WO2020211708A1 - 阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途 - Google Patents

阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途 Download PDF

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WO2020211708A1
WO2020211708A1 PCT/CN2020/084342 CN2020084342W WO2020211708A1 WO 2020211708 A1 WO2020211708 A1 WO 2020211708A1 CN 2020084342 W CN2020084342 W CN 2020084342W WO 2020211708 A1 WO2020211708 A1 WO 2020211708A1
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lead
group
dose
aluminum
magnesium
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PCT/CN2020/084342
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French (fr)
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马德君
陈新启
韩峰
颜仁杰
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马德君
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Priority to US17/502,105 priority Critical patent/US20220031736A1/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/06Aluminium, calcium or magnesium; Compounds thereof, e.g. clay
    • A61K33/08Oxides; Hydroxides
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/06Aluminium, calcium or magnesium; Compounds thereof, e.g. clay
    • A61K33/10Carbonates; Bicarbonates
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A61P39/02Antidotes

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of medicine, and particularly relates to the use of anionic clay in the preparation of lead-removing drugs.
  • complexing agents which form non-toxic and easily excreted lead complexes with lead ions and are excreted from the body through the kidneys.
  • these complexing agents can be divided into two types: aminocarboxylic acid type compounds and mercapto compounds.
  • Sulfhydryl compounds include penicillamine and dimercaptosuccinic acid.
  • the in vivo pharmacokinetic study of lead shows that the liver has a particularly strong ability to secrete lead.
  • the concentration of lead in the bile is 400-1000 times that in the blood. After lead is discharged into the intestine through bile, it is reabsorbed into the blood through the hepato-intestinal circulation. Very little lead is excreted from the body. This suggests that we can take a certain drug orally to combine with lead in the digestive tract to block the hepato-intestinal circulation and reabsorption of lead, so that a large amount of lead secreted by bile can be effectively discharged from the feces, and the food and the body can be driven out. Lead to achieve the purpose of driving lead.
  • Anionic clay is a layered compound formed by the interaction of a positively charged host layer and an interlayer anion through non-covalent bond interactions. See Figure 1 for its structure.
  • Anionic clays mostly exist in the form of layered composite hydroxides, including hydrotalcite compounds, aluminum-magnesium compounds, magnesium-aluminum compounds, and aluminum-magnesium citrate, magnesium-magnesium citrate, etc. See Table I.
  • M 2+ divalent metal cation
  • M 3+ trivalent metal cation
  • a n- interlayer anion
  • Anionic clay has the tunability of the composition of the metal ions of the main laminate, the controllability of the charge density and distribution of the main laminate, the tunability of the type and quantity of interlayer anions, the tunability of the space within the layer, and the difference between the main laminate and the interlayer anions.
  • the structural characteristics such as tunable interaction between the interactions, so that it has acid-base, adsorption, ion exchange, thermal stability, flame retardancy, ultraviolet barrier properties and other properties, widely used in catalysis, medicine, ion exchange and adsorption, Flame retardant, ultraviolet absorption and other fields.
  • Magnesium [Al 2 Mg 6 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O] as an antacid has the characteristics of high safety, small side effects, no peculiar smell, and can be taken orally. It is widely used in the field of medicine.
  • anionic clay In view of the special layered structure of anionic clay, it is often used to adsorb and remove anions and organic matter, and it can also be used as an excellent cation adsorption material. But so far, no prior art discloses the use of anionic clay for the preparation of lead-repellent drugs.
  • complexing agents which form non-toxic and easily excreted lead complexes with lead ions and are excreted from the body through the kidneys.
  • these complexing agents can be divided into two types: aminocarboxylic acid type compounds and mercapto compounds.
  • Sulfhydryl compounds include penicillamine and dimercaptosuccinic acid.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide the use of anionic clay in the preparation of lead-removing drugs.
  • the invention provides the use of anionic clay for preparing lead-repellent drugs.
  • the anionic clay includes hydrotalcite compounds, aluminum-magnesium-based compounds, magnesium-plus-aluminum compounds, aluminum-magnesium citrate, aluminium-magnesium citrate and other compounds.
  • the anionic clay is used as an active ingredient and other pharmaceutically acceptable therapeutic agents are combined to form a composition or compound, which can be used to prepare a lead-repellent drug.
  • the anionic clay or its composition or compound is added with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to make capsules, tablets, chewable tablets, powders, granules, suspensions or suspensions, It can realize the use of preparing lead-repellent drugs.
  • the pharmaceutical application of the anionic clay of the present invention can effectively prevent and treat lead poisoning and hyperleademia.
  • the pharmaceutical application of the anionic clay of the present invention can be used as an effective treatment drug for lead poisoning and hyperleademia of level III and below in the international blood lead diagnostic standard, breaking through the treatment limitations of existing lead repellents, The timing of lead-removal treatment is greatly advanced, the scope of lead-removal treatment is significantly expanded, and the current situation that there is no effective treatment drug for the above-mentioned diseases has positive clinical significance.
  • anionic clay Al-magnesium, magnesium-aluminum, and hydromagnesium carbonate in anionic clay have been used clinically as antacids and have been proven to be safe. Based on the present invention, it is expected that anionic clay can be used for clinical prevention and treatment of lead poisoning and new indications of hyperleademia.
  • the present invention finds for the first time the indication that anionic clay is used for repelling lead in organisms.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of anionic clay structure.
  • Hydrotalcite Korean Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan
  • lead acetate Sinopharm Group
  • potassium dihydrogen phosphate Sinopharm Group
  • sodium hydroxide Sinopharm Group
  • Buffer solution Take 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and add 500 water Dissolve in mL, adjust the pH to 6.8 with 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution; add water to make the volume up to 1000 mL.
  • Lead nitrate solution Weigh 0.1599g of lead nitrate, put it in a 1000mL volumetric flask, add 50mL buffer solution to dissolve it, and dilute it to the mark with buffer solution. Per ml Pb100 ⁇ g.
  • Hydrotalcite Korean Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan
  • Lead acetate (Sinopharm Group); Perchloric acid (Sinopharm Group); Sodium dimercaptosuccinate (Shanghai Xinya Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.).
