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene cyanide-vinyl acetate copolymer, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxysaccharose, cyanoethyl hydroxycellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxypurrane, cyanoethyl methacrylate, cyanoethyl acrylate, cyanoethyl.
- Cyano groups such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl amylose, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, cyanoethyl dihydroxypropyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl amylose, cyanoethyl polyacrylamide, cyanoethyl polyacrylate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyhydroxymethylene, cyanoethyl glycidol pullulan, cyanoethyl saccharose and cyanoethyl sorbitol.
- polymers having a cyanoethyl group synthetic rubbers such as nitrile rubber and chloroprene rubber, and the like are exemplified. Among them, a polymer material having a cyanoethyl group is preferably used. Further, in the matrix 34 of the piezoelectric layer 20, the dielectric polymer material added in addition to the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature such as cyanoethylated PVA is not limited to one type, and a plurality of types are added. You may.
- the matrix 34 contains a thermoplastic resin such as vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene, polystyrene, methacrylic resin, polybutene, and isobutylene, and phenol for the purpose of adjusting the glass transition point.
- a resin, a urea resin, a melamine resin, an alkyd resin, and a thermosetting resin such as mica may be added.
- a tackifier such as rosin ester, rosin, terpene, terpene phenol, and petroleum resin may be added.
- the amount of the material other than the viscoelastic polymer material such as cyanoethylated PVA added to the matrix 34 of the piezoelectric layer 20 is not particularly limited, but is 30% by mass or less in proportion to the matrix 34. It is preferable to do so. As a result, the characteristics of the polymer material to be added can be exhibited without impairing the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism in the matrix 34, so that the dielectric constant can be increased, the heat resistance can be improved, and the adhesion to the piezoelectric particles 36 and the electrode layer can be improved. In this respect, favorable results can be obtained.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 is a polymer composite piezoelectric body containing piezoelectric particles 36 in such a matrix 34.
- the piezoelectric particles 36 are made of ceramic particles having a perovskite-type or wurtzite-type crystal structure. Examples of the ceramic particles constituting the piezoelectric particles 36 include lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead lanthanate lanthanate titanate (PLZT), barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). Examples thereof include a solid solution (BFBT) of barium titanate and bismuth ferrite (BiFe 3). Only one type of these piezoelectric particles 36 may be used, or a plurality of types may be used in combination (mixed).
- the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 36 is not limited, and may be appropriately selected depending on the size and application of the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric element 10).
- the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 36 is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m. By setting the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 36 in this range, it is possible to obtain preferable results in that the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric element 10) can achieve both high piezoelectric characteristics and flexibility.
- the piezoelectric particles 36 in the piezoelectric layer 20 are uniformly and regularly dispersed in the matrix 34, but the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the piezoelectric particles 36 in the piezoelectric layer 20 may be irregularly dispersed in the matrix 34 as long as they are preferably uniformly dispersed.
- the amount ratio of the matrix 34 and the piezoelectric particles 36 in the piezoelectric layer 20 is not limited, and the size and thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20 in the plane direction and the polymer It may be appropriately set according to the use of the composite piezoelectric body, the characteristics required for the polymer composite piezoelectric body, and the like.
- the volume fraction of the piezoelectric particles 36 in the piezoelectric layer 20 is preferably 30 to 80%, more preferably 50% or more, and therefore more preferably 50 to 80%.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20 is not limited, and may be appropriately set according to the application of the polymer composite piezoelectric body, the characteristics required for the polymer composite piezoelectric body, and the like.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20 is preferably 10 to 300 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 200 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 30 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the piezoelectric element 10 of the illustrated example has a lower electrode 24 on one surface of the piezoelectric layer 20, a lower protective layer 28 on the surface thereof, and an upper portion on the other surface of the piezoelectric layer 20. It has a structure having an electrode 26 and an upper protective layer 30 on the surface thereof. Here, the upper electrode 26 and the lower electrode 24 form an electrode pair.
- the piezoelectric element 10 has a configuration in which both sides of the piezoelectric layer 20 are sandwiched between electrode pairs, that is, the upper electrode 26 and the lower electrode 24, and the laminate is sandwiched between the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30. Have. In this way, in the piezoelectric element 10, the region held by the upper electrode 26 and the lower electrode 24 is expanded and contracted according to the applied voltage.
- the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 cover the upper electrode 26 and the lower electrode 24, and also play a role of imparting appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength to the piezoelectric layer 20. That is, in the piezoelectric element 10, the piezoelectric layer 20 composed of the matrix 34 and the piezoelectric particles 36 exhibits extremely excellent flexibility with respect to slow bending deformation, but on the other hand, depending on the application, rigidity or Mechanical strength may be insufficient.
- the piezoelectric element 10 is provided with a lower protective layer 28 and an upper protective layer 30 to supplement the piezoelectric element 10.
- the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 are not limited, and various sheet-like materials can be used, and as an example, various resin films are preferably exemplified.
- various resin films are preferably exemplified.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PP polypropylene
- PS polystyrene
- PC polycarbonate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PET polypropylene
- PS polystyrene
- PC polycarbonate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PEI Polyetherimide
- PI Polystyrene
- PEN Polyethylene Naphthalate
- TAC Triacetyl Cellulose
- a resin film made of a cyclic olefin resin or the like are preferably used.
- the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 there is also no limitation on the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30. Further, the thicknesses of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 are basically the same, but may be different. Here, if the rigidity of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 is too high, not only the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 20 is restricted, but also the flexibility is impaired. Therefore, the thinner the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30, the more advantageous it is, except when mechanical strength and good handleability as a sheet-like material are required.
- the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, further preferably 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 4 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 is twice or less the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20, it is possible to ensure both rigidity and appropriate flexibility. In terms of points, favorable results can be obtained.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20 is 50 ⁇ m and the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 are made of PET
- the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. , 25 ⁇ m or less is more preferable.
- a lower electrode 24 is formed between the piezoelectric layer 20 and the lower protective layer 28, and an upper electrode 26 is formed between the piezoelectric layer 20 and the upper protective layer 30.
