WO2021037036A1 - 一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法 - Google Patents

一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法 Download PDF

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WO2021037036A1
WO2021037036A1 PCT/CN2020/111214 CN2020111214W WO2021037036A1 WO 2021037036 A1 WO2021037036 A1 WO 2021037036A1 CN 2020111214 W CN2020111214 W CN 2020111214W WO 2021037036 A1 WO2021037036 A1 WO 2021037036A1
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strain
gauge length
stress
curve
specimen
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French (fr)
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肖锋
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肖锋
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0001Type of application of the stress
    • G01N2203/0003Steady
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0017Tensile
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/0069Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G01N2203/0075Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/025Geometry of the test
    • G01N2203/0252Monoaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along a single axis of the specimen
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/0641Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/067Parameter measured for estimating the property
    • G01N2203/0682Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an experiment and calculation method for measuring the true stress and strain of a material, in particular to measuring the true stress-strain curve and local elongation of the material in the whole process.
  • uniaxial tensile test is to measure the true stress-strain curve or hardening curve of the material and its related mechanical performance parameters, such as yield strength, tensile strength, uniform elongation, etc.
  • uniaxial tensile test standards are mainly There are three: the American ASTM standard, the gauge length of the test piece is 50mm or 2.0inch, the width is 12.5mm or 0.5inch; the EU DIN standard, the gauge length of the test piece is 80mm, the width is 20mm; the Japanese JIS standard, the test The gauge length of the piece is 50mm, and the width is 25mm.
  • the processing of test data is only for the measurement data of the tensile specimen in the uniform necking section. Due to the measurement data of the local necking section, it is generally considered that it does not meet the simple stress-strain state or Uniform deformation conditions are discarded in the data processing process. In actual engineering problems, it is faced with a large number of material large deformation problems, indicating that the material has entered the local necking stage, such as stamping forming, collision bending and crushing, etc. Therefore, the level of theoretical understanding and testing technical means are objective Under restricted conditions, the true stress-strain relationship of the extended material can only be assumed based on the extrapolation method. At present, there are at least five typical material hardening models.
  • the true strain of the extended length of the curve is equal to 1.0 by default.
  • the material failure model needs to be introduced to judge the material failure , There are at least 11 typical material failure models.
  • Literature [1] proposed a data measurement and calculation method for uniaxial tensile testing.
  • the most important technical innovation is to introduce the gauge length or reference length, that is, all integers from 1.0mm to 50mm as a variable.
  • Uniaxial tensile test and data processing are in progress.
  • the "measurement of the distance between the two marked points of the sample under different deformation states during the test” does not give a clear measurement method.
  • the longitudinal extensometer is used to measure the displacement. Generally, only one longitudinal extensometer can be used on the same test piece, that is, only the measurement data under one gauge length can be obtained.
  • Test purpose If multiple samples are used for testing, and the displacement data under different gauge lengths are measured separately, the test will be complicated and the test cost will be high. At the same time, this method introduces judgment conditions for the determination of the initial breaking point. Therefore, without the introduction of new measurement techniques, the method in document [1] is difficult to be operability in the actual uniaxial tensile test.
  • Literature [2] introduces DIC testing technology into uniaxial tensile test. As an effective technical means, DIC testing technology has successfully realized the "two kinds of specimens under different deformation states during the measurement test" in literature [1]. Mark the distance between the points" technical requirements, and gives the true stress-strain curve at five gauge lengths (1.5mm, 3.0mm, 6.0mm, 12.5mm and 20mm). However, the document [2] uses the ASTM standard test piece with a gauge length of 50mm and a width of 12.5mm.
  • the number of grids arranged in the width direction of the test piece is 10, in order to ensure the initial breaking point
  • the actual measurable gauge length should be 2.5mm, 5.0mm, 7.5mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, etc., and the smallest integer gauge length is 5.0mm. Therefore, it cannot be obtained according to the method in document [2]
  • the true stress-strain curve of the material at 1.0mm gauge length is arbitrary, not strictly selected on the central axis, which affects the accuracy of data processing, and the true stress-strain curves at different gauge lengths have no clear physical objects corresponding to them, and no physical meaning can be given to the test results.
  • the theoretical or theoretical explanation will seriously affect its application and promotion in engineering.
  • the hole expansion rate evaluation index is also obviously insufficient.
  • the test conditions and hole processing methods have a considerable influence on the test results; on the other hand, the hole expansion rate is Qualitative indicators rather than quantitative indicators can not provide guidance for the stamping and forming simulation of parts. Therefore, another important concept that is directly related to the flanging and reaming performance and belongs to the material constitutive parameter-"Local Elongation" It has been re-emphasized, thereby forming a more comprehensive cognitive framework for the material forming theory of automobile body steel.
  • the gauge length of the test piece is 50mm and the width is 12.5mm.
  • the measurement nodes are arranged on the central axis of the test piece, so that the selection of the initial breaking point will deviate from the central axis of the test piece, resulting in the test not being rigorous and standard.
  • the EU DIN standard is adopted.
  • the gauge length of the test piece is 80mm and the width is 20mm.
  • the calculation area that can be captured or locked by the DIC system camera is fixed.
  • the initial breaking point of the test piece The location of occurrence is unpredictable, and it often occurs that the initial breaking point is not in the calculation area, resulting in test failure; on the other hand, the tensile deformation of the specimen may cause the initial calculation area on the specimen to exceed the calculation area locked by the camera, resulting in coverage
  • the number of gauge lengths is reduced or even insufficient.
  • the Japanese JIS standard is adopted.
  • the gauge length of the test piece is 50mm and the width is 25mm.
  • the initial breaking point can generally be satisfied within the calculation area, but due to the large width, the DIC system needs to calculate
  • the DIC test technology is introduced into the uniaxial tensile test. On the one hand, it solves the problem of "measurement of the distance between the two marked points of the sample under different deformation states during the test. On the other hand, the judgment condition for determining the initial breaking point is cancelled, and the initial breaking point is determined directly and objectively.
  • the use of new standard specimens will significantly increase the success rate of the DIC test and reduce the calculation amount of the DIC system, thereby improving the efficiency of the uniaxial tensile DIC test.
  • the present invention ensures that the real stress-strain curve and the local elongation of the material can be obtained from the real stress-strain curve under the 1.0mm gauge length in a physical sense; and the rigor and objectivity of the test is ensured , Measurement accuracy and higher test efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a test and calculation method for determining the true stress and strain of a material, the steps of which include:
  • Step 1 The DIC test of uniaxial tensile material includes the following steps:
  • the first step is to make standard tensile specimens for uniaxial tensile testing according to the uniaxial tensile test specifications, and record the thickness h 0 , width w 0 and initial cross-sectional area A 0 of the specimens. Spray paint on the surface of one side;
  • the second step is to install the painted tensile specimen on the uniaxial tensile testing machine, set the tensile speed v 0 in the control system of the uniaxial tensile testing machine, and aim the camera of the DIC system at the specimen to spray On the painted side, set the shooting frequency f 0 of the camera on the DIC system;
  • the third step is to start the uniaxial tensile testing machine and DIC system at the same time after debugging the control system of the tensile machine and the DIC system to perform the uniaxial tensile DIC test until the specimen is broken.
  • a tensile tester in accordance with the recording frequency f 0 photographing tensile load f., photographing camera according to the recording frequency f 0 of the specimen continuous modification photograph;
  • Step 2 The mesh generation and calculation of the uniaxial tensile test piece includes the following steps:
  • the first step in the DIC system, select a calculation area with an area of L ⁇ W on the surface of the tensile specimen in the initial state, where L is the length and W is the width;
  • the DIC system calculates the corresponding calculation areas on the continuous deformation photos of the specimen one by one to obtain the displacement data results of the nodes on the grid. For the nodes without results, Perform interpolation calculation in DIC system and save the calculation results;
  • Step 3 Uniaxial stretch mesh measurement and node naming, including the following steps:
  • the first step in the DIC system, according to the deformation results of the specimen near the moment before the specimen fracture, in the local necking deformation area of the specimen, determine the row of nodes at or closest to the smallest cross-section, and select the nodes in this row.
