WO2020207305A1 - 一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法 - Google Patents

一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法 Download PDF

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WO2020207305A1
WO2020207305A1 PCT/CN2020/082660 CN2020082660W WO2020207305A1 WO 2020207305 A1 WO2020207305 A1 WO 2020207305A1 CN 2020082660 W CN2020082660 W CN 2020082660W WO 2020207305 A1 WO2020207305 A1 WO 2020207305A1
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chinese medicinal
medicinal materials
shrub
chinese medicine
traditional chinese
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PCT/CN2020/082660
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English (en)
French (fr)
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易仕荣
乐雅武
刘智谋
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湖南诺泽生物科技有限公司
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Priority to CN202080027958.3A priority Critical patent/CN114025604A/zh
Publication of WO2020207305A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020207305A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of planting Chinese medicinal materials, and more particularly to a method for interplanting Chinese medicinal materials of trees, shrubs and herbs.
  • Traditional Chinese medicinal materials are generally planted in the same farmland with one or two Chinese medicinal materials. In this way, the utilization of land and water and fertilizer is limited. It is also necessary to develop new methods of planting Chinese medicinal materials, especially the interplanting methods of three or more Chinese medicinal materials, to achieve co-growth by using the differences in growth space level, required nutrients and light requirements among them, thereby improving Land, space, and water and fertilizer utilization rates increase economic benefits.
  • Traditional Chinese medicine slag usually contains a variety of organic nutrients and a certain amount of active ingredients, mainly including amino acids, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, manganese, aluminum, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and iron Many kinds of inorganic elements and a small amount of vitamins, so the traditional Chinese medicine slag is very valuable for reuse. Therefore, there is a need to develop a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method for effective reuse of plant materials or Chinese herbal medicine residues.
  • the inventor found that by rationally utilizing the differences in the growth space level, required nutrients, and light requirements of Chinese medicinal materials of trees, shrubs and herbs, the interplanting of these three types of medicinal materials can be achieved, and plant materials or Chinese medicinal materials can be used.
  • the wood residue is converted into organic fertilizer for the cultivation of these medicinal materials, thereby solving the technical problems mentioned above and completing the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method for interplanting arbor, shrub and herbal Chinese medicinal materials, which is characterized by interplanting arbor, shrub and herbal Chinese medicinal materials in the same plot, wherein the three types of Chinese medicinal materials are as follows Planting:
  • the arbor Chinese medicinal materials are planted with a row spacing of about 200-600cm and a plant spacing of about 200-600cm;
  • the shrub Chinese medicinal materials are planted in rows and between plants of the arbor Chinese medicinal materials at a row spacing of about 30-80 cm and a plant spacing of about 30-80 cm, and the plants of the shrub Chinese medicinal materials and the arbor Chinese medicinal materials The distance between the plants is not less than about 50-100 cm; and
  • the herbal Chinese medicinal materials are planted in rows and between plants of the shrub Chinese medicinal materials at a row spacing of about 5-30 cm and a plant spacing of about 5-30 cm, and the plants of the herbal Chinese medicinal materials and the shrub Chinese medicinal materials The distance between the plants is not less than about 20-30cm.
  • the shrub Chinese medicinal materials and the herbal Chinese medicinal materials are shade-loving plants.
  • the tree-like Chinese medicinal material is selected from Litsea cubeba, Magnolia officinalis, Eucommia ulmoides and Ginkgo biloba.
  • the shrub Chinese medicinal material is selected from rosemary and ephedra.
  • the herbal Chinese medicinal material is selected from Centella asiatica, Lysimachia and Houttuynia cordata.
  • the tree-type Chinese medicinal material is Litsea cubeba
  • the shrub-type Chinese medicinal material is rosemary
  • the herbal Chinese medicinal material is Centella asiatica.
  • the tree-type Chinese medicinal material is Magnolia officinalis
  • the shrub-type Chinese medicinal material is rosemary
  • the herbal Chinese medicinal material is Centella asiatica.
  • the method of the present invention includes the step of applying a basal fertilizer, wherein the basal fertilizer can be obtained from the fermentation of plant extracts or plant materials or residues of Chinese herbal medicines produced during the production process of Chinese medicines.
  • the base fertilizer is prepared in situ in the plot.
  • the basal fertilizer can be prepared by a method including the following steps:
  • the fertilizer storage ditch has a depth of about 20-35 cm and a width of about 60-100 cm; preferably, a depth of about 30 cm and a width of about 80 cm.
  • the thickness of the laid residue is about 50-80% of the depth of the fertilizer storage ditch, preferably about 60-70%.
  • the amount of residue laid is about 1200-1800 kg/mu, preferably about 1400-1600 kg/mu.
  • the starter is a microbial preparation for fertilizer fermentation.
  • the starter is farmyard manure.
  • the farmyard manure is sprayed on the residue in an amount of about 10-20 kg per meter of fertilizer storage ditch, preferably about 15 kg per meter of fertilizer storage ditch.
  • step c) above the residue is covered with soil for about 1 month to allow it to decompose naturally.
  • the residue is selected from: rosemary residue, ginseng residue, poria residue, schisandra residue, and a mixture of two or more of them.
  • the method of the present invention includes the step of disinfecting the soil block before planting the Chinese medicinal material.
  • the step can be performed by spraying an appropriate amount of potassium permanganate solution.
  • the interplanting method of arbor, shrub and herbaceous Chinese medicinal materials of the present invention reasonably utilizes the differences in the growth space level, required nutrients and light requirements of the three types of Chinese medicinal plants, and successfully realizes their common growth.
  • the interplanting method of the present invention may involve the following operations: (1) selection of planting land; (2) soil preparation and fertilization; (3) planting; (4) management; (5) pest control.
  • the three types of Chinese medicinal plants involved in the method of the present invention all like a warm and humid environment, do not require strict soil conditions, and can grow in acid yellow soil, red soil and brown soil.