- the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are provided to apply a driving voltage to the piezoelectric layer 20.
- the materials for forming the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are not limited, and various conductors can be used. Specifically, alloys such as carbon, palladium, iron, tin, aluminum, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, titanium, chromium and molybdenum, laminates and composites of these metals and alloys, and Examples thereof include indium tin oxide. Among them, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, and indium tin oxide are preferably exemplified as the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26.
- a vapor phase deposition method such as vacuum deposition and sputtering, a film formation by plating, and a foil formed of the above materials
- Various known methods such as a method of sticking can be used.
- thin films such as copper and aluminum formed by vacuum deposition are preferably used as the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 because the flexibility of the piezoelectric element 10 can be ensured.
- a copper thin film produced by vacuum deposition is preferably used.
- the thickness of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 There is no limitation on the thickness of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26. Further, the thicknesses of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are basically the same, but may be different.
- the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are preferably thin film electrodes.
- the thickness of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 is thinner than that of the protective layer, preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, further preferably 0.08 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, and 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m. Especially preferable.
- the piezoelectric element 10 if the product of the thickness of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 and the Young's modulus is less than the product of the thickness of the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 and the Young's modulus, the piezoelectric element 10 is flexible. It is suitable because it does not significantly impair the properties.
- the lower protective layer 28 and the upper protective layer 30 are made of PET (Young's modulus: about 6.2 GPa) and the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 are made of copper (Young's modulus: about 130 GPa)
- the lower protective layer 28 is used.
- the thickness of the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26 is preferably 1.2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the piezoelectric element 10 preferably has a maximum value of loss tangent (Tan ⁇ ) at a frequency of 1 Hz as measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at room temperature, and more preferably has a maximum value of 0.1 or more at room temperature.
- Tan ⁇ loss tangent
- the piezoelectric element 10 preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of 10 GPa to 30 GPa at 0 ° C. and 1 GPa to 10 GPa at 50 ° C.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the piezoelectric element 10 can have a large frequency dispersion in the storage elastic modulus (E'). That is, it can behave hard for vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and soft for vibrations of several Hz or less.
- the product of the thickness and the storage elastic modulus at a frequency of 1 Hz by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement is 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 (1.0E + 05 to 2. It is preferably 0E + 06) N / m, and preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 (1.0E + 05 to 1.0E + 06) N / m at 50 ° C.
- the piezoelectric layer 20 can be provided with appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength as long as the flexibility and acoustic characteristics are not impaired.
- the piezoelectric element 10 preferably has a loss tangent of 0.05 or more at 25 ° C. and a frequency of 1 kHz in the master curve obtained from the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. The same applies to the piezoelectric layer 20 with respect to this condition. As a result, the frequency characteristics of the speaker using the piezoelectric element 10 become smooth, and the change in sound quality when the minimum resonance frequency f 0 changes with the change in the curvature of the speaker can be reduced.
- the storage elastic modulus (Young's modulus) and the loss tangent of the piezoelectric element 10 and the piezoelectric layer 20 may be measured by a known method.
- the measurement may be performed using a dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device DMS6100 manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Inc. (manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Inc.).
- the measurement frequency is 0.1 Hz to 20 Hz (0.1 Hz, 0.2 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 20 Hz)
- the measurement temperature is -50 to 150 ° C.
- the temperature rise rate is 2 ° C./min (in a nitrogen atmosphere)
- the sample size is 40 mm ⁇ 10 mm (including the clamp region)
- the inter-chuck distance is 20 mm, respectively.
- the filling member 70 is a cured liquid conductive material.
- As the conductive material used as the filling member 70 silver paste, metal nanoparticle ink (Ag, Au) and the like can be used.
- the viscosity of the conductive material is preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s (millipascal seconds) to 20 Pa ⁇ s (pascal seconds), more preferably 0.1 Pa ⁇ s to 15 Pa ⁇ s, and further preferably 0.5 Pa ⁇ s to 10 Pa ⁇ s. preferable.
- the specific resistance of the filling member 70 after curing is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ -6 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm) to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ -3 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm), and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ -6 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm) to 8 ⁇ .
- 10 ⁇ -4 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm) is more preferable, and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ -6 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm) to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ -4 ( ⁇ ⁇ cm) is even more preferable.
- the conductive sheet used as the conductive member 72 is a sheet-like material formed of a conductive metal material such as copper foil. Copper, aluminum, gold, silver and the like are preferably exemplified as the material of the conductive sheet. Further, the shape of the conductive sheet is not particularly limited, but as described above, it is preferable to have a long shape. Further, the size of the conductive sheet is not particularly limited as long as it can cover the filling member 70.
- the conductive member 72 may have a structure including a conductor and a conductive wire or a conductive sheet connected to the conductor. Copper, aluminum, gold, silver, brass and the like are preferably exemplified as the material of the conductor. Further, the shape and size of the conductor are not particularly limited as long as they are connected to the filling member 70 and can be connected to the conductive sheet or the conductive wire.
- Conductive wire A wire made of a conductive material such as copper, aluminum, gold and silver.
- the diameter and length of the conductive wire are not particularly limited as long as they are connected to the conductor and can ensure an electrical connection.
- the fixing member and the second fixing member various adhesive materials, adhesive materials, double-sided tapes, and adhesive tapes can be used as long as the conductive member and the protective layer can be fixed.
- the fixing member and the second fixing member may be a so-called adhesive layer provided between the conductive member and the protective layer, or may be fixed to the protective layer from above the conductive member, so-called. It may be an adhesive sheet.
- a sheet-like object 10a in which the lower electrode 24 is formed on the lower protective layer 28 is prepared.
- the sheet-like material 10a may be produced by forming a copper thin film or the like as the lower electrode 24 on the surface of the lower protective layer 28 by vacuum deposition, sputtering, plating or the like.
- the lower protective layer 28 with a separator temporary support
- PET or the like having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m can be used.
- the separator may be removed after the upper electrode 26 and the upper protective layer 30 are thermocompression-bonded and before any member is laminated on the lower protective layer 28.
