WO2020172989A1 - 一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法及系统 - Google Patents
一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法及系统 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/374—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the field of battery management systems, in particular to a method and system for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input.
- electrochemical model and equivalent circuit model are the most studied battery analytical models.
- the electrochemical model can directly estimate the battery SOC from the surface lithium ion concentration of the positive electrode material, and the estimation accuracy is high, but the state equation, differential equation and partial differential equation of the model are very complicated, and there are dozens of parameters that need to be identified.
- the final estimation algorithm It still needs to be coupled with temperature, the model is not easy to understand, and the amount of calculation is huge, and it is difficult to use for real-time estimation of on-board MCU.
- the equivalent circuit model studies the charging and discharging process from the perspective of the external characteristics of the battery. It has the characteristics of simple and intuitive and clear physical meaning.
- the equivalent circuit model itself has limited estimation accuracy during the entire battery charge and discharge process, so it is usually combined with intelligent algorithms to form a closed-loop estimation system, such as sliding film algorithm, fuzzy logic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, Kalman filter or other Variant algorithms (unscented Kalman, extended Kalman, finite difference Kalman, etc.).
- intelligent algorithms such as sliding film algorithm, fuzzy logic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, Kalman filter or other Variant algorithms (unscented Kalman, extended Kalman, finite difference Kalman, etc.).
- the intelligent algorithm needs to do a lot of calculations, and the final equivalent circuit model still needs to be coupled with temperature. It is also difficult to realize real-time estimation on the on-board MCU.
- the present invention provides a method and system for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium-ion battery with temperature input.
- the state equation of the battery model reflects the influence of temperature on the battery performance without introducing temperature correction coefficients or empirical formulas.
- the model is simple, intuitive and easy to understand , Easy to identify the parameters, easy to realize in engineering and other characteristics.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problem is: a method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input, which includes the following steps:
- Step 1 Derive the undetermined open-circuit voltage estimation equation with temperature input based on the aero-hydraulic model:
- P 0 , I and P 1 in the gas-liquid dynamics model respectively represent the orifice pressure, gas flow rate, and steady-state pressure in the container. In the battery, they correspond to the terminal voltage, current and open circuit voltage.
- P 3 is in the gas-liquid dynamics model.
- the model represents the steady-state gas pressure in the container to be estimated, and the open circuit voltage to be estimated in the battery, T 1 : in the aero-hydraulic model, it represents the steady-state gas temperature in the container at the previous moment, and in the battery it represents the previous The battery temperature in a steady state at a moment, T 2 : in the aero-hydraulic model, it represents the gas temperature in the container during the exhaust or charging process, and in the battery it represents the battery temperature during the discharge or charging process, ⁇ : airflow density, ⁇ : airflow Resistance coefficient, k 1 : first equivalent parameter, k 2 : second equivalent parameter, P 0 nozzle pressure;
- Step 2 Identify and estimate equation parameters based on experimental data: Obtain the corresponding open-circuit voltages at different currents, terminal voltages, and temperatures through experimental tests, and identify the k 1 , k 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ parameters in the open-circuit voltage estimation equation through the identification method Substitute the values of k 1 , k 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ parameters into the undetermined open-circuit voltage estimation equation of step 1 to obtain a complete open-circuit voltage estimation equation;
- Step 3 Design an open-circuit voltage estimation method with temperature input according to the complete open-circuit voltage estimation equation, and calculate the estimated value of the open-circuit voltage.
- the physical prototype of the gas-liquid dynamics model is a closed container equipped with a gas-liquid coexistence system. Pipes and valves are installed on the top of the container.
- the container contains a liquid with a volume of V w .
- the volume V is a gas whose pressure is P, the amount of substance is n, the density is ⁇ , and the temperature is T.
