Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
  • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
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  • C01B13/0211—Peroxy compounds
  • C01B13/0214—Hydrogen peroxide
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A62B9/00—Component parts for respiratory or breathing apparatus
  • A62B9/003—Means for influencing the temperature or humidity of the breathing gas
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D9/00—Composition of chemical substances for use in breathing apparatus
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
  • B01D53/268—Drying gases or vapours by diffusion
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61M2016/003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter
  • A61M2016/0033—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter electrical
  • A61M2016/0039—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter electrical in the inspiratory circuit
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61M2205/3576—Communication with non implanted data transmission devices, e.g. using external transmitter or receiver
  • A61M2205/3592—Communication with non implanted data transmission devices, e.g. using external transmitter or receiver using telemetric means, e.g. radio or optical transmission
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • B01D2259/4533—Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications for medical purposes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C01B2210/0012—Physical processing by making use of membranes characterised by the membrane

Definitions

• This disclosure is in the field of oxygen production, methods of producing oxygen, and chemical oxygen generators. More specifically, this disclosure provides a portable chemical oxygen generator providing high-purity breathable oxygen. The disclosure also provides an apparatus/system for the low-energy condensing of (water) vapor, for example in removing the water by-product of oxygen generation.
• Oxygen is a critical component of medical treatment. This treatment can be chronic or acute. Supplemental oxygen can be lifesaving in emergency situations, although the burden of providing oxygen during transport and in remote areas is substantial in cost, transport, and materials.
• Oxygen cylinders are heavy and present a number of potential hazards including combustion, detonation and projectile risks.
• Liquid oxygen systems provide a large amount of gas with a smaller footprint, but are heavy, exhaust gas over time, and present a bum risk if handled improperly.
• the output of both of these oxygen systems is finite and requires refilling, which presents logistical issues in far forward military operations. Simpler, lighter, and longer lasting oxygen delivery systems are needed for many emergency situations, including military and mass casualty operations.
• POCs Portable oxygen concentrators
• COGs chemical oxygen generators
• POCs draw in air from the environment, which usually contains about 21% oxygen, and extract the nitrogen to supply oxygen at a concentration of up to 90-95%.
• Portable units generally produce up to 6 l/min and larger devices (not portable) producing up to 25 l/min. All these devices are electrically operated and require a source of continuous power, so a power failure will result in a failure of oxygen supply unless a standby generator, or a battery backup and power inverter are available. Also, the low flow and lower pressure of gas supplied from the portable units limits their use for many emergency situations.
• the present disclosure provides a chemical oxygen generation system which produces humidified, breathable oxygen, that is substantially free of hydrogen peroxide and other contaminants, at a controlled flow and temperature over an extended period of time.
• the chemical oxygen generation system can generate a constant flow of oxygen of more than about 8 L/min and up to about 15 L/min, at a temperature of less than about 40° C for more than about 30 minutes.
• the portable oxygen generating system comprises a reaction chamber, a feed system for providing and controlling hydrogen peroxide solution to the reaction chamber, and a cooling/condensing system for cooling the hot oxygen and water vapor leaving the reactor and condensing and removing water.
• the reaction chamber comprises a catalyst that facilitates the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, an inlet for the introduction of hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber, and an outlet for the release of oxygen and water vapor from the reaction chamber.
• the hydrogen peroxide feed system comprises a hydrogen peroxide reservoir that contains aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and a feed flow regulator for controlling the rate of addition of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber.
• the cooling system comprises an inlet for receiving oxygen and water vapor, a condenser comprising two or more drains, each configured to drain water condensed from the water vapor in the cooling system, and an outlet for the release of cooled oxygen gas with reduced water vapor.
• a portable device for oxygen generation comprising:
• reaction chambers containing a catalyst, for reacting hydrogen solution and producing oxygen and water vapor;
• a drier situated between the reactor and the cooling system for removing a portion of the water from the oxygen stream
• a hydrophobic membrane for removing water at the oxygen outlet of the cooling system
• the cooling system may be an open system operatively located between the reactor outlet and the hydrophobic membrane (filter). The cooling system is configured to cool oxygen gas flowing between the reactor and the filter.
• the reservoir may be a cartridge that detachably connects to the feeding system.
• the cartridge may be configured to be instantly replaceable once the hydrogen peroxide solution is depleted.
• the cartridge may be collapsible, have a collapsible liner, or may be hard-sided or soft-sided.
• the feeding unit is configured to generate pressure on a soft-sided cartridge.
• the pressure may be generated by a spring, a piston or pneumatic pressure.
• the feeding system may comprise a pump, for example a pump selected from a displacement pump, peristaltic pump, syringe pump, piston pump, plunger pump, screw pump and reciprocating pump.
• the reactor is configured to decompose hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
• the reactor contains a catalyst that facilitates the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.
• the catalyst may comprise one or more active compounds selected from a metal, a metalloid, an alloy of a metal, an alloy of a metalloid, a compound of a metal and a compound of a metalloid.