- a polymer material to be a matrix material is dissolved in an organic solvent, and piezoelectric particles 36 such as PZT particles are added and stirred to prepare a dispersed coating material.
- organic solvent there are no restrictions on the organic solvent other than the above substances, and various organic solvents can be used.
- the paint is cast (applied) to the sheet-like material 10a to evaporate the organic solvent and dry it.
- a laminated body 10b having a lower electrode 24 on the lower protective layer 28 and forming a piezoelectric layer 20 on the lower electrode 24 is produced.
- the lower electrode 24 is an electrode on the base material side when the piezoelectric layer 20 is applied, and does not indicate the vertical positional relationship in the laminated body.
- a dielectric polymer material may be added to the matrix 34 in addition to the viscoelastic material such as cyanoethylated PVA.
- the polymer materials to be added to the paint described above may be dissolved.
- the laminated body 10b having the lower electrode 24 on the lower protective layer 28 and forming the piezoelectric layer 20 on the lower electrode 24 is produced, it is preferable to perform the polarization treatment (polling) of the piezoelectric layer 20.
- the method for polarization treatment of the piezoelectric layer 20 is not limited, and known methods can be used.
- a calendar treatment may be performed in which the surface of the piezoelectric layer 20 is smoothed by using a heating roller or the like. By performing this calendar processing, the thermocompression bonding process described later can be smoothly performed.
- a sheet-like material 10c in which the upper electrode 26 is formed on the upper protective layer 30 is prepared.
- the sheet-like material 10c may be produced by forming a copper thin film or the like as the upper electrode 26 on the surface of the upper protective layer 30 by vacuum deposition, sputtering, plating or the like.
- the upper electrode 26 is directed toward the piezoelectric layer 20, and the sheet-like material 10c is laminated on the laminated body 10b that has completed the polarization treatment of the piezoelectric layer 20.
- the laminate 10b and the sheet-like material 10c are thermocompression-bonded with a heating press device or a heating roller or the like so as to sandwich the upper protective layer 30 and the lower protective layer 28.
- a laminated body in which an electrode layer and a protective layer are laminated on both sides of the piezoelectric layer 20 is produced.
- the produced laminate may be cut into a desired shape according to various uses.
- Such a laminate may be produced using a cut sheet-like sheet, or may be produced by roll-to-roll (hereinafter, also referred to as RtoR).
- a hole 31 is formed in the upper protective layer 30.
- the hole 31 is formed by laser processing (carbon dioxide laser, etc.) or by pressing to make a cut in the protective layer in the depth direction (for example, the thickness of the protective layer is 10 ⁇ m and the thickness of the electrode layer is 2 ⁇ m.
- the protective layer is formed by making a circular cut from 8 to 9.5 ⁇ m in the thickness direction of the protective layer and then peeling off the circular portion), the protective layer may be peeled off.
- the convex portion 32 may be formed by forcibly deforming the protective layer by applying heat or an external force in the outward direction to the peripheral edge portion of the hole portion during processing.
- the recess 33 may be formed around the hole 31 by laser machining or the like after or before the hole 31 is machined.
- the laser is scanned to form a hole having a desired opening shape.
- the opening shape of the hole is circular, the laser can be scanned spirally from the center to the outside or from the outside to the center, so that the heat generated by the laser processing is generated. It becomes difficult to muffle and the decrease in the strength of the electrode layer can be suppressed.
- the heat generated by the laser processing is generated in the case of providing a plurality of holes as compared with the case of having one hole. It is preferable because the decrease in the strength of the electrode layer can be suppressed because it is less likely to be muffled.
- the distance between the scanning lines of the laser during laser processing may be different between the center side and the outside of the hole.
- the distance between the scanning lines of the laser may be different between the central side and the outer side of the hole, as described above, the residual amount of the protective layer in the central portion and the residual amount of the protective layer in the peripheral portion are adjusted. Can be done.
- the distance between the scanning lines of the laser to be different between the center side and the outside of the hole portion, it is possible to reduce the size of the gap portion generated between the electrode layer and the piezoelectric layer as described above. it can.
- a hole having a large diameter may be formed halfway in the thickness direction of the protective layer, and then a hole having a small diameter may be formed to the electrode layer in the remaining thickness portion. ..
- the circle-equivalent diameter is gradually changed as shown in FIG. 8 described above, and the circle-equivalent diameter on the electrode layer side can be made smaller than the circle-equivalent diameter on the conductive member side.
- the liquid conductive material 84 is applied to the hole 31 as shown in FIG. At the time of coating, the conductive material 84 is applied so as to protrude from the hole 31.
- a coating method of the conductive material 84 silk screen printing, dropping with a dispenser, coating with a brush, and the like can be used.
- the conductive member 72 is placed on the conductive material 84 as shown in FIG. That is, the conductive member 72 is placed so as to cover the conductive material 84 before the conductive material 84 is cured.
- a fixing member 74 is adhered to the surface of the conductive member 72 on the upper protective layer 30 side, and the conductive member 72 is placed on the conductive material 84 and is placed on the conductive material 84.
- the conductive member 72 is fixed to the upper protective layer 30. This makes it possible to prevent the conductive member 72 from being displaced when the conductive material 84 is uncured. Further, by covering the conductive material 84 with the conductive member 72, it is possible to prevent the conductive material 84 from moving from above the hole portion 31, and the filling member 70 is surely present in the hole portion 31. be able to.
- the method for curing the conductive material 84 may be a method according to the conductive material 84.
- heat drying and the like can be mentioned.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention is produced by the above steps.
- the piezoelectric element 10 when a voltage is applied to the lower electrode 24 and the upper electrode 26, the piezoelectric particles 36 expand and contract in the polarization direction according to the applied voltage. As a result, the piezoelectric element 10 (piezoelectric layer 20) shrinks in the thickness direction. At the same time, the piezoelectric element 10 expands and contracts in the in-plane direction due to the pore ratio. This expansion and contraction is about 0.01 to 0.1%. As described above, it expands and contracts isotropically in all directions in the in-plane direction. As described above, the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 20 is preferably about 10 to 300 ⁇ m. Therefore, the expansion and contraction in the thickness direction is very small, about 0.3 ⁇ m at the maximum.