  • the high and low dosage groups of hydromagnesium carbonate were administered with a high dose of 0.6g/kg and a low dose of 0.3g/kg respectively (the hydromagnesium carbonate was mixed with deionized water to make a suspension
  • the solution was given by an equal volume of gastric administration); the normal group was given an equal volume of 0.5% CMC-Na solution by gastric administration.
  • All the test substances administered by gavage were given in equal volumes, twice a day for 30 days. After the 30th day, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. The rats were put to death by excessive anesthesia. Brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use.
  • the blood samples and tissues of each group were wet digested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) Detect the lead content and count the lead removal rate. The results are shown in Table 2-5.
  • ICP- MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • mice 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight and divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, positive drug group (sodium dimercaptosuccinate group), high-dose hydrotalcite group, and low-dose hydrotalcite group. 8 animals per group. Except the rats in the normal group were given ultrapure water, the model group and the hydromagnesium carbonate each dose group drank 0.5% lead acetate ultrapure water solution for 30 days, resulting in a chronic lead exposure model. After the model was successfully established, the lead was stopped and fed with distilled water from the 31st day.
  • the normal group was given an equal volume of 0.5% CMC-Na solution by gavage, and the high and low dose groups of hydrotalcite were given a high dose of 0.6g/kg.
  • Low-dose 0.3g/kg intragastric administration the positive drug group was administered intragastrically at a dose of 10mg/kg sodium dimercaptosuccinate, all intragastric test products were given in equal volumes, twice a day, continuous 30 days.
  • blood, brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use. After wet digestion of each group of blood samples and tissues, the lead content was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the lead was counted. Clearance rate, the results are shown in Table 6-9.
  • All data are processed with SPSS20.0 statistical software.
  • the data of each group of measurement data are expressed as mean ⁇ relative standard deviation (mean ⁇ SD), and the Levene method is first used to test the homogeneity of variance. If the variances are uniform, one-way analysis of variance is used between multiple groups, and between two groups Two-sample T test; if the hypothesis of the parameter test is unreasonable, the Kruskal-Wallis test is used between multiple groups, and the Wilcoxon test is used between the two groups. P ⁇ 0.05 or p ⁇ 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
  • the effective clearance rate of hydrotalcite for brain lead at low and high doses is 26.63% and 28.29% respectively; blood The effective clearance rates of lead at low and high doses were 42.84% and 59.04%, respectively; the effective clearance rates of bone lead at low and high doses were 0 and 7.52%, respectively.
  • the effective clearance rate of blood lead of the therapeutic administration of hydrotalcite was 14.91% at high doses, and the effective clearance rate of brain lead at low and high doses, respectively They were 26.15% and 54.85%, and the effective clearance rate of bone lead was 19.10% at high doses.
  • the hydrotalcite group has significantly lower blood lead, brain lead and bone lead, and the animal test result of the test sample can be judged to be positive.
  • the pharmacodynamic results of the invention show that the preventive and therapeutic administration of hydrotalcite can effectively improve the blood lead, brain lead and bone lead content of chronic lead poisoning rats.
  • hydromagnesium carbonate has the pharmacological effect of displacing lead, and has good preventive and therapeutic effects when used as a lead dispelling agent.
  • Buffer solution Take 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and add 500 water mL. Adjust the pH to 6.8 with 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution; add water to make the volume up to 1000 mL.
  • Lead solution Weigh 0.1599g of lead nitrate, put it in a 1000mL volumetric flask, add 50mL buffer solution to dissolve it, and dilute it to the mark with buffer solution. Pb100 ⁇ g per milliliter.
  • mice 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight and divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, positive drug group (sodium dimercaptosuccinate group), magnesium and aluminum high-dose group, and magnesium and aluminum low-dose group. 8 animals per group. Except the rats in the normal group were given ultrapure water, the model group, the positive drug group, and the magnesium plus aluminum each dose group drank 0.5% lead acetate ultrapure water solution for 30 days, resulting in a chronic lead exposure model. After the model was successfully established, the lead was stopped and changed to distilled water feeding from the 31st day.
  • the normal group was given an equal volume of 0.5% CMC-Na solution by intragastric administration, and the high and low magnesium and aluminum dose groups were given a high dose of 0.6g/kg.
  • Low-dose 0.3g/kg intragastric administration the positive drug group was administered intragastrically at a dose of 10mg/kg sodium dimercaptosuccinate, all intragastric test products were given in equal volumes, twice a day, continuous 30 days.
  • blood, brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use. After wet digestion of each group of blood samples and tissues, the lead content was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the lead was counted. Clearance rate, the results are shown in Table 15-18.
  • the effective clearance rates of magnesium and aluminum on brain lead at low and high doses are 9.55% and 15.45% respectively;
  • the effective clearance rates of lead at low and high doses were 23.61% and 41.67%, respectively;
  • the effective clearance rates of bone lead at low and high doses were 0 and 7.12%, respectively.
  • the magnesium plus aluminum group has significantly lower blood lead, brain lead and bone lead, and the animal test result of the test sample can be judged to be positive.
  • the efficacy results of the invention show that the preventive and therapeutic administration of magnesium plus aluminum can effectively improve the content of blood lead, brain lead and bone lead in rats with chronic lead poisoning.
  • magnesium plus aluminum has the pharmacological effect of repelling lead, and has good preventive and therapeutic effects when used as a lead repellent.
  • Aluminum and magnesium plus (IL-YANG PHARM.CO., LTD, KOREA production); lead acetate (Sinopharm Group); potassium dihydrogen phosphate (Sinopharm Group); sodium hydroxide (Sinopharm Group).
  • Buffer solution Take 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and add 500 water mL. Adjust the pH to 6.8 with 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution; add water to make the volume up to 1000 mL.
  • Lead solution Weigh 0.1599g of lead nitrate, put it in a 1000mL volumetric flask, add 50mL buffer solution to dissolve, and dilute the buffer solution to the mark. Pb100 ⁇ g per milliliter.
  • Aluminum magnesium plus (IL-YANG PHARM.CO., LTD, KOREA production); lead acetate (Sinopharm Group); perchloric acid (Sinopharm Group), sodium dimercaptosuccinate (Shanghai Xinya Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.).