  • acid yellow soil, red soil or mountain brown soil with a sunny slope, thick soil layer, good drainage, and loose structure is selected as the planting base.
  • the annual average temperature of the environment where the land is located is about 10-18°C, and the minimum temperature is not lower than -10°C; the annual precipitation is about 900-1800mm.
  • the slope of the land is below 10° and there is plenty of light.
  • acidic sandy loam with good drainage is preferred.
  • land preparation and fertilization can be carried out next.
  • the ground can be fully cultivated and deep-turned, the depth is generally about 35-40cm.
  • contour horizontal slope preparation can be adopted, with a depth of about 25-30 cm.
  • Base fertilizer can be applied to the prepared land.
  • the basal fertilizer can be obtained from the fermentation of plant extracts or plant materials or residues of Chinese medicinal materials produced during the production process of Chinese medicine.
  • the base fertilizer can be spread on the surface of the selected land before the first soil preparation, and then thoroughly mixed with the soil through deep turning, thereby completing fertilization.
  • the base fertilizer can be laid in a fertilizer storage ditch and then covered with soil. After the land preparation, the fertilizer storage ditch can be prepared on the deep-turned land.
  • the fertilizer storage ditch may have a depth of about 20-35 cm and a width of about 60-100 cm, and preferably may have a depth of about 30 cm and a width of about 80 cm.
  • the basal fertilizer may be prepared in advance. Before application, the base fertilizer can be transported from other places to the selected planting land, and then spread on the surface of the selected land before the first land preparation, or laid in the fertilizer storage ditch after the land preparation .
  • the base fertilizer is prepared in situ in the selected land. For example, by laying the residue in the fertilizer storage ditch and adding a starter; then covering the residue with soil to allow it to decompose naturally, thereby preparing the base fertilizer.
  • the laid residue may have any suitable thickness, for example, the thickness may be about 50-80% of the depth of the fertilizer storage ditch, preferably about 60-70%.
  • the residue can be applied in any suitable amount.
  • the amount of residue laid can be about 1200-1800 kg/mu, preferably about 1400-1600 kg/mu.
  • a suitable amount of other plant materials that can be used for fertilizer production can also be mixed into the residue, such as but not limited to: corn meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, crushed straw and wood chips.
  • the starter may be a microbial preparation for fertilizer fermentation.
  • the microbial preparation used for fertilizer fermentation is a composite flora containing bacteria, filamentous bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and other beneficial microorganisms, and has strong aerobic fermentation and decomposition ability.
  • the microbial preparation may comprise one or more selected from the following microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and photosynthetic bacteria .
  • the fertilizer fermentation microbial preparation can be commercially available or formulated before use.
  • an appropriate amount of water can be applied to the residue in the fertilizer storage ditch to achieve the required water content for fermentation.
  • the starter is farmyard manure.
  • the farmyard manure is an aqueous mixture of fully fermented plant residues and/or human or animal (including but not limited to livestock such as pigs and cattle and poultry such as chickens and ducks), which may have, for example, about 20% solids ⁇ Content.
  • the farmyard manure can be spread on the surface of the residue in any appropriate amount.
  • the farmyard manure can be sprayed on the residue in an amount of about 10 to 20 kg per meter of fertilizer, preferably 15 kg per meter of fertilizer storage ditch.
  • topsoil for any suitable period of time, such as 1 month, so that it is naturally decomposed and converted into organic fertilizer.
  • the residue is selected from: rosemary residue, ginseng residue, tuckahoe residue and schisandra residue after industrial extraction, and a mixture of two or more of them.
  • the residues produced in the production of plant extracts or traditional Chinese medicines usually contain a variety of organic nutrients and a certain amount of active ingredients, mainly including amino acids, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, manganese, aluminum, Various inorganic elements such as zinc, chromium, magnesium, iron and a small amount of vitamins.
  • this kind of residue usually does not contain pathogenic bacteria, and the content of heavy metals is far below the allowable content limit as a fertilizer or substrate, so it is a safe and pollution-free organic fertilizer raw material.
  • the residue is successfully converted into organic fertilizer and used in the method of the present invention, thereby realizing the reuse of the residue.
  • the prepared organic fertilizer has the characteristics of complete nutrients, long fertilizer efficiency, safety and pollution-free. It can increase the content of soil organic matter, improve the capacity of soil water storage and fertilizer retention, improve soil physical and chemical properties and aggregate structure, balance the nutrients needed by plants, and promote Its growth.
  • Site preparation operations can also include a second site preparation.
  • the second land preparation is usually around November to December. Deep plow the soil after applying the base fertilizer, so as to fully mix the decomposed organic fertilizer with the soil. Then, the land can be leveled and reserved for use.
  • the ground preparation operation may further include a third ground preparation.
  • the third site preparation can be carried out about 1 week before transplanting the plants, mainly including making a border bed.
  • the border bed can be set appropriately according to the Chinese medicinal materials to be planted.
  • the width of the border bed is determined according to the appropriate planting spacing of shrubs of Chinese medicinal materials, for example, it can be about 1.8-2.5m (for example, about 2m).
  • Chinese herbal medicines such as Litsea cubeba are planted in the middle of the border.
  • the height of the border bed may be 20-25 cm
  • the width may be 1.8-2.2 m (for example, about 1.9 m)
  • the length may be 20-30 m (for example, about 25 m).
  • the border beds can be arranged horizontally, with lower sides and higher middle to facilitate drainage. An appropriate distance can be set between the borders, for example, about 30 cm, for example as a channel for irrigation and other operations.
  • Site preparation operations can also include the installation of irrigation facilities.
  • a spray mode may be adopted, and a spray head may be installed every appropriate distance (for example, 3 m) (for example, the coverage radius may be about 1.5 m).
  • the interplanting method of the present invention can be appropriately changed according to the types of Chinese medicinal materials to be planted.
