WO2021063030A1 - 一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构 - Google Patents

一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构 Download PDF

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WO2021063030A1
WO2021063030A1 PCT/CN2020/096324 CN2020096324W WO2021063030A1 WO 2021063030 A1 WO2021063030 A1 WO 2021063030A1 CN 2020096324 W CN2020096324 W CN 2020096324W WO 2021063030 A1 WO2021063030 A1 WO 2021063030A1
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access
blockchain
iot
iot device
smart contract
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PCT/CN2020/096324
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English (en)
French (fr)
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凌昕彤
乐煜炜
张博文
王家恒
高西奇
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东南大学
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Priority claimed from CN201910943188.6A external-priority patent/CN110602252B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201910941713.0A external-priority patent/CN110691420A/zh
Application filed by 东南大学 filed Critical 东南大学
Priority to US17/617,577 priority Critical patent/US11954681B2/en
Publication of WO2021063030A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021063030A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/04—Payment circuits
    • G06Q20/06—Private payment circuits, e.g. involving electronic currency used among participants of a common payment scheme
    • G06Q20/065—Private payment circuits, e.g. involving electronic currency used among participants of a common payment scheme using e-cash
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/085—Payment architectures involving remote charge determination or related payment systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/308—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using the Internet of Things
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/382—Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction
    • G06Q20/3825—Use of electronic signatures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/40—Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists
    • G06Q20/401—Transaction verification
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/06—Authentication
    • H04W12/069—Authentication using certificates or pre-shared keys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/08—Access security
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/08—Access security
    • H04W12/088—Access security using filters or firewalls
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/10—Integrity
    • H04W12/108—Source integrity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/12—Detection or prevention of fraud
    • H04W12/121—Wireless intrusion detection systems [WIDS]; Wireless intrusion prevention systems [WIPS]
    • H04W12/122—Counter-measures against attacks; Protection against rogue devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q2220/00—Business processing using cryptography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/56—Financial cryptography, e.g. electronic payment or e-cash
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80—Wireless
    • H04L2209/805—Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of wireless communication of the Internet of Things, in particular to a blockchain-enhanced open Internet of Things access architecture.
  • IoT Internet of Things
  • the access network architecture of IoT has a good application prospect in combination with blockchain technology.
  • the Federal Communications Commission of the United States also looked forward to the organic integration of blockchain technology and future wireless communication network technology.
  • IoT networks usually contain a large number of devices from different operators or manufacturers, which means that Under the environment, devices cannot achieve a high degree of trust and mutual cooperation, and the existing IoT structure based on dominant operators or manufacturers and trusted devices has become more and more restrictive.
  • a new type of multi-operator trustless collaborative IoT access architecture will be able to effectively break through many traditional IoT access architecture bottlenecks including resource sharing, incentive mechanisms, and network security.
  • the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture proposed by the present invention can make full use of the features of blockchain distributed storage, non-tampering, traceability, etc., combined with the newly proposed hash access mechanism, to provide a feasible and efficient IoT Access architecture upgrade plan.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the above problems and provide a blockchain-enhanced open Internet of Things access architecture, in which access points and IoT devices can perform safe and reliable short data packet access services in a trustless environment , Can effectively overcome the shortcomings of traditional IoT access architecture, solve the multi-party trust problem in distributed IoT access, promote multi-party cooperation in the network, and improve overall efficiency.
  • the method adopted by the present invention is: a blockchain-enhanced open Internet of Things access architecture, including wireless communication access points, IoT devices, blockchain miner networks, and core networks; the wireless communication The access point provides short data packet access services to IoT devices, and the service process is controlled by the blockchain enabling mechanism that manages the network access of IoT devices.
  • control steps of the blockchain enabling mechanism control are as follows:
  • the IoT device Before entering the IoT network, the IoT device needs to deposit a certain amount of deposits into its own blockchain online account, and the registration information is recorded in the blockchain as a public ledger;
  • the IoT device Before the service starts, the IoT device fills in and signs an electronic smart contract that contains the details of the access service, and then the IoT device will use the smart contract, the short data packet to be transmitted, the device identification code and the timestamp for hashing Operation.