  • the solution was given by an equal volume of gastric administration); the normal group was given an equal volume of 0.5% CMC-Na solution by gastric administration. All the test substances administered by gavage were given in equal volumes, twice a day for 30 days. After the 30th day, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. The rats were put to death by excessive anesthesia. The brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use. The blood samples and tissues of each group were wet digested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) Detect the lead content and count the lead removal rate. The results are shown in Table 20-23.
  • ICP- MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • mice 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight and divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, positive drug group (sodium dimercaptosuccinate group), aluminum-magnesium plus high-dose group, and aluminum-magnesium plus low-dose group. 8 animals per group. Except the rats in the normal group were given ultrapure water, the model group, the positive drug group, and the aluminum-magnesium plus each dose group drank 0.5% lead acetate ultrapure water solution for 30 days, resulting in a chronic lead exposure model. After the model was successfully established, the lead was stopped and changed to distilled water feeding from the 31st day. The normal group was given an equal volume of 0.5% CMC-Na solution by intragastric administration.
  • the high and low doses of aluminum and magnesium were given a high dose of 0.6g/kg respectively.
  • Low-dose 0.3g/kg intragastric administration the positive drug group was administered intragastrically at a dose of 10mg/kg sodium dimercaptosuccinate, all intragastric test products were given in equal volumes, twice a day, continuous 30 days.
  • blood, brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use.
  • the lead content was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the lead was counted. Clearance rate, the results are shown in Table 24-27.
  • the effective clearance rates of aluminum-magnesium plus on brain lead at low and high doses are 8.79% and 13.12% respectively;
  • the effective clearance rates of lead at low and high doses were 16.07% and 37.50%, respectively;
  • the effective clearance rates of bone lead at low and high doses were 0 and 9.53%, respectively.
  • Table 25 The effect of aluminum and magnesium on the brain lead content of rats with chronic lead poisoning on the 60th day (mean ⁇ SD)
  • the effective clearance rate of the therapeutic administration of aluminum-magnesium plus the blood lead was 22.54% at high doses, and the effective clearance rate of brain lead was at low and high doses respectively They are 31.25% and 65.51%.
  • the effective clearance rate of bone lead is 12.69% at high doses.
  • aluminum-magnesium plus has the pharmacological effect of repelling lead, and has good preventive and therapeutic effects when used as a lead repellent.
  • the product was analyzed using the chemical industry standard HG/T 3820-2013 of the People's Republic of China, and the analysis results were as follows: the content of magnesium oxide was 31.1%, the content of aluminum oxide was 15.8%, and the content of zinc oxide was 12.7%.
  • Buffer solution Take 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and add 500 water mL. Adjust the pH to 6.8 with 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution; add water to make the volume up to 1000 mL.
  • Lead solution Weigh 0.1599g of lead nitrate, put it in a 1000mL volumetric flask, add 50mL buffer solution to dissolve, and dilute the buffer solution to the mark. Pb100 ⁇ g per milliliter.
  • Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O high and low dose groups were given a high dose of 0.6 g/kg and a low dose of 0.3 g/kg (Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O was mixed with deionized water to make a suspension, which was administered by an equal volume intragastric administration); the normal group was given an equal volume 0.5% CMC-Na solution by intragastric administration. All the test substances administered by gavage were given in equal volumes, twice a day for 30 days. After the 30th day, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. The rats were put to death by excessive anesthesia.
  • the brain, liver and femur samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen for later use.
  • the blood samples and tissues of each group were wet digested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) Detect the lead content and count the lead removal rate. The results are shown in Table 29-32.
  • 40 male SD rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight, and divided into normal group, model group, positive drug group (sodium dimercaptosuccinate group), Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O high-dose group, The Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O low-dose group, a total of 5 groups, each with 8 animals. Except that rats in the normal group were given ultrapure water, the model group, positive drug group, Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O each dose group drank 0.5% lead acetate ultrapure water solution for 30 days, causing chronic Lead dyed model.
  • the effective clearance rate of the therapeutic administration of Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O on blood lead at high doses is 16.87%
  • brain lead The effective clearance rate of bone lead was 34.54% and 69.48% at low and high doses, respectively, and the effective clearance rate of bone lead was 19.72% at high doses.
  • Mg 5 ZnAl 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 ⁇ 4H 2 O has the pharmacological effect of displacing lead, and has good preventive and therapeutic effects when used as a lead dispelling agent.
  • the pharmaceutical application of the anionic clay of the present invention can effectively prevent and treat lead poisoning and lead over-standard, has obvious lead-removing effect, small side effects, and has positive clinical significance.