• the catalyst may additionally comprises an electronegative element.
• the device additionally, and optionally, comprises a catalytic filter.
• the catalytic filter may comprise at least one catalyst, the catalyst comprises one or more active compounds selected from a group consisting of a metal, a metalloid, an alloy of a metal, an alloy of a metalloid, a compound of a metal and a compound of a metalloid.
• the catalytic filter may comprise the same catalyst(s) as the reactor, or may comprise a different catalyst.
• the cooling system comprises a heat sink.
• the cooling system may additionally comprise at least one fan for facilitating the removal of heat from the cooling system.
• the fan may be an electric fan.
• the cooling system comprises a condenser.
• the cooling system comprising a condenser is configured to facilitate the draining of liquid water condensed by the cooling system.
• the draining system may be configured to drain the condensed water from at least one point along cooling system.
• the cooling system may additionally comprise a receptacle for collecting the condensed water.
• hydrophobic membrane is constructed from a material selected from one or more of a group consisting of acrylic copolymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polysulfones and polycarbonates.
• PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
• PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
• polysulfones and polycarbonates.
• the oxygen flow regulator is a heat/mass oxygen (O2) flow meter configured for real-time flow measurement.
• O2 heat/mass oxygen
• the device additionally comprises an electronic control and display unit, comprising one or more of:
• the control unit may be based on a designated Printed Circuit Board.
• the unit sensors are configured to measure at least one parameter selected from a group consisting of user set O2 flow, exit O2 flow, exit O2 temperature, battery capacity, H2O2 reservoir level, reaction chamber pressure, and/or water tank capacity (e.g., weight).
• the unit control is configured to control at least one parameter selected from a group consisting of peristaltic pump RPM, cooling fan speed, and water tank drainage solenoid.
• the control unit may also comprise feedback circuits for one or more of the parameters as disclosed in any of the above.
• control unit is configured to emit an alert in the case of one or more of:
• control unit additionally comprises a data logger, the data logger configured to record the status of the device.
• the control unit may be configured to communicate with an external system, the communication selected characterized as:
• the battery may be a 12-18V/4-5Ah Rechargeable.
• the device additionally comprises a Biofeedback sensor.
• the biofeedback sensor may be configured to detect the peripheral blood O2 saturation level in the patient.
• the sensor may be configured to communicate with the control unit as disclosed above.
• the sensor and the control unit may be configured to emit an alert in the case of low or high O2 patient saturation levels.
• the method additionally comprises a step of alerting the user in the case of one or more of low H2O2 reservoir, low battery, high system pressure, high water tank level, oxygen purity, and/or low patient O2 saturation levels.
• the method additionally comprises steps of regulating the oxygen flow rate, the regulation controlled by regulating at least one parameter selected from a group consisting of flow of the hydrogen peroxide solution into a reactor and flow via the flow regulator, the flow regulation determined by at least one parameter selected from a group consisting of system pressure, reactor pressure, oxygen flow and patient O2 saturation level.
• the step of regulating the oxygen flow rate comprises a step of measuring the oxygen flow rate.
• Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the portable chemical oxygen generator according to this disclosure.
• Figure 2 depicts an embodiment of the portable chemical oxygen generator according to the present disclosure.
• Figure 3 depicts an embodiment of the cooling system according to this disclosure.
• Figure 4 depicts an embodiment of the heat sink system according to this disclosure.
• Figure 5 depicts an embodiment of the cooling enclosure of the cooling system according to this disclosure.
• Figure 6 depicts an embodiment of the cooling system according to this disclosure.
• Figure 7 depicts an embodiment of the portable chemical oxygen generator according to the present disclosure.
• Figure 8 shows the influence of the gas flow on the drained liquid from each outlet.
• Figure 9 shows the influence of the gas flow on the temperature of the drained liquid.
• Figure 10 shows the influence of the gas flow on the heat released by the cooling system.
• Figure 11 shows the influence of the gas flow and the catalyst amount on the drained liquid.
• Figure 12 shows the influence of the gas flow and the catalyst amount on the drained liquid temperature.
• Figure 13 shows the influence of the gas flow and the catalyst amount on the heat release.
• the chemical oxygen generator according to this disclosure is a device that produces oxygen though a chemical reaction.
• the chemical oxygen generator is important for providing emergency oxygen in situations in which other methods such as oxygen tanks or electrolysis are not feasible.
• the chemical oxygen generator is used for supplementing and increasing the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air of a patient.
• gaseous oxygen has a multitude of indications in which oxygen supplementation may be needed, including blood circulation problems (for example due to illness or due to injury), breathing problems, decreased lung function, and altitude sickness.
• Hypoxemia insufficient oxygen in the blood
• acute lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia due to bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) and viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, corona virus), and is a strong risk factor for death.
• the chemical oxygen generator according to this disclosure is compact and portable, yet is also reliable and simple to operate.
• This chemical oxygen generator provides a controlled oxygen flow and temperature over an extended period of time.