  • the IoT device When the hash calculation result of the IoT device meets the access requirements of the wireless communication access point, the IoT device will send the smart contract, the short data packet to be transmitted, and the hash calculation result that meets the conditions to the wireless communication access point. , Request the wireless communication access point to provide the corresponding short data packet access service;
  • the wireless communication access point After the wireless communication access point receives the short data packet and smart contract from the IoT device, it checks and verifies whether the hash calculation result of the IoT device has the access qualification of the current access point, as well as the content, signature and IoT of the smart contract Deposit of equipment. After the verification is successful, the wireless communication access point uploads the smart contract and the hash value of the short data packet to the blockchain miner network, and directly uploads the short data packet sent by the IoT device to the core network to complete the access service ;
  • the blockchain miner network After the blockchain miner network checks and verifies the smart contract that contains the access request sent by the IoT device, it is recorded in the blockchain, and after a certain number of subsequent blocks are confirmed, the smart contract The prescribed service fee will be automatically transferred from the IoT device account to the access point account to achieve the final settlement of the service fee. If the smart contract is not successfully confirmed in the blockchain, the access point will upload the smart contract to the blockchain miner network again for its own benefit, until the smart contract is confirmed in the blockchain, that is to ensure the service When completed, the IoT device successfully paid the service fee to the access point.
  • the access service details in step 2 include the access service fee, related access control information, and the digital electronic signature of the IoT device and the access point.
  • the function of the hash value calculated by the IoT device in the step 2 is to realize the access qualification verification of the IoT device.
  • the IoT device uses the hash function to combine the four items described in the step 2 Data: Smart contract, short data packet to be transmitted, device identification code, and time stamp, which are spliced in the form of end-to-end connection to obtain a long data string, and then a fixed length is obtained by hash function operation on the long data string.
  • the hash function has the characteristics of irreversibility, collision constraint and easy verification.
  • the hash value of the operation is stored in the blockchain to ensure the safety of the data uploaded by the access point.
  • the wireless communication access point checks and verifies the hash operation result of the IoT device, which is to check whether the hash operation result meets the access qualification of the current access point. If the hash operation result does not meet the access qualification of the current access point, the access point will immediately terminate the execution of the steps and refuse to provide services for the IoT device.
  • the access point after the access point receives the access request, it needs to check the content of the smart contract sent by the IoT device and verify the balance of the IoT device that initiated this access request. Once the verification is successful, The access point directly provides short data packet access services for IoT devices, that is, the short data packet is forwarded to the core network without waiting for the smart contract to be confirmed in the blockchain. Providing the access service before the IoT device successfully pays the service fee can greatly reduce the delay of the short data packet access service, which is especially suitable for the business needs in the IoT access scenario.
  • the verification of the deposit of the IoT device in the step (3) is specifically: verifying whether the deposit of the IoT device is greater than the service fee, and if the deposit is not enough to pay the service fee, then The entry point ignores the access request of the IoT device.
  • the open Internet of Things converged across networks, specifically refers to the Internet of Things operated by multiple operators or manufacturers using the blockchain-enhanced open Internet of Things access architecture to connect into one overall.
  • the large-scale Internet of Things composed of various Internet of Things allows fair access to all devices, without requiring the access process to match the access point equipment of a specific operator or manufacturer, and the openness and transparency of the access process and access fees are guaranteed through the blockchain. distribution.
  • Hash access forces all IoT devices to calculate the hash value of related data and compete fairly for the right to use channel resources.
  • the advantage of combining it with the blockchain architecture is that if the access point dishonestly uploads the data of the IoT device
  • the IoT device can initiate an appeal based on the fact that the hash value of the data uploaded to the core network is different from the hash value on the blockchain chain.
  • the IoT device service fee is pre-stored on the chain, there is no need to consider the arrears of the IoT device after the access point service is completed.
  • the smart contract will automatically guarantee the transfer of the service fee from the IoT device account to the access point account.