- the piezoelectric element 10 that is, the piezoelectric layer 20, has a size much larger than the thickness in the plane direction. Therefore, for example, if the length of the piezoelectric element 10 is 20 cm, the piezoelectric element 10 expands and contracts by a maximum of about 0.2 mm when a voltage is applied. Further, when pressure is applied to the piezoelectric element 10, electric power is generated by the action of the piezoelectric particles 36. By utilizing this, the piezoelectric element 10 can be used for various purposes such as a speaker, a microphone, and a pressure-sensitive sensor, as described above.
- a general piezoelectric element made of a polymer material such as PVDF has in-plane anisotropy in the piezoelectric characteristics, and has anisotropy in the amount of expansion and contraction in the plane direction when a voltage is applied.
- the piezoelectric layer made of a polymer composite piezoelectric material containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material has no in-plane anisotropy in the piezoelectric characteristics and is isotropic in all directions in the in-plane direction. Expands and contracts.
- the piezoelectric element 10 that expands and contracts isotropically and two-dimensionally, it is possible to vibrate with a larger force than when a general piezoelectric element such as PVDF that expands and contracts greatly in only one direction is laminated. , Can generate louder and more beautiful sound.
- the configuration is such that one piezoelectric element 10 is provided, but the present invention is not limited to this, and a plurality of piezoelectric elements 10 of the present invention may be laminated. Further, the piezoelectric element 10 of the present invention may have a long shape and may be folded back once or more, preferably a plurality of times in the longitudinal direction to form a stack of a plurality of layers of the piezoelectric element 10.
- Piezoelectric element 10a 10c Sheet-like material 10b Laminated body 20 Piezoelectric layer 24 Lower electrode 26 Upper electrode 28 Lower protective layer 30 Upper protective layer 31 Hole 32 Convex 33 Recess 34 Matrix 36 Piezoelectric particle 70 Filling member 71 Overhang 72 Conductive member 72a, 72b region 73 Folded part 74 Fixing member 76 Enclosing member 80 Void part 82 Second fixing member 84 Conductive member 86 Conductive wire 87 Solder 88 Adhesive member 90 Strut 92 Conductor 94 Board 96 Wiring 98 Printed wiring Sheet 100 vibrating plate
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、蒸着膜のような薄い電極層は、電気音響変換フィルムの面外に引き出すことは困難である。また、蒸着膜のような薄い電極を、配線との接続のために外部に剥き出しにして、この状態で保管すると、保管環境によっては電極が酸化して、導電性が低下してしまう。
また、導電性材料として用いられる銀ペーストは高価であるため使用量を少なくしたいという要望もあり、導電性材料の使用量を増やして、導電性材料を孔部内に確実に存在させるようにすることは難しい。
[1] 圧電層、前記圧電層の両面に形成される電極層、および、電極層の、圧電層側の面とは反対側の面に積層される保護層を有する圧電素子であって、
保護層は、表面から電極層まで貫通する孔部を有し、
孔部内から保護層の表面の一部に形成され、電極層に電気的に接続される、導電性材料からなる充填部材と、
充填部材の少なくとも一部を覆って、充填部材に電気的に接続される導電性部材と、
導電性部材を固定する固定部材と、を有する圧電素子。
[2] 導電性部材は、導電性シートである[1]に記載の圧電素子。
[3] 導電性部材は、充填部材と接続される導電体と、導電体に接続される導電性ワイヤーまたは導電性シートとを有する[1]に記載の圧電素子。
[4] 固定部材は、導電性部材を保護層に固定する[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[5] 保護層の、孔部の辺縁部に形成される凸部を有する[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[6] 孔部は、深さ方向において、円相当直径が段階的に変化しており、電極層側の円相当直径が導電性部材側の円相当直径よりも小さい[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[7] 孔部内にある、電極層の表面における炭素量が、面方向の中央部において、中央部以外の領域よりも少ない[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[8] 孔部内にある、電極層の表面における炭素量が、面方向の中央部において、中央部以外の領域よりも多い[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[9] 孔部の開口形状は円形状である[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[10] 保護層は複数の孔部を有し、