  • the planting time and planting interval of arbor Chinese medicinal materials can be determined according to their types. For example, the planting time of Chinese medicinal materials of deciduous trees is generally in autumn and winter, and the planting time of Chinese medicinal materials of evergreen trees is generally spring. For dioecious arbor Chinese medicinal materials, female and male plants can be distributed at an appropriate density.
  • the planting of shrubs of Chinese medicinal materials needs to consider its requirements for light and space.
  • the plant spacing can be adjusted appropriately to ensure that the plant spacing can meet their normal growth needs.
  • Shrubs and herbaceous Chinese medicinal materials can appropriately be shade-loving plants, and their plant spacing can be determined according to their clumping or trailing characteristics.
  • arbor Chinese medicinal materials can be planted with a row spacing of about 200-600cm and a plant spacing of about 200-600cm.
  • Shrub Chinese medicinal materials can be planted between rows and plants of arbor Chinese medicinal materials at a row spacing of about 30cm ⁇ 80cm and a plant spacing of about 30cm ⁇ 80cm, and the distance between plants of shrub Chinese medicinal materials and plants of arbor Chinese medicinal materials shall not be less than About 50-100 cm, for example about 60 cm or 80 cm.
  • Herbal Chinese medicinal materials can be planted between rows and plants of shrub Chinese medicinal materials at a row spacing of about 5cm ⁇ 30cm and a plant spacing of about 5cm ⁇ 30cm. The distance between the plants of herbal Chinese medicinal materials and the plants of shrubs Chinese medicinal materials is different. Less than about 20-30cm.
  • Arbor Chinese medicinal materials can be selected from Litsea cubeba, Magnolia officinalis, Eucommia and Ginkgo.
  • Litsea cubeba as used herein means Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., a plant of the family Lauraceae.
  • Magnolia officinalis as used herein means Magnolia officinalis (Magnolia officinalis Rehd. Et Wils.) or Magnolia officinalis (Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils.).
  • Eucommia ulmoides as used herein means Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.).
  • Ginkgo as used herein means Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba L.).
  • the shrub Chinese medicinal materials can be selected from rosemary and ephedra.
  • rosemary as used herein means Rosmarinus officinalis, a plant of the family Lamiaceae.
  • ephedra as used herein means Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A. Mey. or Ephedra equiisetina Bge.
  • Herbal Chinese medicinal materials can be selected from Centella Asiatica, Lysimachia and Houttuynia cordata.
  • Centella asiatica as used herein means Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., a plant of the Umbelliferae family.
  • L. Centella asiatica
  • Lysimachia as used herein means Lysimachia christinae Hance, a plant of the Primrose family.
  • Houttuynia cordata refers to Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
  • the arbor-type Chinese medicinal material interplanted according to the method of the present invention may be Litsea cubeba, the shrub-type Chinese medicinal material may be rosemary, and the herbal Chinese medicinal material may be Centella asiatica.
  • the arbor-type Chinese medicinal material interplanted according to the method of the present invention may be Magnolia officinalis, the shrub-type Chinese medicinal material may be rosemary, and the herbal Chinese medicinal material may be Centella asiatica.
  • Chinese patent application 201710630871.5 discloses an artificial planting method of Centella asiatica, which requires the construction of a shading net.
  • the method of the present invention makes reasonable use of the growth space level of arbor, shrub and herbal Chinese medicinal materials.
  • Arbor and shrub Chinese medicinal materials provide proper shelter for herbal medicinal materials, thereby avoiding the The requirement of shading facilities when constructing shading facilities for the shading-loving herbal Chinese medicinal materials of snow grass reduces planting costs.
  • the root water After transplanting, planting, and sowing, the root water should be thoroughly watered. Then within 1 month, it can be irrigated again depending on the weather and soil moisture. If the weather is sunny in a row, water thoroughly every 4-5 days. Remove diseased or unviable plants in time and replant them.
  • the 3-5 years after the planting of arbor Chinese medicinal materials is the young forest stage. During this period, cultivating, weeding and top dressing can be carried out every year (for example, 3-4 times respectively). Generally, it can be combined with cultivating, pruning and pruning of shrubs and/or herbal Chinese medicinal materials. Harvesting takes place at the same time. After the third year, cultivate and topdress at least once a year.
  • the top dressing can be mainly applied with organic fertilizer prepared by fermentation of plant extracts or plant materials or residues of Chinese medicinal materials produced in the production process of Chinese medicine.
  • the forest After the forest is formed, it can be combined with harvesting to loosen the soil and topdressing once every autumn. It is possible to reshape the arbor Chinese medicinal materials to build a dwarf forest. For example, it can be cut and transplanted; or in late autumn or winter in the first or second year after planting, the top of the main trunk should be cut at a height of 1.5-1.8 meters to promote the growth of side branches and form a dwarf forest for easy fruit picking.
  • Shrub Chinese medicinal materials and herbal Chinese medicinal materials can be harvested all year round. It should be harvested when it is sunny. After harvesting, it should be cut off or dried in the sun.
  • the planted Chinese medicinal materials can be harvested for many years after one planting. The harvest frequency depends on the growth of the plants, generally 3-4 times a year.
  • the arrangement of interplanted plants is compact, so it is necessary to pay attention to the pruning operation to avoid poor ventilation, humidity, etc., and prevent the occurrence of pests. It is important to prevent pests and diseases. For example, you can pay attention to the sanitary status of the plants, proper water management, reasonable temperature and light, and often observe the plants to remove diseased plants in time. When pests and diseases appear, biological control methods can be used to avoid pollution caused by chemical pesticides.
  • the interplanting method of arbor, shrub and herbaceous Chinese medicinal materials of the present invention can efficiently comprehensively utilize land resources and water and fertilizer, improve land, space, and water and fertilizer utilization rates, and greatly reduce planting, management and maintenance costs.
  • the requirement of providing shading facilities for the shading-loving herbal Chinese medicinal materials is eliminated, and the planting cost is further reduced.
