Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
  • A61K31/203—Retinoic acids ; Salts thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C63/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C63/68—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing halogen
  • C07C63/74—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing halogen having unsaturation outside the aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C65/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C65/21—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C65/24—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups polycyclic
  • C07C65/26—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups polycyclic containing rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C65/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C65/21—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C65/28—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups having unsaturation outside the aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
  • C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/96—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/52—Two oxygen atoms
  • C07D239/54—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals
  • C07D239/545—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals with other hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/557—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals with other hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. orotic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D241/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D241/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D241/24—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
  • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
  • C07D241/42—Benzopyrazines with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
  • C12Q1/485—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
  • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
  • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
  • G01N33/5041—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects involving analysis of members of signalling pathways
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2602/10—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being six-membered, e.g. tetraline
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • G01N2333/70567—Nuclear receptors, e.g. retinoic acid receptor [RAR], RXR, nuclear orphan receptors

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds of formula I:
• a ⁇ A 7 and R 1 to R 5 are defined herein, for use in the treatment of a condition or disease which is alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors (RAR).
• RAR retinoic acid receptors
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compounds comprising such compounds, and related methods of treatment.
• the invention relates to a method of screening compounds for therapeutic potential in the treatment of a condition or disease which is alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors (RAR).
• the present invention relates to novel compounds of formula I in which at least one of A 1 to A 3 is N, or at least one of A 4 is CR 12 or A 5 is CR 13 in which R 12 /R 13 is halogen.
• the invention relates to the use of compounds of formula I in the treatment of conditions and/or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of RARs, such as neurological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and conditions such as spinal cord injury.
• RARs such as neurological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and conditions such as spinal cord injury.
• Retinoids are a family of natural or synthetic compounds that are analogues of Vitamin A and its derivatives. Retinoids are essential for numerous cellular activities and as signalling molecules are involved in controlling important biological pathways from embryogenesis, through to adult homeostasis, as well as in aspects of stem cell development such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is the most abundant endogenous retinoid and has been used as a model compound for the study of retinoids. Retinoids act on a group of nuclear receptors known as retinoic acid receptors (RARs); inducible ligand-activated transcription factors which regulate multiple physiological mechanisms at a genomic level.
• RARs retinoic acid receptors
• Neurological conditions are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems, i.e. the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction and muscles.
• Neurological conditions include sudden onset conditions such as those resulting from spinal cord injury or stroke; intermittent conditions such as epilepsies; neurodegenerative conditions such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; and stable conditions such as cerebral palsy. Together, the group of neurological conditions tend to be chronic; many are life-threatening, and all have a significant negative impact on quality of life. In total, it is estimated that hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders (World Health Organisation, May 2016).
• ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Lou Gehrig's disease is a debilitating neurological condition which is characterised by the progressive loss of motor neurons and resulting paralysis.
• ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Europe there are an estimated 1.7 to 2.3 cases of ALS per 100,000 population per year [Logroscino et al. "Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe”. J Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry. (2009); 81(4): 385-90], and it is estimated that approximately 50% of patients die within 30 months of symptom onset [Kiernan et al. "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.” The lancet; Vol.
• ALS can be both sporadic and familial, with causative mutations described in multiple genes such as C90RF72 and SOD1.
• the underlying cause of ALS is death of the motor neurons that drive muscle movement, but to date the precise mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.
• several mechanisms have been implicated, including (i) excitotoxicity; the toxic effect of neurotransmitters causing neurons to fire excessively; (ii) autophagy failure; loss of the cell's detoxification system which removes the build-up of insoluble molecules in the cell; (iii) neuroinflammation; the mistaken attack of motor neurons by the immune cells of the nervous system; and (iv) axonal disorganisation; loss of the interconnecting fibres between neurons essential for their communication. Consequently, any therapeutic for use in the treatment of ALS would ideally exhibit polypharmocological properties.
• Alzheimer's disease or associated disorders represents the ultimate goal of most pharmaceutical research projects, more realistically, a therapeutic which could delay onset, slow down, or halt progression of the disease would represent a significant development.
• a method of screening compounds for potential therapeutic use would also be highly beneficial.
• the present invention relates to compounds for use in the treatment of conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors.
• this includes genomic activation.