複数の孔部内にそれぞれ形成される、複数の充填部材を有する[1]~[9]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[11] 複数の充填部材が、保護層の表面において連結している[10]に記載の圧電素子。
[12] 保護層の表面に、孔部の周囲を囲う囲い部材を有し、
充填部材は、少なくとも囲い部材内に形成されている[1]~[11]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[13] 保護層の、孔部の周囲に形成される凹部を有する[1]~[12]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[14] 保護層の厚みは3μm~100μmである[1]~[13]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[15] 電極層の厚みは0.05μm~10μmである[1]~[14]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[16] 孔部の位置において、電極層と圧電層との間に空隙部を有し、
孔部が形成されていない位置における圧電層の電極層との界面の平均高さと、孔部の位置における圧電層の電極層との界面の平均高さとの差が、25μm以下である[1]~[15]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[17] 導電性部材は、長尺形状であり、
導電性部材は、長手方向に折り返す折り返し部を有し、
固定部材は、折り返し部を挟んで、導電性部材と充填部材との接続位置とは反対側の領域で、導電性部材と保護層とを固定する[1]~[16]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[18] 導電性部材は、長尺形状であり、
導電性部材は、長手方向の一方の端部側で充填部材と接続されており、
固定部材は、導電性部材の長手方向において、導電性部材と充填部材との接続位置よりも、一方の端部から遠い位置に配置されている[1]~[17]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
[19] 導電性部材の、一方の端部と固定部材との間の領域の辺縁部の少なくとも一部を保護層に固定する第2の固定部材を有する[18]に記載の圧電素子。
[20] 圧電層は、高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む高分子複合圧電体からなる[1]~[19]のいずれかに記載の圧電素子。
なお、本明細書において、「~」を用いて表される数値範囲は、「~」の前後に記載される数値を下限値および上限値として含む範囲を意味する。
本発明の圧電素子は、
圧電層、圧電層の両面に形成される電極層、および、電極層の、圧電層側の面とは反対側の面に積層される保護層を有する圧電素子であって、
保護層は、表面から電極層まで貫通する孔部を有し、
孔部内から保護層の表面の一部に形成され、電極層に電気的に接続される、導電性材料からなる充填部材と、
充填部材の少なくとも一部を覆って、充填部材に電気的に接続される導電性部材と、
導電性部材を固定する固定部材と、を有する圧電素子である。
後述するが、圧電素子10(圧電層20)は、好ましい態様として、厚さ方向に分極されている。
また、図3に示す例においては、上部保護層30が凸部32を有するが、充填部材70のはみ出し部71は、孔部31から凸部32の外側まで形成されている。
図1および図2に示すように、導電性部材72は長尺形状の導電性シートであり、長手方向の一方の端部側で充填部材70と接続されている。また、導電性部材72は、長手方向の他方の端部が、面方向において上部保護層30の外側まで延在するように配置されている。
また、孔部内に充填部材を確実に存在させることができるため、導電性材料の使用量を増やす必要がない。
また、孔部31の開口面の大きさとしては、充填部材70との電気的接続が確保でき、圧電素子が適正に動作できる大きさであれば特に限定はない。孔部31の開口面の円相当直径は、0.5mm~20mmが好ましく、1.5mm~5mmがより好ましく、2mm~3mmがさらに好ましい。
例えば、図6に示す例では、上部保護層30の表面の、孔部31および凸部32の外周側に孔部31の周囲を囲う囲い部材76を有する。囲い部材76に囲われた領域には、充填部材70のはみ出し部71が存在する。また、囲い部材76は上面(上部保護層30側とは反対側の面)を導電性部材72に覆われている。
また、上部保護層30が複数の孔部31を有する場合には、各孔部31の位置に配置される複数の囲い部材76を有していてもよいし、複数の孔部31を囲う大きさの1つの囲い部材76を有する構成としてもよい。
囲い部材76の円相当直径は、3mm~60mmが好ましく、5mm~50mmがより好ましく、5mm~40mmがさらに好ましい。
囲い部材76の高さは、0.01mm~1mmが好ましく、0.1mm~0.5mmがより好ましく、0.1mm~0.3mmがさらに好ましい。
例えば、図7に示す例では、上部保護層30の表面の、孔部31および凸部32の外周側に孔部31の周囲に凹部33を有する。凹部33内には充填部材70のはみ出し部71が存在する。凹部33を有することで、導電性材料の塗布液を塗布した際に塗布液を孔部31の位置にとどめることができ、充填部材70を孔部31の位置に確実に存在させることができる。
例えば、図8に示す例では、孔部31は、深さ方向の途中で大きさが変化しており、上部電極26側の領域における円相当直径D2が、表面側(導電性部材側)の領域における円相当直径D1よりも小さい。なお、図8では導電性部材の図示は省略している。
なお、図9においては、充填部材70および導電性部材72の図示は省略している。
これに対して、孔部が形成されていない位置における圧電層の電極層との界面の平均高さと、孔部の位置における圧電層の電極層との界面の平均高さとの差dを、25μm以下とするのが好ましく、0μm~20μmとするのがより好ましく、0μm~15μmとするのがさらに好ましい。また、この差dは、圧電層の平均厚さの50%以下であるのが好ましく、0%~40%であるのがより好ましく、0%~30%であるのがさらに好ましい。
孔部の位置を含む圧電層を任意の大きさに切り出し、エポキシ樹脂等に包埋して硬化する。次いで、樹脂中の圧電層を集束イオンビーム(FIB)等で切断して、圧電層の断面を露出させる。この断面を光学顕微鏡等で観察して、長さ40mm程度の圧電層と電極層との境界線(界面)を、画像変換ソフトウェアで曲線数式変換する。圧電層と電極層との界面は、図10に示すように粗さを有している。
同様に、孔部の部分における境界線の画像解析から圧電層の界面の平均高さd1を算出する。
算出した平均高さd0と平均高さd1との差を算出して平均高さの差dを求める。
具体的には、JIS B 0601-2001に記載の粗さ曲線要素の平均高さ(Rc)にて平均高さを穴部以外の部分でもとめる。その際、断面曲線では孔部に対して左右の界面の平均高さd0を算出する。同様に、孔部の部分における境界線の画像解析から圧電層の界面の平均高さd1を算出する。左右のうち、d1とd0との乖離の大きいほうをdとする。
例えば、孔部の中央部では、レーザー加工の際の熱がこもりやすいため、保護層の残渣が周辺部よりも少なくなりやすい。一方で、レーザー加工の条件によっては、孔部の中央部で保護層の残渣が多く、周辺部で少ない構成とすることもできる。