  • the pharmaceutical application of the anionic clay of the present invention is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

Abstract

阴离子黏土的一种新的药用用途,特别是涉及阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途。所述阴离子黏土的制药用途能够有效预防和治疗铅中毒及铅超标,驱铅效果明显,副作用小,具有积极的临床意义。

Description

阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途 技术领域
本发明属于医药领域,特别涉及阴离子黏土在制备驱铅药物方面的用途。
背景技术
近年来,伴随着人口的快速增长、工业的迅猛发展、农药与化肥的滥用,大量的有害重金属相继排放,进而造成环境污染。而这些有害物质在环境中积累、迁移和转化,通过食物链,对动物和人类健康造成了危害。其中,重金属铅对儿童和青少年成长发育健康的影响,更是医药界关注的重点。
目前临床治疗铅中毒的药物研究在国内外都进展缓慢。当前有效的治疗剂多为络合剂,它们与铅离子形成无毒易排泄的铅络合物,通过肾脏排出体外。这些络合剂按结构可以分为氨基羧酸型化合物和巯基化合物两种类型。 巯基化合物有青霉胺和二巯基丁二酸。由于目前临床常用的驱排药物普遍存在促排能力有限、毒副作用大、水溶性差、有恶臭、不利于口服、对于慢性肾病患者效果较差等缺点,限制了其在重金属铅驱排治疗中发挥作用。对于国际血铅诊断标准中Ⅲ级及Ⅲ级以下的铅中毒以及高铅血症,现在还是以驱铅食品、健康教育、环境干预和特殊饮食调节平衡等手段应对,尚无有效的治疗药物。目前也没有能够在早期使用、预防慢性铅中毒的药物。寻找驱排铅药效确切、安全性高、毒副作用小、能够早期使用、无异味、可口服、不受肾脏病变影响的铅中毒解毒剂和高铅血症治疗剂,有明确的应用前景。
铅的体内药动学研究表明,肝脏分泌铅的能力特别强,胆汁中铅的浓度是血液中的400-1000倍,铅通过胆汁排入肠道后,又经肝肠循环重吸收入血,因此排出体外的铅很少。这提示我们可以通过口服某种药物,使其在消化道内与铅结合,阻断铅的肝肠循环与重吸收,就可有效地从粪便排出胆汁分泌的大量铅,达到驱除进食的食物和机体中的铅,从而实现驱铅的目的。
阴离子黏土是由带正电荷的主体层板和层间阴离子通过非共价键的相互作用而形成的层状化合物,其结构示意参见图1。阴离子黏土大多以层状复合氢氧化物的形式存在,包括水滑石类化合物、铝镁加类化合物、镁加铝类化合物以及铝镁西特、铝镁屈特等,参见表Ⅰ。
表Ⅰ、阴离子黏土的种类示例
Figure 369320dest_path_image001
注:M 2+——二价金属阳离子,M 3+——三价金属阳离子,A n-——层间阴离子,n——阴离子的价态值,x——三价金属阳离子所占摩尔分数,m——层间水的数量。
阴离子黏土具有主体层板金属离子组成可调变性、主体层板电荷密度及其分布可调控性、层间阴离子种类及数量可调变性、层内空间可调变性、主体层板与层间阴离子之间相互作用可调变性等结构特点,使其具有酸碱性、吸附性、离子交换性、热稳定性、阻燃性能、紫外阻隔性能等性质,广泛应用于催化、医药、离子交换和吸附、阻燃、紫外线吸收等领域。其中的铝镁加[Al 2Mg 6(OH) 14(CO 3) 2·4H 2O]、镁加铝[Al 5Mg 10(OH) 31(SO 4) 2·xH 2O]、铝碳酸镁[Al 2Mg 6(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O]作为抗酸剂,具有安全性高、毒副作用小、无异味、可口服等特点,在医药领域应用较广。
鉴于阴离子黏土特殊的层状结构,也经常用于吸附脱除阴离子和有机物,同时也可以作为优良的阳离子吸附材料。但迄今为止,没有现有技术公开将阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途。
技术问题
目前临床治疗铅中毒的药物研究在国内外都进展缓慢。当前有效的治疗剂多为络合剂,它们与铅离子形成无毒易排泄的铅络合物,通过肾脏排出体外。这些络合剂按结构可以分为氨基羧酸型化合物和巯基化合物两种类型。 巯基化合物有青霉胺和二巯基丁二酸。由于目前临床常用的驱排药物普遍存在促排能力有限、毒副作用大、水溶性差、有恶臭、不利于口服、对于慢性肾病患者效果较差等缺点,限制了其在重金属铅驱排治疗中发挥作用。对于国际血铅诊断标准中Ⅲ级及Ⅲ级以下的铅中毒以及高铅血症,现在还是以驱铅食品、健康教育、环境干预和特殊饮食调节平衡等手段应对,尚无有效的治疗药物。目前也没有能够在早期使用、预防慢性铅中毒的药物。寻找驱排铅药效确切、安全性高、毒副作用小、能够早期使用、无异味、可口服、不受肾脏病变影响的铅中毒解毒剂和高铅血症治疗剂,有明确的应用前景。
技术解决方案
针对现有技术存在的问题,本发明的目的在于提供阴离子黏土在制备驱铅药物方面的用途。
本发明目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的:
本发明提供阴离子型黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途。
所述阴离子黏土包括水滑石类化合物、铝镁加类化合物、镁加铝类化合物、铝镁西特、铝镁屈特等化合物。
作为本发明的一个方面,以所述阴离子黏土为有效成分,配合药学上可接受的其它治疗剂形成组合物或复方,可用于制备驱铅药物的用途。
作为本发明的另一个方面,所述阴离子黏土或其组合物或复方中加入药学可接受的辅料制成胶囊剂、片剂、咀嚼片剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、混悬液或悬胶液,可实现制备驱铅药物的用途。
有益效果
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1)本发明所述的阴离子黏土的制药用途能够有效预防、治疗铅中毒和高铅血症。
2)本发明所述的阴离子黏土的制药用途,可作为国际血铅诊断标准Ⅲ级及Ⅲ级以下的铅中毒以及高铅血症的有效的治疗药物,突破现有驱铅剂的治疗局限,将驱铅治疗时机大大提前,显著扩展驱铅治疗的范围,改变上述疾病目前尚无有效的治疗药物的现状,具有积极的临床意义。
3)阴离子黏土中的铝镁加、镁加铝、铝碳酸镁作为抗酸剂已经应用于临床,并被证明是安全的。以本发明为基础,可望将阴离子黏土用于临床防治铅中毒和高铅血症的新适应症。
本发明首次发现阴离子黏土用于驱除生物体内铅的适应症。
附图说明
图1是阴离子黏土结构示意图。
本发明的最佳实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明进行详细说明。以下实施例将有助于本领域的技术人员进一步理解本发明,但不以任何形式限制本发明。应当指出的是,对本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干调整和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1  铝碳酸镁吸附铅的体外研究
1.1药品与试剂
铝碳酸镁(日本Kyowa Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.);醋酸铅(国药集团);磷酸二氢钾(国药集团);氢氧化钠(国药集团)。
1.2试剂配制
缓冲溶液:取磷酸二氢钾6.8 g加水500 mL使溶解,用0.4%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8;加水定容至1000 mL即可。
硝酸铅溶液:称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000mL容量瓶中,加入50mL缓冲溶液溶解后,用缓冲溶液稀释至刻度。每毫升含Pb100 μg。
1.3 铝碳酸镁吸附铅的体外研究
取10mL硝酸铅溶液(100 μg/mL),置100mL容量瓶中,加缓冲溶液稀释至刻度,摇匀(每毫升含铅10 μg)。然后,转移至容器中, 37℃密闭条件下恒温搅拌30min。
取10mg铝碳酸镁加入上述铅溶液(10 μg/mL)中,形成混合体系,37℃密闭条件下搅拌2h,分别在15min、30min、45min、60min、120min测定混合体系的pH值,并取样过滤,测定滤液中的铅离子浓度。作为参照,同时将未加入铝碳酸镁的铅溶液原液(10 μg/mL)过滤并检测其中铅离子浓度。采用等离子体原子发射光谱法检测铅。检测结果见表1。
表1 铝碳酸镁吸附铅的体外研究结果
时间(min) 15 30 45 60 120
铅浓度( μg/mL) 9.96 0.56 0.51 0.34 0.14 0.09
吸附率(%) 94.4 94.9 96.6 98.6 99.1
从表1可见,铝碳酸镁对铅的吸附率在15分钟时即达到90%以上,表明铝碳酸镁对溶液中的铅具有很强的吸附能力。
实施例2  铝碳酸镁用于预防和治疗大鼠慢性铅中毒的研究
2.1药品与试剂
铝碳酸镁(日本Kyowa Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.);醋酸铅(国药集团);高氯酸(国药集团);二巯基丁二酸钠(上海新亚药业有限公司)。
2.2实验动物
雄性 SD 大鼠,体重 130-150g,由上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司提供动物中心提供(合格证号:SCXK 2008-0016)。
2.3 主要仪器
分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司,型号:PL601-L);鼠称(南京以马内利医药仪器有限公司);7700系列ICP-MS(美国安捷伦公司)。
2.4 实验方法
(1)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及预防给药
 32只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、铝碳酸镁高剂量组、铝碳酸镁低剂量组,共4组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、铝碳酸镁各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。从建模开始的第4天起,铝碳酸镁高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg给药(铝碳酸镁与去离子水混合制成悬浊液,采用等体积灌胃的方式给药);正常组以等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液给予灌胃。所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。第30天后,腹主动脉采血,大鼠过量麻醉处死,采集脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表2-5。
(2)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及治疗给药
40只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)、铝碳酸镁高剂量组、铝碳酸镁低剂量组,共5组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、铝碳酸镁各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。造模成功后,从第31天开始停止给铅改用蒸馏水喂养,正常组灌胃给予等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液,铝碳酸镁高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg灌胃给药,阳性药组按照二巯基丁二酸钠10mg/kg的剂量灌胃给药,所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。于第60天采集血液、脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表6-9。