• the compounds activate both genomic and non-genomic pathways.
• the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and to the use of such compounds and compositions in the treatment of conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoid acid receptors.
• Conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors include conditions mediated by RAR, such as neurodegenerative disorders, as well as those which are alleviated by the activation of RAR, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, spinal cord injury etc.
• the invention relates to methods of screening compounds for therapeutic potential in the treatment of conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors.
• a 1 is N or CR 6 ;
• a 2 is N or CR 7 ;
• a 3 is N or CR 8 ;
• R 6 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-Cio alkyl, F, Br or Cl;
• R 7 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Cio alkyl, F, Br, Cl or -OCR 9 in which R 9 is H or C1-C6 alkyl;
• R 1 to R 4 are each independently Ci-Cioalkyl, or R 1 and R 2 and/or R 3 and R 4 join to form a 3- membered ring;
• a 4 is N or CR 12 ;
• a 5 is N or CR 13 ;
• a 6 is N or CR 14 ;
• a 7 is N or CR 15 ;
• each R 12 to R 15 is independently H, halogen or haloalkyl Ci-Ci 0;
• RAR retinoic acid receptors
• At least one of A 1 to A 7 is N or at least one of R 12 to R 15 is F, Cl or Br.
• alkyl refers to a fully saturated, branched, unbranched or cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, i.e. primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl or, where appropriate, cycloalkyl or alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl.
• an alkyl group comprises 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, /so-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, /so-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n- hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl.
• halogen or "halo” as used herein, means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom.
• Conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors include conditions mediated by RAR, such as neurodegenerative disorders, as well as those which are alleviated by the activation of RAR, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, spinal cord injury etc.
• RAR-mediated conditions include neurodegenerative disorders, including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neuromuscular disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, early-stage Alzheimer's disease, intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease, late-stage Alzheimer's disease, cognitive disorders, memory impairment, memory deficit, senile dementia, vascular dementia, cognitive impairment, and mild cognitive impairment.
• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• MS multiple sclerosis
• Alzheimer's disease early-stage Alzheimer's disease
• intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease early-stage Alzheimer's disease
• late-stage Alzheimer's disease cognitive disorders
• memory impairment memory deficit
• senile dementia vascular dementia
• cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment.
• the condition or disease alleviated by the activation of RAR may be selected from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neuromuscular disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, early-stage Alzheimer's disease, intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease, late-stage Alzheimer's disease, cognitive disorders, memory impairment, memory deficit, senile dementia, vascular dementia, cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and spinal cord injury.
• the condition may be a neurological condition.
• the neurological condition may be a neurodegenerative condition, such as ALS, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease.
• R 5 is -COOH.
• At least one of A 1 to A 3 is N or at least one of A 4 is CR 12 or A 5 is CR 13 in which R 12 /R 13 is halogen.
• R 12 /R 13 is preferably F.
• At least one of A 1 to A 3 is N. In an embodiment, A 1 and A 3 are both N.
• a 2 is CR 7 in which R 7 is H.
• At least one of A 4 , A 5 or A 6 is CF.
• a 4 may be CF.
• a 5 may be CF.
• a 5 and A 6 are CF.
• a 4 is CCI.
• a 1 and A 3 are both N and A 2 is CR 7 in which R 7 is H, as represented by formula IA:
• At least one of A 4 to A 7 is N.
• a 4 is N.
• a 4 or A 5 is CF.
• the compound of formula I has a hydrophobic region, a linker region (-CoC-) and a polar region, as shown below:
• hydrophobic region in which a nitrogen atom is incorporated in the conjugated ring of the polar region and/or the conjugated ring of the polar region is halogenated (or preferably fluorinated), may be surprisingly beneficial in the treatment of diseases or conditions that are alleviated by the activation of RAR.
• Illustrative compounds of formula I which may be mentioned include those selected from the group consisting of:
• the compound of formula I may be selected from:
• the compound of formula I may be selected from:
• the compound of formula I may be selected from:
• the medicament comprises a compound of formula I.
• a method of treatment of a patient with a disease or condition which is alleviated by the activation of RAR comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, wherein the compound of formula I is as defined herein.
• composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined herein, optionally in conjunction with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers, for use in the treatment of a disease or condition which is alleviated by the activation of RAR.
