Classifications

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  • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
  • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
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  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
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  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/001—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes using specific devices not provided for in groups G09G3/02 - G09G3/36, e.g. using an intermediate record carrier such as a film slide; Projection systems; Display of non-alphanumerical information, solely or in combination with alphanumerical information, e.g. digital display on projected diapositive as background
  • G09G3/003—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes using specific devices not provided for in groups G09G3/02 - G09G3/36, e.g. using an intermediate record carrier such as a film slide; Projection systems; Display of non-alphanumerical information, solely or in combination with alphanumerical information, e.g. digital display on projected diapositive as background to produce spatial visual effects
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
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  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/007—Use of pixel shift techniques, e.g. by mechanical shift of the physical pixels or by optical shift of the perceived pixels
• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
  • G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/855—Optical field-shaping means, e.g. lenses
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H29/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one light-emitting semiconductor element covered by group H10H20/00
  • H10H29/10—Integrated devices comprising at least one light-emitting semiconductor component covered by group H10H20/00
  • H10H29/14—Integrated devices comprising at least one light-emitting semiconductor component covered by group H10H20/00 comprising multiple light-emitting semiconductor components
  • H10H29/142—Two-dimensional arrangements, e.g. asymmetric LED layout
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H10W90/00—Package configurations
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
  • B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
  • B81B2203/00—Basic microelectromechanical structures
  • B81B2203/01—Suspended structures, i.e. structures allowing a movement
  • B81B2203/0136—Comb structures
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
  • G02B2006/12102—Lens
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  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
  • G02B2006/12109—Filter
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  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12133—Functions
  • G02B2006/12164—Multiplexing; Demultiplexing

Definitions

• any current vision of the future of immersive experience revolves around ambient imagery, ephemeral indicators, on-demand content built on a technology stack that includes a light-field-based system of pixels.
• the imagery must accommodate viewers from different angles.
• the user To make a holodeck or deliver on some other architecture of light, the user must have a display system that delivers content perceived as 3D and that provides real parallax, vergence, and accommodation to viewers across a range of different positions relative to the display. The system must do this regardless of whether that viewer wears glasses. The system must do this from any arbitrary point in the room without barrel rotation, a fault that causes each viewer to perceive an object in a slightly different location because of limits within legacy 3D systems.
• LCD derivatives used for small displays and displays are currently in the market and they use parallax barrier systems to deliver multiple angles of light with projected or direct view sources.
• the Philips (R) 3D LCD system handles this by dicing the screen area up with a lenticular lens that divided the surface of the LCD into a defined number of slices so that a viewer could see a 3D image from a specific set of points of view but there was little opportunity for a shared experience without eye tracking and the experience will always be limited by the need to slice up the image area in vertical slices.
• the Leia (R) display shares some characteristics with the display that Nintendo (R) delivered in the Nintendo 3DS (R).
• the displays are optimized around a single user with a display right and left eye.
• each sub-pixel relative to the complete component would yield a very small active area.
• the light emitting elements in a 2 mm pixel pitch screen in the current LED market may be less than a few percentage points of the total surface area of a pixel.
• the output power of that pixel required to maintain perceived screen brightness would jump substantially, and in some ways, unhelpfully.
• a mask is required to control the light output so that each viewer only sees the light field sub-pixel intended for them. This mask would create pixels with substantial off axis viewing issues and would likely create visual artifacts due to the incomplete extinction of neighboring light field sub-pixels.
• the duty cycle for each light field sub-pixel is small relative to the overall number of LED packages It would be possible to use multiplexing to use 1/3 the LED dies simplifying layout and reducing cost. It is also possible to use 1/5 or 1/8 the LED material depending on the goals of the system.
• the proposed solution may use a number of LEDs that is 1/3 to 1/4 of the total light field sub-pixel space and effectively manage the output of the LEDs such that each light field sub-pixel is only visible from a desired angle by moving a platform upon which the LEDs are mounted, and movement of the platform in this way uses a system/method called optical multiplexing herein.