  • the node on or closest to the central axis of the test piece is taken as the initial breaking point O, which is named in the DIC system;
  • the third step in the DIC system, determine the two nodes that have the same ordinate with the initial breaking point O, and the distance between them is nl 0 , and the distance between the two nodes is 2nl 0 as the length; determine the same as the initial breaking point O
  • Both nodes are nl 0 , named in the DIC system;
  • Step 4 Output of uniaxial tensile DIC test results, including the following steps:
  • the first step is to output tensile load F from the DIC system
  • Step 5 According to the parameters recorded in the above steps and the output test results, taking the finite body A with a gauge length of 2nl 0 as the object, according to the standard definition of stress and strain, calculate the true stress and true strain of the material, and draw the material in 2nl The true stress-strain curve at 0 gauge length;
  • Step 6 According to the technical requirements of the finite body A with a gauge length of 2nl 0 that needs to meet the uniform deformation condition, the deformation of the finite body A before the specimen fracture is judged one by one, and the true stress and strain data that does not meet the uniform deformation requirements are deleted , And finally get the true stress-strain curve with a gauge length of 2nl 0 after treatment.
  • the gauge length of the tensile test piece is 50mm and the width is 12mm, and matt paint is sprayed on one side of the test piece; in the first step of step two, the calculation of the test piece is selected The area is 50mm ⁇ 12mm. In the second step of step two, the number of grids generated in the width direction of the specimen is 24.
  • the method for selecting the initial breaking point O is: in the DIC system, the deformation state of the specimen surface is displayed in the form of a grid, and the deformation results of the specimen at the time before the specimen fracture are shown. In the local necking deformation area of the specimen, determine the row of nodes at or closest to the smallest section; then, return the specimen from the current state to the initial state, taking the exact center Q in the calculation area 50mm ⁇ 12mm as the reference point, The distance between this row of nodes and the reference point Q in the stretching direction is required to be less than or equal to 20mm; finally, from this row of nodes, select the node located on the central axis of the test piece as the initial breaking point O; in the second step of step three, In the DIC system, for the initial state of the grid generated on the test piece, the initial breaking point O is used as the reference point, and the distance l 0 from any one of the four adjacent nodes is measured and recorded.
  • the initial breaking point O is coded as "0" and named as M0000 in the DIC system; in the third step of step three, the finite body A is connected to the initial breaking point Two nodes with the same ordinate and a distance of nl 0 from O are coded as "n”. In the DIC system, for these two nodes, the node located above the initial breaking point O is named "U0n00" and will be located at The node below the initial breaking point O is named "D0n00".
  • the test data output file is named, specifically: from the DIC system, the file name of the output tensile load F is FORCE; the nodes with the output names U0n00 and D0n00 are in the tensile direction or Y direction Name the files U0n00-Y and D0n00-Y respectively.
  • step 5 if n is equal to 1, the gauge length of the finite body A is 1.0mm, and the true stress-strain curve at 1.0mm gauge length is calculated and drawn.
  • the steps include:
  • the first step is to extract the mesh size l 0 , thickness h 0 , and initial cross-sectional area A 0 of the test piece.
  • the length, width and height of the finite body A are 2l 0 ⁇ 2l 0 ⁇ h 0 ;
  • the second step is to calculate the engineering stress at each moment by the following formula
  • the tensile load F is read from the file FORCE;
  • the third step is to calculate the engineering strain at each moment It includes the following steps:
  • U0100_Y is the Y-direction displacement of node U0100 at each time, read from file U0100-Y
  • D0100_Y is the Y-direction displacement of node D0100 at each time, read from file D0100-Y;
  • the fourth step is to calculate the true stress at each moment by the following formula
  • the fifth step is to calculate the true strain of the finite body A in the stretching direction at each moment by the following formula
  • the sixth step is to take the real stress Is the ordinate, the true strain Is the abscissa, draw the true stress-strain curve of the material under 1.0mm gauge length.
  • step 6 data processing is performed on the true stress-strain curve of the material under the 1.0mm gauge length, and the true stress-strain curve of the material is obtained.
  • the specific method is: near the moment before the specimen breaks, judge each one one by one.
  • the grid deformation of the finite body A corresponding to the 1.0mm gauge length at two moments determine the last moment when it satisfies the uniform deformation condition, delete the real stress-strain data on the real stress-strain curve and the real stress-strain data corresponding to this moment, and get The true stress-strain curve at 1.0mm gauge length after the tested material is processed.
  • This curve is defined as the true stress-strain curve of the material in its entirety.
  • the true strain at the last point on the curve is defined as the material failure at 1.0mm gauge length Strain or strain at break.
  • the local elongation of the material is calculated.
  • the specific method is: read the uniform elongation and the failure strain at 1.0mm gauge length from the curve.
  • the local elongation of the material is equal to the failure strain and the failure strain.
  • the difference of the uniform elongation, the uniform elongation refers to the maximum true strain at which the test piece is always under uniform necking deformation on the real stress-strain curve in the whole process.
  • step 5 take 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, respectively calculate and draw the true stress-strain curve of the material at each integer gauge length; in step 6, perform data processing for the true stress-strain curve at different gauge lengths, The specific method is:
  • the first step is to read the true stress-strain curves at different gauge lengths and display all the curves in the same chart;
  • the initial breaking point O is at the center of the surface of the finite body A, at the moment before the sample breaks.
  • the third step is to use the real stress-strain curve of the material as the reference curve, delete the data of the non-overlapping part of the curve under the gauge length greater than 1.0mm and the reference curve, and obtain the processed true stress under the gauge length greater than 1.0mm Strain curve, the true strain at the last point of the curve is the failure strain or fracture strain of the material under the gauge length.
  • the fracture strain represented by the last point of the curve under each gauge length is taken as the ordinate, and the corresponding gauge length As the abscissa, the gauge length effect curve of the tested material is obtained.
  • the present invention provides a test and calculation method for determining the true stress-strain curve of a material, avoiding the shortcomings of the prior art, and the beneficial effects produced are mainly reflected in the following four aspects:
  • the present invention obtains the true stress-strain curve or true stress-plastic strain curve of the material through the present invention.
  • the material hardening model is the result of experimental measurement rather than the result of extrapolation .
  • the local elongation obtained by the present invention is one of the core parameters for evaluating the forming performance of advanced high-strength steel materials. It can significantly improve the objectivity of material forming evaluation and has low cost. Therefore, the accurate measurement of local elongation is Its large-scale engineering application removes obstacles to effectiveness.
  • test data processing is very suitable for automatic completion of the program, which improves the efficiency of data processing and paves the way for large-scale engineering applications.
  • the road is leveled, therefore, the present invention has important theoretical and engineering practical significance.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic flow chart of this embodiment
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the dimensions of the tensile specimen used in the uniaxial tensile DIC test
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a 50mm gauge length section of a tensile test piece after spraying matte paint
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the deformation of the 50mm gauge length section after the test piece is broken
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of 24 grids generated in the width direction of the specimen in the DIC system
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the position of the initial breaking point O in the DIC system
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of finite body A and node markings under a 1.0mm gauge length
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the true stress-strain curve at 1.0mm gauge length before the DP780 treatment
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a 1.0mm gauge length finite body selected in the DIC system.
  • Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the deformation of the 1.0mm gauge length finite body in the DIC system at the last moment when it meets uniform deformation;
  • Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the true stress-strain curve at a gauge length of 1.0mm after treatment of the material DP780;
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of the true stress-strain curve under different gauge lengths before the treatment of DP780;
  • Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of the true stress-strain curve at different gauge lengths after treatment of the material DP780;
  • Figure 14 is a schematic diagram of the gauge length effect curve of the material DP780
  • Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of the full-course equivalent stress-equivalent plastic strain curve of the material DP780.