一方、孔部の中央部での保護層の残渣が周辺部よりも多い構成では、レーザー加工時に中央部に熱がこもるのを抑制できるため、上述した空隙部の発生を抑制でき、比誘電率の変化を抑制することができる。
電極層表面の炭素量は、圧電素子から導電性部材を剥離して、充填部材の表面からエッチングしながらXPS(X線光電子分光装置)によって元素分析を行って、炭素の有無を観察する方法により求めることができる。
この構成について、図11を用いて説明する。
図11において、導電性部材72の形状以外は、図3に示す圧電素子と同様の構成を有するので、以下の説明では異なる点を主に行う。
すなわち、導電性部材72が、固定部材74によって上部保護層30に固定される領域72bは、折り返し部73を挟んで、充填部材70と接続される領域72aとは反対側の領域である。
図11に示すように、導電性部材72は、領域72aが領域72bよりも短く、短い領域72aを充填部材70に向けて充填部材70上に配置される。また、導電性部材72の領域72bは、領域72aと重畳しない位置において固定部材74によって上部保護層30に固定されている。
また、導電性部材72の領域72bに引張り力等の力が加わった場合でも、領域72aに力が伝わりにくくなるため、導電性部材72と充填部材70との確実な電気的接続を得ることができる。
第2の固定部材82は、面方向において、充填部材70(はみ出し部71)と重畳しない位置に設けられるのが好ましい。
あるいは、あらかじめ導電性部材72に凹部に対応する湾曲部を設けておき、この導電性部材72の湾曲部が導電性材料84の上にくるように導電性部材72を載置して、導電性材料84に凹部を転写することで、充填部材70の凹部を形成することができる。
導電体92は、充填部材70の上に接続されるのみで、上部保護層30等には固定されていない。プリント配線シート98は、固定部材74によって上部保護層30に固定されている。
また、圧電素子は、これ以外にも、感圧センサおよび発電素子等にも利用可能である。
以下、本発明の圧電素子の各構成要素について説明する。
圧電層20は、公知の圧電体からなる層であればよい。本発明において、圧電層20は、高分子材料を含むマトリックス34に、圧電体粒子36を含む高分子複合圧電体であるのが好ましい。
本発明の圧電素子10は、フレキシブルディスプレイ用のスピーカーなど、フレキシブル性を有するスピーカー等に好適に用いられる。ここで、フレキシブル性を有するスピーカーに用いられる高分子複合圧電体(圧電層20)は、次の用件を具備したものであるのが好ましい。従って、以下の要件を具備する材料として、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料を用いるのが好ましい。
なお、本明細書において、「常温」とは、0~50℃程度の温度域を指す。
例えば、携帯用として新聞や雑誌のように書類感覚で緩く撓めた状態で把持する場合、絶えず外部から、数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けることになる。この時、高分子複合圧電体が硬いと、その分大きな曲げ応力が発生し、マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生し、やがて破壊に繋がる恐れがある。従って、高分子複合圧電体には適度な柔らかさが求められる。また、歪みエネルギーを熱として外部へ拡散できれば応力を緩和することができる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接が適度に大きいことが求められる。
(ii) 音質
スピーカーは、20Hz~20kHzのオーディオ帯域の周波数で圧電体粒子を振動させ、その振動エネルギーによって高分子複合圧電体(圧電素子)全体が一体となって振動することで音が再生される。従って、振動エネルギーの伝達効率を高めるために高分子複合圧電体には適度な硬さが求められる。また、スピーカーの周波数特性が平滑であれば、曲率の変化に伴い最低共振周波数が変化した際の音質の変化量も小さくなる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接は適度に大きいことが求められる。
高分子複合圧電体(圧電層20)において、ガラス転移点が常温にある高分子材料、言い換えると、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料をマトリックスに用いることで、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の遅い振動に対しては柔らかく振舞う高分子複合圧電体が実現する。特に、この振舞いが好適に発現する等の点で、周波数1Hzでのガラス転移温度が常温、すなわち、0~50℃にある高分子材料を、高分子複合圧電体のマトリックスに用いるのが好ましい。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に、最大曲げモーメント部におけるマトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面の応力集中が緩和され、良好な可撓性が得られる。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に発生する曲げモーメントが低減できると同時に、20Hz~20kHzの音響振動に対しては硬く振る舞うことができる。
しかしながら、その反面、良好な耐湿性の確保等を考慮すると、高分子材料は、比誘電率が25℃において10以下であるのも、好適である。
なお、これらの高分子材料は、1種のみを用いてもよく、複数種を併用(混合)して用いてもよい。
すなわち、マトリックス34には、誘電特性や機械的特性の調節等を目的として、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料に加え、必要に応じて、その他の誘電性高分子材料を添加しても良い。
中でも、シアノエチル基を有する高分子材料は、好適に利用される。
また、圧電層20のマトリックス34において、シアノエチル化PVA等の常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料に加えて添加される誘電性高分子材料は、1種に限定はされず、複数種を添加してもよい。
さらに、粘着性を向上する目的で、ロジンエステル、ロジン、テルペン、テルペンフェノール、および、石油樹脂等の粘着付与剤を添加しても良い。
これにより、マトリックス34における粘弾性緩和機構を損なうことなく、添加する高分子材料の特性を発現できるため、高誘電率化、耐熱性の向上、圧電体粒子36および電極層との密着性向上等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体粒子36は、ペロブスカイト型またはウルツ鉱型の結晶構造を有するセラミックス粒子からなるものである。
圧電体粒子36を構成するセラミックス粒子としては、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛(PZT)、チタン酸ジルコン酸ランタン酸鉛(PLZT)、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、および、チタン酸バリウムとビスマスフェライト(BiFe3)との固溶体(BFBT)等が例示される。
これらの圧電体粒子36は、1種のみを用いてもよく、複数種を併用(混合)して用いてもよい。
圧電体粒子36の粒径は、1~10μmが好ましい。圧電体粒子36の粒径をこの範囲とすることにより、高分子複合圧電体(圧電素子10)が高い圧電特性とフレキシビリティとを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
すなわち、圧電層20中の圧電体粒子36は、好ましくは均一に分散されていれば、マトリックス34中に不規則に分散されていてもよい。
圧電層20中における圧電体粒子36の体積分率は、30~80%が好ましく、50%以上がより好ましく、従って、50~80%とするのが、さらに好ましい。