- step one is:
- ⁇ is the comprehensive resistance coefficient of the pipeline during the gas flow process
- the letters I and P 0 are the gas flow rate and the pressure of the gas at the nozzle respectively
- the letters P, V, n, and T are respectively the container The pressure, volume, amount of substance and thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
- V w and n j are the volume of the liquid and the amount of substance dissolved in the gas in the liquid at equilibrium;
- P 1 is the steady state gas pressure in the container at the previous moment ,
- P 2 is the gas pressure in the container during the exhaust or inflation process,
- P 3 is the gas pressure in the container under steady state to be estimated;
- T 1 steady-state gas temperature in the container
- P 1 gas pressure
- n 1 amount of gaseous substance
- V gas volume
- R thermodynamic constant
- b m Van der Waals volume of gas molecules
- V w liquid volume
- n j1 amount of dissolved substances in gas
- T 2 the temperature of the gas in the container during the exhaust or inflation process
- P 2 the gas pressure
- n 2 the amount of gaseous substance
- the left limit at time t 2 The left limit at time t 2 ;
- n 3 n 2 +n j1 -n j3 formula five
- P 3 the gas pressure in the container under steady state to be estimated
- n 3 the amount of gaseous substances
- n j3 the amount of gas-dissolved substances
- P s be the pressure of the gas in the system that changes from an unsteady state to a steady state from time t 2 to time t 3 ,
- Equation 11 is regarded as a quadratic equation about P 3 , let:
- step three the specific process of step three is:
- the identification method is genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, ant colony algorithm, support vector machine method, neural network algorithm or least square method.
- the identification method is a genetic algorithm.
- a system for implementing the method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input comprising a signal acquisition module, an open circuit voltage estimation module and a display module;
- the signal collection module is used to collect the current, temperature and voltage of the battery
- the signal acquisition module is connected to the open circuit voltage estimation module and transmits the collected current, temperature and voltage signals to the open circuit voltage estimation module, and the open circuit voltage estimation module calculates the open circuit voltage value according to the open circuit voltage estimation equation;
- the open circuit voltage estimation module is connected to the display module, and sends the battery current, temperature, voltage and open circuit voltage values to the display module for display.
- the signal acquisition module includes a current sensor, a temperature sensor and a voltage sensor.
- the open circuit voltage estimation module includes a single-chip microcomputer.
- the state equation of the gas-liquid dynamics model of the present invention includes the influence of temperature on the open circuit voltage of the battery, without introducing temperature compensation coefficients and empirical formulas;
- the invention requires less experimental data for parameter identification, and it is easy to identify model parameters
- the equation for estimating the open circuit voltage of the present invention can eliminate sampling errors through its own iteration, does not depend on the initial value, and has high estimation accuracy.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a physical quantity diagram of the gas-liquid dynamics model of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a flow chart of parameter identification of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a flowchart of the open circuit voltage estimation algorithm of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the system of the present invention.
- Figure 6 shows the estimated results at 15°C.
- Figure 7 shows the estimated error at 15°C.
- Figure 8 shows the estimated results at 25°C.
- Figure 9 shows the estimated error at 25°C.
- Figure 10 shows the estimated results at 35°C.
- Figure 11 shows the estimated error at 35°C.
- Figure 12 shows the estimated results at 45°C.
- Figure 13 shows the estimated error at 45°C.
- first and second are only used for descriptive purposes, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features. Thus, the features defined with “first” and “second” may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of these features. In the description of the present invention, “plurality” means two or more than two, unless specifically defined otherwise.
- the terms “installed”, “connected”, “connected”, “fixed” and other terms should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection. , Or integrally connected; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it can be the internal communication between two components.
- installed can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection.
- it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection
- it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it can be the internal communication between two components.
- the specific meaning of the above-mentioned terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input according to the present invention.
- the method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input includes the following steps:
- Step 1 Derive the undetermined open-circuit voltage estimation equation with temperature input based on the aero-hydraulic model
- the undetermined open-circuit voltage estimation equation is derived from the ideal gas state equation, gas dissolution equilibrium equation and Bernoulli equation:
- P 0 , I and P 1 in the gas-liquid dynamics model respectively represent the orifice pressure, gas flow rate, and steady-state pressure in the container. In the battery, they correspond to the terminal voltage, current and open circuit voltage.
- P 3 is in the gas-liquid dynamics model.