• Optical multiplexing uses a smaller amount of LEDs but also controls the distribution of light in a manner driven through processing based on the content. Such a system could increase the refresh rate of movement in a scene or increase the color space where there is low color contrast and it would be possible to extend color possibilities by using additional LEDs at different wavelengths.
• a large light field system could be used on camera in a movie production to show dimensional computer graphics elements to an actor while the actor is filmed against a green screen background.
• the image could be created so that only cameras see the green screen through camera tracking and integration with the media server.
• FIG. 1 shows a smartphone camera module.
• FIG. 2 shows a PLCC6 LED package.
• FIG. 3A shows a short travel light field package elevation view.
• FIG. 3B shows an illustration of light paths through a lens that could be used with a package.
• FIG. 4 is a figurative example of optical multiplexing.
• FIG. 5 is another figurative view of optical multiplexing.
• FIG. 6 shows signal flow through components.
• FIG. 7 shows a short travel light field package.
• FIG. 8 shows a short travel light field pixel with a cutaway to expose a microLED array.
• FIG. 9 shows an elevation of a long travel light field package with closeups of RGB LEDs and pixels.
• FIG. 10 shows an illustration of a long travel light field package.
• FIG. 11 shows an exploded view of a long travel light field package.
• FIG. 12 shows an elevation of a twist light field package.
• FIG. 13 shows a twist light field package.
• FIG. 14 shows an exploded view of the twist light field package.
• FIG. 15 is a detail view of the exploded view of the twist light field package LED array.
• FIG. 16 shows a light field display module.
• FIG. 17 shows a light field panel.
• FIG. 18 shows a light field display wall.
• FIG. 19 shows an application of the light field display with a conceptual car.
• FIG. 20 shows an application of a light field display with a car in a first view.
• FIG. 21 shows an application of a light field display with a car in a second view.
• FIG. 22 shows an application of a light field display with a car in a third view.
• FIG. 23 shows an illustration of the application in the automotive industry.
• FIG. 24 shows an application in the automotive field showing two points of view.
• FIG. 25 shows an alternate illustration of a vehicle showing two points of view.
• FIG. 26 shows notifications in an automotive application.
• FIG. 27 shows a system calibration
• FIG. 28 shows calibration by seat.
• Displays include packages comprising pixels that are made up of LEDs, as presented herein.
• the proposed application discussed herein uses a moving
• the modular nature of the package component provides a precise image generation tool that can be used to provide a range of features and functionality from the consumption of entertainment to the creation of content in virtual sets to the physical world where the system can communicate to a pedestrian what an autonomous vehicle is about to do in a manner that is both clear and not invasive.
• a driver system may drive the video in a typical manner for an array of light emitting diodes while at the same time controlling the movement of the Micro- Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) system so that the position of the MEMS stage and the pattern of LED dies and the illumination of the light field LEDs is synchronized with the output of the video content.
• MEMS Micro- Electromechanical Systems
• the driver system may also require calibration to adjust for tolerances in the MEMS devices and the placement of the LED dies. This may be accomplished in a number of ways including placing one or more IR LEDs on the MEMS stage that can be used to position the stage relative to a zero point for the purposes of calibrating and aligning the system. This IR emitter could be read by a sensor located in a position that is referenced to the optical system. In this way, the differences in location between the IR LED and the array of microLEDs can be established and used in driving the system.
• the transfer of the LED dies onto a substrate that may be placed on the MEMS stage may be a step in the manufacturing process worth considering in separate
• the LED placement may require precision such that variations between light field pixel assemblies fall within reasonable tolerances.
• driver silicon may also be placed on the MEMs stage to minimize the number of connections between the MEMs stage the driving system.
• the MEMS section itself may be a comb drive, a magnetic or thermal actuator, a piezoelectric or another system.