  • the smart contract containing the signature of the IoT device can be repeatedly uploaded to the blockchain by the access point until it is confirmed to be successful to protect the interests of the access point.
  • the open IoT access architecture enhanced by the blockchain of the present invention effectively utilizes the features of blockchain distributed storage, non-tampering, traceability, etc., solves the trust problem in the traditional IoT network access structure, and is suitable for In the trustless IoT scenario of multiple operators or manufacturers, IoT devices and wireless communication access points in the network can conduct fair access service transactions in a trustless environment.
  • the invention utilizes the characteristics of the blockchain to ensure the safety, reliability, fairness, and fairness of transactions between devices in the IoT network, promote high-level cooperation among multiple devices in the network, and improve resource utilization, which is very beneficial to the deployment of large-scale IoT scenarios.
  • the pre-payment service mechanism of the present invention can greatly reduce the access delay of IoT devices, is suitable for IoT scenarios with low latency and short data packets, and has strong practical deployment and application value.
  • Figure 1 shows the open IoT access architecture enhanced by the blockchain.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the workflow of the blockchain-enhanced IoT architecture under the condition that one wireless communication access point that can provide access services, three IoT devices, and the number of confirmed blocks is 2.
  • FIG 3 shows that in an IoT network with two independent operators, the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture and the traditional Aloha access architecture are under balanced network load traffic and unbalanced network load traffic, respectively. Comparison of throughput performance.
  • FIG 4 shows that in an IoT network with two independent operators, the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture and the traditional Aloha access architecture are under balanced network load traffic and unbalanced network load traffic, respectively. Comparison of delay time.
  • FIG 5 shows that in an IoT network with two independent operators, the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture and the traditional Aloha access architecture are under balanced network load traffic and unbalanced network load traffic, respectively. Comparison of the probability of successful access.
  • the open IoT access architecture enhanced by the blockchain includes: wireless communication access points, IoT devices, a blockchain miner network composed of miners who manage the blockchain, and a core network.
  • the wireless communication access point can conduct fair and open access service transactions with the IoT device, charge a certain service fee to the IoT device, and provide corresponding access services for the IoT device.
  • IoT devices Before IoT devices enter the IoT network, they deposit a certain amount of deposits into the blockchain online account, and the registration information is recorded in the blockchain as a public ledger.
  • the IoT device and the access point communicate and reach agreement on the content and details of the service through the wireless channel before the transaction.
  • the IoT device When the IoT device needs to access, fill in and sign an electronic smart contract containing the details of the corresponding access service, and use The smart contract, the short data packet to be transmitted, the identification code of the IoT device, and the current timestamp are hashed.
  • the IoT device When the hash calculation result of the IoT device meets the access qualification of the wireless communication access point, the IoT device will send the smart contract, the short data packet to be transmitted, and the hash calculation result that meets the access qualification to the wireless communication access. Entry point.
  • the access point After the access point performs verification according to the mechanism described in the present invention, it uploads the smart contract and the hash calculation result that meets the access point qualification to the blockchain miner network, and at the same time, sends the short data from the IoT device Upload the package to the core network to complete this service.
  • the smart contract After the smart contract is verified by the blockchain miner network and gets a certain number of subsequent confirmation blocks, the service fee specified in the smart contract will be automatically transferred from the IoT device account to the access point account.
  • the specific parameters of a given blockchain-enhanced open IoT architecture are as follows: 1 wireless communication access point capable of providing access services, 3 IoT devices ( The numbers are device 1, device 2, and device 3).
  • 3 IoT devices Before entering the IoT network, 3 IoT devices deposit a certain amount of deposits into the blockchain account as a registration process.
  • the deposits of the 3 devices are 150, 180, and 10 respectively, and the registration information will be recorded in the block as a public ledger.
  • the chain In the chain
  • the IoT device and the access point reach an agreement on the service.