• the composition may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to a quantity of the compound or composition of the present invention which is effective in producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect.
• composition refers to a composition suitable for administration to a patient.
• pharmaceutical composition refers to compositions which comprise the compound of the invention or mixtures thereof, or salts, solvates, prodrugs, isomers or tautomers thereof, optionally in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers or diluents.
• pharmaceutical composition is also intended to encompass both the bulk composition (i.e. in a form that has not yet been formed into individual dosage units) and individual dosage units. Such individual dosage units include tablets, pills, caplets, ampoules and the like.
• prodrug refers to a compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound.
• the transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
• the compounds of the invention may be unsolvated or may be solvated with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like.
• a solvate may be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
• “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Suitable solvates include, but are not limited to, ethanolates, methanolates, hydrates, and the like.
• salts thereof include salts thereof, and reference to a compound of the invention is intended to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise stated.
• Suitable salts include for instance, acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases, as well as zwitterions ("inner salts") which may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)" as used herein.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts may be useful in certain circumstances.
• Exemplary acid addition salts which may be useful include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates,) and the like.
• Exemplary basic salts which may be useful include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• Basic nitrogen- containing groups may be quarternerized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g.
• dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
• long chain halides e.g. decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• arylalkyl halides e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides
• esters for use in the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof, and may include carboxylic acid esters, obtained by esterification of the hydroxy groups, in which the non- carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (for example, acetyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, Ci- 4 alkyl, or C 1-4 alkoxy or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl- or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfonyl); (3) amino acid esters (for example, L-valyl or L-isoleucyl
• Suitable dosages for administering compounds of the invention to patients may be determined by those skilled in the art, e.g. by an attending physician, pharmacist, or other skilled worker and may vary according to factors such as patient weight, health, age, frequency of administration, mode of administration, the presence of any other active ingredients, and the condition for which the compounds are being administered.
• excipients examples include buffers, as well as fillers and extenders such as starch, cellulose, sugars, mannitol and silicic derivatives. Binding agents may also be included. Adjuvants may also be included.
• the compound of formula I may be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered together or sequentially.
• compositions may be administered by a variety of routes including oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal), rectal, dermal, transdermal, intrathoracic, intrapulmonary, mucosal, intraocular and intranasal routes.
• Suitable dosage forms will be recognised by one skilled in the art and include, among others, tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, powders, aerosols, ampules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion containers or multi-dose containers, creams, milks, gels, dispersions, microemulsions, lotions, impregnated pads, ointments, eye drops, nose drops, lozenges etc.
• aspects of the invention relate to compounds of formula I as hereinbefore described in which at least one of A 1 to A 3 is N or at least one of A 4 is CR 12 or A 5 is CR 13 in which R 12 /R 13 is halogen. Such aspects relate to the novel compounds per se.
• R 12 /R 13 is preferably F.
• At least one of A 1 to A 3 is N. In an embodiment, A 1 and A 3 are both N.
• novel compound is selected from:
• a method of screening compounds for therapeutic potential in the treatment of conditions or diseases which are alleviated by the activation of retinoic acid receptors comprising: performing an assay to determine the efficacy ( E m ax) of a compound in activating a RAR as an indicator of genomic activity;
• the inventors have determined that genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of retinoid acid (RA) are regulated independently with respect to the involvement of ligand-dependent RARs.
• "Dual-efficacy" i.e. activity in both non-genomic and genomic assays, has been found to correlate strongly with promotion of neurite outgrowth and increased cell number and survival, suggesting that these dual-effect compounds are significant as potential therapeutics.
• the assay to determine the E max of a compound as an indicator of non- genomic activity is a kinase phosphorylation assay.
• the kinase phosphorylation assay is an ERK1/2 phosphorylation assay.
• the baseline value as an indicator of genomic activity is an E max of 170.1.
• the baseline value as an indicator of non-genomic activity is an Emax of 48.55.