• the choice of systems will be driven by the scale of the device and required speed and accuracy on the display application side as well as durability on the device side.
• a CMOS compatible system may allow for the integration of the MEMS, the MEMS stage, the substrate, and signal layout of the display system into a single component.
• the microLED section of the display can be constructed in a number of ways.
• One way would include the structuring of the driver electronics in the MEMS platform itself. This could involve patterning a passive matrix backplane directly onto the MEMS stage as part of a CMOS fabrication process. This could allow for a TFT backplane where the gate and column drivers are placed directly on the microLED substrate.
• microLED organic light-emitting diode
• OLED or other displays could be used.
• the display could be a very small micro-display driven by an active backlight.
• the dominant approaches are the traditional red, green, blue approach and a color conversion approach using phosphor, quantum dots, or some other conversion material.
• the MEMs stage may move back and forth in a linear fashion but it is quite possible that the scanning of the MEMs may not happen in the same way from light field pixel to light field pixel.
• Pixel one may scan LEDS in a pattern of C,A,D,B,F,C,A,D,B,F,C,A,D,B ...
• Pixel two may scan LEDS in a pattern of D,B,F,C,A,D,B,F,C,A,D,B,F,C ...
• Pixel three may scan LEDS in a pattern of A,D,B,F,C,A,D,B,F,C,A,D,B,F ...
• Varying the scan order may reduce the noise and cross talk between light field pixels. This could be accomplished through a pseudo-random patterning of the system that assures that the scan orders are distributed in a non-ordered way throughout the screen. It may also be necessary to varying the illumination of the LEDs within the scan order to eliminate perceptible scan order when a lower frequency of scan is employed.
• the lens stack can also be used to tune the focus of the light source.
• An optical element directly above the light source that is tensioned in place by a spring much like the optics in a camera module.
• an actuator can move the optical layer relative to the light source defocusing the pixel momentarily. This may allow directors to introduce some more filmic elements into a Light field-based display.
• This lens stack could be either a traditional lens, a liquid crystal or other variable lens structure.
• One possible implementation of the optical chain may display the content reversed and that the image is flipped in the optics of the display. This approach may help with reducing crosstalk.
• a complete system may include an array of optical multiplexing packages (OMPs) mounted on a substrate that can be flexible or rigid.
• the substrate is attached to a physical surface and connected either to a preceding LF module or to a board that functions as a hub in the system taking a subset of the overall data and distributing it to a set of LF modules.
• OMPs optical multiplexing packages
• a set of modules may incorporate one or several rendering devices capable of the real time rendering and display of millions of pixels.
• Such content would not be stored as a rendered file but would rather be rendered in real time by a game engine such as Unreal or Unity.
• a game engine such as Unreal or Unity.
• the files may be stored in such a way that the visual components of the scene are separated so that the model and the texture map and the illumination are all discrete real time elements in the signal chain and can be adjusted for the audience at that moment.
• Elements of calibration both for the OMPs and specific environments may be necessary in a processing system designed to drive the displays.
• a system for local calibration including a stereo sensor system on the robotic arm may be necessary for certain environments.
• the rendering is all real-time the data could be optimized completely for the single chair. In this way, the entire display can be driven dynamically delivering color, movement, gray scale, and other details in a manner more tuned to the process of human vision.
• FIG. 1 included here by way of introducing certain components that may be useful in context later, shows a camera module 101 in a modern smart phone, which includes a highly integrated component that may incorporate optics , MEMS actuators, and processing and driver circuitry.
• the system is accurate enough to track lens focus with 1 to 2 micron pixels .
• the system includes a can 102 that contains the key components along with a means of attaching the components to a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) 103 and the primary visible element of the system the optics 104.
• FPCB flexible printed circuit board
• FIG. 2 shows a PLCC6 LED package 201 that could be used by modern LED screens built around surface mount compatible packages.