  • the reutilization of plant extracts or residues produced in the production process of traditional Chinese medicine is realized, so that it can be converted into organic fertilizer with complete nutrients, long fertilizer efficiency, safe and non-polluting, thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, which is beneficial to Sustainable development of the Chinese medicine industry.
  • the annual average temperature of the environment where the land is located is 10-18°C, the minimum temperature is not lower than -10°C, and the annual precipitation is about 900-1800mm.
  • the soil conditions are acidic yellow soil, mountain yellow soil, mountain red or yellow soil, etc., preferably acidic sandy soil. Prefer an open area with convenient transportation, close to water source and flat terrain. The slope of the land is below 10°, and the sunlight is sufficient.
  • the preparation of rooting liquid Mix the rooting agent with water at a ratio of 1:1000, and use it for raising seedlings of rosemary.
  • Seedbed preparation Choose field land with good drainage, turn the soil and level it before nursery, spray with a potassium permanganate solution with a concentration of about 1g/kg at a rate of about 70-80kg/mu for disinfection.
  • Raising seedlings of rosemary The seedling raising time is from November to December. Choose fresh and healthy stems that have not yet been fully lignified as cuttings, cut them about 15-18 cm from the top, remove about 1/3 of the leaves from the bottom of the branches, and soak them in the rooting liquid for 1 hour. Then, cut cuttings at a distance of 5cm*5cm, and cover with a film to keep warm and moisturize. It will take root in about 3-4 weeks and can be planted in the open field after 7 weeks.
  • Transplanting of Litsea cubeba The seedlings in the nursery grow for about 16-24 months, and the height of the seedlings is about 50-70cm. Choose to transplant in early spring or late autumn after falling leaves. Before digging the seedlings, water the roots with soil, and trim the residual roots after the seedlings. It can be planted with a row spacing of about 2m and a plant spacing of about 6m.
  • each plant hole is about 40cm in diameter and 30cm deep.
  • the hole density is 60 holes/mu, and the hole spacing is 2m ⁇ 6m.
  • Transplanting rosemary After planting the Litsea cubeba, choose the right weather to transplant rosemary.
  • the transplanting of rosemary is preferably carried out in cloudy, rainy or morning and evening when the sun is not strong.
  • the row spacing of rosemary is about 30-80cm, the plant spacing is about 30-80cm, and the distance from the Litsea cubeba plant is about 80cm. Water enough root water after transplanting.
  • Centella asiatica planting can be carried out at the same time as rosemary, with seeding being the main method. Sprinkle Centella asiatica seeds on the vacant ground. With the aid of rosemary irrigation, it will germinate in about 1-2 weeks. When the seedlings grow to about 3-5cm, thin the seedlings at a distance of about 5-30cm ⁇ 5-30cm.
  • Centella asiatica plants can also be planted by cutting method, and the transplanting distance is about 5-30cm ⁇ about 5-30cm.
  • Litsea cubeba enters the fruiting period in the third year, and the annual output of fresh fruit per mu is about 1800kg-2200kg.
  • the annual yield of fresh rosemary material per mu is about 1200kg-1500kg, and the annual yield per mu of Centella asiatica is about 600kg-800kg.
  • Example 2 Similar to Example 1, the land for planting was selected, and the land preparation and fertilization and rosemary seedlings were raised.
  • Seedlings that have been sown and propagated for 1-2 years or cuttings that have been expanded by cuttings for transplanting Seedlings with a height of about 70-90cm can be transplanted. It is preferably transplanted in autumn and winter.
  • the length and width of the plant holes are about 30cm cm and the depth is about 30 cm.
  • Magnolia officinalis can be transplanted at a row spacing of about 4-6m and a plant spacing of about 4-6m, and the planting density is 30 plants/mu. Magnolia seedlings should not be too deep, and the soil covering should not exceed about 5-8 cm from the neck of the root.
  • Transplanting rosemary After planting Magnolia officinalis, choose the right weather to transplant rosemary.
  • the transplanting of rosemary is preferably carried out in cloudy, rainy or morning and evening when the sun is not strong.
  • the row spacing of rosemary is about 30-60 cm, the plant spacing is about 30-60 cm, and the distance from the magnolia plant is about 60 cm.
  • Magnolia and rosemary should be watered once 5 days after transplanting (depending on the dry and wet soil); after the seedlings survive, watering can be reduced.
  • Centella asiatica plants were planted similarly to Example 1, or the Centella asiatica plants were planted by cutting method.
  • the spacing of Centella asiatica plants is about 5-30cm ⁇ about 5-30cm.