  • This embodiment takes the material DP780 as an example, the model of the tensile testing machine used is Zwick/Roell Z050, the DIC testing system is the ARAMIS system of GOM Company in Germany, and the data processing software is EXCEL, which explains in detail the true stress and strain measurement of the material in the present invention
  • the curve test and calculation method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 The DIC test of uniaxial tensile material includes the following steps:
  • the first step is to make the dimensions of the tensile specimen for the uniaxial tensile DIC test of the material DP780, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the gauge length is 50mm
  • the width is 12mm
  • the thickness is 1.4mm
  • the initial cross-sectional area is 16.8mm 2 .
  • Spray matte paint on the surface of one side of the tensile test piece, and the 50mm gauge length section of the tensile test piece after spraying the matte paint, as shown in Figure 3 and then draw the central axis and gauge length on the tensile test piece
  • the two ends and the three horizontal lines in the middle, the intersection of the central axis and the middle horizontal line is the position of the center point Q on the surface of the test piece.
  • the second step is to install the tensile test piece sprayed with matt paint on the uniaxial tensile testing machine, set the tensile speed to 2.0mm/min in the control system of the uniaxial tensile testing machine, and set the camera of the DIC system Aim at the side of the specimen sprayed with matt paint, and set the camera's photo shooting frequency to one per second in the DIC system.
  • the third step after debugging the tensile machine control system and DIC system, start the uniaxial tensile testing machine and DIC system at the same time for uniaxial tensile testing until the specimen is broken, and the tensile specimen is broken.
  • the 50mm gauge length section deforms, as shown in Figure 4.
  • the tensile tester records the tensile load F at one data per second at the shooting frequency, and the camera records the continuous load F of the specimen at one time per second at the shooting frequency. Deformation photos to ensure that the applied load can correspond to the deformation state of the specimen and related calculation data one by one.
  • Step 2 Uniaxial tensile test piece mesh generation and calculation (Note 1: The mesh in the present invention is called a virtual strain gauge in the DIC system, and the nodes on the mesh are called speckles in the DIC system.
  • the above are all based on the finite element idea, which is called grids and nodes to facilitate understanding and more accurate), including the following steps:
  • the calculation area on the surface of the tensile specimen in the initial state as shown in Figure 3, the calculation area with a length of 50mm and a width of 12mm.
  • the local necked section is required to be located in this area.
  • the grid generation control parameters are set and calculated, and the area with a length of 12mm and a width of 12mm in the calculation area is taken as For example, 24 grids are generated in the width direction of the specimen with the required parameters.
  • the selected length and width are integers, the generated grids are all squares. Therefore, the length and width directions are grids.
  • the numbers are the same, as shown in Figure 5, and the center point Q on the surface of the test piece is located at the center of this area.
  • the DIC system calculates the corresponding calculation areas on the continuous deformation photos of the specimen one by one to obtain the displacement data results of the nodes on the grid. For the nodes without results, Interpolation calculation is performed in the DIC system and the calculation result is saved.
  • Step 3 Uniaxial stretch mesh measurement and node naming, including the following steps:
  • the deformation state of the specimen surface is displayed in the form of a grid.
  • the local necking deformation area of the specimen is determined to be at or closest to the minimum A row of nodes at the cross-section; then, return the test piece from the current state to the initial state, taking the center Q of the surface of the test piece as the reference point, and the distance between this row of nodes and the reference point Q in the stretching direction is required to be less than or equal to 20mm;
  • the specific method is: define the position as shown in Figure 7. , Measure the distance between the initial breaking point O and the adjacent nodes above it or the grid size l 0 is 0.485mm (Note 2: Due to calibration reasons, the measurement result is not equal to 0.5mm, but the corresponding physical size is 0.5mm , Does not affect the data processing results, and at the same time, because the calculation area selected in the DIC system is difficult to ensure that it is strictly equal to an integer, the measured distance l 0 between any two adjacent points has a certain deviation, but all are processed according to the measured distance l 0) .
  • the third step in the DIC system, determine the two nodes that have the same ordinate with the initial breaking point O, and the distance between them is nl 0 , and the distance between the two nodes is 2nl 0 as the length; determine the same as the initial breaking point O
  • the abscissa and the two nodes whose distances are both nl 0 , the distance between the two nodes is 2nl 0 as the width; taking the thickness of the specimen h 0 as the height, a length, width and height are defined as 2nl 0 ⁇ 2nl 0 ⁇ h 0
  • the two nodes are coded as "n"; in the DIC system, for these two nodes, the node located above
  • Step 4 Output of uniaxial tensile DIC test results, including the following steps:
  • the file name of the output tensile load F is FORCE
  • the second step from the DIC system, output the displacement data of the mark points named U0n00 and D0n00 in the stretching direction or Y direction, and name the files U0n00-Y and D0n00-Y respectively.
  • Step 5 According to the parameters recorded in the above steps and the output test results, taking the finite body A under 1.0mm gauge length as the object, according to the standard definition of stress and strain, calculate the true stress and true strain, and draw the true stress-strain curve.
  • the steps include:
  • the first step is to extract the mesh size l 0 , thickness h 0 , and initial cross-sectional area A 0 of the test piece.
  • the length, width, and height of the finite body A are 2l 0 ⁇ 2l 0 ⁇ h 0 .
  • the second step is to calculate the engineering stress at each moment by the following formula
  • the tensile load F is read from the file FORCE.
  • the third step is to calculate the engineering strain at each moment (Note 3: The subscript "1" represents the engineering strain at 1.0mm gauge length, the same below), including the following steps:
  • U0100_Y is the Y-direction displacement of node U0100 at each time, read from file U0100-Y
  • D0100_Y is the Y-direction displacement of node D0100 at each time, read from file D0100-Y.
  • the fourth step is to calculate the true stress at each moment by the following formula
  • the fifth step is to calculate the true strain of the finite body A in the stretching direction at each moment by the following formula
  • the sixth step is to take the real stress Is the ordinate, the true strain As the abscissa, draw the true stress-strain curve of the material with a gauge length of 1.0mm, as shown in Figure 8.
  • Step 6 Perform data processing on the true stress-strain curve at 1.0mm gauge length.
  • the specific method is: in the DIC system, put the sample grid in the initial state (the DIC photo number is 0000), and select the curve corresponding to this curve.
  • the finite body A under the gauge length of 1.0mm, that is, an area of 0.970mm ⁇ 0.970mm ⁇ 1.4mm in the DIC system is selected as the finite body ZoneA-1.0mm, as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 9, corresponding to the physical
  • the size of the finite body in the sense is 1.0mm ⁇ 1.0mm ⁇ 1.4mm, and the initial breaking point O is required to be in the center of the surface of the finite body.
  • This curve indicates that the real stress-strain curve of the material DP780, which is named ZoneA-1.0mm finite body A, is used as the research object, during the uniform necking stage and the partial necking stage of the specimen, to ensure that it is always under uniform deformation.
  • the failure strain is 0.4299 and the uniform elongation is 0.2125.
  • the uniform elongation means that the specimen is always on the true stress-strain curve of the whole process.
  • the maximum true strain under uniform necking deformation is consistent with the uniform elongation calculated by the traditional uniaxial tensile test. Therefore, the local elongation of DP780 is equal to the difference between the failure strain and the uniform elongation of 0.2174.
  • step 5 take 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, respectively calculate and draw the true stress-strain curve of the material at each integer gauge length; in step 6, for the true stress-strain curve at the integer gauge length of 1.0mm to 10mm
  • the specific method for data processing is:
  • the first step is to read the true stress-strain curves at different gauge lengths and display all the curves in the same chart.
  • the abscissa is the true strain and the ordinate is the true stress.
  • step 2 data processing is performed on the true stress-strain curve at a gauge length of 1.0 mm according to the method of step 6 in this embodiment, and the processed true stress-strain curve at a gauge length of 1.0 mm is obtained.