- the model represents the steady-state gas pressure in the container to be estimated, and the open circuit voltage to be estimated in the battery, T 1 : in the aero-hydraulic model, it represents the steady-state gas temperature in the container at the previous moment, and in the battery it represents the previous The battery temperature in a steady state at a moment, T 2 : in the aero-hydraulic model, it represents the gas temperature in the container during the exhaust or charging process, and in the battery it represents the battery temperature during the discharge or charging process, ⁇ : airflow density, ⁇ : airflow Resistance coefficient, k 1 : first equivalent parameter, k 2 : second equivalent parameter, P 0 nozzle pressure;
- Step 2 Identify and estimate equation parameters based on experimental data: Obtain the corresponding open-circuit voltages at different currents, terminal voltages, and temperatures through experimental tests, and identify the k 1 , k 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ parameters in the open-circuit voltage estimation equation through the identification method Substitute the values of k 1 , k 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ parameters into the undetermined open-circuit voltage estimation equation of step 1 to obtain a complete open-circuit voltage estimation equation;
- Step 3 Design an open-circuit voltage estimation method with temperature input according to the complete open-circuit voltage estimation equation, and calculate the estimated value of the open-circuit voltage.
- the physical prototype of a gas-liquid dynamics model of the step is a closed container with a gas-liquid coexistence system. Pipes and valves are installed on the top of the container, and the container is equipped with V w volume
- V w volume For liquid, the remaining volume V is a gas whose pressure is P, the amount of substance is n, the density is ⁇ , and the temperature is T.
- the first step is to derive the open circuit voltage estimation equation with temperature input according to the aero-hydraulic dynamics model, and the specific process is:
- the letters I and P 0 are the gas flow rate and the pressure of the orifice gas respectively, and the letters P, V, n, and T respectively Is the pressure, volume, amount of substance and thermodynamic temperature of the gas in the container.
- the letters V w and n j are the volume of the liquid and the amount of substance dissolved in the gas in the liquid in equilibrium; P 1 is the stability of the container at the previous moment.
- P 2 is the gas pressure in the container during the exhaust or inflation process
- P 3 is the gas pressure in the container under steady state to be estimated
- T 1 steady-state gas temperature in the container
- P 1 gas pressure
- n 1 amount of gaseous substance
- V gas volume
- R thermodynamic constant
- b m Van der Waals volume of gas molecules
- V w liquid volume
- n j1 amount of dissolved substances in gas
- the left limit at time t 1 The left limit at time t 1 .
- T 2 the temperature of the gas in the container during the exhaust or inflation process
- P 2 the gas pressure
- n 2 the amount of gaseous substance
- n 3 n 2 +n j1 -n j3 formula five
- P 3 the gas pressure in the container under steady state to be estimated
- n 3 the amount of gaseous substances
- n j3 the amount of gas-dissolved substances.
- P s be the pressure that changes in the gas in the system from an unsteady state to a steady state from time t 2 to time t 3 .
- Equation 11 can be regarded as a quadratic equation about P 3 , assuming:
- Equation 13 and Equation 14 are the obtained open circuit voltage OCV estimation equations, where the charging current is positive and the discharging current is negative.
- the second step is to identify and estimate equation parameters based on experimental data.
- the specific process is:
- the open circuit voltages corresponding to different currents, terminal voltages, and temperatures are obtained through HPPC experimental tests with variable magnification, variable temperature and constant current, and the optimal method of genetic algorithm is used to identify the values of k 1 , k 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ parameters, and a complete Open circuit voltage estimation equation;
- the identification method includes intelligent algorithms such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, ant colony algorithm, support vector machine method, neural network algorithm, or least square method; in this embodiment, genetic algorithm is preferred.
- the step 3 establishes an open-circuit voltage estimation algorithm with temperature input according to the identified parameter equation
- the method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery with temperature input includes online or offline estimation of the OCV estimation algorithm parameters.
- a system that implements the method for estimating the open circuit voltage of a battery based on the gas-liquid dynamics model includes a signal acquisition module, an open circuit voltage estimation module, and a display module; the signal acquisition module is used to acquire battery current , Temperature and voltage; the signal acquisition module is connected to the open circuit voltage estimation module and transmits the collected current, temperature and voltage signals to the open circuit voltage estimation module, and the open circuit voltage estimation module calculates the open circuit voltage value according to the open circuit voltage estimation equation; The open circuit voltage estimation module is connected to the display module, and sends the battery current, temperature, voltage and open circuit voltage values to the display module for display.
- the signal acquisition module includes a current sensor, a temperature sensor and a voltage sensor.
- the open circuit voltage estimation module includes a single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer is preferably an STM32.
- the battery OCV estimation method based on the gas-liquid dynamics model is implemented on hardware, which can be implemented on the STM32 single-chip microcomputer using the code written in C language on the Keil uVision5 development platform.
- the open circuit voltage estimation module is specifically:
- the acquisition card can directly collect the voltage of the single battery.