  • device 1 fills in and signs an electronic smart contract 1 containing the details of this access service, and the service fee is 12. Then, the device 1 sends the smart contract 1, the short data packet to be transmitted, and the hash operation result that meets the access qualification of the access point to the access point together, and requests the access point to provide corresponding access services;
  • the access point After the access point receives the short data packet and smart contract from device 1, it checks and verifies the content and signature of smart contract 1, and verifies whether the hash calculation result of device 1 truly meets the access point qualification and deposit Whether it is greater than the service fee, after querying, the deposit of device 1 is 150, which is enough to pay for the service fee 12, the access point directly uploads the smart contract 1 and the hash calculation result to the blockchain miner network, and at the same time, directly Provide corresponding access services for IoT devices;
  • Smart contract 1 is updated to the blockchain through the blockchain miner network. After getting the confirmation of 2 subsequent blocks, the service fee specified in smart contract 1 will be automatically transferred from the account of device 1 to the account of the access point, and this service ends;
  • device 2 initiates smart contract 2 according to the process similar to steps 1 to 4 to apply for access to the service, but smart contract 2 is not accepted by the main chain after being updated to the blockchain, and cannot be obtained Successful confirmation, so the access point continues to upload smart contract 2 to the blockchain miner network to ensure its own interests. Also after the confirmation of 2 subsequent blocks, the service fee specified in smart contract 2 will be automatically changed from The device 2 account is transferred to the access point account, and this service ends;
  • device 3 initiates smart contract 3 to apply for access service, but after the access point inquires, the balance of device 3 is not enough to pay for this access service, and the access point ignores this access service. Entry application.
  • the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture is simulated under balanced network load traffic and unbalanced network load traffic. Throughput, access delay, and successful access probability are analyzed and compared with the traditional Aloha access architecture. The results are as follows.