  • the third step is to use the processed real stress-strain curve PK2-0&L-1.0mm under the 1.0mm gauge length as the reference curve, and delete the data of the non-overlapping part of the curve under the other gauge length and the reference curve (Note 5: this Part of the data is invalid data generated by the fracture process of the test piece.
  • this processing method is consistent with the processing method of "Material failure is determined by whether a finite body with a gauge length of 2nl 0 meets uniform deformation as the basis", but Simpler in operation), the real stress-strain curve under the gauge length greater than 1.0mm after treatment is obtained, and the real stress-strain curve under different gauge lengths after the treatment of material DP780 is shown in Figure 13, the last point of each curve
  • the true strain is the failure strain or fracture strain of the material under the gauge length. If the gauge length is greater than 10mm, the corresponding failure strain will quickly converge to the failure strain under the 50mm gauge length or the uniform elongation of the material.
  • the full-course equivalent stress-equivalent plastic strain curve of material DP780 is obtained, as shown in Figure 15, which can be used as a collision finite element model Or the material data input of the stamping simulation model.

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Abstract

一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,包括单轴拉伸材料DIC试验及数据输出、计算并绘制真实应力应变曲线、获取全历程真实应力应变曲线和局部延伸率。方法通过对单轴拉伸试验制定详细的技术流程,提出明确的技术要求——在试件宽度方向布置的网格数量为两倍宽度,保证了在物理意义上取到1.0mm整数标距,实现了技术目标——获取材料全历程真实应力应变曲线和局部延伸率。

Description

一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种测定材料真实应力应变的试验与计算方法,尤其是涉及测定材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线和局部延伸率。
背景技术
材料单轴拉伸试验的目的是测量材料的真实应力应变曲线或硬化曲线及其相关力学性能参数,如屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀延伸率等,在国际上,单轴拉伸试验标准主要有三个:美国的ASTM标准,试件的标距为50mm或2.0inch,宽度为12.5mm或0.5inch;欧盟的DIN标准,试件的标距为80mm,宽度为20mm;日本的JIS标准,试件的标距为50mm,宽度为25mm。
按照当前的单轴拉伸试验标准,试验数据的处理均只针对拉伸试件在均匀颈缩段的测量数据,由于局部颈缩段的测量数据,一般被认为已经不满足简单应力应变状态或均匀变形条件,在数据处理过程中被舍弃掉。在实际的工程问题中,面对的是大量的材料大变形问题,表明材料进入了局部颈缩阶段,如冲压成形、碰撞折弯压溃等,因而,在理论认识水平和测试技术手段被客观限制的条件下,只能采用基于外推法假设延长材料的真实应力应变关系,目前,至少存在五种典型的材料硬化模型。
由于材料大变形条件下的本构关系采用外推方法,曲线默认延长长度的真实应变等于1.0,若要确定外推曲线的终点,即材料的失效状态,则需要引入材料失效模型以判断材料失效,典型的材料失效模型至少包括11种。
那么,材料在局部颈缩段的真实应力应变关系是否可以通过试验测量并计算得到呢?从文献中找到了与外推法完全相反的技术路线。
本申请的发明人曾于2010年提出了一种单轴拉伸试验的数据测量和计算方法,以得到同一试件、同一材料在不同标距下的真实应力应曲线,参考文献[1]——肖锋,一种单轴拉伸试验的数据测量和计算方法,专利号201010501697.2。
L.X.Yang等通过数字图像相关法(Digital Image Correlation Method,简称DIC),得到了同一试件、同一材料在不同标距下的真实应力应曲线,得到了许多在传统单轴拉伸试验中不能得到的新结论,参考文献[2]——L.X Yang et al, Measure Strain Distribution Using Digital Image Correlation(DIC)for Tensile Tests。
文献[1]和文献[2]的新研究工作具有重大的方法论意义,证明了单轴拉伸试件局部颈缩段的应力应变关系是可测量的。在传统单轴拉伸试验中,对“局部颈缩段的应力应变关系是不可测量的”传统认知提出了挑战,然而,面向实际的工程应用,文献[1]和文献[2]的新试验方法存在明显不足。
文献[1]提出了一种单轴拉伸试验的数据测量和计算方法,其最重要的技术创新点是将标距或参考长度,即从1.0mm到50mm的所有整数,作为一个变量引入到了单轴拉伸试验与数据处理之中。然而,在此方法的第二步中,对“测量试验过程中试样在不同变形状态下的两标示点之间的距离”并没有给出明确的测量方法。在传统的单轴拉伸试验中,测量位移采用的是纵向引伸计,在同一个试件上,一般只能使用一个纵向引伸计,即只能得到一个标距下的测量数据,达不到试验目的;若采用多个试样进行试验,分别测量不同标距下的位移数据,又会将试验复杂化且试验成本高。同时,该方法对初始断裂点的确定引入了判断条件,因此,在没有新测量技术引入的情况下,文献[1]的方法在实际的单轴拉伸试验中难以具备可操作性。
文献[2]将DIC测试技术引入到了单轴拉伸试验中,DIC测试技术作为一种有效的技术手段成功的实现了文献[1]中“测量试验过程中试样在不同变形状态下的两标示点之间的距离”的技术要求,并给出了五个标距(1.5mm、3.0mm、6.0mm、12.5mm和20mm)下的真实应力应变曲线。然而,文献[2]采用的是ASTM标准的试件,标距为50mm,宽度为12.5mm,在DIC系统中,在试件宽度方向上布置的网格数量是10个,为了保证初始断裂点在标距的正中间,实际可测量的标距应为2.5mm、5.0mm、7.5mm、10mm、12.5mm等,最小的整数标距为5.0mm,因此,按照文献[2]的方法不能得到1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线。同时,测量点的选择具有随意性,不是严格在中轴线上选取,影响数据处理精度,且不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线没有明确的物理对象与之对应,对试验结果无法给出物理意义上或理论上的解释,会严重影响其在工程上的应用推广。
在材料成形领域,随着先进高强钢在汽车车身应用的比例和强度均越来越高,出现了许多新问题,其中,一个普遍的现象是先进高强钢更容易出现翻边扩孔开裂。由于传统的FLC曲线不包含针对此失效现象的评价标准,因此,零件的冲压成形仿真无法对此进行预测,但也形成了一个基本共识:先进高强钢的翻边 扩孔开裂现象与其材料扩孔率存在高度相关性,因而,材料扩孔率成了研究翻边扩孔开裂的一个重要切入点。
然而,在实现对材料翻边扩孔性能评价的同时,扩孔率评价指标也存在明显不足,一方面,试验条件和孔的加工方法对试验结果影响相当大;另一方面,扩孔率是定性指标而不是定量指标,无法为零件的冲压成形仿真提供指导,因此,另一个与翻边扩孔性能直接相关的、属于材料本构参数的重要概念——“局部延伸率(Local Elongation)”被重新引起了重视,借此形成了比较全面的对汽车车身用钢的材料成形理论的认知框架。
追溯局部延伸率概念的发展历史,日本学者的观点具有显著的前瞻性。在1993年,三村和弘等指出总延伸率与局部延伸率的关系——总延伸率较高,可能局部延伸率较低;局部延伸率较高,可能总延伸率较低。在1995年,Yamazaki等指出超高强钢的弯曲性能与总延伸率无关,而是与局部延伸率紧密相关。在2011年,Ishiguro等指出扩孔率和弯曲性能取决于局部延伸率。此外,在2005年,Stuart Keeler在代表国际钢协所做的报告中,也明确提到了材料的翻边、扩孔、弯曲性能与局部延伸率直接相关。但是,无论是在学术界还是工业界,如何测量材料的局部延伸率还没有可行的建议和成熟的测量方法。
本申请的发明人在实现本发明的过程中经过研究发现:从DIC测试技术和达成试验目标的角度,采用当前各标准的标准试样,并不利于材料的单轴拉伸DIC试验,主要原因如下:
第一,采用美国的ASTM标准,试件标距为50mm,宽度为12.5mm,在DIC系统计算处理中,若要求在宽度方向布置两倍宽度数量的网格即25个,则无法保证在试件中轴线上布置测量节点,使得初始断裂点的选取会偏离试件中轴线,导致试验不严谨、不规范。
第二,采用欧盟的DIN标准,试件标距为80mm,宽度为20mm,在DIC试验中,由于DIC系统摄像头所能捕捉或锁定的计算区域是固定的,一方面,试件的初始断裂点发生位置是不可预测的,经常出现初始断裂点不在计算区域而导致试验失败;另一方面,试件的拉伸变形可能使得试件上初始的计算区域超出了摄像头锁定的计算区域,导致可覆盖的标距数量减少甚至不足。
第三,采用日本的JIS标准,试件标距为50mm,宽度为25mm,在DIC系统计算处理中,一般可以满足初始断裂点在计算区域内,但由于宽度较大,使得 DIC系统需要计算的数据量增加,特别是处理图片较多的情况下,导致试验数据处理效率比较低,不利于单轴拉伸DIC试验的技术推广。
因此,由于现有技术中存在的各种不足,阻碍了其规模化的工程应用前景和技术推广,对现有的工程应用并没有产生实质性的有益效果,使得当前的现状依然停留于现有的单轴拉伸试验标准之中。
发明内容
本发明解决的技术问题
针对现有技术中的不足,本发明所要解决的技术问题是:
第一,相比文献[1]的方法,将DIC测试技术引入到单轴拉伸试验当中,一方面,解决对“测量试验过程中试样在不同变形状态下的两标示点之间的距离”的技术实现问题;另一方面,取消确定初始断裂点的判断条件,而是直接的、客观的确定初始断裂点。
第二,相比文献[2]的方法,制定了详细的试验技术流程,提出了明确的试验技术要求——在试件宽度方向布置的网格数量为两倍宽度,且选取的初始断裂点位于试件的中轴线上且位于标距的正中间。
第三,相比采用各标准的标准试样,采用新的标准试件,将显著提高DIC试验的成功率并降低DIC系统的计算量,从而提升单轴拉伸DIC试验的效率。
第四,由于在单轴拉伸试验中引入DIC测试技术,从而取消了传统的引伸计,相比引伸计测量方法,DIC技术测量的位移具有更高的精度。
本发明通过解决以上技术问题,保证了在物理意义上从1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线中,获取材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线和局部延伸率;保证了试验的严谨性、客观性、测量精度及较高的试验效率。
本发明的技术方案
为了实现本发明所要解决的技术问题的目的,本发明提供了一种测定材料真实应力应变的试验与计算方法,其步骤包括:
步骤一、单轴拉伸材料DIC试验,包括以下步骤:
第一步,按照单轴拉伸试验规范,制作单轴拉伸试验用的标准拉伸试件,并记录试件的厚度h 0、宽度w 0和初始截面积A 0,然后,对试件一侧的表面喷漆;
第二步,将喷了漆的拉伸试件安装在单轴拉伸试验机上,在单轴拉伸试验机的控制系统中设置拉伸速度v 0,将DIC系统的摄像头对准试件喷了漆的一侧, 在DIC系统上设置摄像机的拍摄频率f 0
第三步,在调试完拉伸机控制系统和DIC系统之后,同时启动单轴拉伸试验机和DIC系统进行单轴拉伸DIC试验,直到试件被拉断,在试件拉伸过程中,拉伸试验机按照拍摄频率f 0记录拉伸载荷F,摄像机按照拍摄频率f 0记录试件的连续变形照片;
步骤二、单轴拉伸试件网格生成与计算,包括以下步骤:
第一步,在DIC系统中,在处于初始状态的拉伸试件表面上,选取一个面积为L×W的计算区域,其中,L为长度,W为宽度;
第二步,在DIC系统中,设置网格生成控制参数,使得在计算区域宽度方向上生成的网格数量为2W;
第三步,在DIC系统中,根据生成的网格,DIC系统对试件的连续变形照片上对应的计算区域逐一进行计算,得到网格上节点的位移数据结果,对没有结果的节点,在DIC系统中进行插值计算,保存计算结果;
步骤三、单轴拉伸网格测量与节点命名,包括以下步骤:
第一步,在DIC系统中,针对试件断裂前附近时刻的试件变形结果,在试件局部颈缩变形区域,确定处于或最接近最小截面处的一排节点,选取此排节点中位于试件中轴线上或最靠近中轴线的节点作为初始断裂点O,将其在DIC系统中进行命名;
第二步,在DIC系统中,针对试件上生成网格的初始状态,测量任意两个相邻节点之间的距离或网格尺寸l 0并记录;
第三步,在DIC系统中,确定与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为长度;确定与初始断裂点O具有相同横坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为宽度;以试件厚度h 0为高度,定义一个长·宽·高为2nl 0·2nl 0·h 0的有限体A,将有限体A的长度2nl 0定义为标距,其中,n=1、2、3…s,并对有限体A上、与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标、且与其距离均为nl 0的两节点,在DIC系统中进行命名;
步骤四、单轴拉伸DIC试验结果输出,包括以下步骤:
第一步,从DIC系统中,输出拉伸载荷F;
第二步,从DIC系统中,输出标距为2nl 0的有限体A上、与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标、且与其距离均为nl 0的两节点,在拉伸方向或Y方向的位移数 据;
步骤五、根据以上步骤中记录的参数和输出的试验结果,以标距为2nl 0的有限体A为对象,按照应力应变的标准定义,计算材料的真实应力和真实应变,并绘制材料在2nl 0标距下的真实应力应变曲线;
步骤六、根据标距为2nl 0的有限体A需满足均匀变形条件的技术要求,对试件断裂前的有限体A的变形逐一进行判断,将不满足均匀变形要求的真实应力应变数据进行删除,最终得到处理后的标距为2nl 0的真实应力应变曲线。
进一步的,在步骤一第一步中,采用拉伸试件的标距为50mm、宽度为12mm,在试件一侧表面喷射哑光漆;在步骤二第一步中,选取试件的计算区域为50mm×12mm,在步骤二第二步中,在试件宽度方向上生成的网格数量为24个。
进一步的,在步骤三第一步中,初始断裂点O的选取方法是:在DIC系统中,以网格形式显示试件表面的变形状态,针对试件断裂前附近时刻的试件变形结果,在试件局部颈缩变形区域,确定处于或最接近最小截面处的一排节点;然后,将试件从当前状态回到初始状态,以计算区域50mm×12mm内的正中心Q为参考点,此排节点与参考点Q在拉伸方向的距离要求小于或等于20mm;最后,从此排节点中,选取位于试件中轴线上的节点作为初始断裂点O;在步骤三第二步中,在DIC系统中,针对试件上生成的网格的初始状态,以初始断裂点O为参照点,测量与其相邻四个节点中的任一节点的距离l 0并记录。
进一步的,在步骤三第一步中,将初始断裂点O编码为“0”,并将其在DIC系统中命名为M0000;在步骤三第三步中,将有限体A上与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标且与其距离为nl 0的两节点均编码为“n”,在DIC系统中,针对此两个节点,将位于初始断裂点O上方的节点,命名为“U0n00”,将位于初始断裂点O下方的节点,命名为“D0n00”。
进一步的,在步骤四中,对试验数据输出文件进行命名,具体是:从DIC系统中,输出拉伸载荷F的文件名为FORCE;输出名称为U0n00和D0n00的节点在拉伸方向或Y方向的位移数据,将文件分别命名为U0n00-Y和D0n00-Y。
优选的,在步骤五中,取n等于1,则有限体A的标距为1.0mm,计算并绘制1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,其步骤包括:
第一步,提取试件的网格尺寸l 0、厚度h 0、初始截面积A 0,有限体A的长·宽·高为2l 0·2l 0·h 0
第二步,按下式计算每个时刻下的工程应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000002
其中,拉伸载荷F读取自文件FORCE;
第三步,计算每个时刻下的工程应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000003
包括以下步骤:
(1)按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的拉伸变形量Δl:
Δl=|U0100_Y-D0100_Y|    (2)
其中,U0100_Y为节点U0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件U0100-Y;D0100_Y为节点D0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件D0100-Y;
(2)按下式计算有限体A拉伸方向每个时刻下的工程应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000005
第四步,按下式计算每个时刻下的真实应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000007
第五步,按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的真实应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000009
第六步,以真实应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000010
为纵坐标,真实应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000011
为横坐标,绘制1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线。