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Abstract

一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法，在同一地块套种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材，所述乔木类中药材按200-600cm的行距和200-600cm的株距种植；所述灌木类中药材在所述乔木类中药材的行、株间，按30-80cm的行距和约30-80cm的株距种植，并且所述灌木类中药材的植株与所述乔木类中药的植株之间的距离不小于50-100cm；以及所述草本类中药材在所述灌木类中药材的行、株间，按5-30cm的行距和5-30cm的株距种植，并且所述草本类中药材的植株与所述灌木类中药材的植株之间的距离不小于20-30cm，通过合理利用乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材在生长空间层次、所需养分以及光照需求等方面的差异，可以实现这三类药材的套种，而且可以将植物材料或中药材残渣转化为有机肥料用于这些药材的种植。

Description

一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法 技术领域
本发明涉及中药材种植领域，更特别地涉及一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法。
背景技术
传统的中药材种植一般采用同一块耕地种植一种或两种中药材的方式。这种方式的土地和水肥利用率受到限制。还需要开发新的中药材种植方法，特别是三种或更多种中药材的套种方法，通过利用它们之间在生长空间层次、所需养分以及光照需求等方面的差异实现共同生长，从而提高土地、空间和水肥利用率，增加经济效益。
植物提取物以及中药生产过程中产生大量的植物材料或中药材残渣。据统计，中国的中药企业每年要消耗植物类药材数百万吨，随之产生的药渣高达几千万吨(含水分)。这些药渣也就成了中药企业中最严重的污染源之一，如果不及时处理，这些药渣就会腐化变质，对环境构成威胁。这些药渣的传统处理方式一般是作为废弃物集中堆放或掩埋，如此不仅会占用大量的土地，产生大量的有害气体，而且对地下水也有污染。若将中药渣晒干后焚烧会产生大量的烟尘、二氧化碳等污染物，造成大气污染。中药药渣中通常还含有多种有机养分及一定量的活性成分，主要包括氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪以及氮、磷、钾、硅、锰、铝、锌、铬、镁、铁等多种无机元素及少量维生素，因此中药药渣极具再利用价值。因此，需要开发有成本效益的、环境友好型的有效再利用植物材料或中药材残渣的方法。
发明内容
本发明人发现，通过合理利用乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材在生长空间层次、所需养分以及光照需求等方面的差异，可以实现这三类药材的套种，而且可以将植物材料或中药材残渣转化为有机肥料用于这些药材的种植，从而解决了上文所述的技术问题，完成了本发明。
因此，本发明提供一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法， 其特征在于在同一地块套种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材，其中所述三类中药材按照以下方式种植：
所述乔木类中药材按约200-600cm的行距和约200-600cm的株距种植；
所述灌木类中药材在所述乔木类中药材的行、株间，按约30-80cm的行距和约30-80cm的株距种植，并且所述灌木类中药材的植株与所述乔木类中药的植株之间的距离不小于约50-100cm；以及
所述草本类中药材在所述灌木类中药材的行、株间，按约5-30cm的行距和约5-30cm的株距种植，并且所述草本类中药材的植株与所述灌木类中药材的植株之间的距离不小于约20-30cm。
在一些实施方案中，所述灌木类中药材和所述草本类中药材为喜阴类植物。
在一些实施方案中，所述乔木类中药材选自山苍子、厚朴、杜仲和银杏。
在一些实施方案中，所述灌木类中药材选自迷迭香和麻黄。
在一些实施方案中，所述草本类中药材选自积雪草、金钱草和鱼腥草。
在另一些实施方案中，所述乔木类中药材为山苍子，所述灌木类中药材为迷迭香，并且所述草本类中药材为积雪草。
在另一些实施方案中，所述乔木类中药材为厚朴，所述灌木类中药材为迷迭香，并且所述草本类中药材为积雪草。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的方法包括施用基肥的步骤，其中所述基肥可得自植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的植物材料或中药材的残渣的发酵。
在一些实施方案中，所述基肥是在所述地块中原位制备的。
在一些实施方案中，所述基肥可通过包括如下步骤的方式制备：
a)在整地之后，在所述地块中整好储肥沟；
b)将所述残渣铺设于所述储肥沟内，并加入发酵剂；以及
c)用土壤覆盖所述残渣，使其自然腐熟。
在一些实施方案中，所述储肥沟具有约20-35cm的深度和约60-100cm的宽度；优选地具有约30cm的深度和约80cm的宽度。
在一些实施方案中，所铺设的残渣的厚度为所述储肥沟的深度的约 50-80％，优选约60-70％。
在一些实施方案中，所铺设的残渣的量为约1200-1800kg/亩，优选约1400-1600kg/亩。
在一些实施方案中，所述发酵剂为用于肥料发酵的微生物制剂。
在另一些实施方案中，所述发酵剂为农家肥。在一些进一步的实施方案中，将所述农家肥以每米储肥沟约10-20kg，优选每米储肥沟约15kg的量淋洒在所述残渣上。
在一些实施方案中，在以上步骤c)中，用土壤覆盖所述残渣约1个月，使其自然腐熟。
在一些实施方案中，所述残渣选自：迷迭香渣、人参渣、茯苓渣、五味子渣以及它们中的两种或更多种的混合物。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的方法包括在种植所述中药材之前消毒所述土块的步骤。例如，所述步骤可以通过喷洒适量高锰酸钾溶液来进行。
具体实施方式
本发明的乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法合理利用了三类中药材植物在生长空间层次、所需养分以及光照需求方面的差异，成功地实现了它们的共同生长。
一般而言，本发明的套种方法可以涉及以下作业：(1)种植土地的选择；(2)整地和施肥；(3)种植；(4)管理；(5)病虫害的防治。
(1)种植土地的选择
