WO2020258918A1 - 一种面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法 - Google Patents
一种面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法 Download PDFInfo
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- the invention relates to the technical field of environmental engineering, in particular to a power transformation analysis method for non-normally distributed water quality observation data.
- the transformation method commonly used in water quality series is logarithmic transformation.
- some variables are still skewed after logarithmic transformation, especially negative skew data, which will increase their skewness after logarithmic transformation. degree.
- a single type of transformation is not suitable for all observation variable sequences; and when different transformation methods are selected through the subjective judgment of analysts, The selection criteria are different. It is difficult to choose the most suitable transformation method based on the characteristics of the observed variables of the water plant. As a result, the transformed data cannot meet the requirements of linearity, uniformity of variance and normality required by common data mining and statistical analysis. Some important properties of the data that are lost when these transformed data are used in actual analysis and application affect the analysis effect.
- the present invention solves the problems of poor data transformation effect due to the selected transformation method being not adapted to the characteristics of the water plant observation variable during data transformation of the existing non-normally distributed water quality observation data, and provides a non-normal distribution oriented Power transformation analysis method of water quality observation data.
- a power transformation analysis method for non-normally distributed water quality observation data including the following steps:
- the estimated values of the corresponding parameters include: After normal transformation processing , The mean, standard deviation and transformation parameters of the distribution of water quality observation data;
- step S1 For the different normal transformation methods described in step S1, respectively calculate the minimum negative log likelihood function value, AIC value and BIC value corresponding to each normal transformation method;
- the different normal transformation methods in step S1 include identity transformation, logarithmic transformation, Box-Cox transformation and Yeo-Johnson transformation.
- the estimated parameters described in step S1 adopt the method of maximum likelihood function, and adopt the downhill simplex method to solve.
- the specific steps of calculating the estimated value of the corresponding parameter after the normal transformation processing of the water quality observation data through the Box-Cox transformation is as follows:
- the transformation parameter ⁇ is estimated by the maximum likelihood method
- the density of x is:
- J( ⁇ ; x) is the transformed Jacobian matrix:
- the specific steps of calculating the estimated value of the corresponding parameter after the normal transformation of the water quality observation data through the Yeo-Johnson transformation in the step S1 are:
- the transformation parameter ⁇ is estimated by the maximum likelihood method
- the density of x is:
- J( ⁇ ; x) is the transformed Jacobian matrix:
- sgn( ⁇ ) is a sign function, when the variable x i is positive, the value is 1, and when the variable x i is negative, it is -1, otherwise the value is 0;
- the calculated minimum negative log likelihood function value, AIC value, and BIC value first select the minimum negative log likelihood function value, AIC value and BIC value that are lower than the original water quality observation data.
- the normal transformation method corresponding to the parameter value otherwise it is considered that the original water quality observation data meets the normality assumption, and it is not transformed, and this step is ended;
- the transformation method is the optimal transformation method
- the minimum negative log likelihood function value is expressed as -L;
- k is the number of estimated parameters
- L is the maximum likelihood function value
- n is the number of water quality observation data.
- the method of the present invention determines the transformation parameters through the information carried by the water quality observation data itself, sets specific measurement indicators to calculate and compares in a variety of normal transformation methods, thereby selecting the optimal normal transformation method according to the data characteristics of the water quality observation Finally, the optimal transformation method transfers the sequence into a space that obeys or approximately obeys the normal distribution function, and obtains a new sequence corresponding to the original sequence to eliminate possible nonlinearity, heteroscedasticity and non-normality in the data sequence
- the data is directly transformed by the power transformation method. After the transformation, the variable sequence will not change relative to the original value sequence, so the probability density of a specific value in the variable is not changed.
- the transformation process converges or diverges from the original sequence Achieve changes in the overall distribution of variables.
- the method of the present invention can make the transformed data have better normality, is convenient for further data analysis, and solves the problems of poor data transformation effect due to the selected transformation method not adapting to the characteristics of the water plant observation variable.
- Figure 1 is a general flow chart of the method of the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a transformation effect diagram of the Box-Cox transformation method used in the present invention under different parameters.
- Figure 3 is a transformation effect diagram of the Yeo-Johnson transformation method used in the present invention under different parameters.
- Figure 4 is a Q-Q diagram of the original water quality observation sequence in Example 2.
- Figure 5 is the Q-Q diagram of the water quality observation sequence after Box-Cox transformation in Example 2.
- Figure 6 is a Q-Q diagram of the water quality observation sequence after Yeo-Johnson transformation in Example 2.
- Figure 7 is the Q-Q diagram of the water quality observation sequence after logarithmic transformation in Example 2.
- Example 8 is a schematic diagram of the original water quality observation sequence in Example 2.
- Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the water quality observation sequence after logarithmic transformation in Example 2.
- Figure 10 is a distribution diagram of the original water quality observation data in Example 2.
- Fig. 11 is a distribution diagram of water quality observation data after logarithmic transformation in Example 2.
- Embodiment 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the water quality observation data after inverse transformation and the original water quality observation data in Embodiment 2.
- Example 13 is a schematic diagram of comparison between the sequence obtained by inverse transformation of the autoregressive statistical analysis result in Example 2 and the original water quality observation sequence.
- a power transformation analysis method for non-normally distributed water quality observation data including the following steps:
- the estimated values of the corresponding parameters include: After normal transformation processing , The mean value, standard deviation, and transformation parameters of the distribution of water quality observation data; among them, in this embodiment 1, different normal transformation methods include identity transformation, logarithmic transformation, Box-Cox transformation and Yeo-Johnson transformation; among them, the estimated parameters are The method of maximum likelihood function, and the downhill simplex method is used to solve;
- step S1 For the Box-Cox transformation, the specific steps in step S1 for calculating the estimated values of the corresponding parameters after the normal transformation of the water quality observation data through the Box-Cox transformation are:
- the transformation parameter ⁇ is estimated by the maximum likelihood method
- the density of x is:
- J( ⁇ ; x) is the transformed Jacobian matrix:
- step S1 For the Yeo-Johnson transformation, the specific steps in step S1 for calculating the estimated values of the corresponding parameters after the normal transformation of the water quality observation data through the Yeo-Johnson transformation are:
- the transformation parameter ⁇ is estimated by the maximum likelihood method
- the density of x is:
- J( ⁇ ; x) is the transformed Jacobian matrix:
- sgn( ⁇ ) is a sign function, when the variable x i is positive, the value is 1, and when the variable x i is negative, it is -1, otherwise the value is 0;
- step S1 For the different normal transformation methods described in step S1, respectively calculate the minimum negative log likelihood function value, AIC value and BIC value corresponding to each normal transformation method;
- the calculated minimum negative log-likelihood function value, AIC value and BIC value first select the minimum negative log-likelihood function value, AIC value and BIC value which is lower than the corresponding parameter value of the original water quality observation data.
- Corresponding normal transformation method otherwise it is considered that the original water quality observation data satisfies the normality assumption, and it is not transformed, and this step is ended;
- the transformation method is the optimal transformation method
- the maximum likelihood function value obtained by the method of maximum likelihood function when defining estimated parameters is L
- k is the number of estimated parameters
- L is the maximum likelihood function value
- n is the number of water quality observation data.
- Example 2 is based on the method of Example 1.
- the daily observation sequence of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a sewage treatment plant is used as the experimental data.
- the length of the water quality observation sequence is 655 days.
- the relevant statistical parameters are shown in Table 1. ;
- this embodiment 2 further draws a quantile-quantile diagram (QQ diagram) according to the transformation results.
- QQ diagram uses a graphical method to identify whether the sample data is close to a normal distribution.
- the QQ diagram can be used to obtain data distribution information intuitively. Used to assist in determining the transformation effect.
- the point (x, y) on the QQ chart reflects the quantile of the empirical distribution of one of the sample data and the same quantile of the normal distribution. If the point on the QQ chart is approximately a diagonal straight line, it can be regarded as a data point It is normally distributed.
- the QQ diagram of the water quality observation sequence after transformation in this embodiment 2 is shown in Figure 4-7, and the transformation parameter estimation results are shown in Table 2.
- the Log item in the table refers to logarithmic transformation, and nllf refers to the negative log likelihood function value. .
- the resulting transformation sequence is shown in Figure 9.
- Figure 10 and Figure 11 the normality of the distribution of the water quality observation sequence after the transformation has been significantly improved.
- the original water quality observation sequence and the inverse transformation sequence are drawn, as shown in Figure 12.
- the transformed data is completely consistent with the original data, indicating that the transformation process will not lose the original data information.
- the time series autoregressive analysis of the transformed sequence shows that the COD sequence of the water plant has significant autocorrelation.
- the fitting result is inversely transformed.