所有数据均用SPSS20.0统计软件进行处理。凡计量资料各组数据以均数±相对标准偏差(mean±SD)表示,并均首先用Levene法进行方差齐性检验,若方差齐,则多组间用单因素 方差分析,两组间用两样本T检验;若参数检验的假设不合理,则多组间用Kruskal-Wallis检验,两组间用Wilcoxon检验。以p<0.05或p<0.01为具有统计学意义。
2.5实验结果
2.5.1铝碳酸镁预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
铝碳酸镁预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表2-4。
表2 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.033±0.01
模型组 8 - 0.064±0.05 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 0.045±0.03
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 0.024±0.01 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表3 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.047±0.06
模型组 8 - 0.694±0.10 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 0.593±0.22
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 0.540±0.14 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表4 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.231±0.16
模型组 8 - 55.062±7.49 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 57.740±14.05
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 46.252±6.46 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表2、3和4所示,与正常组比较,模型组和铝碳酸镁组血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比铝碳酸镁低、高剂量组和模型组,结果表明,铝碳酸镁高剂量组血铅、脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步统计铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅清除率,结果如表5所示,铝碳酸镁对脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为26.63%及28.29%;血铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为42.84%及59.04%;骨铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为0及7.52%。
表5 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 348777dest_path_image002
2.5.2治疗给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
治疗给药铝碳酸镁对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表6-8。
表6 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.014±0.03
模型组 8 - 0.075±0.02 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 0.086±0.01
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 0.055±0.01 *
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.058±0.01
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表7 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.026±0.02
模型组 8 - 0.446±0.40 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 0.228±0.08
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 0.079±0.01*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.129±0.03
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.05;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表8 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.444±0.47
模型组 8 - 25.036±5.13 ##
铝碳酸镁低剂量组 8 0.3 25.379±4.22
铝碳酸镁高剂量组 8 0.6 17.430±4.21*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 32.085±4.73
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表6、7和8所示,与正常组比较,模型组、铝碳酸镁组和阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比模型组和铝碳酸镁低剂量组、高剂量组,结果表明,高剂量组脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步分析各给药组间铅清除率,详见表9,治疗给药铝碳酸镁对血铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为14.91%,脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为26.15%及54.85%,骨铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为19.10%。
表9 铝碳酸镁对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 443029dest_path_image003
2.6、实验结论
依据我国颁布的《促进排铅功能评价办法》结果判定标准: 铝碳酸镁组与模型组比较,血铅、脑铅和骨铅显著降低,可判定该受试样品动物实验结果为阳性。本发明药效结果表明铝碳酸镁预防及治疗给药能有效改善慢性铅中毒大鼠体内的血铅、脑铅及骨铅的含量。
综上所述,铝碳酸镁具有驱铅的药理作用,用作驱铅剂时具有良好的预防和治疗作用。
本发明的实施方式
实施例3  镁加铝吸附铅的体外研究
3.1药品与试剂
镁加铝(浙江华润三九众益制药有限公司);醋酸铅(国药集团);磷酸二氢钾(国药集团);氢氧化钠(国药集团)。
3.2试剂配制
缓冲溶液:取磷酸二氢钾6.8 g加水500 mL。用0.4%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8;加水定容至1000 mL即可。
铅溶液:称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000mL容量瓶中,加入50mL缓冲溶液溶解后,用缓冲溶液稀释至刻度。每毫升含Pb100μg。
3.3 镁加铝吸附铅的体外研究
取10mL铅溶液(100μg/mL),置100mL容量瓶中,加缓冲溶液稀释至刻度,摇匀(每毫升含Pb10μg)。然后,转移至容器中,37℃密闭条件下恒温搅拌30min。
取镁加铝样品10mg加入上述铅溶液(10μg/mL),37℃密闭条件下搅拌2h,分别在15min、30min、45min、60min、120min取样过滤,测定吸附后溶液的pH值,并测定铅离子浓度。作为参照,同时将未加入镁加铝的铅溶液原液(10 μg/mL)过滤并检测其中铅离子浓度。采用等离子体原子发射光谱法检测铅。检测结果见表10。
表10 镁加铝吸附铅的体外研究结果
时间(min) 15 30 45 60 120
铅浓度( μg/mL) 10.03 1.75 1.49 1.32 1.18 0.92
吸附率(%) 82.5 85.1 86.8 88.2 90.8
从表10可见,镁加铝对铅的吸附率在15min时即高于80%,吸附效果明显。
实施例4  镁加铝用于预防和治疗大鼠慢性铅中毒的研究
4.1药品与试剂
镁加铝(浙江华润三九众益制药有限公司);醋酸铅(国药集团);高氯酸(国药集团),二巯基丁二酸钠(上海新亚药业有限公司)。
4.2实验动物
雄性 SD 大鼠,体重 130-150g,由上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司提供动物中心提供(合格证号:SCXK 2008-0016)。
4.3 主要仪器
分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司,型号:PL601-L);鼠称(南京以马内利医药仪器有限公司);7700系列ICP-MS(美国安捷伦公司)。
4.4 实验方法
(1)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及预防给药
 32只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、镁加铝高剂量组、镁加铝低剂量组,共4组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、镁加铝各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。从建模开始的第4天起,镁加铝高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg给药(镁加铝与去离子水混合制成悬浊液,采用等体积灌胃的方式给药);正常组以等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液给予灌胃。所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。第30天后,腹主动脉采血,大鼠过量麻醉处死,采集脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表11-14。
(2)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及治疗给药
40只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)、镁加铝高剂量组、镁加铝低剂量组,共5组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、阳性药组、镁加铝各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。造模成功后,从第31天开始停止给铅改用蒸馏水喂养,正常组灌胃给予等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液,镁加铝高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg灌胃给药,阳性药组按照二巯基丁二酸钠10mg/kg的剂量灌胃给药,所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。于第60天采集血液、脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表15-18。