进一步的,在步骤六中,针对1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,得到材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,具体方法是:在试件断裂前的时刻附近,逐一判断每个时刻下与1.0mm标距对应的有限体A的网格变形情况,确定其满足均匀变形条件的最后一个时刻,将真实应力应变曲线上与对应此时刻之后的真实应力应变数据进行删除,得到被测试材料处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,将此曲线定义为材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,该曲线上最后一个点的真实应变定义为1.0mm标距下的材料失效应变或断裂应变。
进一步的,针对全历程真实应力应变曲线,计算材料的局部延伸率,具体方法是:从该曲线上读取均匀延伸率和1.0mm标距下的失效应变,材料的局部延伸率等于失效应变与均匀延伸率的差值,所述均匀延伸率是指在全历程真实应力 应变曲线上,试件始终处于均匀颈缩变形下的最大真实应变。
进一步的,在步骤五中,取1≤n≤10,分别计算并绘制各整数标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线;在步骤六中,针对不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,具体方法是:
第一步,读取不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线,并将所有曲线显示在同一张图表中;
第二步,在DIC系统中,在试件网格处于初始状态上,选取1.0mm标距下的有限体A,初始断裂点O处于有限体A表面的正中心,在试件断裂前的时刻附近,逐一判断每个时刻下的有限体A的网格变形情况,确定其可以满足均匀变形条件的最后一个时刻,将1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线上与对应此时刻之后的真实应力应变数据进行删除,得到处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,将其定义为材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,此曲线上最后一个点的真实应变定义为1.0mm标距下的失效应变或断裂应变;
第三步,以材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线为参照曲线,将大于1.0mm标距下的曲线与参照曲线非重合部分的数据进行删除,得到处理后的大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,曲线最后一个点的真实应变为材料在该标距下的失效应变或断裂应变。
进一步的,针对处理后的1.0mm标距及大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,取各标距下的曲线的最后一个点表示的断裂应变作为纵坐标,将与其相对应的标距作为横坐标,得到被测试材料的标距效应曲线。
本发明的有益效果
本发明提供了一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,避免了现有技术的不足,其产生的有益效果主要体现在以下四个方面:
第一,相比传统的单轴拉伸试验方法,通过引入有限体概念,能够在严格意义上证明“材料在局部颈缩段的真实应力应变关系是可以测量的”的结论是正确的,是对传统认知的重大突破,为其规模化的工程应用扫除了认知障碍。
第二,相比现有的单轴拉伸试验技术,通过引入DIC测试技术,并清晰的定义单轴拉伸试验的技术要求、技术流程和技术目标,保证了单轴拉伸DIC试验的试验效率及其试验数据处理的可靠性和客观性,为其规模化的工程应用扫除了技术障碍。
第三,相比传统的材料本构模型,通过本发明获取材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线或真实应力-塑性应变曲线,一方面,由于材料硬化模型是试验测量的结果而不是外推的结果,将显著提高各种有限元模型的预测精度;另一方面,将其与标距效应曲线相结合,为材料等效应变失效模型设定不同网格尺寸下的失效应变,显著降低了材料失效模拟在工程应用上的复杂性,因此,在提升模型仿真精度的同时,降低了使用成本,为其规模化的工程应用扫除了效果障碍。
第四,通过本发明获取的局部延伸率,是评估先进高强钢材料成形性能的核心参数之一,可显著提升材料成形评估的客观性,并且成本低,因此,局部延伸率的精确测量,为其规模化的工程应用扫除了效果障碍。
综上所述,通过本发明的系统实施,可以扫除认知障碍、技术障碍和效果障碍,同时,试验数据处理非常适合编写程序自动完成,提高了数据处理效率,为其规模化的工程应用铺平了道路,因此,本发明具有重要的理论与工程实践意义。
附图说明
图1是本实施例流程示意图;
图2是单轴拉伸DIC试验用拉伸试件尺寸示意图;
图3是喷射哑光漆后的拉伸试件50mm标距段示意图;
图4是试件被拉断后的50mm标距段变形示意图;
图5是DIC系统中试件宽度方向生成的24个网格示意图;
图6是DIC系统中初始断裂点O位置示意图;
图7是1.0mm标距下的有限体A及节点标记示意图;
图8是材料DP780处理前的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线示意图;
图9是DIC系统中选取的1.0mm标距有限体示意图;
图10是DIC系统中1.0mm标距有限体最后一个满足均匀变形时刻的变形示意图;
图11是材料DP780处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线示意图;
图12是材料DP780处理前的不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线示意图;
图13是材料DP780处理后的不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线示意图;
图14是材料DP780的标距效应曲线示意图;
图15是材料DP780的全历程等效应力-等效塑性应变曲线示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明中的附图,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
实施例
本实施例以材料DP780为例,采用的拉伸试验机型号为Zwick/Roell Z050、DIC测试系统为德国GOM公司的ARAMIS系统,数据处理软件为EXCEL,详细说明本发明的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,如图1所示,其包括如下步骤:
步骤一、单轴拉伸材料DIC试验,包括以下步骤:
第一步,制作材料DP780的单轴拉伸DIC试验用拉伸试件尺寸,如图2所示,其标距为50mm、宽度为12mm、厚度为1.4mm,初始截面积为16.8mm 2,在拉伸试件一侧的表面喷射哑光漆,喷射哑光漆后的拉伸试件50mm标距段,如图3所示,然后,在拉伸试件上画出中轴线、标距两端及其正中间的三条横线,中轴线与正中间横线的交点为试件表面正中心点Q所在的位置。
第二步,将喷射了哑光漆的拉伸试件安装在单轴拉伸试验机上,在单轴拉伸试验机的控制系统中设置拉伸速度为2.0mm/min,将DIC系统的摄像头对准试件喷射了哑光漆的一侧,在DIC系统中设置摄像机的照片拍摄频率为每秒一张。
第三步,在调试完拉伸机控制系统和DIC系统之后,同时启动单轴拉伸试验机和DIC系统进行单轴拉伸试验,直到试件被拉断,拉伸试件被拉断后的50mm标距段变形,如图4所示,在试件拉伸过程中,拉伸试验机按照拍摄频率每秒一个数据记录拉伸载荷F,摄像机按照拍摄频率每秒一张记录试件的连续变形照片,保证作用的载荷与试件变形状态及相关计算数据能够一一对应。
步骤二、单轴拉伸试件网格生成与计算(注1:本发明中的网格在DIC系统中称之为虚拟应变片,网格上的节点在DIC中称之为散斑,本质上都是基于有限元思想,称之为网格和节点方便理解且更为准确),包括以下步骤:
第一步,在DIC系统中,在处于初始状态的拉伸试件表面上,选取计算区域,如图3所示的长度为50mm、宽度为12mm的计算区域,要求局部颈缩段位于此区域中,如图4所示。
第二步,根据在宽度方向生成的网格数量为两倍宽度的技术要求,在DIC系统中,设置网格生成控制参数并计算,取计算区域中的长度为12mm、宽度为12mm的区域为例,要求设置的参数在试件宽度方向上生成的24个网格,由于 在DIC系统中,只要选取的长宽是整数,生成的网格均是正方形,因此,长度方向与宽度方向网格数量一致,如图5所示,且试件表面正中心点Q位于此区域的正中心。
第三步,在DIC系统中,根据生成的网格,DIC系统对试件的连续变形照片上对应的计算区域逐一进行计算,得到网格上节点的位移数据结果,对没有结果的节点,在DIC系统中进行插值计算,保存计算结果。
步骤三、单轴拉伸网格测量与节点命名,包括以下步骤:
第一步,在DIC系统中,以网格形式显示试件表面的变形状态,针对试件断裂前附近时刻的试件变形计算结果,在试件局部颈缩变形区域,确定处于或最接近最小截面处的一排节点;然后,将试件从当前状态回到初始状态,以试件表面正中心Q为参考点,此排节点与参考点Q在拉伸方向的距离要求小于或等于20mm;最后,从此排节点中,选取位于试件中轴线上的节点作为初始断裂点O,如图4和图6所示,将其编码为“0”,并将此初始断裂点O在DIC系统中取名为M0000。
第二步,在DIC系统中,针对试件上布置的网格的初始状态或未变形状态,如图6所示,测量网格的基本尺寸,具体方法是:按图7所示的位置定义,测量初始断裂点O与其上方相邻节点的距离或网格尺寸l 0为0.485mm(注2:由于标定的原因,测量结果不等于0.5mm,但其对应的物理意义上的尺寸为0.5mm,不影响数据处理结果,同时,由于在DIC系统中选取的计算区域难以保证严格等于整数,测量的任意相邻两点的距离l 0存在一定偏差,但均按测量的距离l 0进行处理)。