• the flow of oxygen may be controlled by the user to dispense from 0 L/min up to about 8 L/min of oxygen gas, or up to about 10 L/min, or up to about 15 L/min.
• the device can produce a sustained and controllable flow of breathable oxygen, substantially free of hydrogen peroxide and other contaminants.
• substantially free refers to concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or other contaminants which are below medically acceptable levels, and accordingly do not present a risk of injury or discomfort to the patient.
• the chemical oxygen generator disclosed herein provides a flow of oxygen to the patient that has less than about 1 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, or less than about 0.5 ppm of hydrogen peroxide.
• the present device can generate a constant flow of oxygen up to about 8 L/min, or up to about 10 L/min, or up to about 15 L/min, at a temperature of less than about 40° C for more than about 30 minutes.
• the chemical oxygen generator disclosed herein provides a flow of oxygen that is humidified and does not require the use of an external humidification apparatus.
• Humidified oxygen provides improved patient comfort and safety. Higher flow rates of oxygen without proper humidification may cause drying of the nasal or oral mucosa, with associated bleeding and possible airway obstruction.
• humidification of the supplied oxygen is important to keep secretions thin and to avoid mucous plugs. Endotracheal tube obstruction due to inadequate humidification of supplied oxygen has been reported as the cause of many unnecessary deaths in hospitals.
• the chemical oxygen generator disclosed herein addresses these concerns by suppling a flow of oxygen that is humidified.
• the oxygen produced in the reaction chamber may be at a temperature above 90 °C, and up to about 98 °C, and thus is too hot for dispensing to the patient.
• the oxygen exits the device, typically by way of flexible tubing for delivery to the patient, at a comfortably breathable temperature, i.e., below about 40 °C.
• the oxygen that exits the device is not more than about 10 °C above the ambient temperature (e.g., room temperature), or is not more than about 8 °C above the ambient temperature, or is not more than about 6 °C above the ambient temperature.
• the portable oxygen generating system comprises a reaction chamber, a feed system for providing and controlling hydrogen peroxide solution to the reaction chamber, and a cooling/condensing system for cooling the hot oxygen and water vapor leaving the reactor and condensing and removing water.
• the reaction chamber comprises a catalyst that facilitates the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, an inlet for the introduction of hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber, and an outlet for the release of oxygen and water vapor from the reaction chamber.
• the hydrogen peroxide feed system comprises a hydrogen peroxide reservoir that contains aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and a feed flow regulator for controlling the rate of addition of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber.
• the cooling system comprises an inlet for receiving oxygen and water vapor, a condenser comprising two or more drains, each configured to drain water condensed from the water vapor in the cooling system, and an outlet for the release of cooled oxygen gas with reduced water vapor.
• the oxygen source for the chemical generation of oxygen is hydrogen peroxide, or is an adduct or complex of hydrogen peroxide.
• An aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is preferred for use as the oxygen source in the chemical reaction used in the devices provided herein.
• Hydrogen peroxide is commonly available as a water solution, with concentrations ranging from 3% up to 70%.
• concentration of H2O2 is preferably at least 20%, and may be from about 30 % to about 70%.
• the reaction chamber contains a catalyst that facilitates the exothermic
• the catalyst may comprise a metal, a metalloid, an alloy of a metal, an alloy of a metalloid, a compound of a metal, such as a metal oxide, and a compound of a metalloid, or mixtures thereof.
• the catalyst may comprise transition metal oxides such as MnCh, PbC , C03O4, V2O5, KMnCri, silver-based catalysts, Ni-based catalysts, Fe-based catalysts, Pt-based catalysts, Pd-based catalysts.
• Metal catalyst may comprise one or more of silver, gold, zinc, platinum, palladium, or other metal catalyst. Alternatively, an acid may be used to catalyze the reaction.
• Solid heterogeneous catalysts in used (i.e., a catalyst that is insoluble in water), the production of oxygen occurs at the surface of the catalyst.
• Solid heterogeneous catalysts may be selected from the catalysts listed above and which are not soluble in water. Solid heterogeneous catalysts have the advantage that they can be reused many times with new portions of hydrogen peroxide, while maintaining high efficiency.
• the catalyst may be in the form of a powder or a granulate. Catalysts in powder form may have relatively faster kinetics because of the larger surface area. However, a granulate may be more convenient to handle and to reuse. Although the high surface area of powdered catalysts helps to ensure a rapid decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide, fine powders may present issues in retaining the catalyst in the reaction chamber.
• the catalyst may be in the form of a granulate, for example having a diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm.
• the catalyst granulate may comprise one or more of the metal, metalloid, alloy of a metal, alloy of a metalloid, a compound of a metal, or a compound of a metalloid.
• the granulate may further comprise one or more binder materials.
• the catalyst may be dispersed or coated on the surface of a solid support material, or matrix.
• the catalyst may impregnated in in inert matrix material or binder.