本发明的方法所涉及的三类中药材植物均喜温暖湿润的环境，对土壤的条件要求不严格，在酸性黄壤、红壤、棕壤均能生长。优选地，选择阳坡、土层厚、排水良好、结构疏松的偏酸性黄、红壤或山地棕壤土等作为种植基地。
土地所处环境的年平均气温为约10-18℃，最低气温不低于-10℃；年降水量为约900-1800mm。土地的坡度在10°以下，光照充足。优选排水性良好的偏酸性沙壤土质。
(2)整地和施肥
在选定要种植的土地之后，接下来可以进行整地和施肥。
第一次整地
可全垦整地，进行深翻，深度一般为约35-40cm。对于坡度较大的山 地，可采取等高线横坡整地，深翻约25-30厘米。
基肥的施用
可以向整好的土地施用基肥。所述基肥可得自植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的植物材料或中药材的残渣的发酵。
在一些实施方案中，所述基肥可以在第一次整地之前洒布在选定的土地的表面，然后通过深翻与土壤充分混合，由此完成施肥。
在另一些实施方案中，所述基肥可以铺设于储肥沟中，然后用土壤覆盖。在整地之后，可以在深翻后的土地上整好储肥沟。在一些实施方案中所述储肥沟可以具有约20-35cm的深度和约60-100cm的宽度，优选地可以具有约30cm的深度和约80cm的宽度。
在一些进一步的实施方案中，所述基肥可以是预先制备好的。在施用前，可将所述基肥由其他场所运输到所选定的种植土地，然后在第一次整地之前洒布在选定的土地的表面，或者在整地后铺设在所述储肥沟内。
在另一些进一步的实施方案中，所述基肥是在所选定的土地中原位制备的。例如，通过将所述残渣铺设于所述储肥沟内，并加入发酵剂；然后用土壤覆盖所述残渣，使其自然腐熟，由此制备所述基肥。所铺设的残渣可以具有任何合适的厚度，例如其厚度可以为所述储肥沟的深度的约50-80％，优选约60-70％。所述残渣可以任何合适的量施用。例如，所铺设的残渣的量可以为约1200-1800kg/亩，优选约1400-1600kg/亩。
在一些实施方案中，还可以向所述残渣中混入适合的量的可用于制肥的其他植物材料，例如但不限于：玉米粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、粉碎的秸秆和木屑。
在一些实施方案中，所述发酵剂可以为用于肥料发酵的微生物制剂。
所述用于肥料发酵的微生物制剂是包含细菌、丝状菌、酵母菌、放线菌等多种有益微生物的复合菌群，具有极强的好氧发酵分解能力。例如，所述微生物制剂可以包含选自以下微生物中的一种或多种：枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、乳酸菌、酵母菌和光合菌。所述肥料发酵微生物制剂可以是市售的或在使用前配制的。
在此类实施方案中，可以向在储肥沟中的残渣施加适量的水，以达到发酵所需要的含水量。
在另一些实施方案中，所述发酵剂为农家肥。
所述农家肥是经过充分发酵的植物残渣和/或人或动物(包括但不限于如猪和牛的牲畜以及诸如鸡和鸭的禽类)的粪便的含水混合物，其可以具有例如约20％的固形物含量。
所述农家肥可以任何适当的量洒布在所述残渣的表面。例如，所述农家肥可以每米储肥约10至20kg，优选每米储肥沟沟15kg的量淋洒在所述残渣上。
在施加发酵剂后，用表土覆盖所述残渣任何适当的时间段，例如1个月，使其自然腐熟，转化为有机肥。
在一些实施方案中，所述残渣选自：工业提取过后的迷迭香渣、人参渣、茯苓渣和五味子渣等，以及它们中的两种或更多种的混合物。
植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的残渣通常还含有多种有机养分及一定量的活性成分，主要包括氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪以及氮、磷、钾、硅、锰、铝、锌、铬、镁、铁等多种无机元素及少量维生素。而且，此类残渣通常不含致病菌，且重金属含量远低于作为肥料或者基质的允许含量限值，因此是安全的、无公害的有机肥原料。根据本发明，成功地将所述残渣转化为有机肥，用于本发明的方法，从而实现了所述残渣的再利用。所制备的有机肥具有养分全、肥效长、安全无污染的特点.可增加土壤有机质含量，提高土壤蓄水、保肥能力，改善土壤的理化性状和团粒结构，平衡植物所需的养分，促进其生长。
第二次整地
整地作业还可以包括第二次整地。第二次整地一般是在十一至十二月份左右。对施用基肥后的土地进行深翻，从而将腐熟后的有机肥与土壤充分混匀。然后，可以将土地整平，留待使用。
第三次整地
整地作业还可进一步包括第三次整地。第三次整地可以在移栽植物前约1周进行，主要包括做畦床。可以根据要种植的中药材适当地设定畦床。畦床的宽度是依据灌木类中药材的合适种植间距而定的，例如，可以为约1.8-2.5m(例如约2m)。诸如山苍子的乔本类中药材种植于畦的中间。例如，畦床的高度可以为20-25cm，宽度可以为1.8-2.2m(例如约1.9m)，长度可以为20-30m(例如约25m)。畦床可以横排，两侧较低而中间较高，以 利于排水。畦之间可以设定适当的距离，例如约30cm，例如用作灌溉等操作的通道。
铺排
整地作业还可以包括安装灌溉设施。例如，可以采取喷淋模式，每隔适当的距离(例如3m)安装一个喷头(例如，其覆盖半径可以为约1.5米)。
(3)种植
本发明的套种方法可以根据所种植的中药材的种类而适当变化。乔木类中药材的种植时间与种植间距可以根据其种类而定。例如，落叶乔木类中药材的种植时间一般为秋、冬季落叶后，常绿乔木类中药材的种植时间一般为春季。对于雌雄异株的乔木类中药材，可以使雌株和雄株以合适的密度分布。
灌木类中药材的种植需要考虑其对光照和空间的需求。可以适当调整它们的株距，以确保所述株距能满足其正常的生长需要。灌木类和草本类中药材可以适当地为喜阴类植物，可以根据其丛生或蔓生特性确定其株距。
一般情况下，乔木类中药材可以按约200-600cm的行距和约200-600cm的株距种植。灌木类中药材可以在乔木类中药材的行、株间，按约30cm×80cm的行距和约30cm×80cm的株距种植，并且灌木类中药材的植株与乔木类中药的植株之间的距离不小于约50-100cm，例如约60cm或80cm。草本类中药材可以在灌木类中药材的行、株间，按约5cm×30cm的行距和约5cm×30cm的株距种植，并且草本类中药材的植株与灌木类中药材的植株之间的距离不小于约20-30cm。
乔木类中药材可选自山苍子、厚朴、杜仲和银杏。