- the voltage range of the single battery is within 0-5V;
- the acquisition card is connected to the serial port of the STM single-chip microcomputer, and the communication method is RS-232, which transmits the current, voltage and temperature signals of the battery to the single-chip microcomputer;
- STM32 microcontroller reads the battery's current, voltage, and temperature signals, and calls the OCV estimation function to calculate the open circuit voltage value under the current input; writes the battery current, voltage, temperature and the calculated open circuit voltage value into the memory card, and writes the battery The current, voltage, temperature and the calculated open circuit voltage value are sent to the display module of the host computer for display;
- the host computer is developed based on the Microsoft Visual Studio platform, and is used to display the terminal voltage of the battery pack, the open circuit voltage, the open circuit voltage of all single cells in series, and the lowest open circuit voltage of the fitted battery;
- the signal communication protocols used include: RS-485, CAN, TCP, modbus, MPI, serial communication, etc.
- the normal operating temperature of electric vehicle batteries is 15°C to 45°C.
- the present invention chooses 15°C as the starting temperature, and the estimated results are verified at 0.1C, 0.3C, 0.5C, 1C and 2C magnifications at intervals of 10°C, as shown in the figure Shown in 6-13.
- Figure 6 shows the model estimation effect under the 15°C environment
- Figure 6 shows that the estimation curve basically coincides with the experimental curve
- Figure 7 is the estimation error corresponding to Figure 6
- Figure 7 shows the estimation results at each magnification after the estimation is stable except for the final moment.
- the estimation errors are all within ⁇ 20mV, which can meet the needs of real vehicles
- Fig. 8 shows the model estimation effect under 25°C environment
- FIG. 8 shows that the estimation curve basically coincides with the experimental curve
- Fig. 9 is the estimation error corresponding to Fig. 8.
- Figure 10 shows the model estimation effect under 35°C environment
- Figure 10 shows that the estimated curve and the experimental curve basically coincide.
- Figure 11 is the estimation error corresponding to Figure 10.
- Figure 11 shows that the estimation error at each magnification is within ⁇ 20mV after the estimation is stabilized at the end time, which can meet the actual vehicle usage requirements
- Figure 12 is the model estimation under 45°C environment
- Fig. 12 shows that the estimated curve basically coincides with the experimental curve.
- Fig. 13 is the estimation error corresponding to Fig. 12.
- Fig. 13 shows that the estimation error at each magnification is within ⁇ 20mV except at the end time after the estimation is stable. Demand for car use.
- the gas-liquid dynamics model with temperature input of the present invention reflects more battery temperature information, and the battery temperature improves the model's robustness through iteration.
- the open-circuit voltage OCV estimation equation of the present invention is an analytical expression and is decoupled from time and has a small amount of calculation. The equation can gradually eliminate the initial error of the model through iteration and improve the estimation accuracy.
- the temperature is the same as the terminal voltage and current as the input of the OCV estimation equation. There is no need to introduce temperature compensation coefficients or empirical formulas, which reduces the difficulty of parameter identification and expands the scope of application of the model.