• the catalyst may comprise a porous matrix, for example, a porous scaffold structure onto which nano-particles of the catalyst are deposited.
• the porous matrix or scaffold structure can be formed from many suitable materials or combinations of materials.
• suitable materials include organic materials or inorganic materials, and may include a resins, polymers, metal, glass, ceramic, activated carbon, textiles, or a combination thereof.
• the porous matrix or scaffold structure may be formed of a polymer sponge.
• the polymer matrix/support should be selected from materials that can withstand the high concentration of hydrogen peroxide and high temperature in the reactor, and may include, for example, polycarbonates, PVC, high-density polyethylene.
• the porous scaffold structure may be formed by a synthesis of a poly-High Internal Phase Emulsion (poly-HIPE) method. The polymerization of the continuous phase of HIPEs leads to the formation of porous polymer monoliths, called polyHIPEs.
• the polyHIPEs have a high porosity with voids sizes of about 10-100 pm.
• the porous scaffold structure may be formed by granular porous materials.
• granules of porous material representing a support of the porous scaffold structure, may be held together to form the porous scaffold structure.
• a variety of granular porous materials may be used including, but not limited to, activated carbon, polymer beads, silica sand, zirconia, alumina, anthracite, and the like.
• Multiple variables may affect the oxygen release rate including the rate of addition of hydrogen peroxide, the temperature of the reaction chamber, and the amount of catalyst in contact with the hydrogen peroxide solution.
• the catalyst may be eliminated as a variable by ensuring that the reaction chamber contains excess catalyst relative to the hydrogen peroxide introduced into the reaction chamber. Once the reaction is under way, the temperature of the reaction chamber is maintained at or above about 90 °C, and up to about 98 °C, while oxygen is being produced. With a sufficient amount of solid catalyst (such as manganese dioxide) present in the reaction chamber, the rate of oxygen production may be controlled by the rate of addition of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to the reaction chamber. It is therefore an aspect to produce oxygen at a controllable and selectively constant rate.
• a reservoir holds the hydrogen peroxide solution.
• the reservoir is constructed from inert, non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or polymers/plastics.
• the reservoir can be a single use or disposable container, or can be refillable.
• the reservoir may be a cartridge that holds the hydrogen peroxide solution that is fed into the reaction chamber by the feed flow regulator.
• the reservoir is part of the system and is refiled from another container.
• the reservoir can be hard or soft-sided.
• the reservoir may be constructed like a 'syringe' i.e. is constructed from a barrel and a plunger (or piston).
• the reservoir is a canister capable of holding a solution of hydrogen peroxide in water that is sufficient to maintain a steady flow of oxygen for at least about 20 minutes, or at least about 30 minutes, at an oxygen flow rate of about 8 L/min, or about 10 L/min, or about 15 L/min.
• the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is at least about 15%, or at least about 20 %.
• the concentration of hydrogen peroxide may be from about 30 % to about 70%.
• the hydrogen peroxide reservoir may hold from about 500 ml to about 4000 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution, or from about 1000 ml to about 3000 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution.
• the rate of hydrogen peroxide solution that is provided to the reaction chamber by the feed system may be controlled by the user in order to maintain the desired oxygen flow.
• the feed flow regulator comprises, a pump to controls the flow of the hydrogen peroxide solution into the reactor.
• the pump may be any suitable pumping unit known in the art, including but not limited to, a displacement pump, peristaltic pump, syringe pump, piston pump, plunger pump, screw pump or reciprocating pump.
• the reservoir may be collapsible and the feeding unit is configured to put pressure on the reservoir, thereby pushing the hydrogen peroxide solution into the reactor.
• the feeding unit acts as a reciprocating pump with the reservoir forming part of the pump.
• the reaction chamber comprises a pressure tight housing in which occurs the chemical decomposition of the oxygen source, typically hydrogen peroxide as an aqueous solution.
• the reaction chamber comprises the catalyst that facilitates the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, an inlet for the introduction of hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber, and an outlet for the release of oxygen and water vapor from the reaction chamber.
• the reaction chamber may optionally comprise an overpressure valve to prevent a housing rupture, for example, in the event the oxygen outlet is occluded.
• the pressure valve may be configured to regulate the pressure in the reaction chamber by releasing excess gas and/or by regulating the feed solution flow rate. Regulation of the flow rate by the pressure valve can be conducted directly or by the control unit.
• the reactor outlet may optionally comprise a filter or mesh, which functions to maintain the catalyst in the reaction chamber.
• a filter or mesh may be particularly useful in the event that the catalyst is powder and has a small particle size.
• the reaction chamber is constructed from an inert, non-reactive material that can withstand temperatures of at least 100 °C.
• the reactor may be constructed of an
• the reaction chamber may be constructed of an inert/nonreactive polymeric material.
• inert or non-reactive materials are those that do not degrade under the reaction conditions.
• the material selected for the reaction chamber, and which contacts the hydrogen peroxide may catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide.