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Abstract
Description
| Parameter | Identity | Log | Box-Cox | Yeo-Johnson |
| λ | / | / | 0.57 | 0.04 |
| μ | 398.41 | 5.89 | 50.91 | 6.72 |
| σ | 182.82 | 0.45 | 14.06 | 0.58 |
| nllf | 3,739.07 | 3,663.61 | 3,687.02 | 3,663.46 |
| AIC | 7,478.14 | 7,327.23 | 7,376.05 | 7,328.92 |
| BIC | 7,478.14 | 7,327.23 | 7,380.53 | 7,333.41 |
Claims (6)
- 一种面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:S1.获取非正态分布的水质观测数据,分别计算通过不同的正态变换方法对水质观测数据进行正态变换处理后对应参数的估计值,对应参数的估计值包括:进行正态变换处理后,水质观测数据分布的均值、标准差以及变换参数;S2.对于步骤S1中所述的不同的正态变换方法,分别计算每种正态变换方法相对应的最小负对数似然函数值、AIC值及BIC值;S3.根据计算得到的最小负对数似然函数值、AIC值及BIC值,与预设的选择标准进行比对,根据比对结果从所述不同的正态变换方法中选择得到最优变换方法;S4.将经所述最优变换方法进行正态变换处理后的水质观测数据作为输入数据进行水质观测的统计分析,将统计分析得到的结果进行逆变换,从而得到最终的分析结果。
- 根据权利要求1所述的面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中所述不同的正态变换方法包括有恒等变换、对数变换、Box-Cox变换及Yeo-Johnson变换。
- 根据权利要求2所述的面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中所述的估计参数采用最大似然函数的方法,并采用下山单纯形法进行求解。
- 根据权利要求3所述的面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S1中计算通过Box-Cox变换对水质观测数据进行正态变换处理后对应参数的估计值的具体步骤为:定义获取得到的非正态分布的水质观测数据序列为x={x 1,x 2,...,x n},λ为变换参数,y={y 1,y 2,...,y n}为输出序列;若x中各项均为正数,则Box-Cox变换的函数形式为:若x中存在x i≤0,则对整个水质观测数据序列进行平移ε,使x i+ε>0,对应的Box-Cox变换的函数形式如下:其中变换参数λ通过最大似然法进行估计;定义经过变换后,水质观测数据服从均值为μ,方差为σ 2的正态分布,则变换后输出的第i个水质观测数据y i的密度为:x的密度为:其中,J(λ;x)为变换的雅可比矩阵:若x中各项均为正数,获取对数似然函数为:令其中的logσ=s,μ/σ=v,同时去掉常数项(-n log(2π)/2),得到:对上式的对数似然函数取负值,然后采用数值法求解使对数似然函数的函数值最小的参数组合,得到最小负对数似然函数值-L,则最大似然函数值为L;若x中存在x i≤0,获取对数似然函数为:令其中的logσ=s,μ/σ=v,同时去掉常数项(-n log(2π)/2),得到:对上式的对数似然函数取负值,然后采用数值法求解使对数似然函数的函数值最小的参数组合,得到最小负对数似然函数值-L,则最大似然函数值为L。
- 根据权利要求3所述的面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S1中计算通过Yeo-Johnson变换对水质观测数据进行正态变换处理后对应参数的估计值的具体步骤为:定义获取得到的非正态分布的水质观测数据序列为x={x 1,x 2,...,x n},λ为变换参数,y={y 1,y 2,...,y n}为输出序列;则Yeo-Johnson变换的函数形式为:其中变换参数λ通过最大似然法进行估计;定义经过变换后,水质观测数据服从均值为μ,方差为σ 2的正态分布,则变换后输出的第i个水质观测数据y i的密度为:x的密度为:其中,J(λ;x)为变换的雅可比矩阵:获取对数似然函数为:其中,sgn(·)为符号函数,当其中的变量x i为正时取值为1,当其中的变量取值x i为负时为-1,否则取值为0;令其中的logσ=s,μ/σ=v,同时去掉常数项(-n log(2π)/2)后,得到:对上式的对数似然函数取负值,然后采用数值法求解使对数似然函数的函数值最小的参数组合,得到最小负对数似然函数值-L,则最大似然函数值为L。
- 根据权利要求1~5任一项所述的面向非正态分布水质观测数据的幂变换分析方法,其特征在于,根据计算得到的最小负对数似然函数值、AIC值及BIC值,首先选出最小负对数似然函数值、AIC值及BIC值三者同时低于原始水质观测数据的对应参数值所对应的正态变换方法,否则认为原始的水质观测数据满足正态性假设,不对其进行变换,结束本步骤;若最小负对数似然函数值、AIC值及BIC值三者同时低于原始水质观测数据的对应参数值所对应的正态变换方法有多个,则其中最低的BIC值所对应的正态变换方法为最优变换方法;其中最小负对数似然函数值表示为-L;AIC值表示为:AIC=2k-2ln(L);其中k是估计的参数数量,L是最大似然函数值;BIC值表示为:BIC=ln(n)k-2ln(L);其中k是估计的参数数量,L是最大似然函数值,n为水质观测数据的个数。
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| CN114626008A (zh) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-06-14 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | 一种基于幂相关随机过程的铁路路基沉降预测方法和装置 |
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