• the package 201 features a housing 202 and points to attach to a PCB 203 and then a well 205 that houses the light emitting diodes (LED).
• the LED dies in the PLCC6 packages may be in the range of 200 to 500 microns. But new technology offers LEDs in the 30-50 micron range. These LEDs, which are the size of grains of pollen, open up the possibility of new designs and markets.
• the PLCC package design 201 may be useful because screens may include varying board sizes in order to respond to different market needs and higher resolution screens need the LEDs packed more densely. Creative displays may need linear arrays of LEDs. This modular approach to building large screens of arbitrary dimensions is giving way to different designs using chip-on-board technology and/or incorporating microLED and miniLED. But the modular approach provides a lot of flexibility.
• a large theater scale display could easily be composed of PLCC type packages featuring large arrays of LEDs defining 100s or even close to 1000 different views of a scene that are required in a light field display. And there is a tremendous amount of inefficiency in that layout including the crosstalk between adjacent light field LCDs that needs to be addressed.
• FIG. 3A shows an embodiment where the OMP 301 is a component that includes an optical output 302, optical filter 303, and an array of microLEDs 304 arrayed on a stage 304a mounted on a linear comb-based MEMS device 305 that is distributed in such a way that the stage 304a moves side to side and each corresponding single row of LEDs moves with the stage 304a in either direction such that from Column B 310, the system only needs to move under 60 microns in either direction (60 microns being one possible distance between each LED) to place Column A 311 and Column C 312 in the correct position for the optical system to output a different corresponding signal. It should also be appreciated that multiple of the LEDs (A, B, C) may comprise a pixel 314 thus combining to display different colors.
• This MEMS device 305 and stage 304a movement may be coordinated by a driver 306 built into the package 301.
• the LED stage 304a may include the LED driver circuitry reducing the number of connections required from the primary driver to individual red, green, and blue LEDs. In theory the system could add white LEDs or additional LEDs that are not RGB to expand color spectrum by adding two more rows of travel to the MEMs stage.
• the programming of the MEMs stage 304a could also control the duty cycle of each supplemental picture element such that white or cyan (as examples) could be used as needed leaving the primary drive to the RGB pixels.
• the package 301 may integrate a driver 306 to control the movement of the stage 304a and any active optical elements in addition to maintaining a clock across the system and between the stage and the illumination of the LEDs 304.
• FIG. 3B shows a mockup of a stage/LED 304a, 304 projecting light 307a, 307b that on its way to viewers 107a, 107b is reversed (though this is not required).
• This inversion may be helpful because viewers may see different or limited portions of the stage/LED array and the cross over in the optical path may be useful in reducing any crosstalk between adjacent light field pixels contained within the package.
• the lens 302 acts to bend the light 307a, 307b and although viewers are shown at extreme viewing angles, a single viewer's two eyes could receive different light waves and in so doing, receive outputs from a package or array of packages that renders objects in 3 dimensions. Other parallax or lenticular lensing could achieve a similar effect.
• the MEM could be similar to a series of wiper blades passing across the back of a curved input optic.
• FIG. 4 shows the lens array 340 and the miniLED array 341 at five points in time. Moving from a first position 350 through a fifth position 354. This is illustrated in such a way that the miniLED array never moves from one column of LEDs to an adjacent column.
• FIG. 5 shows the lens array 340 and the miniLED array 341 illustrated showing the active LED and pixel 314 (where a pixel is again multiple LEDs 314) locations along with ghosted/lightened positions showing all the active locations in the system. You can see that position E 354 and position A 351 illustrate two active pixel columns since at this point the illustration contains two columns of pixels in those positions.
• FIG. 6 shows a single light field package 373 that is one small part of a larger system.
• the signal originates in a display processor 370 that contains a map of all the pixel and/or LED locations. This map outputs data and that data hits a receiver card 371 that extracts the local data for that section of screen. This data is output via a hub 372 that integrates the receiver card 371 with the LED panel. The output of the hub 372 will possibly hit many LED modules within a panel. In the panel the data often cascades from light field package to light field package.