• the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution enters the reactor from the feeding unit through at least one aperture or inlet, such as a nozzle or a spray nozzle.
• the solution mixes with the catalyst, rapidly decomposing the H2O2 to H2O and O2.
• the reaction is exothermic, reaching sustained temperatures above 90 °C, and up to about 98 °C, and accordingly water is vaporized to steam in the reactor.
• the gas produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide flows out of the reactor from the reactor outlet.
• the reaction chamber may also comprise a drain that allow for the removal of any accumulated liquid water.
• the flow of the gaseous reaction products (O2, H2O) out of the reaction chamber is directly proportional to the rate at which the hydrogen peroxide solution is pumped into the reactor.
• Catalytic filter Exiting the reaction chamber are the reaction products, oxygen and water vapor, and in some embodiments, some unreacted liquid or gaseous hydrogen peroxide.
• the oxygen generator may optionally comprise a secondary reactor, termed a catalytic filter, that provides for the decomposition of the residual hydrogen peroxide.
• the catalytic filter is constructed to decompose any hydrogen peroxide that has been vaporized or distilled by the decomposition reaction and exited the reaction chamber.
• the catalytic filter contains one or more catalysts that facilitate the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water, as discussed above.
• the catalytic filter may contain of the same catalyst as the reactor or of another catalyst.
• the gas flow exiting the catalytic filter may be substantially free of hydrogen peroxide, and accordingly hydrogen peroxide in the exiting gas flow is at or below medically acceptable levels.
• the disclosure provides a cooling unit or system for the cooling and separating of a gaseous mixture.
• the cooling system is described for use in cooling and separating water from oxygen gas, the cooling system may be adapted for the cooling and separating of other mixtures.
• the hot mixture that enters the cooling unit comprises a mixture of at least two components, a low boiling component and a high boiling component.
• the low boiling component is oxygen and the high boiling component is water.
• the hot vapor flows into the condensing/cooling unit.
• the condensing/cooling unit comprises an enclosure, configured to contain and cool the gas/vapor mixture, thereby converting the condensable vapor into liquid.
• the enclosure is piping or tubing.
• the condensing enclosure comprises at least one drain throughout the length of the unit, and preferable a plurality of drains, enabling the condensed liquid to be separated from gas flow and drained into a tank.
• the cooling enclosure comprises a plurality of drains, enabling draining of condensed liquid throughout the length of the cooling unit, allowing the liquid to be separated by rapid and continuously draining.
• hot gasses exiting the reaction chamber or the catalytic filter, if present, are passed into a cooling unit.
• the gas flow entering the cooling unit may be above about 90 °C, and up to about 98 °C, and thus is too hot for dispensing to the patient.
• the cooling unit cools the gas flow to a comfortably breathable temperature, i.e., below about 40 °C.
• the cooling unit is configured to cool the gas flow, condensing the water vapor into liquid water, and removing the liquid water.
• the cooling unit allows the liquid water to be separated from the gas flow and drained into a storage tank.
• the cooling unit provides draining throughout the length of the cooling unit allowing the liquid water to be drained rapidly and continuously. This system rapidly removes the condensed water, which may be at elevated temperature, as its condensation takes place. By removing the water from the system throughout the length of the cooling enclosure, the cooling capacity of the cooling system may be directed to the efficient cooling of the oxygen gas flow, without having to fully cool the condensing water. This arrangement directs the cooling capacity of the cooling system towards cooling the lower mass oxygen flow, increasing the efficiency of the cooling.
• the cooling enclosure is formed of vertical sections of pipe connected by U-bends.
• the lower U-bends of the cooling system are horizontally situated with drainage ports at the lowest points along the pipe, allowing gravity to assist in the continuous drainage of the condensed liquid water from the cooling system.
• the cooling enclosure may comprises pipe containing the gas flow in the form of a horizontal coil, having drainage ports situated along the lowest points for each coil rotation.
• the cooling enclosure may be incorporated into a heat sink and/or may have cooling fins along the outside of the enclosure.
• a cooling fluid may be directed past the cooling enclosure to assist in the removal of heat from the cooling enclosure.
• the cooling fluid may be a liquid or a gas, and in some embodiments is a flow of cooling air.
• the cooling system is an active air cooling system.
• An electric fan may be used as the active component of the cooling system.
• the cooling air is generated by the fan passes and around the enclosure, cooling the body of the enclosure. Cooled oxygen exits condensing enclosure via the exhaust /exit tube.
• the oxygen that exits the cooling system is not more than about 10 °C above the ambient temperature, or is not more than about 8 °C above the ambient temperature, or is not more than about 6 °C above the ambient temperature.
• Hydrophobic membrane [0093]
• humid oxygen gas exiting the cooling system passes through a hydrophobic membrane, filtering traces of water. Liquid water can interfere with the accuracy of measuring the oxygen flow.
• the hydrophobic membrane is a microporous membrane of polymeric material.