  • Figure 3 reflects the connection between the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture of the present invention and the traditional Aloha method in the entire IoT network under the condition that the access points of two independent operators bear a balanced service flow.
  • the incoming architecture has the same throughput.
  • the access architecture of the present invention can use the cross-IoT network integration, so that access points belonging to different operators can be connected to IoT devices. Safe and reliable short data packet access service transactions, thereby optimizing resource utilization, and the throughput remains the same as in the case of balanced traffic.
  • the traditional access architecture due to the lack of trust between devices, cross-network cooperation cannot be carried out. As a result, the resource allocation is unreasonable, which ultimately leads to a decrease in throughput.
  • Figures 4 and 5 respectively reflect the comparison between the architecture of the present invention and the traditional architecture of the two performances of access delay and successful access probability under the above-mentioned conditions.
  • the blockchain-enhanced open IoT access architecture of the present invention has the same performance as the traditional architecture when the network load flow is balanced, but when the load flow of the access point in the IoT network is unbalanced, the performance
  • the access architecture of the invention can utilize the cross-IoT network integration to optimize resource allocation and ensure network performance, while the performance of the traditional access architecture has a relatively significant decline.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种区块链增强的开放物联网(Internet of Things，简称IoT)接入架构，包括无线通信接入点、IoT设备、哈希接入机制、区块链矿工网络、管理IoT设备网络接入的区块链使能机制。本发明提出的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构利用区块链分布式存储、不可篡改、可追溯等特性，为IoT网络中的多方设备提供了一个安全可靠、公平公正的短数据包接入服务平台，能够在无信任的大规模IoT网络中，促进设备之间的合作，保证网络的安全与效率。本发明所述的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构安全可靠，设备接入时延较低，具有很高的实际应用价值。

Description

一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构 技术领域
本发明涉及物联网无线通信技术领域，尤其是一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构。
背景技术
自2008年比特币(Bitcoin)这一加密货币出现以来，其背后的支撑技术：区块链，正式出现于公众面前。基于比特币的电子现金交易打破了原有法定货币作为唯一交易代币的模式，创造出了一种去中心化的全新交易机制，通过密码学原理与分布式共识机制将交易固化于首尾相接的区块并存储在网络的各个节点中，其具备的去中心化、安全性、不可篡改性等特点带来了巨大价值。近十年的发展中，区块链技术经历过数阶段，从完全服务于数字货币的1.0时代和以智能合约为代表的2.0时代，进入了以跨领域综合应用为代表的区块链3.0时代。