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Abstract
一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法及系统,包括步骤一,依据气液动力学模型推导带温度输入的待定开路电压估算方程;步骤二,依据实验数据辨识估算方程参数,代入步骤一的待定开路电压估算方程得到完备的开路电压估算方程;步骤三,依据完备的开路电压估算方程设计带温度输入开路电压估算方法。所述气液动力学模型状态方程包含温度对电池开路电压的影响,无需引入温度补偿系数和经验公式;参数识别所需实验数据少,易于辨识模型参数;模型中输入前一时刻与当前时刻采样温度,在电池开路电压估算过程中反映更多温度信息;估算开路电压的方程通过自身迭代能够消除采样误差,不依赖于初值,估算精度高。
Description
本发明属于电池管理系统领域,具体为一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法及系统。
据美国石油业协会最新估计,地球上尚未开采的原油储藏量已不足两万亿桶,可供人类开采时间不超过九十五年。汽车占石油总消费比重超过三分之一,世界各国在实现汽车能源转型方面做了很多努力,其中,使燃油汽车电动化是重要选择之一。但是车载锂电池有较大的充放电窗口,且电池充放电过程表现出极其复杂的非线性特性,电池可用容量受环境温度的变化影响很大。而现阶段电池模型普遍存在模型复杂,状态方程没有反映温度对电池特性的影响,需要引入温度补偿系数或经验公式对估算算法进行修正,将使得参数辨识难度增加、计算量变大、模型鲁棒性下降等问题,最终导致电池开路电压估算不准确,剩余续航里程难以确定。因此,建立一种带温度输入的开路电压估算模型有着重要的意义。
当前,电化学模型与等效电路模型是研究最多的电池解析模型。其中,电化学模型能够直接通过正极材料表面锂离子浓度估算电池SOC,且估算精度高,但是模型的状态方程、微分方程和偏微分方程非常复杂,需要识别的参数达到数十个,最终估算算法仍需要与温度耦合,模型不易理解、计算量庞大,很难用于车载MCU实时估计。等效电路模型从电池外特性角度研究充放电过程,具有简单直观、物理含义明确等特点,经过研究者们深入研究开发出多种形式和结构,如Rint model,Thevenin model,PNGV,n-RC model and so on。等效电路模型本身在整个电池充放电过中估算精度有限,所以通常与智能算法相结合形成闭环估算系统,如滑膜算法、模糊逻辑算法、模拟退火算法、粒子群算法、卡尔曼滤波或其变体算法(无迹卡尔曼、扩展卡尔曼、有限差分卡尔曼等)。而智能算法需要做大量的运算,最终等效电路模型仍需要与温度耦合,同样难以在车载MCU上实现实时估计。
综上所述,仅依赖现有的电池模型远不能达到实际应用的需求,急需一种能够更准确地反映温度与电池性能的关系,更精确地刻画电池充放电过程表现的非线性特性、结构简单、运算量小的解析模型和开路电压估算方法。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法及系统,具有电池模型状态方程反映温度对电池性能的影响,无需引入温度修正系数或经验公式、模型简单直观易于理解、易于参数辨识、便于在工程中实现等特点。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤一,依据气液动力学模型推导带温度输入的待定开路电压估算方程:
P
0、I和P
1在气液动力学模型中分别表示管口压强、气体流速和稳态下容器内压强,在电池中分别对应端电压、电流和开路电压,P
3在气液动力学模型中表示要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强,在电池中表示要估算的开路电压,T
1:在气液动力学模型中表示前一时刻容器内稳态气体温度,在电池中表示前一时刻稳态时电池温度,T
2:在气液动力学模型中表示排气或充气过程中容器内气体温度,在电池中表示放电或充电过程中电池温度,ρ:气流密度,μ:气流阻力系数,k
1:第一等效参数,k
2:第二等效参数,P
0:管口压强;
步骤二,依据实验数据辨识估算方程参数:通过实验测试获得不同电流、端电压、温度下所对应的开路电压,并通过辨识方法辨识出开路电压估算方程中k
1、k
2、ρ和μ参数的最优值,将k
1、k
2、ρ和μ参数的值代入步骤一的待定开路电压估算方程得到完备的开路电压估算方程;
步骤三,依据完备的开路电压估算方程设计带温度输入开路电压估算方法,并计算得到开路电压估算值。
上述方案中,所述气液动力学模型的物理原型为设有气液共存系统的一个密闭容器,在容器的顶部安装有管道及阀门,所述容器内装有V
w体积的液体,剩下的容积V是压强为P,物质的量为n,密度为ρ,温度为T的气体。
上述方案中,所述步骤一的具体过程为:
所述气液动力学模型中设μ为气体流动过程中管道的综合阻力系数,字母I和P
0分别为气体的流速和管口气体的压强,字母P,V,n,T分别为容器内气体的压强、体积、 物质的量和热力学温度,字母V