• the hydrophobic membrane may be constructed from any material known in the art for this purpose, including acrylic co-polymers,
• PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
• PVDF polyvinylidenedifluoride
• polysulfones polycarbonates.
• Commercially available as ventilation plugs having a hydrophobic membrane may be used for this purpose.
• a drier may be situated between the reaction chamber, or the catalytic filter if present, and the cooling system.
• the drier comprises a hydrophobic membrane and serves to remove a portion of the water from the gas flow prior to the flow entering the cooling system.
• the drier may remove up to about 90% of the water from the gas flow, or from about 70% to about 90% of the water from the gas flow. Removing a portion of the water prior to the gas flow entering the cooling system may increase the efficiency of the cooling system.
• the hydrophobic membrane is a microporous membrane of polymeric material and may be constructed from any material known in the art for this purpose, including acrylic co-polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
• PVDF polyvinylidenedifluoride
• FIG. 1 schematically shows the basic unit 10 of an embodiment of the chemical oxygen generator.
• the reservoir 11 holds the hydrogen peroxide solution.
• the holder can be single use or refillable.
• the reservoir is a cartridge that holds the solution and is fed into the system.
• the reservoir is part of the system and is refilled from another container.
• the reservoir can be hard or soft-sided.
• the reservoir is constructed from inert, non-reactive, medicinal grade materials.
• the reservoir is constricted like a 'syringe' i.e. is constructed from a barrel and a plunger (or piston).
• the reservoir is a canister capable of holding a solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water.
• the percentage of hydrogen peroxide is at least 20% and in some embodiments is 30-70%.
• the feeding unit 12 controls the flow of the hydrogen peroxide solution into the reactor.
• the feeding unit is a pump.
• the pump can be, for example, a displacement pump, peristaltic pump, syringe pump, piston pump, plunger pump, screw pump or reciprocating pump.
• the reservoir 12 is collapsible and the feeding unit is configured to put pressure on the reservoir, pushing the hydrogen peroxide solution into the reactor.
• the feeding unit acts as a reciprocating pump with the reservoir forming part of the pump.
• the feeding unit can be set to control the flow rate according to various parameters including: hydrogen peroxide solution flow rate, oxygen flow rate (at the exit of the device), and reaction chamber pressure.
• the feeding unit additionally comprises a pressure sensor.
• the reaction chamber 13 comprises the catalyst that facilitates the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, an inlet for the introduction of hydrogen peroxide solution into the reaction chamber, and an outlet for the release of oxygen and water vapor from the reaction chamber.
• the reaction chamber is constructed from an inert, non-reactive material that can withstand temperatures of at least 100 °C.
• the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution enters the reactor from the feeding unit through at least one aperture or inlet, such as a nozzle or a spray nozzle.
• the reactor contains the catalyst that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
• the solution mixes with the solid catalyst particles, decomposing the hydrogen peroxide to ThO and O2.
• the reaction is exothermic, reaching temperatures above 90, and up to about 98 °C.
• the gas produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide flows out of the reactor and through the catalytic filter 14
• the reaction chamber can additionally comprise a pressure valve.
• the pressure valve is configured to regulate the pressure in the reaction chamber by releasing excess gas or by regulating the solution flow rate. Regulation of the flow rate by the pressure valve can be conducted directly or by the control unit.
• the catalytic filter 14 is constructed to decompose any hydrogen peroxide that has been vaporized or distilled by the decomposition reaction.
• the filter can be constructed of the same catalyst as present in the reactor or of another catalyst.
• Gas that flows through the filter 14 passes into a cooling unit 15
• the cooling unit is configured to cool the gas, condensing the water vapor into liquid water.
• the cooling unit enables the liquid to be drained into a tank.
• the cooling unit provide draining throughout the length of the cooling unit.
• the liquid is drained instantly and continuously.
• the water tank holds the water and can be drained.
• Gas that passes through the cooling unit 15 passes through a hydrophobic membrane (or filter) 16 to remove any water vapor that was not condensed throughout the cooling unit.
• An oxygen flow regulator 17 comprises a flow meter that measures the amount of oxygen that passes the filter 16.
• the flow meter may regulate the feeding unit to ensure that the flow of oxygen is continuous and at the required level.
• the flow regulator can also measure the temperature of the gas to make sure that the oxygen is not too hot for the patient.
• the flow regulator additionally comprises a valve for regulating the oxygen flow.
• the valve can be manual, mechanical or electro-mechanical. In some embodiments the valve is controlled by the user, the control unit or directly by the flow meter.
• the system contains a Control and Display unit and power source 18.
• a display unit can display all of the critical device parameters: oxygen flow, oxygen temperature, water tank content level, reservoir level, system pressure, battery power level etc.
• the control and display unit can also track the overall status of the system, such as usage status, catalyst status, maintenance etc.
• the system additionally comprises a biosensor.
• the biosensor is an 02 blood saturation sensor that is connected to a patient.
• the sensor can be connected to the control unit to track the saturation level of the patient.
• the control unit is configured to control the Oxygen flow rate according to the 02 saturation level of the patient.