マトリックス34と圧電体粒子36との量比を上記範囲とすることにより、高い圧電特性と可撓性とを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電層20の厚さは、10~300μmが好ましく、20~200μmがより好ましく、30~150μmがさらに好ましい。
圧電層20の厚さを、上記範囲とすることにより、剛性の確保と適度な柔軟性との両立等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
図1に示すように、図示例の圧電素子10は、圧電層20の一面に、下部電極24を有し、その表面に下部保護層28を有し、圧電層20の他方の面に、上部電極26を有し、その表面に上部保護層30を有してなる構成を有する。ここで、上部電極26と下部電極24とが電極対を形成する。
このように、圧電素子10において、上部電極26および下部電極24で挾持された領域は、印加された電圧に応じて伸縮される。
中でも、優れた機械的特性および耐熱性を有するなどの理由により、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリスチレン(PS)、ポリカーボネート(PC)、ポリフェニレンサルファイト(PPS)、ポリメチルメタクリレート(PMMA)、ポリエーテルイミド(PEI)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)、トリアセチルセルロース(TAC)、および、環状オレフィン系樹脂等からなる樹脂フィルムが、好適に利用される。
ここで、下部保護層28および上部保護層30の剛性が高過ぎると、圧電層20の伸縮を拘束するばかりか、可撓性も損なわれる。そのため、機械的強度やシート状物としての良好なハンドリング性が要求される場合を除けば、下部保護層28および上部保護層30は、薄いほど有利である。
ここで、圧電素子10においては、下部保護層28および上部保護層30の厚さが、圧電層20の厚さの2倍以下であれば、剛性の確保と適度な柔軟性との両立等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
例えば、圧電層20の厚さが50μmで下部保護層28および上部保護層30がPETからなる場合、下部保護層28および上部保護層30の厚さは、100μm以下が好ましく、50μm以下がより好ましく、25μm以下がさらに好ましい。
下部電極24および上部電極26は、圧電層20に駆動電圧を印加するために設けられる。
下部電極24および上部電極26の厚さには、制限はない。また、下部電極24および上部電極26の厚さは、基本的に同じであるが、異なってもよい。
例えば、下部保護層28および上部保護層30がPET(ヤング率:約6.2GPa)で、下部電極24および上部電極26が銅(ヤング率:約130GPa)からなる組み合わせの場合、下部保護層28および上部保護層30の厚さが25μmだとすると、下部電極24および上部電極26の厚さは、1.2μm以下が好ましく、0.3μm以下がより好ましく、中でも0.1μm以下とするのが好ましい。
これにより、圧電素子10が外部から数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けたとしても、歪みエネルギーを効果的に熱として外部へ拡散できるため、マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生するのを防ぐことができる。
これにより、圧電素子10が貯蔵弾性率(E’)に大きな周波数分散を有することができる。すなわち、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の振動に対しては柔らかく振る舞うことができる。
これにより、圧電素子10が可撓性および音響特性を損なわない範囲で、適度な剛性と機械的強度を備えることができる。
これにより、圧電素子10を用いたスピーカーの周波数特性が平滑になり、スピーカーの曲率の変化に伴い最低共振周波数f0が変化した際の音質の変化を小さくできる。
測定条件としては、一例として、測定周波数は0.1Hz~20Hz(0.1Hz、0.2Hz、0.5Hz、1Hz、2Hz、5Hz、10Hzおよび20Hz)が、測定温度は-50~150℃が、昇温速度は2℃/分(窒素雰囲気中)が、サンプルサイズは40mm×10mm(クランプ領域込み)が、チャック間距離は20mmが、それぞれ、例示される。
充填部材70は、液体状の導電性材料を硬化させたものである。
充填部材70として用いられる導電性材料としては、銀ペースト、金属ナノ粒子インク(Ag、Au)等が利用可能である。
(導電性シート)
導電性部材72として用いられる導電性シートは、例えば銅箔など、導電性を有する金属材料で形成されるシート状物である。導電性シートの材料は、銅、アルミニウム、金および銀等が好適に例示される。
また、導電性シートの形状にも特に限定はないが、上述のとおり、長尺形状とするのが好ましい。また、導電性シートの大きさにも特に限定はなく、充填部材70を覆うことができる大きさであればよい。
前述のとおり、導電性部材72は、導電体と、導電体に接続される導電性ワイヤーまたは導電性シートとを有する構成であってもよい。
導電体の材料は、銅、アルミニウム、金、銀、および、真鍮等が好適に例示される。
また、導電体の形状および大きさにも特に限定はなく、充填部材70に接続され、導電性シートまたは導電性ワイヤーと接続できる形状および大きさであればよい。
銅、アルミニウム、金および銀等の導電性の材料からなるワイヤーである。
導電性ワイヤーの径および長さには特に限定はなく、導電体に接続され、電気的な接続を確実にできるものであればよい。
固定部材および第2の固定部材としては、導電性部材と保護層とを固定することができれば、各種の接着材料、粘着材料、両面テープ、粘着テープが利用可能である。
前述のとおり、固定部材および第2の固定部材は、導電性部材と保護層との間に設けられる、いわゆる接着層であってもよいし、導電性部材の上から保護層に固定する、いわゆる粘着シートであってもよい。
下部保護層28が非常に薄く、ハンドリング性が悪い時などは、必要に応じて、セパレータ(仮支持体)付きの下部保護層28を用いても良い。なお、セパレータとしては、厚さ25μm~100μmのPET等を用いることができる。セパレータは、上部電極26および上部保護層30を熱圧着した後、下部保護層28に何らかの部材を積層する前に、取り除けばよい。
上記物質以外の有機溶媒としては制限はなく各種の有機溶媒が利用可能である。
マトリックス34に、これらの高分子材料を添加する際には、上述した塗料に添加する高分子材料を溶解すればよい。
なお、この分極処理の前に、圧電層20の表面を加熱ローラ等を用いて平滑化する、カレンダー処理を施してもよい。このカレンダー処理を施すことで、後述する熱圧着工程がスムーズに行える。
次いで、図16に示すように、上部電極26を圧電層20に向けて、シート状物10cを、圧電層20の分極処理を終了した積層体10bに積層する。
さらに、この積層体10bとシート状物10cとの積層体を、上部保護層30と下部保護層28とを挟持するようにして、加熱プレス装置や加熱ローラ対等で熱圧着する。
このような積層体は、カットシート状のシート状物を用いて製造を行っても良いし、ロール・トゥ・ロール(Roll to Roll 以下、RtoRともいう)によって作製されてもよい。
具体的には、まず、図17に示すように、上部保護層30に孔部31を形成する。
孔部31の形成は、レーザー加工(炭酸ガスレーザーなど)による方法、プレス加工により保護層に深さ方向に切り込みを入れて(例えば、保護層の厚みが10μm、電極層の厚みが2μmとしたとき、保護層の厚み方向に8~9.5μmまで切り込みを円形にいれて、その後その円形部を引きはがすことにより形成する)から保護層を剥離させる方法等によって行えばよい。