所有数据均用SPSS20.0统计软件进行处理。各组数据以均数±相对标准偏差(mean±SD)表示,采用T检验。以p<0.05为具有统计学意义。
4.5实验结果
4.5.1镁加铝预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
镁加铝预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表11-13。
表11 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.023±0.02
模型组 8 - 0.072±0.07 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 0.055±0.05
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 0.042±0.03 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表12 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.032±0.03
模型组 8 - 0.576±0.08 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 0.521±0.15
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 0.487±0.12 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表13 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.362±0.27
模型组 8 - 48.792±5.47 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 50.010±6.18
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 45.316±5.22 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表11、12和13所示,与正常组比较,模型组和镁加铝组血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比镁加铝低、高剂量组和模型组,结果表明,镁加铝高剂量组血铅、脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步统计镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅清除率,结果如表14所示,镁加铝对脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为9.55%及15.45%;血铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为23.61%及41.67%;骨铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为0及7.12%。
表14 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 838238dest_path_image004
4.5.2治疗给药镁加铝对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表15-17。
表15 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.010±0.04
模型组 8 - 0.080±0.03 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 0.096±0.02
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 0.066±0.01 *
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.069±0.01
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表16 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.028±0.03
模型组 8 - 0.516±0.48 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 0.427±0.13
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 0.239±0.02*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.218±0.04
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.05;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表17 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.398±0.366
模型组 8 - 26.864±4.12 ##
镁加铝低剂量组 8 0.3 27.124±3.97
镁加铝高剂量组 8 0.6 23.378±3.26*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 35.006±3.92
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表15、16和17所示,与正常组比较,模型组、镁加铝组和阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比模型组和镁加铝低剂量组、高剂量组,结果表明,高剂量组脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步分析各给药组间铅清除率,详见表18,治疗给药镁加铝对血铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为17.50%,脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为17.25%及53.68%,骨铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为12.98%。
表18 镁加铝对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 714927dest_path_image005
4.6、实验结论
依据我国颁布的《促进排铅功能评价办法》结果判定标准: 镁加铝组与模型组比较,血铅、脑铅和骨铅显著降低,可判定该受试样品动物实验结果为阳性。本发明药效结果表明镁加铝预防及治疗给药能有效改善慢性铅中毒大鼠体内的血铅、脑铅及骨铅的含量。
综上所述,镁加铝具有驱铅的药理作用,用作驱铅剂时具有良好的预防和治疗作用。
实施例5 铝镁加吸附铅的体外研究
5.1药品与试剂
铝镁加(IL-YANG PHARM.CO.,LTD,KOREA生产);醋酸铅(国药集团);磷酸二氢钾(国药集团);氢氧化钠(国药集团)。
5.2试剂配制
缓冲溶液:取磷酸二氢钾6.8 g加水500 mL。用0.4%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8;加水定容至1000 mL即可。
铅溶液:称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000mL容量瓶中,加入50mL缓冲溶液溶解后,缓冲溶液稀释至刻度。每毫升含Pb100μg。
5.3铝镁加吸附铅的体外研究
取10mL铅溶液(100μg/mL),置100mL容量瓶中,加缓冲溶液稀释至刻度,摇匀(每毫升含Pb10μg)。然后,转移至容器中,37℃密闭条件下恒温搅拌30min。
取铝镁加样品10mg加入上述铅溶液(10μg/mL),37℃密闭条件下搅拌2h,分别在15min、30min、45min、60min、120min取样过滤,测定吸附后溶液的pH值,并测定铅离子浓度。作为参照,同时将未加入铝镁加的铅溶液原液(10 μg/mL)过滤并检测其中铅离子浓度。采用等离子体原子发射光谱法检测铅。检测结果见表19。
表19 铝镁加吸附铅的体外研究结果
时间(min) 15 30 45 60 120
铅浓度( μg/mL) 9.91 1.08 0.76 0.54 0.37 0.28
吸附率(%) 89.1 92.3 94.5 96.3 97.2
从表19可见,铝镁加对铅的吸附率在15min时即高于80%,吸附效果明显。
实施例6铝镁加用于预防和治疗大鼠慢性铅中毒的研究
6.1药品与试剂
铝镁加(IL-YANG PHARM.CO.,LTD,KOREA生产);醋酸铅(国药集团);高氯酸(国药集团),二巯基丁二酸钠(上海新亚药业有限公司)。
6.2实验动物
雄性 SD 大鼠,体重 130-150g,由上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司提供动物中心提供(合格证号:SCXK 2008-0016)。
6.3 主要仪器
分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司,型号:PL601-L);鼠称(南京以马内利医药仪器有限公司);7700系列ICP-MS(美国安捷伦公司)。
6.4 实验方法
(1)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及预防给药
 32只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、铝镁加高剂量组、铝镁加低剂量组,共4组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、铝镁加各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。从建模开始的第4天起,铝镁加高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg给药(铝镁加与去离子水混合制成悬浊液,采用等体积灌胃的方式给药);正常组以等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液给予灌胃。所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。第30天后,腹主动脉采血,大鼠过量麻醉处死,采集脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表20-23。
(2)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及治疗给药
40只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)、铝镁加高剂量组、铝镁加低剂量组,共5组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、阳性药组、铝镁加各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。造模成功后,从第31天开始停止给铅改用蒸馏水喂养,正常组灌胃给予等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液,铝镁加高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg灌胃给药,阳性药组按照二巯基丁二酸钠10mg/kg的剂量灌胃给药,所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。于第60天采集血液、脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表24-27。