• the control unit can control the oxygen rate by regulating the exit valve or the feeding unit.
• the system contains an exit port 19 through which the final oxygen produced exits the device and can then be delivered to a patient or stored for later use.
• the oxygen generating device 20 comprises a hydrogen peroxide cartridge 21 containing the hydrogen peroxide solution (for example 50%-60%), which is the substrate of the chemical reaction, producing FhO and O2.
• the cartridge volume may be 750-3000 ml, sufficient to produce a flow of 10 L/min O2 for 30-45 min.
• the cartridge is designed to be rapidly replaceable once it gets empty, enabling continues flow of oxygen.
• a pump 22, such as peristaltic pump drives the hydrogen peroxide solution from the cartridge 21 to the reaction chamber 23, where the chemical reaction takes place.
• the pump speed (RPM) is controlled through the control unit.
• the hydrogen peroxide is fed into the reaction chamber 23, mixing with the solid catalyst particles, and decomposing the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
• the reaction is exothermic, reaching temperatures above about 90 °C, and up to 98 °C, and creating a constant Power up to 1,500 W.
• reaction chamber Exiting the reaction chamber are oxygen, water as steam, and some liquid and gaseous hydrogen peroxide.
• the flow of the reaction products (O2, H2O) is directly proportional to the pump RPM (the reaction is saturated with catalyst).
• a pressure gauge 24a tracks the pressure in the reaction chamber. In cases of excess pressure, a pressure valve 24b can release excess gas.
• the mixture exiting the reaction chamber is directed into a catalytic filter 25, packed with catalytic particles. Traces of hydrogen peroxide (liquid or gaseous) are chemically decomposed to oxygen and water, preventing any corrosive hydrogen peroxide from reaching the patient.
• the hot oxygen and steam exiting the catalytic filter 25 flows into an active air cooling system comprising a fan 26a and a cooling enclosure 26b. While going through the system, condensation takes place, water is pouring down through ports at the bottom of each curve within the cooling enclosure. This arrangement efficiently directs the cooling capacity towards low mass steam condensation, rather than cooling high mass water.
• An electric fan 26b 60W is used as the active component of the cooling system.
• Humid oxygen exiting the cooling system flows through a hydrophobic membrane 28, filtering additional water. Liquid within the O2 pipe can interfere with accurately measuring the O2 flow.
• a heat meter 29a and mass oxygen flow meter 29b are used for real-time flow measurement of the oxygen exiting the device through exit port 29c.
• FIG. 3 providing a cross-section of a cooling system 30.
• the cooling air is generated by a fan 31 and funneled 32 to an area 33 surrounding the pipe 34 containing the oxygen and water vapor generated by the reactor.
• the gas stream is then de-humidified by a hydrophobic membrane 35 before exiting the system through port 36, to be provided to a patient.
• FIG. 4 describing a heat sink cooling system 40.
• the mixture of hot oxygen and water vapor enters the sink through 41.
• the gas is cooled, and the water vapor is converted to liquid, the liquid water is drained through the drainage ports 42 at the lowest position of the U-bends 44, such that the content of water in the oxygen that exits the system through 43 is reduced.
• Figure 4 presents the cooling unit of Figure 3 at a 90° rotation on the Y-axis (i.e., a side view).
• FIG. 5 shows representative embodiment of the cooling enclosure of the cooling system.
• Figure 5 A shows a cooling enclosure that comprises consecutive U-bends. At the lowest portion of each lower U-bend 51, there is a drainage port 52 for the drainage of liquid (water) that has condensed in the cooling enclosure.
• Figure 5B shows a horizontal coil-shaped cooling enclosure, in which the drainage ports 52 are situated at the lowest portion of each coil rotation.
• FIG. 6 shows a representative embodiment of the cooling system.
• the hot gaseous mixture (such as hot oxygen and steam) flows into an active air cooling system 60 comprising a fan 66a and a cooling enclosure 66b.
• the lower boiling component such as water
• condensation takes place, the lower boiling component (such as water) condenses and drains down through the drainage ports 66e at the bottom of each lower U- bend 66d within the cooling enclosure.
• This arrangement efficiently directs the cooling capacity towards a reduced mass stream comprising the lower boing component (such as oxygen), rather than cooling high mass of the condensed higher boiling component (such as water).
• An electric fan 66b is used as the active component of the cooling system.
• the higher boiling component (such as water) is collected into a tank 67.
• the oxygen generating device 70 comprises a hydrogen peroxide cartridge 71 containing the hydrogen peroxide solution (for example 50%-60%), which is the substrate of the chemical reaction, producing FhO and O2.
• the cartridge volume may be 750- 3000 ml, sufficient to produce a flow of 10 1/min O2 or more for 30-45 min.
• the cartridge is designed to be instantly replaceable once it gets empty, enabling continues flow of oxygen.
• a pump 72 such as peristaltic pump, drives the hydrogen peroxide solution from the cartridge 71 to the reaction chamber 73, where the chemical reaction takes place.