本文中所用的术语“山苍子”意指樟科植物山苍子(Litsea cubeba(Lour.)Pers.)。本文中所用的术语“厚朴”意指木兰科植物厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.Et Wils.)或凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.var.biloba Rehd.et Wils.)。本文中所用的术语“杜仲”意指杜仲科植物杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)。本文中所用的术语“银杏”意指银杏科植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)。
灌木类中药材可选自迷迭香和麻黄。
本文中所用的术语“迷迭香”意指唇形科植物迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)。本文中所用的术语“麻黄”意指麻黄科植物草麻黄(Ephedra sinica Stapf)、中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey.)或木贼麻黄(Ephedra equisetina Bge.)。
草本类中药材可选自积雪草、金钱草和鱼腥草。
本文中所用的术语“积雪草”意指为伞形科植物积雪草(Centella asiatica(L.)Urb.)。本文中所用的术语“金钱草”意指报春花科植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae Hance)。本文中所用的术语“鱼腥草”意指三白草科植物蕺菜(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)。
在一些实施方案中，根据本发明的方法套种的乔木类中药材可以为山苍子，灌木类中药材可以为迷迭香，并且草本类中药材可以为积雪草。在另一些实施方案中，根据本发明的方法套种的乔木类中药材可以为厚朴，灌木类中药材可以为迷迭香，并且草本类中药材可以为积雪草。
中国专利申请201710630871.5公开的一种积雪草的人工种植方法，所述方法要求搭建遮阴网。然而，本发明的方法合理地利用乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的生长空间层次，乔木类和灌木类中药材为草本类中药材提供了适当的遮蔽，从而避免了例如在种植例如积雪草的喜阴类草本中药材时搭建遮阴设施的要求，降低了种植成本。
(4)管理
前期管理
移栽、栽种、播种后需浇透定根水。然后在1个月内，可以视天气情况和土壤湿度进行再次灌溉。若连续天晴，则每隔4-5天浇透一次水。及时除去病弱或未成活植株，并进行补栽。
中期管理
乔木类中药材定植后的3-5年为幼林期，期间可以每年进行中耕、除草和追肥(例如分别3-4次)，一般可以与灌木类和/或草本类中药材的中耕、修剪和采收同时进行。第3年以后，每年至少中耕和追肥各1次。追肥可以主要施用由植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的植物材料或中药材的残渣经发酵制备的有机肥。
成林后，可以于每年秋季结合采收进行中耕松土，并追肥1次。可以对乔木类中药材进行整形以营建矮林。例如，可以截干移栽；或者在定植后第1或2年的晚秋或冬季，在1.5-1.8米高处剪截主干顶部以促使侧枝生长，形成矮化林，便于采果。
灌木类中药材的长成期间，一般侧生枝条发达杂乱，需要定期整枝修剪，否则可能导致通风不良，影响产量，遭受病虫害。
灌木类中药材和草本类中药材全年均可进行采收。应选择天晴时采收。采收后应及时杀青或者暴晒干。优选地，所种植的中药材是在一次种植后 可多年采收的种类。采收频率可视植株的生长情况而定，一般每年3-4次。
(5)病虫害的防治
根据本发明的方法套种的植株排布紧凑，因此需要注意修剪作业，以尽量避免通风不良、潮湿等情况，防止病虫害的发生。重要的是进行病虫害的预防。例如，可以关注植株的卫生状况、合适的水分管理、合理的温度和光照，并且经常观察植株，及时去除病弱植株。当病虫害出现时，可以使用生物防治方法，以避免化学农药带来污染。
有益效果
本发明的乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法能高效地综合利用土地资源和水肥，提高土地、空间和水肥利用率，大大地降低了种植和管理维护成本。另外，根据本发明，免除了为喜阴类草本中药材设置遮阴设施的要求，进一步降低了种植成本。进一步地，根据本发明，实现了植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的残渣的再利用，使其转化为养分全、肥效长、安全无污染的有机肥，从而能够减少化肥的使用，有利于中药产业的可持续发展。
实施例
下面通过实施例更详细地说明本发明，但这些实施例并不对本发明构成任何限制，本发明的范围仅由权利要求书定义。
实施例1.山苍子、迷迭香和积雪草的套种
(1)种植土地的选择
选择阳坡、土层厚、排水良好、结构疏松的黄红壤或山地棕壤土。土地所处环境的年平均气温为10-18℃，最低气温不低于-10℃，年降水量约900-1800mm。土壤条件为偏酸性黄壤、山地黄壤、山地红或黄壤等土质，优选偏酸性沙壤土质。优选交通便利，靠近水源，地势平坦的开阔地。土地坡度在10°以下，光照充足。
(2)整地和施肥
第一次整地
用拖拉机全垦整地，深翻约35-40厘米。对于坡度较大的山地，采取等高线横坡整地，深翻约25-30厘米。
基肥的施用
在移栽种植的前35-40天，将土地深翻约30cm以上。在深翻后的地上整好储肥沟，深度为约30cm，宽度为约80cm；将工业提取过后的迷迭香渣堆放在储肥沟中，其厚度为储肥沟深度的60-70％，每亩用量约1300kg。在迷迭香渣表面以每米储肥沟淋洒约15kg的量布洒适量的农家肥，之后用表土覆盖1个月，使其自然腐熟。
(3)育苗
生根液的配制：将生根剂与水以1:1000比例混合，用于迷迭香的育苗。
苗床的准备：选择排水性好的田间土地，在育苗前进行翻土整平，以约70-80kg/亩的量喷洒浓度为约1g/kg的高锰酸钾溶液进行消毒。
迷迭香的育苗：育苗时间为十一至十二月份。选取新鲜健康的尚未完全木质化的茎作为插穗，从距离顶端约15-18厘米处剪下，去除枝条下部约1/3的叶子，在生根液中浸泡1小时。然后，以5cm*5cm的间距扦插，盖好薄膜保温、保湿。约3-4周即会生根，7周后可定植到露地。
(4)种植
山苍子的移栽：苗圃种苗生长约16-24个月，苗高约50-70cm即可移栽。选择早春或晚秋落叶后移栽。挖苗前浇透水，起苗时根系带土，起苗后修剪断残根。可按约2m的行距和约6m的株距种植。
作穴：每个株穴直径约40cm，深约30cm。
雌株穴每穴栽3棵，排列成“品”字形；雄株穴每穴种4棵，排列成“品”字形或
Figure PCTCN2020082660-appb-000001
字形。栽苗不宜过深，覆土不超过根颈约5-8cm，踏实，然后浇足定根水。作穴密度为60穴/亩，穴间距为2m×6m。