进入跨领域应用与融合的区块链3.0时代的同时，物联网(Internet of Things，简称IoT)也作为近年来飞速发展的前沿技术，激起了产业界和研究者们巨大的研究兴趣。其中IoT的接入网络架构，作为IoT研究的核心领域之一，与区块链技术的结合具备良好的应用前景。2018年世界移动通信大会上，美国联邦通信委员会也展望了区块链技术与未来无线通信网络技术的有机融合。
随着IoT技术的迅猛发展，IoT规模将不断扩大，IoT设备的数量将呈指数级增长，在实践中，IoT网络通常会包含大量来自不同运营商或制造商的设备，这意味着在所述环境下，设备之间无法实现高度信任并相互合作，现有基于主导运营商或制造商与可信设备的IoT结构所带来的限制愈发显著。一类新的多运营商无信任协作IoT接入架构，将能够有效地突破包括资源共享、激励机制、网络安全在内的诸多传统IoT接入架构瓶颈。本发明提出的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构可充分利用区块链分布式存储、不可篡改、可追溯等特点，结合新近提出的哈希接入机制，提供一种可行、高效的IoT接入架构升级方案。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决上述问题，提供一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，架构中接入点和IoT设备可以在无信任的环境下进行安全可靠的短数据包接入服务，能够有效地克服传统IoT接入架构的缺点，解决分布式IoT接入中的多方信任问题，促进网络中的多方合作，提升整体效率。
为达到上述目的，本发明采用的方法是：一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，包括无线通信接入点、IoT设备、区块链矿工网络以及核心网；所述的无线通信接入点向IoT设备提供短数据包接入服务，服务过程受管理IoT设备网络接入的区块链使能机制控制。
作为本发明的一种改进，所述的区块链使能机制控制的控制步骤如下：
1)在进入IoT网络之前，IoT设备需要将一定数量的存款存入其自身的区块链在线账户，注册信息作为公共账本记录在区块链中；
2)服务开始前，IoT设备填写并签署一份包含此次接入服务细节的电子智能合约，随后IoT设备将利用所述智能合约、待传短数据包、设备标识码和时间戳进行哈希运算。当IoT设备的哈希运算结果满足无线通信接入点的接入要求，IoT设备将把所述智能合约、待传短数据包和满足条件的哈希运算结果一并发送至无线通信接入点，请求无线通信接入点提供相应的短数据包接入服务；
3)无线通信接入点接收到来自IoT设备的短数据包和智能合约之后，检查并验证IoT设备哈希运算结果是否具备当前接入点的接入资格，以及智能合约的内容、签名与IoT设备的存款。验证成功后，无线通信接入点将智能合约以及短数据包的哈希值上传至区块链矿工网络，同时直接将IoT设备发来的短数据包上传至核心网以完成本次接入服务；
4)区块链矿工网络在对所述的IoT设备发送的包含接入请求的智能合约检查验证后，将其记录在区块链中，在得到一定数量后续区块的确认后，智能合约中规定的服务费用将自动从IoT设备账户转移到接入点账户中以实现服务费用的最终结算。若智能合约未能成功在区块链中得到确认，接入点将出于自身利益再次上传该智能合约至区块链矿工网络，直至智能合约在区块链中得到确认，即确保此次服务完成，IoT设备向接入点支付服务费用成功。
作为本发明的一种改进，所述的步骤2中的接入服务细节包括此次接入服务费用、相关的接入控制信息、IoT设备与接入点的数字化电子签名。
作为本发明的一种改进，所述步骤2中IoT设备所运算的哈希值的作用是实现IoT设备的接入资格验证，是IoT设备利用哈希函数，将步骤2中所述的四项数据：智能合约、待传短数据包、设备标识码、时间戳，以收尾相接的形式拼接得到一串长数据串，并进一步对该长数据串通过哈希函数运算得到的一段固定长度、易于验证、难以伪造、不可篡改的字串。哈希函数具有不可逆、碰撞约束和易于验证的特性，将所述运算的哈希值存入区块链，能够确保接入点上传的数据安全，若接入点出错，上传了错误的信息至核心网，IoT设备将有迹可循，可依据追溯信息对接入点发起申诉。所述步骤3中无线通信接入点检查并验证IoT设备哈希运算结果，是检查哈希运算结果是否满足当前接入点的接入资格。若哈希运算结果不满足当前接入点的接入资格，接入点将立即终止执行所述步骤，拒绝为IoT设备提供服务。
作为本发明的一种改进，接入点接收到接入请求后，还需对IoT设备传来的智能合约内容进行核查，并核实发起本次接入请求的IoT设备的余额，一旦验证成功，接入点直接为IoT设备提供短数据包接入服务，即将短数据包转发至核心网，而无需等待智能合约在区块链中 得到确认。在IoT设备成功支付服务费前提供接入服务可大幅降低短数据包接入服务的延迟，尤为适用IoT接入场景下的业务需求。
作为本发明的一种改进，所述的步骤(3)中核实IoT设备的存款具体为：核实该IoT设备的存款是否大于本次服务费用，若其存款不足以支付本次服务的费用，接入点忽略该IoT设备的接入请求。
作为本发明的一种改进，跨网络融合的开放物联网，具体指多家运营商或制造商所负责运营的物联网利用所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，连接成一个整体。各家物联网所组成的大型物联网允许所有设备公平接入，无需要求接入过程匹配特定运营商或制造商的接入点设备，通过区块链保障接入过程的公开透明与接入费用分配。