第三步,在DIC系统中,确定与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为长度;确定与初始断裂点O具有相同横坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为宽度;以试件厚度h 0为高度,定义一个长·宽·高为2nl 0·2nl 0·h 0的有限体A,将有限体A的长度2nl 0定义为标距,其中,n=1、2、3…s,将有限体A上与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标且与其距离为nl 0的两节点均编码为“n”;在DIC系统中,针对此两个节点,将位于初始断裂点O上方的节点,命名为“U0n00”,将位于初始断裂点O下方的节点,命名为“D0n00”,当n=1,拉伸方向标记的节点及名称为ZoneA-1.0mm的有限体A,如图7所示。
步骤四、单轴拉伸DIC试验结果输出,包括以下步骤:
第一步,从DIC系统中(拉伸试验机记录的拉伸载荷被实时的传输到DIC系统中),输出拉伸载荷F的文件名为FORCE;
第二步,从DIC系统中,输出名称为U0n00和D0n00的标记点在拉伸方向或Y方向上的位移数据,将文件分别命名为U0n00-Y和D0n00-Y,当n=1,则文件名分别为U0100-Y和D0100-Y。
步骤五、根据以上步骤中记录的参数和输出的试验结果,以1.0mm标距下的有限体A为对象,根据应力应变的标准定义,计算真实应力和真实应变,并绘制真实应力应变曲线,其步骤包括:
第一步,提取试件的网格尺寸l 0、厚度h 0、初始截面积A 0,有限体A的长·宽·高为2l 0·2l 0·h 0
第二步,按下式计算每个时刻下的工程应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000013
其中,拉伸载荷F读取自文件FORCE。
第三步,计算每个时刻下的工程应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000014
(注3:下标“1”表示1.0mm标距下的工程应变,下同),包括以下步骤:
(1)按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的拉伸变形量Δl:
Δl=|U0100_Y-D0100_Y|   (2)
其中,U0100_Y为节点U0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件U0100-Y;D0100_Y为节点D0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件D0100-Y。
(2)按下式计算有限体A拉伸方向每个时刻下的工程应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000016
第四步,按下式计算每个时刻下的真实应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000018
第五步,按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的真实应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000020
第六步,以真实应力
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000021
为纵坐标,真实应变
Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-000022
为横坐标,绘制标距为1.0mm下的材料真实应力应变曲线,如图8所示。
步骤六、对1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,具体方法是:在DIC系统中,将试件网格处于初始状态上(DIC拍摄照片编号为0000),选取与此曲线对应的1.0mm标距下的有限体A,即在DIC系统中选取了一个大小为0.970mm×0.970mm×1.4mm的区域作为有限体ZoneA-1.0mm,如图7和图9所示,对应物理意义上的有限体的大小为1.0mm×1.0mm×1.4mm,要求初始断裂点O处于此有限体表面的正中心,在试件断裂前的时刻(DIC拍摄照片编号为1020)附近,逐一判断每个时刻下的此有限体的网格变形情况,确定其可以满足均匀变形条件的最后一个时刻(DIC拍摄照片编号为0996),此有限体满足均匀变形的最后一个时刻的变形,如图10所示;将该曲线上与对应此时刻0996之后的真实应力应变数据进行删除(注4:此部分数据为试件的断裂过程产生的无效数据,材料失效由有限体A是否满足均匀性变形为判断依据,因此,材料失效在试件断裂之前,材料失效是试件断裂的原因,试件断裂是材料失效的结果),得到处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,如图11所示,将其定义为材料DP780的全历程真实应力应变曲线,也称之为全历程硬化曲线,该曲线上最后一个点的真实应变定义为1.0mm标距下的材料失效应变或断裂应变,该曲线的物理意义表示以名ZoneA-1.0mm的有限体A为研究对象,在试件均匀颈缩阶段和局部颈缩阶段,保证其始终处于均匀变形条件下的材料DP780的真实应力应变曲线。
进一步的,针对材料DP780的全历程真实应力应变曲线,从该曲线上读取失效应变为0.4299,均匀延伸率为0.2125,所述均匀延伸率是指在全历程真实应力应变曲线上,试件始终处于均匀颈缩变形下的最大真实应变,其与传统单轴拉伸试验计算得到的均匀延伸率一致,因此,DP780的局部延伸率等于失效应变与均匀延伸率的差值为0.2174。
进一步的,在步骤五中,取1≤n≤10,分别计算并绘制各整数标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线;在步骤六中,针对1.0mm到10mm整数标距下的真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,具体方法是:
第一步,读取不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线,并将所有曲线显示在同一张图表中,横坐标为真实应变,纵坐标为真实应力,对每条曲线按照PK2-0&L-nmm 的格式命名,如图12所示。
第二步,按照本实施例中步骤六的方法对1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,得到处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线。
第三步,以处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线PK2-0&L-1.0mm作为参照曲线,将其它标距下的曲线与参照曲线非重合部分的数据进行删除(注5:此部分数据为试件的断裂过程产生的无效数据,在效果上,该处理方法与“材料失效由标距为2nl 0的有限体是否满足均匀性变形为判断依据”的处理方式是一致的,但在操作上更简单),得到处理后的大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,材料DP780处理后的不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线,如图13所示,各曲线最后一个点的真实应变为材料在该标距下的失效应变或断裂应变,若标距大于10mm,对应的失效应变将快速收敛于50mm标距下的失效应变或材料的均匀延伸率。
进一步的,针对处理后的1.0mm标距及大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线PK2-0&L-n mm,取各标距下的曲线的最后一个点表示的断裂应变作为纵坐标,各标距下的曲线的最后一个点,如图13所示,如A点是1.0mm标距下的点、B点是2.0mm标距下的点,其它依此类推,将与断裂应变相对应的标距作为横坐标,得到材料DP780的标距效应曲线,如图14所示。
进一步的,针对材料DP780的全历程真实应力应变曲线,剔除弹性变形段之后,得到材料DP780的全历程等效应力-等效塑性应变曲线,如图15所示,可将其作为碰撞有限元模型或冲压仿真模型的材料数据输入。
以上实施方式仅为本发明的示例性实施方式,不用于限制本发明,本发明的保护范围由权利要求书限定。本领域技术人员在本发明的实质性保护范围内,对本发明做出的各种修改或等同替换也落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其步骤包括:
    步骤一、单轴拉伸材料DIC试验,包括以下步骤:
    第一步,按照单轴拉伸试验规范,制作单轴拉伸试验用的标准拉伸试件,并记录试件的厚度h 0、宽度w 0和初始截面积A 0,然后,对试件一侧的表面喷漆;
    第二步,将喷了漆的拉伸试件安装在单轴拉伸试验机上,在单轴拉伸试验机的控制系统中设置拉伸速度v 0,将DIC系统的摄像头对准试件喷了漆的一侧,在DIC系统上设置摄像机的拍摄频率f 0
    第三步,在调试完拉伸机控制系统和DIC系统之后,同时启动单轴拉伸试验机和DIC系统进行单轴拉伸DIC试验,直到试件被拉断,在试件拉伸过程中,拉伸试验机按照拍摄频率f 0记录拉伸载荷F,摄像机按照拍摄频率f 0记录试件的连续变形照片;
    步骤二、单轴拉伸试件网格生成与计算,包括以下步骤:
    第一步,在DIC系统中,在处于初始状态的拉伸试件表面上,选取一个面积为L×W的计算区域,其中,L为长度,W为宽度;
    第二步,在DIC系统中,设置网格生成控制参数,使得在计算区域宽度方向上生成的网格数量为2W;
    第三步,在DIC系统中,根据生成的网格,DIC系统对试件的连续变形照片上对应的计算区域逐一进行计算,得到网格上节点的位移数据结果,对没有结果的节点,在DIC系统中进行插值计算,保存计算结果;
    步骤三、单轴拉伸网格测量与节点命名,包括以下步骤:
    第一步,在DIC系统中,针对试件断裂前附近时刻的试件变形结果,在试件局部颈缩变形区域,确定处于或最接近最小截面处的一排节点,选取此排节点中位于试件中轴线上或最靠近中轴线的节点作为初始断裂点O,将其在DIC系统中进行命名;
    第二步,在DIC系统中,针对试件上生成网格的初始状态,测量任意两个相邻节点之间的距离或网格尺寸l 0并记录;
    第三步,在DIC系统中,确定与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为长度;确定与初始断裂点O具有相同横坐标,且与其距离均为nl 0的两个节点,以此两节点距离2nl 0为宽度;以 试件厚度h 0为高度,定义一个长·宽·高为2nl 0·2nl 0·h 0的有限体A,将有限体A的长度2nl 0定义为标距,其中,n=1、2、3…s,并对有限体A上、与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标、且与其距离均为nl 0的两节点,在DIC系统中进行命名;
    步骤四、单轴拉伸DIC试验结果输出,包括以下步骤:
    第一步,从DIC系统中,输出拉伸载荷F;
    第二步,从DIC系统中,输出标距为2nl 0的有限体A上、与初始断裂点O具有相同纵坐标、且与其距离均为nl 0的两节点,在拉伸方向或Y方向的位移数据;
    步骤五、根据以上步骤中记录的参数和输出的试验结果,以标距为2nl 0的有限体A为对象,按照应力应变的标准定义,计算材料的真实应力和真实应变,并绘制材料在2nl 0标距下的真实应力应变曲线;
    步骤六、根据标距为2nl 0的有限体A需满足均匀变形条件的技术要求,对试件断裂前的有限体A的变形逐一进行判断,将不满足均匀变形要求的真实应力应变数据进行删除,最终得到处理后的标距为2nl 0的真实应力应变曲线。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤一第一步中,采用拉伸试件的标距为50mm、宽度为12mm,在试件一侧表面喷射哑光漆;在步骤二第一步中,选取试件的计算区域为50mm×12mm,在步骤二第二步中,在试件宽度方向上生成的网格数量为24个。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤三第一步中,初始断裂点O的选取方法是:在DIC系统中,以网格形式显示试件表面的变形状态,针对试件断裂前附近时刻的试件变形结果,在试件局部颈缩变形区域,确定处于或最接近最小截面处的一排节点;然后,将试件从当前状态回到初始状态,以计算区域50mm×12mm内的正中心Q为参考点,此排节点与参考点Q在拉伸方向的距离要求小于或等于20mm;最后,从此排节点中,选取位于试件中轴线上的节点作为初始断裂点O;在步骤三第二步中,在DIC系统中,针对试件上生成的网格的初始状态,以初始断裂点O为参照点,测量与其相邻四个节点中的任一节点的距离l 0并记录。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤三第一步中,将初始断裂点O编码为“0”,并将其在DIC系统中命名为M0000;在步骤三第三步中,将有限体A上与初始断裂点O具有相 同纵坐标且与其距离为nl 0的两节点均编码为“n”,在DIC系统中,针对此两个节点,将位于初始断裂点O上方的节点,命名为“U0n00”,将位于初始断裂点O下方的节点,命名为“D0n00”。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤四中,对试验数据输出文件进行命名,具体是:从DIC系统中,输出拉伸载荷F的文件名为FORCE;输出名称为U0n00和D0n00的节点在拉伸方向或Y方向的位移数据,将文件分别命名为U0n00-Y和D0n00-Y。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤五中,取n等于1,则有限体A的标距为1.0mm,计算并绘制1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线,其步骤包括:
    第一步,提取试件的网格尺寸l 0、厚度h 0、初始截面积A 0,有限体A的长·宽·高为2l 0·2l 0·h 0
    第二步,按下式计算每个时刻下的工程应力
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100002
    其中,拉伸载荷F读取自文件FORCE;
    第三步,计算每个时刻下的工程应变
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100003
    包括以下步骤:
    (1)按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的拉伸变形量Δl:
    Δl=|U0100_Y-D0100_Y|  (2)
    其中,U0100_Y为节点U0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件U0100-Y;D0100_Y为节点D0100每个时刻下的Y方向位移,读取自文件D0100-Y;
    (2)按下式计算有限体A拉伸方向每个时刻下的工程应变
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100004
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100005
    第四步,按下式计算每个时刻下的真实应力
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100006
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100007
    第五步,按下式计算有限体A在拉伸方向上、每个时刻下的真实应变
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100009
    第六步,以真实应力
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100010
    为纵坐标,真实应变
    Figure PCTCN2020111214-appb-100011
    为横坐标,绘制1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤六中,针对1.0mm标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,得到材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,具体方法是:在试件断裂前的时刻附近,逐一判断每个时刻下与1.0mm标距对应的有限体A的网格变形情况,确定其满足均匀变形条件的最后一个时刻,将真实应力应变曲线上与对应此时刻之后的真实应力应变数据进行删除,得到被测试材料处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,将此曲线定义为材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,该曲线上最后一个点的真实应变定义为1.0mm标距下的材料失效应变或断裂应变。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:针对全历程真实应力应变曲线,计算材料的局部延伸率,具体方法是:从该曲线上读取均匀延伸率和1.0mm标距下的失效应变,材料的局部延伸率等于失效应变与均匀延伸率的差值,所述均匀延伸率是指在全历程真实应力应变曲线上,试件始终处于均匀颈缩变形下的最大真实应变。
  9. 根据权利要求1或5或6所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:在步骤五中,取1≤n≤10,分别计算并绘制各整数标距下的材料真实应力应变曲线;在步骤六中,针对不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线进行数据处理,具体方法是:
    第一步,读取不同标距下的真实应力应变曲线,并将所有曲线显示在同一张图表中;
    第二步,在DIC系统中,在试件网格处于初始状态上,选取1.0mm标距下的有限体A,初始断裂点O处于有限体A表面的正中心,在试件断裂前的时刻附近,逐一判断每个时刻下的有限体A的网格变形情况,确定其可以满足均匀变形条件的最后一个时刻,将1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线上与对应此时刻之后的真实应力应变数据进行删除,得到处理后的1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,将其定义为材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线,此曲线上最后一个点的真实应变定义为1.0mm标距下的失效应变或断裂应变;
    第三步,以材料的全历程真实应力应变曲线为参照曲线,将大于1.0mm标距下的曲线与参照曲线非重合部分的数据进行删除,得到处理后的大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,曲线最后一个点的真实应变为材料在该标距下的失效应变或断裂应变。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的测定材料真实应力应变曲线的试验与计算方法,其特征在于:针对处理后的1.0mm标距及大于1.0mm标距下的真实应力应变曲线,取各标距下的曲线的最后一个点表示的断裂应变作为纵坐标,将与其相对应的标距作为横坐标,得到被测试材料的标距效应曲线。
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