进入开花期后，适当选择雌雄株。为确保单位面积雌株和雄株的适当比例以达到最佳授粉效果，种植时横排和竖排每三株雌株间种植一株雄株。
迷迭香的移栽：栽植完山苍子后，选择合适的天气进行迷迭香的移栽。迷迭香移栽优选在阴天、雨天或早、晚阳光不强的时间进行。迷迭香的行距为约30-80cm，株距为约30-80cm，与山苍子植株的距离为约80cm。移栽后要浇足定根水。
山苍子和迷迭香的移栽后5天(视土壤干湿情况)浇一次水。待苗成活后，可减少浇水。
积雪草种子的播种
积雪草栽植可以与迷迭香同时进行，以播种为主。在空置地面布撒积雪草种子，借助迷迭香的灌溉，约1-2周即可发芽。待幼苗生长至约3-5cm时，以约5-30cm×5-30cm的间距间苗。
亦可采用扦插法栽植积雪草植株，移栽间距为约5-30cm×约5-30cm。
山苍子第3年进入盛果期，鲜果每亩年产量为约1800kg-2200kg。迷迭香鲜料每亩年产量为约1200kg-1500kg，积雪草鲜叶每亩年产量为约600kg-800kg。
实施例2.厚朴、迷迭香和积雪草的套种
与实施例1类似地选择种植的土地，进行整地和施肥以及迷迭香的育苗。
厚朴的移栽：
选择播种繁殖1-2年的苗木或扦插扩繁的扦插苗进行移栽。苗高约70-90cm即可移栽。优选在秋、冬季节移栽。
做穴：株穴的长度和宽度分别为约30cm厘米，深约30厘米。
可按约4-6m的行距和约4-6m的株距移栽厚朴，种植密度为30株/亩。厚朴栽苗不宜过深，覆土不超过根颈约5-8厘米，踏实，浇足定根水。
迷迭香的移栽：栽植完厚朴后，选择合适的天气进行迷迭香的移栽。迷迭香移栽优选在阴天、雨天或早、晚阳光不强的时间进行。迷迭香的行距为约30-60cm，株距为约30-60cm，与厚朴植株的距离为约60cm。
厚朴和迷迭香移栽后5天(视土壤干湿情况)浇一次水；待苗成活后，可减少浇水。
积雪草种子的播种
与实施例1类似地进行积雪草种子的播种，或者采用扦插法栽植积雪草植株。积雪草植株的株距为约5-30cm×约5-30cm。
在本申请中引用的所有出版物和专利申请指明了本公开内容所属领域的技术水平。它们都通过援引以其整体加入本文。
根据以上描述，本领域技术人员可确定本发明的必要特征，并可在不背离本发明精神和范围下对本发明进行各种变化和修改以使其适于各种用途和条件。所有这样的修改和修改也包括在本发明的范围中。因此，本发明的范围应当由所附的权利要求和它们的法律等同方案来确定。

Claims (19)

  1. 一种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材的套种方法，其特征在于在同一地块套种乔木类、灌木类和草本类中药材，其中所述三类中药材按照以下方式种植：
    所述乔木类中药材按约200-600cm的行距和约200-600cm的株距种植；
    所述灌木类中药材在所述乔木类中药材的行、株间，按约30-80cm的行距和约30-80cm的株距种植，并且所述灌木类中药材的植株与所述乔木类中药的植株之间的距离不小于约50-100cm；以及
    所述草本类中药材在所述灌木类中药材的行、株间，按约5-30cm的行距和约5-30cm的株距种植，并且所述草本类中药材的植株与所述灌木类中药材的植株之间的距离不小于约20-30cm。
  2. 根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于所述灌木类中药材和所述草本类中药材为喜阴类植物。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于所述乔木类中药材选自山苍子、厚朴、杜仲和银杏。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述灌木类中药材选自迷迭香和麻黄。
  5. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述草本类中药材选自积雪草、金钱草和鱼腥草。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述乔木类中药材为山苍子，所述灌木类中药材为迷迭香，并且所述草本类中药材为积雪草。
  7. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述乔木类中药 材为厚朴，所述灌木类中药材为迷迭香，并且所述草本类中药材为积雪草。
  8. 根据权利要求1至7中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述方法包括施用基肥的步骤，其中所述基肥可得自植物提取物或中药生产过程中产生的植物材料或中药材的残渣的发酵。
  9. 根据权利要求8的方法，其特征在于所述基肥是在所述地块中原位制备的。
  10. 根据权利要求9的方法，其特征在于所述基肥可通过包括如下步骤的方式制备：
    a)在整地之后，在所述地块中整好储肥沟；
    b)将所述残渣铺设于所述储肥沟内，并加入发酵剂；以及
    c)用土壤覆盖所述残渣，使其自然腐熟。
  11. 根据权利要求10的方法，其特征在于所述储肥沟具有约20-35cm的深度和约60-100cm的宽度；优选地具有约30cm的深度和约80cm的宽度。
  12. 根据权利要求10或11的方法，其特征在于所铺设的残渣的厚度为所述储肥沟的深度的约50-80％，优选约60-70％。
  13. 根据权利要求10至12中任一项的方法，其特征在于所铺设的残渣的量为约1200-1800kg/亩，优选约1400-1600kg/亩。
  14. 根据权利要求10至13中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述发酵剂为用于肥料发酵的微生物制剂。
  15. 根据权利要求10至13中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述发酵剂为农家肥。
  16. 根据权利要求15的方法，其特征在于将所述农家肥以每米储肥沟约10-20kg，优选每米储肥沟约15kg的量淋洒在所述残渣上。
  17. 根据权利要求10至16中任一项的方法，其特征在于在步骤c)中，用土壤覆盖所述残渣约1个月，使其自然腐熟。
  18. 根据权利要求10至17中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述残渣选自：迷迭香渣、人参渣、茯苓渣、五味子渣以及它们中的两种或更多种的混合物。
  19. 根据权利要求1至18中任一项的方法，其特征在于所述方法包括在种植所述中药材之前消毒所述地块的步骤。
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