• Each light field package 373 may contain a driver 374 that supplies local data to LED drivers 375 along with the MEMS stage 380 and the IR LED 391.
• FIG. 7 shows a package 401 that shares many elements of the PLCC6 package 301 and could be used with standard pick and place equipment.
• the light field package 401 contains an optical system 410 designed to distribute the output in a roughly lambertian manner although this can be optimized for linear distribution since that may be desirable in many cases.
• the electrical functions of the light field package 401 may be defined by the arrangement of the light emitters 420 on a stage 420a driven along a linear path by a MEMs actuator 421 controlled by an integrated driver 422.
• the light field package 401 may be connected using a surface mount compatible array of conductors.
• FIG. 8 shows a short travel light filed package with exposed microLED array 501 having a stage 519 holding the microLED array 520 is shown.
• the LED arrangement can be linear or the LEDs (labeled R, G, B to indicate possible colors) or another light source can be arranged in a triad arrangement 530 allowing a red LED 532 to be part of several adjacent pixels 531.
• FIG. 9 shows a long travel light field package elevation in which an alternative embodiment delivers a package 601 that uses a smaller stage 619 to move a more compact array of light sources 620 across the back of a static optical system 630.
• This may have advantages in production allowing for the use of a smaller substrate for the light emitting array and could be more desirable where more optical multiplexing is possible. Comparing this long travel package 601 to the short travel package 401, it should be appreciated that the stages are different sized, as is the LED spacing, which would require more or less travel of the respective stages respectively.
• a system using a longer travel may be able to dynamically address pixels based on utilization much like a print head only applying ink where it is needed.
• the MEMS stage would need to travel a little over two millimeters or a little over one millimeter either side of a center or default position.
• the long travel system 801 may rely more on the effect of a spring 802 or springs to rapidly shift the stage 820a back to the default position.
• FIGS. 12-15 shows an alternative embodiment of a twist light pixel that uses a rotating stage 902 to move the LED packages around a central axis. This may be optically more complicated but the design may offer a variety of options to use discreet red, green, blue, cyan, orange, and white MicroLEDs to create virtual pixels with extended dynamic range.
• the MEMS stage 902 in the twist system 1002 is driven by three posts 1003 that shift on a hinge rotating the LED stage behind the optical system.
• One concern with a rotating stage is that the LEDs at the center of the stage would be covering a smaller display area than the LEDs at the outside of the stage meaning that they would operate at different duty cycles, but this could be compensated for by the driver.
• FIG. 14 shows that the system could use groupings of red, green, and blue LEDs or a system of discreet LEDs of varying colors as illustrated in the dense LED array.
• This array could be configured in a variety of different positions so that red, green, blue LEDs pass a specific optic relating to one viewing angle. And additional LEDs could be added to expand color spectrum.
• the array of LEDs 1202 can be seen separated from the stage 1203 and the optic 1204.
• FIG. 16 shows a light field pixel display module, in which the assembly 1301 is built around a PCB 1302 that is populated with LED packages 1303. But in this design, the LED packages are light field display packages.
• the illustration shows a 16 x 16 array of pixels each representing 256 points of view or approximately 65,000 light field subpixels.
• the mechanical systems used in LED displays currently can be adapted easily for use in light field displays.
• a panel 1401 comprising sixteen light field display modules 1410 are mounted on a frame 1411 that houses the power 1462 and data distribution 1460 in addition to a small localized content server 1461 that may be used because this panel 1401 alone contains one million pixels.
• FIG. 18 shows a light field pixel display wall in which the panels can then be arrayed so the wall 1501 delivers a single contiguous image.
• these are primarily 2D images.
• a light field display in contrast, is capable of delivering three dimensional images from a variety of viewpoints without the use of glasses.