将哈希接入与区块链架构相结合。哈希接入强制所有IoT设备计算相关数据的哈希值，公平地竞争信道资源的使用权，将其与区块链架构相结合的优势在于，若接入点不诚实地上传IoT设备的数据包，或者单纯地上传出错，IoT设备可依据上传至核心网的数据哈希值与区块链链上哈希值的差异事实，发起申诉。另外，由于IoT设备服务费预存于链上，接入点服务完成后无需考虑IoT设备拖欠费用的情况，智能合约将自动保障服务费从IoT设备账户向接入点账户的转移。当智能合约上链失败时，包含IoT设备签名的智能合约可由接入点反复尝试上传至区块链，直至确认成功以保障接入点的利益。
有益效果：
本发明所述的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构，有效地利用区块链分布式存储、不可篡改、可追溯等特点，解决了传统IoT网络接入结构中的信任问题，适用于包含多运营商或制造商的无信任IoT场景，网络中的IoT设备与无线通信接入点可以在无信任的环境下，进行公平的接入服务交易。本发明利用区块链的特性，保证了IoT网络中设备之间交易的安全可靠，公平公正，促进网络中多方设备的高度合作，提高资源利用率，十分有益于大规模IoT场景的部署。同时，本发明中的支付前服务机制可以大幅减小IoT设备的接入延迟，适用于低延迟短数据包的IoT场景，具有很强的实际部署与应用价值。
附图说明
图1为区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构。
图2为在1台能够提供接入服务的无线通信接入点、3台IoT设备且确认区块数为2的条件下，区块链增强的物联网架构的工作流程示意图。
图3为在一个有两个独立运营商的IoT网络中，区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构与传统Aloha方式的接入架构分别在平衡的网络负载流量和不平衡的网络负载流量下，吞吐量性能的对比。
图4为在一个有两个独立运营商的IoT网络中，区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构与传统Aloha方式的接入架构分别在平衡的网络负载流量和不平衡的网络负载流量下，延迟时间的对比。
图5为在一个有两个独立运营商的IoT网络中，区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构与传统Aloha方式的接入架构分别在平衡的网络负载流量和不平衡的网络负载流量下，成功接入概率的对比。
具体实施方式
为了更了解本发明的技术内容，特举具体实例并配合附图说明如下。
参考图1所示，区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构包括：无线通信接入点，IoT设备、管理区块链的矿工组成的区块链矿工网络以及核心网。所述的无线通信接入点能够和IoT设备之间进行公平公开的接入服务交易，向IoT设备收取一定的服务费用，并为IoT设备提供相应的接入服务。IoT设备在进入IoT网络之前，将一定数量的存款存入区块链在线账户，注册信息作为公共账本记录在区块链中。IoT设备与接入点在交易前通过无线信道就服务内容及细节进行沟通并达成一致，IoT设备在需要进行接入时，填写并签署一份包含相应接入服务细节的电子智能合约，并利用所述智能合约、待传短数据包、IoT设备的标识码和当前时间戳进行哈希运算。当IoT设备的哈希运算结果满足无线通信接入点的接入资格，IoT设备将把所述智能合约、待传短数据包和满足接入资格的哈希运算结果一并发送至无线通信接入点。接入点在按照本发明所述的机制进行核实验证后，将智能合约以及满足接入点接入资格的哈希运算结果上传至区块链矿工网络，同时，将IoT设备发来的短数据包上传至核心网以完成本次服务。在智能合约通过区块链矿工网络的验证上链并得到一定数量的后续确认区块后，智能合约中规定的服务费用将自动从IoT设备账户转移到接入点账户中。
参考图2所示，根据本发明的一种典型实施例，给定区块链增强的开放IoT架构的具体参数如下：1个能够提供接入服务的无线通信接入点，3台IoT设备(编号为设备1、设备2和设备3)。
如图2所示，仅展示所述的本发明典型实施例中三次按序发生的IoT设备接入服务，对应的申请接入服务的智能合约被分别标记为智能合约1、智能合约2和智能合约3。
本发明的典型实施流程如下：
1)在进入IoT网络之前，3台IoT设备将一定数量的存款存入区块链账户作为注册过程，3台设备的存款分别为150、180、10，注册信息将作为公共账本记录在区块链中；
2)服务开始前，IoT设备和接入点就服务达成一致。在第2时隙，设备1填写并签署一份包含本次接入服务细节的电子智能合约1，服务费用为12。随后设备1将所述智能合约1、 待传短数据包以及满足接入点接入资格的哈希运算结果一起发送给接入点，请求接入点提供相应的接入服务；
3)接入点接收到来自设备1的短数据包和智能合约之后，检查并验证智能合约1的内容与签名，核实设备1的哈希运算结果是否真实满足接入点接入资格，以及存款是否大于本次服务费用，经过查询，设备1的存款为150，足以支付本次服务的费用12，接入点直接将智能合约1以及哈希运算结果上传至区块链矿工网络，同时，直接为IoT设备提供相应的接入服务；
4)智能合约1通过区块链矿工网络被更新到区块链中。在得到2个后续区块的确认后，智能合约1中规定的服务费用将自动从设备1账户转移到接入点账户中，本次服务结束；
5)在第7时隙，设备2按照类似步骤1至步骤4的流程发起智能合约2，申请接入服务，但智能合约2在更新到区块链后，没有被主链接受，没能得到成功的确认，于是接入点为保证自己的利益，继续将智能合约2上传至区块链矿工网络，同样在得到2个后续区块的确认后，智能合约2中规定的服务费用将自动从设备2账户转移到接入点账户中，本次服务结束；