• the pump speed (RPM) is controlled through the control unit 79d.
• the hydrogen peroxide is fed into the reaction chamber 73, mixing with the solid catalyst particles, and decomposing the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
• the reaction is exothermic, reaching temperatures above about 90 °C, and up to 98 °C.
• reaction chamber Exiting the reaction chamber are oxygen, water as steam, and some liquid and gaseous hydrogen peroxide.
• the flow of the reaction products (O2, H2O) is directly proportional to the pump RPM (the reaction is saturated with catalyst).
• a pressure gauge 74a tracks the pressure in the reaction chamber. In cases of excess pressure, a pressure valve 74b can release excess gas.
• the mixture exiting the reaction chamber is directed into a catalytic filter 75, packed with catalytic particles. Traces of hydrogen peroxide (liquid or gaseous) are chemically decomposed to oxygen and water, preventing any corrosive hydrogen peroxide from reaching the patient.
• the hot oxygen and steam exiting the catalytic filter 75 flows into a drier 76c which comprises a hydrophobic membrane and serves to remove a portion of the water from the gas flow prior to the flow entering the cooling system.
• the partially dried hot oxygen and water vapor flows into an active air cooling system comprising a fan 76a and a cooling enclosure 76b. While going through the system, condensation takes place and liquid water drains down through the drainage ports at the bottom of each lower U-bend within the cooling enclosure. The water is collected into a water tank 77, and drained out through a solenoid controlled tap.
• Liquid within the O2 pipe can interfere with accurately measuring the O2 flow.
• Humid oxygen exiting the cooling system flows through a hydrophobic membrane 78, filtering additional water. Any water may be drained from the hydrophobic membrane through the drainage 78a.
• the oxygen flow exiting the hydrophobic filter passes through an additional drying filter 78b comprising a desiccating agent such as silica.
• a temperature gauge 79a and mass oxygen flow meter 79b are used for real-time flow measurement of the oxygen exiting the device through exit port 79c.
• the device is powered by a battery unit 79e, which may comprise a rechargeable 12-18V/4-5Ah battery.
• the device additionally comprises an electronic control and display unit 79d.
• the control and display unit 79d may be configured to control parameters selected from pump RPM, cooling fan speed, and water tank drainage.
• the control unit may also comprise feedback circuits for one or more of the parameters as disclosed in any of the above.
• the control unit may be configured to monitor and/or emit an alert in the case of one or more of low H2O2 reservoir, low battery, high water tank level, high device pressure, oxygen purity, and device maintenance.
• Table 1 provides the parameters measured at the cooling system of the oxygen generator. Table 1
• Figure 8 presents the liquid mass drained from the outlet points 1-4 at 5, 7 and 10 LPM flow. As it can be seen, only for the high flow of 10 LPM the 4th outlet point participated in the cooling process. In addition, the trend is the same for all three flows. The drained liquid mass decreases as the outlet point number increases. That can be explained by the fact that most of the liquid is condensed in the first outlet point due to the high
• the gas stream has a temperature of 92-96 °C as it goes out from the reaction chamber.
• the graph of the 10 LPM is higher than the two others in a significant manner, while the difference between the 5 and the 7 LPM is small.
• higher total mass of liquid was drained from the cooling system (not significantly).
• the 3rd outlet point participated in the cooling process while for the 5 LPM only 2 outlet points were needed.
• the temperature of the drained liquid indicates the efficiency of the cooling process at each outlet point. As presented in Figure 9, for all three flow rates, the temperature decreases as the outlet point number increases. Comparison between the different flows shows that at each outlet point the temperature decreases with the flow. The efficiency is the highest for the 5 LPM and the lowest efficiency was obtained for the 10 LPM. For the highest flow, the highest mass of products (water and oxygen) was produced. Thus, the cooling needed is“harder”. It is expressed by higher temperature of the drained liquid and the numbers of outlet points needed for the cooling.
• Figure 11 presents the influence of the catalyst amount on the drained liquid for different flows.
• higher mass of liquid was drained from all the outlets points compared to the high amount. That can be explained by the“overloading phenomenon” that was observed in the high flow experiment.
• the efficiency is the highest for the 5 LPM and the lowest efficiency was obtained for the 10 LPM. The best efficiency was obtained for the lower flow at each catalyst amount.
• the first outlet point is the most efficient cooling point.

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• 2019
  • 2019-04-18 US US16/387,797 patent/US20200316415A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2019-06-03 GB GB1907885.6A patent/GB2582836A/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2020
  • 2020-04-03 CN CN202080041522.XA patent/CN114007677A/zh active Pending
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  • 2020-04-03 WO PCT/IB2020/053228 patent/WO2020202110A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2020-04-03 JP JP2021560406A patent/JP2022528198A/ja active Pending
  • 2020-04-03 KR KR1020217035623A patent/KR20220011623A/ko active Pending
• 2021
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• 2022
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• 2025
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