• the display system whether it is used in a flat traditional screen application or used in a dome or sphere application, would be able to deliver a different experience to every viewer based on their location in the space.
• FIG. 19 shows an application using the example of a car 1602 and a flat display 1601 that the car could be viewed from between 48 and 180 different views depending on the LED array used in the light field pixel.
• the number of views may be a function of engineering and cost but it can be appreciated that large screens featuring more than 180 discreet horizontal views are possible.
• FIGS. 20-22 show the application of light field display from different car views.
• FIG. 20 the viewer sees a three-dimensional representation of a car 1702 that is dependent on their point of view from the wall 1701.
• FIG. 21 the viewer sees a three- dimensional representation of a car 1802 that is dependent on their point of view from the wall 1801.
• FIG. 22 viewers see a car 1902 on the screen 1901 from two different perspectives. One viewer 1911 is sitting closer and to the left and the other viewer is sitting further back and to the right 1912 so the image appears different to these two viewers as it would in any arbitrary location in the theater.
• FIG. 23 shows one possible use for the components in cars where indicators can be seen to float off the surface of a car.
• the tail of a car 2001 is shown with the light field modules 2002 integrated in such a way that the output appears to float behind the car 2003.
• the tail on the car is shown with the indicator image generated by the light field components in two different positions 2101 and 2102.
• a car 2500 is shown with a light field array 2510 on the rear of the vehicle.
• This array could appear to be floating off the back of the vehicle 2511 and could extend further behind the vehicle 2512, 2513 as the car reaches traveling speed. This can be used as a design element or as an indicator to other vehicles and pedestrians.
• FIG. 26 shows notifications in an automotive context using the system herein.
• One way of delivering information from a car 2600 is text.
• a vehicle with a light field array 2610 on the rear of the car could display text 2611 so that a pedestrian would know that the autonomous driving system on the vehicle senses the presence of the pedestrian.
• a pedestrian might perceive the text 2621 as floating several feet behind the vehicle.
• FIGS. 27 and 28 show calibration techniques. As seen in FIG. 27, in addition to the internal calibration of the light field pixel, a system installed into a theater 2700 may also need to be calibrated so that the array aligns with the seating plan in the theater. This may be particularly important with theaters where the seating plan 2710 changes depending on the performance. In this case the seats could have sensors 2715 built in or added as needed in order to reference the display to the seating plan in the space.
• the calibration of the screen 2800 to the seats and the individuals in the seats 2810, 2811 may be critical. There are multiple possibilities to do this although a system including sensors in the seats 2820, 2830 is straight forward.
• reference content 2840 is used to calibrate the system so that seat 2810 sees the correct part of the video 2822 as displayed by a pixel 2823.
• For seat 2811 the same point in the test content 2832 is displayed by pixel 2833.
• Sensor 2830 gathers this calibration data for seat 2811 and sends the data back to the processor where adjustments are made as needed.
• the processor contains a map of the space that merges the physical space and the digital test content into a single map. So adjustments made in this digital map immediately effect the rendering of the content. This becomes part of the installation processor for any system composed of light field pixels.
• Theater - A light field could be used in both popular and artistic theatrical performances placing performers in realistic or abstract scenes enabling designers to mount plays where the physical sets may have been too challenging.
• Film - in theory this could be a very effective virtual set because an actor would see everything as it will be in the rendered scene. And the fact that the actor and the camera or cameras could be getting different data means that you could simultaneously capture on green screen while capturing against a 2D virtual background while an actor sees the content they need to see for the scene. In order for this to work well the system may need to operate at the frequency of the cameras so the system must support 24 FPS playback.
• Movie Theaters Beyond the obvious benefit of enhancing the movie theater experience the system can be used to display subtitles to individuals so that two adjacent people may be seeing subtitles in different languages.
• the OMP with white light field pixels may be used in an array to backlight an LCD.

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• 2019
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