• One or both of the baseline values can, in embodiments, be determined using a reference compound, such as ATRA.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the synthesis of coupling partners
• Figure 2 illustrates the synthesis of exemplary retinoid compounds DC526, DC528, DC641 and DC645
• Figure 3 illustrates the genomic activity of retinoids as indicated by use of the X-Gal assay
• Figure 4 illustrates the non-genomic activity of retinoids as indicated by their ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2;
• Figure5 illustrates average neurite length of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells following treatment with retinoids
• Figure 6 shows the relationship between the ability of retinoids to induce both genomic activity [(transcriptional activity: E max (efficacy)] and non-genomic activity [ERK1/2 activity: E max (efficacy)] and the induction of neurite outgrowth (fold increase at IOmM), with the highlighted retinoids showing both activities;
• Figure 7 shows data relating to the transcriptional regulation of Alzheimer's disease-related genes in rat mixed primary neuronal/glial cultures following treatment with retinoids;
• Figure 8 compares the activity of exemplary retinoid DC645 with that of ATRA and EC23.
• Figure 8(a) compares the genomic activity of the retinoids by means of the X-Gal assay;
• Figure 8(b) compares the non-genomic activity of the retinoids by measuring their ability to induce ERK 1/2 phosphorylation;
• Figure 8(c) compares the ability of the compounds to induce neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells; and
• Figure 8(d) shows the regulation of Alzheimer's disease- related genes by retinoid compounds.
• the genomic activity of synthetic retinoids was evaluated by determining their efficiency of inducing transcription using the X-Gal Assay.
• the X-Gal Assay utilizes Sil-15 reporter cells in which the transcription of the LacZ gene is under control of a promoter linked to a retinoic acid response element (RARE). After treatment of the reporter cells with retinoids, the ability of the compounds to induce transcription can be attained by monitoring and quantifying the activity of b-galactosidase produced by the reporter cells.
• Sil-15 cells were plated at 100,000 cells per well in 96-well plates coated in 0.1% gelatin. The following day, serial dilutions of retinoid ligands, prepared in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) were added at concentrations from 10 6 M to 10 14 M and the plates were incubated overnight. All concentrations for the ATRA standard curve and the other retinoid ligands were tested in triplicate. The next day, the assay plates were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), fixed with 100 pi per well of 1% glutaraldehyde and 1 mM MgC in PBS for 15 minutes and washed twice with PBS.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• b-galactosidase activity was detected by the addition of 100 mI of freshly- prepared 0.2% X-Gal in 1 mM MgCh, 3.3 mM potassium ferricyanide and 3.3 mM potassium ferrocyanide in PBS per well. Plates were incubated for 6 hours at 37 °C in 5% CO2 and colour change was detected by reading the plates at 650 nm on an Emax Precision Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices).
• the resulting data as shown in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 3, demonstrates that several of the synthetic retinoids displayed greater genomic activity than that of the endogenous ligand (ATRA) as demonstrated by increased ability to induce transcription in the reporter cells.
• ATRA endogenous ligand
• DC527, DC540, DC525, DC528, DC526 and DC645 all demonstrated increased genomic activity and potency when compared to retinoic acid (ATRA).
• the non-genomic activity of synthetic retinoids was evaluated by measuring their ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 using the AlphaLISA ® SureFire ® Ultra ERK1/2 kit.
• SH-SY5Y cells 100,000 cells/well were plated in 96-well plates and serum- starved in DMEM for 24 hours. Retinoids were tested at concentrations from 10-5 M to 10- 11 M and at a final concentration of 0.1% DMSO in the medium. The assay was carried out on the SH-SY5Y cells in serum-free DMEM, cells were stimulated by retinoid for 30 minutes at 37 °C.
• the medium was removed, and cells were lysed in 50 mI of freshly prepared IX lysis buffer (supplied in the kit).
• the 96-well plate was agitated on an orbital shaker (SOI, Stuart Scientific) at approximately 350 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature.
• the activation buffer was diluted 25-fold in the reaction buffers.
• the acceptor beads were diluted 50-fold in the freshly prepared reaction mix while the donor beads were diluted 50-fold in dilution buffer to obtain two final reaction mixtures.
• SY-SY5Y cells were plated at 10,000 cells/well in 12-well plates containing acid-treated/ poly- L-lysine -coated coverslips. After 24 hours, each retinoid was added to the medium at a concentration of 10 nM and the plates were incubated for 5 days. After retinoid treatment, SH-SY5Y cells on coverslips were washed twice in PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 20 minutes at room temperature, and washed twice with PBS.