w和n
j分别为液体的体积和平衡状态下溶解于液体中气体的物质的量;P
1为前一时刻容器内稳态气体压强,P
2为排气或充气过程中容器内气体压强,P
3为要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;气液动力学模型在t
1时刻打开阀门放出气体或充入气体,在t
2时刻关闭阀门,t
2=t
1+Δt,Δt→0,在t
3时刻达到平衡状态;
理想气体状态方程:
P
1V=n
1RT
1 公式一
气体间隙溶填充解度方程:
其中,T
1:容器内稳态气体温度;P
1:气体压强;n
1:气体物质的量;V:气体体积;R:热力学常数;
有效间隙常数;b
m:气体分子的范德华体积;V
w:液体体积;n
j1:气体溶解物质的量;
t
1时刻的左极限;
理想气体状态方程:
P
2V=n
2RT
2 公式三
当时间处于t
3时刻,
理想气体状态方程为:
P
3V=n
3RT
2 公式四
n
3=n
2+n
j1-n
j3 公式五
气体间隙填充溶解度方程:
其中,P
3:要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;n
3:气体物质的量;n
j3:气体溶解物质的量;
设P
s为从t
2时刻到t
3时刻系统内气体由非稳态到稳态过程中改变的压强,
P
s=P
3-P
2 公式七
将公式一至六带入到公式七中整理化简得:
设:
将参数k
1,k
2再回带入公式八中得:
公式十所有参数均具有物理意义,即所有参数的值均大于0且所述气液动力学模型系统内压强均大于0,则分母必大于0,改写为方程式公式十一:
将P
3看作是变量,公式十一被看作是关于P
3的二次方程,设:
当气液动力学模型系统处于t
1时刻至t
2时刻之间时,依据气体流动连续方程列出:
上述方案中,所述步骤二中辨识估算方程参数具体过程为:
①读取开路电压OCV、端电压U、电流I、温度T数据;
②向待定开路电压估算方程中P
1,T
1赋初值,P
1=OCV(1),T
1=T(1),设置k=1;
③赋值,P
0=U(k),I=I(k),T
2=T(k);
④设置待辨识参数k
1、k
2、ρ和μ大于或等于0;
⑤带入待定开路电压估算方程;
⑥更新初值P
1,T
1与k,P
1=P
3,T
1=T
2,k=k+1
⑦将估算总误差S=S+│P
3-OCV(k)│作为目标函数;
⑧直到S不再变小为判断终止条件;
⑨循环上述③至⑧步直至参数辨识结束,输出最优参数的值k
1、k
2、ρ和μ。
上述方案中,所述步骤三具体过程为:
①向开路电压估算方程中P
1赋初值U(1)、T
1赋初值T(1),P
1=U(1),T
1=T(1);
②将步骤二辨识出的最优参数值赋给k
1、k
2、ρ和μ;
③将采集的端电压、电流与温度数据赋给P
0,I和T
2;
④代入开路电压估算方程,算出当前开路电压P
3;
⑤利用算出的当前开路电压P
3更新P
1,T
2更新T
1,即P
1=P
3,T
1=T
2;
⑥循环上述③至⑤步直至开路电压估算完成。
上述方案中,所述辨识方法为遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法、蚁群算法、支持向量机法、神经网络算法或最小二乘法。
进一步的,所述辨识方法为遗传算法。
一种实现所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法的系统,包括信号采集模 块、开路电压估算模块和显示模块;
所述信号采集模块用于采集电池的电流、温度和电压;
所述信号采集模块与开路电压估算模块连接并将采集的电流、温度和电压信号传送到开路电压估算模块,所述开路电压估算模块根据开路电压估算方程计算出开路电压值;
所述开路电压估算模块与显示模块连接,将电池电流、温度、电压和开路电压值发送给显示模块显示。
上述方案中,所述信号采集模块包括电流传感器、温度传感器和电压传感器。
上述方案中,所述开路电压估算模块包括单片机。
有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明气液动力学模型状态方程包含温度对电池开路电压的影响,无需引入温度补偿系数和经验公式;
2.本发明参数识别所需实验数据少,易于辨识模型参数;
3.本发明模型中输入前一时刻与当前时刻采样温度,在电池开路电压估算过程中反映更多温度信息;
4.本发明估算开路电压的方程通过自身迭代能够消除采样误差,不依赖于初值,估算精度高。
本发明的上述和/或附加的方面和优点从结合下面附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解,其中:
图1为本发明流程图。
图2为本发明所述气液动力学模型物理量图。
图3为本发明参数辨识流程图。
图4为本发明开路电压估算算法流程图。
图5为本发明所述系统框图。
图6为在15℃下估算结果。
图7为在15℃下估算误差。
图8为在25℃下估算结果。
图9为在25℃下估算误差。
图10为在35℃下估算结果。