また、加工の際に、孔部の周縁部に熱や外方向への外力をくわえることによる保護層の強制変形を行うことによって、凸部32を形成してもよい。
さらに、孔部31の加工後、あるいは、加工前に、孔部31の周囲に凹部33を、レーザー加工等によって形成してもよい。
また、レーザーの走査線の間隔を孔部の中心側と外側とで異なるものとして調整することで、上述した、電極層と圧電層との間に発生する空隙部の大きさを小さくすることができる。
導電性材料84の塗布方法としては、シルクスクリーン印刷、ディスペンサーによる滴下、刷毛による塗布などが利用可能である。
導電性材料84の硬化方法は、導電性材料84に応じた方法で行えばよい。例えば、導電性材料84の硬化方法としては、加熱乾燥等が挙げられる。
上述したように、圧電層20の厚さは、好ましくは10~300μm程度である。従って、厚さ方向の伸縮は、最大でも0.3μm程度と非常に小さい。
これに対して、圧電素子10すなわち圧電層20は、面方向には、厚さよりもはるかに大きなサイズを有する。従って、例えば、圧電素子10の長さが20cmであれば、電圧の印加によって、最大で0.2mm程度、圧電素子10は伸縮する。
また、圧電素子10に圧力を加えると、圧電体粒子36の作用によって、電力を発生する。
これを利用することで、圧電素子10は、上述のように、スピーカー、マイクロフォン、および、感圧センサ等の各種の用途に利用可能である。
これに対して、高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む高分子複合圧電体からなる圧電層は、圧電特性に面内異方性がなく、面内方向では全方向に等方的に伸縮する。
このような等方的に二次元的に伸縮する圧電素子10によれば、一方向にしか大きく伸縮しないPVDF等の一般的な圧電素子を積層した場合に比べ、大きな力で振動することができ、より大きく、かつ、美しい音を発生できる。
本発明の圧電素子10を複数枚、積層した構成としてもよい。また、本発明の圧電素子10を長尺な形状として、長手方向に、1回以上、好ましくは複数回、折り返すことにより、圧電素子10を複数層、積層した構成としてもよい。
10a、10c シート状物
10b 積層体
20 圧電層
24 下部電極
26 上部電極
28 下部保護層
30 上部保護層
31 孔部
32 凸部
33 凹部
34 マトリックス
36 圧電体粒子
70 充填部材
71 はみ出し部
72 導電性部材
72a、72b 領域
73 折り返し部
74 固定部材
76 囲い部材
80 空隙部
82 第2の固定部材
84 導電性部材
86 導電性ワイヤー
87 ハンダ
88 接着部材
90 支柱
92 導電体
94 基板
96 配線
98 プリント配線シート
100 振動板
Claims (20)
- 圧電層、前記圧電層の両面に形成される電極層、および、前記電極層の、前記圧電層側の面とは反対側の面に積層される保護層を有する圧電素子であって、
前記保護層は、表面から前記電極層まで貫通する孔部を有し、
前記孔部内から前記保護層の表面の一部に形成され、前記電極層に電気的に接続される、導電性材料からなる充填部材と、
前記充填部材の少なくとも一部を覆って、前記充填部材に電気的に接続される導電性部材と、
前記導電性部材を固定する固定部材と、を有する圧電素子。 - 前記導電性部材は、導電性シートである請求項1に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記導電性部材は、前記充填部材と接続される導電体と、前記導電体に接続される導電性ワイヤーまたは導電性シートとを有する請求項1に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記固定部材は、前記導電性部材を前記保護層に固定する請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記保護層の、前記孔部の辺縁部に形成される凸部を有する請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記孔部は、深さ方向において、円相当直径が段階的に変化しており、前記電極層側の円相当直径が前記導電性部材側の円相当直径よりも小さい請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記孔部内にある、前記電極層の表面における炭素量が、面方向の中央部において、前記中央部以外の領域よりも少ない請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記孔部内にある、前記電極層の表面における炭素量が、面方向の中央部において、前記中央部以外の領域よりも多い請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記孔部の開口形状は円形状である請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記保護層は複数の前記孔部を有し、
前記複数の孔部内にそれぞれ形成される、複数の前記充填部材を有する請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。 - 前記複数の充填部材が、前記保護層の表面において連結している請求項10に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記保護層の表面に、前記孔部の周囲を囲う囲い部材を有し、
前記充填部材は、少なくとも前記囲い部材内に形成されている請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。 - 前記保護層の、前記孔部の周囲に形成される凹部を有する請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記保護層の厚みは3μm~100μmである請求項1~13のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記電極層の厚みは0.05μm~10μmである請求項1~14のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記孔部の位置において、前記電極層と前記圧電層との間に空隙部を有し、
前記孔部が形成されていない位置における前記圧電層の前記電極層との界面の平均高さと、前記孔部の位置における前記圧電層の前記電極層との界面の平均高さとの差が、25μm以下である請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。 - 前記導電性部材は、長尺形状であり、
前記導電性部材は、長手方向に折り返す折り返し部を有し、
前記固定部材は、前記折り返し部を挟んで、前記導電性部材と前記充填部材との接続位置とは反対側の領域で、前記導電性部材と前記保護層とを固定する請求項1~16のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。 - 前記導電性部材は、長尺形状であり、
前記導電性部材は、長手方向の一方の端部側で前記充填部材と接続されており、
前記固定部材は、前記導電性部材の長手方向において、前記導電性部材と前記充填部材との接続位置よりも、前記一方の端部から遠い位置に配置されている請求項1~17のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。 - 前記導電性部材の、前記一方の端部と前記固定部材との間の領域の辺縁部の少なくとも一部を前記保護層に固定する第2の固定部材を有する請求項18に記載の圧電素子。
- 前記圧電層は、高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む高分子複合圧電体からなる請求項1~19のいずれか一項に記載の圧電素子。
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