所有数据均用SPSS20.0统计软件进行处理。各组数据以均数±相对标准偏差(mean±SD)表示,采用T检验。以p<0.05为具有统计学意义。
6.5实验结果
6.5.1铝镁加预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
铝镁加预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表20-22。
表20 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.010±0.02
模型组 8 - 0.056±0.03 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 0.047±0.01
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 0.035±0.02 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表21 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.023±0.02
模型组 8 - 0. 785±0.12 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 0.716±0.19
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 0.682±0.23 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表22 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.502±0.56
模型组 8 - 60.431±8.13 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 60.586±10.25
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 54.674±4.96 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表20、21和22所示,与正常组比较,模型组和铝镁加组血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比铝镁加低、高剂量组和模型组,结果表明,铝镁加高剂量组血铅、脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步统计铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅清除率,结果如表23所示,铝镁加对脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为8.79%及13.12%;血铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为16.07%及37.50%;骨铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为0及9.53%。
表23 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 537390dest_path_image006
6.5.2 治疗给药铝镁加对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
治疗给药铝镁加对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表24-26。
表24 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.016±0.04
模型组 8 - 0.071±0.02 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 0.082±0.02
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 0.055±0.01 *
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.059±0.01
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表25 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.019±0.03
模型组 8 - 0.432±0.36 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 0.297±0.28
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 0.149±0.05*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.178±0.04
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.05;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表26 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.317±0.296
模型组 8 - 23.573±3.87 ##
铝镁加低剂量组 8 0.3 25.679±4.26
铝镁加高剂量组 8 0.6 20.582±2.93*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 28.075±3.25
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表24、25和26所示,与正常组比较,模型组、铝镁加组和阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比模型组和铝镁加低剂量组、高剂量组,结果表明,高剂量组脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步分析各给药组间铅清除率,详见表27,治疗给药铝镁加对血铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为22.54%,脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为31.25%及65.51%,骨铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为12.69%。
表27 铝镁加对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 617472dest_path_image007
6.6、实验结论
依据我国颁布的《促进排铅功能评价办法》结果判定标准: 铝镁加组与模型组比较,血铅、脑铅和骨铅显著降低,可判定该受试样品动物实验结果为阳性。本发明药效结果表明铝镁加预防及治疗给药能有效改善慢性铅中毒大鼠体内的血铅、脑铅及骨铅的含量。
综上所述,铝镁加具有驱铅的药理作用,用作驱铅剂时具有良好的预防和治疗作用。
实施例7  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O的合成及吸附铅的体外研究
7.1Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O的合成
7.1.1药品与试剂
    Al 2(SO 43·18H 2O(国药集团),MgSO 4·7H 2O(国药集团),ZnSO 4·7H 2O(国药集团),Na 2CO 3  (国药集团),NaOH(国药集团)。
7.1.2 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O的合成方法
称取Al 2(SO 43·18H 2O 33.8g,MgSO 4·7H 2O 61.6g,ZnSO 4·7H 2O 14.4g,用去离子水溶解配制成250ml溶液。称取Na 2CO 3  21.5g,NaOH27.5g用去离子水溶解配制成250ml溶液。
取1个1000毫升四颈圆底烧瓶,加入去离子水100ml,加热至63~67℃,在搅拌下同时滴加上述两种溶液,控制反应体系pH值为9.8~10.0,半小时加毕。升温至90~95℃,随后于此温度保持24小时。然后将反应体系冷却至65℃,抽滤,用去离子水洗至pH8.5~9.5,干燥,粉碎,过80目筛,得白色产物32.0g。
采用中华人民共和国化工行业标准HG/T 3820-2013对产物进行分析,分析结果为:氧化镁含量为31.1%、氧化铝含量15.8%、氧化锌含量12.7%。
7.2 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O吸附铅的体外研究
7.2.1药品与试剂
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O(自制);醋酸铅(国药集团);磷酸二氢钾(国药集团);氢氧化钠(国药集团)。
7.2.2试剂配制
缓冲溶液:取磷酸二氢钾6.8 g加水500 mL。用0.4%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8;加水定容至1000 mL即可。
铅溶液:称取硝酸铅0.1599g,置1000mL容量瓶中,加入50mL缓冲溶液溶解后,缓冲溶液稀释至刻度。每毫升含Pb100μg。
7.2.3 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O吸附铅的体外研究
取10mL铅溶液(100μg/mL),置100mL容量瓶中,加缓冲溶液稀释至刻度,摇匀(每毫升含Pb10μg)。然后,转移至容器中,37℃密闭条件下恒温搅拌30min。
取样品(Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O )10mg加入上述铅溶液(10μg/mL),37℃密闭条件下搅拌2h,分别在15min、30min、45min、60min、120min取样过滤,测定吸附后溶液的pH值,并测定铅离子浓度。作为参照,同时将未加入样品的铅溶液原液(10 μg/mL)过滤并检测其中铅离子浓度。采用等离子体原子发射光谱法检测铅。检测结果见表28。
表28  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O吸附铅的体外研究结果
时间(min) 15 30 45 60 120
铅浓度( μg/mL) 9.94 1.76 1.49 1.18 0.97 0.63
吸附率(%) 82.4 85.1 88.2 90.3 93.7
从表28可见,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对铅的吸附率在15min时即高于80%,吸附效果明显。
实施例8  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O用于预防和治疗大鼠慢性铅中毒的研究
8.1药品与试剂
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O(采用实施例7的方法合成);醋酸铅(国药集团);高氯酸(国药集团),二巯基丁二酸钠(上海新亚药业有限公司)。
8.2实验动物
雄性 SD 大鼠,体重 130-150g,由上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司提供动物中心提供(合格证号:SCXK 2008-0016)。
8.3 主要仪器
分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司,型号:PL601-L);鼠称(南京以马内利医药仪器有限公司);7700系列ICP-MS(美国安捷伦公司)。