• PFA paraformaldehyde
• ImageJ software with the NeuronJ plugin was used to quantify neurite outgrowth on stained cells.
• 10 different randomly selected images were taken from each cover slip using a Nikon Eclipse E400 fluorescence microscope. Each image was converted into an 8-bit image (necessary for the NeuronJ plugin) and optimised with the brightness and contrast tool in GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program).
• GIMP GNU Image Manipulation Program
• individual traces were drawn for each clearly-identifiable neurite using the tracing tool in the NeuronJ plugin.
• Neurite length was measured in pixels and transformed into the corresponding length in pm depending on the magnification used.
• the average neurite length for each image was calculated by dividing total neurite length by the total number of neurites per image.
• Ten images per cover slip were measured and the mean calculated for the coverslip overall. Coverslips were in triplicate for each retinoid and concentration.
• Table 1 summarises the genomic (transcriptional activity) and non-genomic activity (p- ERK 1 ⁇ 2 activity) for the retinoid compounds tested, along with increase in neurite outgrowth, and these results were plotted in Figure 5. From this figure it is evident that the compounds which showed high efficacy in both the genomic and non-genomic assays demonstrated increased neurite outgrowth induction. This indicates that "dual-potent" compounds, i.e. those which induce both genomic and non-genomic activities, are likely to prove more efficacious in clinical use, allowing this dual assay method to act as a potentially powerful screening tool for new therapeutic compounds.
• retinoids may have on the expression of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease
• the expression of a group of Alzheimer's-related genes in rat mixed primary neuronal/glial cultures was assessed following retinoid treatment.
• Approximately 300,000 rat neuronal/glial cells were treated first with 1 pg/ml lipopolysaccharide (Sigma-Aldrich) for 6 hours to induce inflammation.
• cells were treated with lOnM retinoids for 24 hours. The retinoids which proved most potent in previous assays were selected for use in these experiments.
• RNA was extracted from the treated cells for qPCR analysis.
• CAT# 74104 Qiagen
• the samples in the columns were washed with 350 mI RW1 buffer and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 min. Then, 80 mI of the DNase mixture (10 mI DNase enzyme with 70mI RDD buffer; CAT# 79254, Qiagen) was added above each sample. Samples were incubated at room temperature for 15 min before adding 350 mI RW1 buffer. Samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 min.
• RNA samples were stored in a -70°C freezer to minimize RNA degradation.
• qPCR reactions were performed using PerfeCTa SYBR Green SuperMix (CAT# 733-1246, VWR). 10 mI of reaction mix was added to each well of a 384-well plate (CAT# 04729749001, Roche) in triplicate. Each reaction contained 2 mI of 4 times diluted cDN A template, 5 mI 2X SYBR green mix and 250 nM primers.
• Primers were designed using Primer-BLAST with melting temperatures of about 60°C. Before using them in qPCR, the primers were checked for specificity by PCR and the PCR products were sent for sequencing.
• Standard curves (made using 5-fold dilutions of the stock cDNA) and blank controls were run for all sets of primers tested in qPCR.
• the plates were then sealed and centrifuged briefly to ensure all the reagents were at the base of the wells.
• the plates were run on a Roche LightCycler 480 that was programmed to hold the plate at 952C for 5 min.
• the qPCR then ran for 45 cycles of 95-C for 15 seconds (s), 60-C for 15 s and 72-C for 15 s. Afterwards, the melting curve was obtained by running the plate at 95 ⁇ C for 5 s followed by 58 ⁇ C for 1 min.
• Results were analysed using the delta delta CT method within the LightCycler 480 1.5 software.
• the expression of genes of interest was normalized to the appropriate reference gene according to each experiment.
• This assay is used to measure the permeability of test compound in the apical to basolateral (A-B) and basolateral to apical (B-A) direction across MDCK-MDR1 cells and to determine the efflux ratio (ER), which shows whether the compound undergoes active efflux.
• A-B apical to basolateral
• B-A basolateral to apical
• ER efflux ratio
• MDCK-MDR1 cells obtained from the NIH (Rockville, MD, USA) are used between passage numbers 6 - 30. Cells are seeded onto Millipore Multiscreen Transwell plates at 3.4 x 10 5 cells/cm 2 . The cells are cultured in DMEM and media is changed on day 3. On day 4 the permeability study is performed. Cell culture and assay incubations are carried out at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 with a relative humidity of 95%. On the day of the assay, the monolayers are prepared by rinsing both apical and basolateral surfaces twice with Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at the desired pH warmed to 37 °C.