6)在第10时隙，设备3发起智能合约3，申请接入服务，但经过接入点查询，设备3余额并不足以支付本次接入服务的费用，接入点便忽略此次接入申请。
参考图3至图5，在一个有两个独立运营商的IoT网络中，对所述区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构进行了平衡网络负载流量和不平衡网络负载流量下的仿真，对吞吐量、接入延迟和成功接入概率三项性能进行了分析，并与传统Aloha方式的接入架构做了对比，结果如下。
图3反映了整个IoT网络中，在两个独立运营商的接入点所承受业务流量均衡的情况下，本发明所述的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构与传统的Aloha方式的接入架构拥有相同的吞吐量。然而，当IoT网络中接入点的负载流量不平衡时，本发明所述的接入架构可以利用所述的跨IoT网络融合，使得属于不同运营商的接入点与IoT设备之间可以进行安全可靠的短数据包接入服务交易，从而最优化资源利用率，吞吐量保持与平衡流量情况下相同，而在传统的接入架构，由于设备之间不信任，无法进行跨网络的合作，致使资源分配不合理，最终导致吞吐量下降。
图4和图5分别反映了在上述情况下，接入延迟和成功接入概率两项性能在本发明所述架构与传统架构之间的对比。与图3情况类似，本发明所述的区块链增强的开放IoT接入架构在网络负载流量平衡时，性能与传统架构相当，但是当IoT网络中接入点的负载流量不平衡时，本发明所述的接入架构可以利用所述的跨IoT网络融合，优化资源分配，确保网络性能，而传统接入架构的性能则有较为明显下降。
虽然本发明已以较优实施例揭露如上，然其并非用以限定本发明。本发明所属技术领域 中具有通常知识者，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，当可作各种的更动与润饰。因此，本发明的保护范围当视权利要求书所界定者为准。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：包括无线通信接入点、IoT设备、区块链矿工网络以及核心网；所述的无线通信接入点向IoT设备提供短数据包接入服务，服务过程受管理IoT设备网络接入的区块链使能的机制控制。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：所述的区块链使能的机制的控制步骤如下：
    1)在进入IoT网络之前，IoT设备需要将一定数量的存款存入其自身的区块链在线账户，注册信息作为公共账本记录在区块链中；
    2)服务开始前，IoT设备填写并签署一份包含此次接入服务细节的电子智能合约，随后IoT设备将利用所述智能合约、待传短数据包、设备标识码和时间戳进行哈希运算；当IoT设备的哈希运算结果满足无线通信接入点的接入要求，IoT设备将把所述智能合约、待传短数据包和满足条件的哈希运算结果一并发送至无线通信接入点，请求无线通信接入点提供相应的短数据包接入服务；
    3)无线通信接入点接收到来自IoT设备的短数据包和智能合约之后，检查并验证IoT设备哈希运算结果是否具备当前接入点的接入资格，以及智能合约的内容、签名与IoT设备的存款；验证成功后，无线通信接入点将智能合约以及短数据包的哈希值上传至所述的区块链矿工网络，同时直接将IoT设备发来的短数据包上传至核心网以完成本次接入服务；
    4)所述的区块链矿工网络在对所述的IoT设备发送的包含接入请求的智能合约检查验证后，将其记录在区块链中，在得到一定数量后续区块的确认后，智能合约中规定的服务费用将自动从IoT设备账户转移到接入点账户中以实现服务费用的最终结算。若智能合约未能成功在区块链中得到确认，接入点将出于自身利益再次上传该智能合约至区块链矿工网络，直至智能合约在区块链中得到确认，即确保此次服务完成，IoT设备向接入点支付服务费用成功。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：所述的步骤2中的接入服务细节包括此次接入服务费用、相关的接入控制信息、IoT设备与接入点的数字化电子签名。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：步骤2中IoT设备所运算的哈希值的作用是实现IoT设备的接入资格验证，是IoT设备利用哈希函数，将步骤2中所述信息进行字节码拼接，通过哈希函数所计算得的一段固定长度的字串。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：所述的步骤3中接入点接收到接入请求后，对相关智能合约内容进行检查验证，并核实发起本次接入请求的IoT设备的余额，一旦验证成功，接入点直接为IoT设备提供服务，将其短数据包上传 至核心网，无需等待智能合约在区块链中得到确认，即在IoT设备进行支付前，提供接入服务。
  6. 根据权利要求2所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，其特征在于：所述的步骤3中核实IoT设备的存款具体为：核实该IoT设备的存款是否大于本次服务费用，若其存款不足以支付本次服务的费用，接入点忽略该IoT设备的接入请求。
  7. 跨网络融合的开放物联网，其特征在于：多家运营商或制造商所负责运营的物联网利用权利要求1至6所述的区块链增强的开放物联网接入架构，连接成一个整体。各家物联网所组成的大型物联网允许所有设备公平接入，无需要求接入过程匹配特定运营商或制造商的接入点设备，通过区块链保障接入过程的公开透明与接入费用分配。
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