8.4 实验方法
(1)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及预防给药
 32只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组,共4组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。从建模开始的第4天起,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg给药(Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O与去离子水混合制成悬浊液,采用等体积灌胃的方式给药);正常组以等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液给予灌胃。所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。第30天后,腹主动脉采血,大鼠过量麻醉处死,采集脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表29-32。
(2)慢性大鼠铅中毒模型及治疗给药
40只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分组,分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组,共5组,每组8只动物。除正常组大鼠给予超纯水外,模型组、阳性药组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O各剂量组均饮用0.5%醋酸铅超纯水溶液,共30天,造成慢性染铅模型。造模成功后,从第31天开始停止给铅改用蒸馏水喂养,正常组灌胃给予等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高、低两个剂量组分别以高剂量0.6g/kg、低剂量0.3g/kg灌胃给药,阳性药组按照二巯基丁二酸钠10mg/kg的剂量灌胃给药,所有灌胃的受试品均按等体积给予,每天二次,持续30天。于第60天采集血液、脑、肝脏及股骨样品,置于液氮冻存备用,各组血样及组织湿法消化后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铅含量,并统计铅清除率,结果见表33-36。
所有数据均用SPSS20.0统计软件进行处理。各组数据以均数±相对标准偏差(mean±SD)表示,采用T检验。以p<0.05为具有统计学意义。
8.5实验结果
8.5.1 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O预防给药对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表29-31。
表29 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.028±0.02
模型组 8 - 0.085±0.03 ##
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 0.072±0.05
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 0.056±0.01 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表30 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.058±0.02
模型组 8 - 0. 617±0.08 ##
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 0.526±0.11
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 0.488±0.17 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表31 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.337±0.31
模型组 8 - 45.163±6.24 ##
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 47.798±9.72
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 40.367±4.01 *
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
结果如表29、30和31所示,与正常组比较,模型组和Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O组血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低、高剂量组和模型组,结果表明,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组血铅、脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步统计Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅清除率,结果如表32所示,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为14.75%及22.91%;血铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为15.29%及34.12%;骨铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为0及10.62%。
表32 Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 816372dest_path_image008
8.5.2 治疗给药Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响
治疗给药Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性大鼠铅中毒模型体内血铅、脑铅及骨铅的影响见表33-35。
表33  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的血铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.015±0.03
模型组 8 - 0.083±0.04 ##
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 0.093±0.02
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 0.069±0.01 *
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.073±0.01
注:与正常组比较:## p<0.01;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表34  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的脑铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.031±0.04
模型组 8 - 0.498±0.42 #
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 0.326±0.12
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 0.152±0.08*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 0.165±0.05
注:与正常组比较:# p<0.05;与模型组比较:* p<0.05。
表35  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠第60天的股骨铅含量的影响(mean±SD)
组别 动物数(只) 剂量(g/kg) 铅含量( μg/g)
正常组 8 - 0.481±0.51
模型组 8 - 28.376±4.93 #
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组 8 0.3 28.562±5.27
Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O高剂量组 8 0.6 22.793±4.52*
二巯基丁二酸钠组 8 0.01 33.478±4.86
注:与正常组比较:#p<0.01;与模型组比较:*p<0.05。
结果如表33、34和35所示,与正常组比较,模型组、Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O组和阳性药组(二巯基丁二酸钠组)血铅、脑铅及骨铅含量显著升高,表明该方法造模成功。通过对比模型组和Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O低剂量组、高剂量组,结果表明,高剂量组脑铅和骨铅含量与模型组比较有显著降低,并呈剂量依赖性。进一步分析各给药组间铅清除率,详见表36,治疗给药Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对血铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为16.87%,脑铅的有效清除率在低、高剂量下分别为34.54%及69.48%,骨铅的有效清除率在高剂量下为19.72%。
表36  Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O对慢性铅中毒大鼠各组织的铅有效清除率
Figure 547568dest_path_image009
8.6、实验结论
依据我国颁布的《促进排铅功能评价办法》结果判定标准: Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O组与模型组比较,血铅、脑铅和骨铅显著降低,可判定该受试样品动物实验结果为阳性。本发明药效结果表明Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O预防及治疗给药能有效改善慢性铅中毒大鼠体内的血铅、脑铅及骨铅的含量。
综上所述,Mg 5ZnAl 2(OH) 16CO 3·4H 2O具有驱铅的药理作用,用作驱铅剂时具有良好的预防和治疗作用。
工业实用性
本发明所述阴离子黏土的制药用途能够有效预防和治疗铅中毒及铅超标,驱铅效果明显,副作用小,具有积极的临床意义。本发明所述阴离子黏土的制药用途适于大规模工业化生产。

Claims (4)

  1. 阴离子黏土用于制备驱铅药物的用途。
  2. 如权力要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述阴离子黏土和药学上可接受的其它治疗剂组成的组合物或复方,用于制备驱铅药物的用途。
  3. 如权力要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述阴离子黏土中加入药学可接受的辅料制成胶囊剂、片剂、咀嚼片剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、混悬液或悬胶液。
  4. 如权力要求2所述的用途,其特征在于,所述组合物或复方中加入药学可接受的辅料制成胶囊剂、片剂、咀嚼片剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、混悬液或悬胶液。
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