• HBSS Hanks Balanced Salt Solution
• HBSS HBSS
• assay buffer a 1% v/v DMSO concentration
• buffer is composed of supplemented HBSS pH 7.4.
• HBSS is removed from the apical compartment and replaced with test compound dosing solution.
• the apical compartment insert is then placed into a companion plate containing fresh buffer (containing 1% v/v DMSO).
• HBSS is removed from the companion plate and replaced with test compound dosing solution.
• Fresh buffer (containing 1% v/v DMSO) is added to the apical compartment insert, which is then placed into the companion plate.
• Test compound permeability is assessed in duplicate.
• Compounds of known permeability characteristics are run as controls on each assay plate.
• Test and control compounds are quantified by LC-MS/MS cassette analysis using a 7-point calibration with appropriate dilution of the samples.
• the starting concentration (Co) is determined from the dosing solution and the experimental recovery calculated from Co and both apical and basolateral compartment concentrations.
• the permeability coefficient (P app ) for each compound is calculated from the following equation: Where dQ/dt is the rate of permeation of the drug across the cells, Co is the donor compartment concentration at time zero and A is the area of the cell monolayer. Co is obtained from analysis of the dosing solution. An efflux ratio (ER) is calculated from mean A-B and B-A data. This is derived from:
• Table 2 Permeability and efflux ratio of compounds of formula I, versus reference compound EC23.
• Test compound (10 mM in DMSO) is serially diluted to give solutions of 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM in DMSO. Each test compound concentration is then further diluted 1 in 100 in buffer (0.01 M phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4) so that the final DMSO concentration was 1 % and the final test compound concentrations were 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mM.
• the experiment was performed at 37 °C and each concentration sample was incubated in 7 replicate wells. The plates were incubated for 2 hr at 37 °C before the absorbance was measured at 620 nm. The solubility of the sample was estimated from the concentration of test compound that produced an increase in absorbance above vehicle control (i.e., 1 % DMSO in buffer).

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
• Psychiatry (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
• Biochemistry (AREA)
• Microbiology (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Pathology (AREA)
• Cell Biology (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
• Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
• Psychology (AREA)

Priority Applications (18)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Related Child Applications (2)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=66380503

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (14)

Cited By (2)

Families Citing this family (2)

Family Cites Families (8)

• 2019
  • 2019-03-11 GB GBGB1903242.4A patent/GB201903242D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2020
  • 2020-03-11 KR KR1020217032599A patent/KR102722925B1/ko active Active
  • 2020-03-11 BR BR112021017045A patent/BR112021017045A2/pt unknown
  • 2020-03-11 ES ES20715434T patent/ES2985674T3/es active Active
  • 2020-03-11 EP EP24184646.8A patent/EP4414355A3/en active Pending
  • 2020-03-11 SG SG11202109075WA patent/SG11202109075WA/en unknown
  • 2020-03-11 CA CA3131108A patent/CA3131108A1/en active Pending
  • 2020-03-11 JP JP2021553136A patent/JP7566765B2/ja active Active
  • 2020-03-11 CN CN202080018638.1A patent/CN113677667B/zh active Active
  • 2020-03-11 WO PCT/GB2020/050607 patent/WO2020183173A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2020-03-11 EP EP20715434.5A patent/EP3937923B1/en active Active
  • 2020-03-11 US US17/435,939 patent/US12344587B2/en active Active
  • 2020-03-11 CN CN202510439129.0A patent/CN120271434A/zh active Pending
  • 2020-03-11 MX MX2021011028A patent/MX2021011028A/es unknown
  • 2020-03-11 PL PL20715434.5T patent/PL3937923T3/pl unknown
  • 2020-03-11 KR KR1020247035311A patent/KR20240159014A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 2020-03-11 AU AU2020235464A patent/AU2020235464B2/en active Active
• 2024
  • 2024-10-02 JP JP2024173169A patent/JP2025016465A/ja active Pending
• 2025
  • 2025-06-06 US US19/231,208 patent/US20260000631A1/en active Pending

Non-Patent Citations (9)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events