图11为在35℃下估算误差。
图12为在45℃下估算结果。
图13为在45℃下估算误差。
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出,其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,旨在用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
在本发明的描述中,需要理解的是,术语“中心”、“纵向”、“横向”、“长度”、“宽度”、“厚度”、“上”、“下”、“轴向”、“径向”、“竖直”、“水平”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。此外,术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此,限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括一个或者更多个该特征。在本发明的描述中,“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上,除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本发明中,除非另有明确的规定和限定,术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”、“固定”等术语应做广义理解,例如,可以是固定连接,也可以是可拆卸连接,或一体地连接;可以是机械连接,也可以是电连接;可以是直接相连,也可以通过中间媒介间接相连,可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
图1所示为本发明所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法的一种实施方式,所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,包括如下步骤:
对锂离子电池进行变倍率变温恒流HPPC实验,记录电池开路电压、温度、电流和端电压数据,用于辨识带温度输入的OCV方程参数;
对锂离子电池进行变温工况HPPC实验,记录电池开路电压、温度、电流和端电压数据,用于验证带温度输入的开路电压估算方法有效性。
步骤一,依据气液动力学模型推导带温度输入的待定开路电压估算方程,
通过理想气体状态方程、气体溶解平衡方程和伯努利方程推导待定开路电压估算方程为:
P
0、I和P
1在气液动力学模型中分别表示管口压强、气体流速和稳态下容器内压强,在电池中分别对应端电压、电流和开路电压,P
3在气液动力学模型中表示要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强,在电池中表示要估算的开路电压,T
1:在气液动力学模型中表示前一时刻容器内稳态气体温度,在电池中表示前一时刻稳态时电池温度,T
2:在气液动力学模型中表示排气或充气过程中容器内气体温度,在电池中表示放电或充电过程中电池温度,ρ:气流密度,μ:气流阻力系数,k
1:第一等效参数,k
2:第二等效参数,P
0:管口压强;
步骤二,依据实验数据辨识估算方程参数:通过实验测试获得不同电流、端电压、温度下所对应的开路电压,并通过辨识方法辨识出开路电压估算方程中k
1、k
2、ρ和μ参数的最优值,将k
1、k
2、ρ和μ参数的值代入步骤一的待定开路电压估算方程得到完备的开路电压估算方程;
步骤三,依据完备的开路电压估算方程设计带温度输入开路电压估算方法,并计算得到开路电压估算值。
如图2所示,所述步骤一种气液动力学模型的物理原型为设有气液共存系统的一个密闭容器,在容器的顶部安装有管道及阀门,所述容器内装有V
w体积的液体,剩下的容积V是压强为P,物质的量为n,密度为ρ,温度为T的气体。
所述步骤一依据气液动力学模型推导带温度输入的开路电压估算方程,具体过程为:
在所述气液动力学模型中,设字母μ为气体流动过程中管道的综合阻力系数,字母I和P
0分别为气体的流速和管口气体的压强,字母P,V,n,T分别为容器内气体的压强、体积、物质的量和热力学温度,字母V
w和n
j分别为液体的体积和平衡状态下溶解于液体中气体的物质的量;P
1为前一时刻容器内稳态气体压强,P
2为排气或充气过程中容 器内气体压强,P
3为要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;OCV模型在t
1时刻打开阀门放出气体或充入气体,在t
2时刻关闭阀门,t
2=t
1+Δt,Δt→0,经过很长一段时间在t
3时刻达到平衡状态,在对应的时间内模型物理量标注对应的数字。
理想气体状态方程:
P
1V=n
1RT
1 公式一
气体间隙溶填充解度方程:
其中,T
1:容器内稳态气体温度;P
1:气体压强;n
1:气体物质的量;V:气体体积;R:热力学常数;
有效间隙常数;b
m:气体分子的范德华体积;V
w:液体体积;n
j1:气体溶解物质的量;
t
1时刻的左极限。
理想气体状态方程:
P
2V=n
2RT
2 公式三
当时间处于t
3时刻,
理想气体状态方程为:
P
3V=n
3RT
2 公式四
n
3=n
2+n
j1-n
j3 公式五
气体间隙填充溶解度方程:
其中,P
3:要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;n
3:气体物质的量;n
j3:气体溶解物质的量。
设P
s为从t
2时刻到t
3时刻系统内气体由非稳态到稳态过程中改变的压强。
P
s=P
3-P
2 公式七
将公式一至六带入到公式七中整理化简得:
设:
将参数k
1,k
2再回带入公式八中得:
公式十所有参数均具有物理意义,即所有参数的值均大于0且本模型系统内压强均大于0,则分母大于0,改写为公式十一:
将P
3看作是变量,公式十一可以被看作是关于P
3的二次方程,设:
采用Δ判别法与韦达定理得:
当模型系统处于t
1时刻至t
2时刻之间时,依据气体流动连续方程可以列出:
公式十三和公式十四是得到的开路电压OCV估算方程,其中充电电流为正,放电电流为负。
如图3所示,所述步骤二依据实验数据辨识估算方程参数,具体过程为:
通过变倍率变温恒流HPPC实验测试获得不同电流、端电压、温度下所对应的开路电压,采用遗传算法求解最优的方法辨识出k
1、k
2、ρ和μ参数的值,得到完备的开路电压估算方程;
①读取开路电压OCV、端电压U、电流I、温度T数据;
②向开路电压OCV估算公式中P
1,T
1赋初值,即P
1=OCV(1),T
1=T(1),设置k=1;
③赋值,P
0=U(k),I=I(k),T
2=T(k);
④设置待辨识参数k
1、k
2、ρ和μ条件为大于或等于0;
⑤带入开路电压OCV估算方程;
⑥更新初值P
1,T
1与k,P
1=P
3,T
1=T
2,k=k+1;
⑦将估算总误差S=S+│P
3-OCV(k)│作为目标函数;
⑧利用遗传算法求解最优的方法判断终止条件;
⑨循环上述③至⑧步直至参数辨识结束,输出最优参数的值k
1、k
2、ρ和μ。
其中,辨识方法包括遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法、蚁群算法、支持向量机法、神经网络算法或最小二乘法等智能算法;本实施例中优选为遗传算法。
如图4所示,所述步骤三依据辨识的参数方程建立带温度输入开路电压估算算法,
具体过程为:
依据步骤一与步骤二设计开路电压估算方法,并验证开路电压估算方法的估算效果;
①向OCV估算公式中P
1赋初值U(1)、T
1赋初值T(1),即P
1=U(1),T
1=T(1);
②将步骤二中遗传算法识别的参数值赋给k
1、k
2、ρ和μ;
③将采集的端电压、电流与温度数据赋给P
0,I和T
2;
④代入开路电压估算方程,即公式十三和公式十四算出当前开路电压P
3;
⑤利用算出的当前开路电压P
3更新P
1,T
2更新T
1,即P
1=P
3,T
1=T
2;
⑥循环上述③至⑤步直至开路电压估算结束。
所述的一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,包括对所述OCV估算算法参数进行在线估算或离线估算。
如图5所示,一种实现所述基于气液动力学模型的电池开路电压估算方法的系统,包括信号采集模块、开路电压估算模块和显示模块;所述信号采集模块用于采集电池的电流、温度和电压;所述信号采集模块与开路电压估算模块连接并将采集的电流、温度和电压信号传送到开路电压估算模块,所述开路电压估算模块根据开路电压估算方程计算出开路电压值;所述开路电压估算模块与显示模块连接,将电池电流、温度、电压和开路电压值发送给显示模块显示。
所述信号采集模块包括电流传感器、温度传感器和电压传感器。
所述开路电压估算模块包括单片机,所述单片机优选为STM32。将基于气液动力学模型的电池OCV估算方法在硬件上实现,可以在Keil uVision5开发平台上运用C语言编写的代码在STM32单片机上实现的。
所述开路电压估算模块具体为:
首先加载STM32单片机库函数文件,运用库函数配置STM32单片机寄存器,编写时钟函数、定时器函数、延迟函数、存储函数、数据校验函数、OCV估算函数和主函数等;
①将电流传感器、温度传感器连接到信号采集卡上,采集卡可以直接采集单体电池电压,优选的,单体电池电压范围在0—5V以内;
②采集卡与STM单片机串口相连,通讯方式选择RS-232,将电池的电流、电压、温度信号传给单片机;
③STM32单片机主函数读取电池的电流、电压、温度信号,调用OCV估算函数算出当前输入下的开路电压值;将电池电流、电压、温度和算出的开路电压值写入内存卡中,并把电池电流、电压、温度和算出的开路电压值发送给上位机的显示模块显示;
④如此循环第①—③步,完成电池组实时开路电压估算。
所述上位机是基于Microsoft Visual Studio平台开发的,用于显示电池组端电压、开路电 压、所有串联单体电池的开路电压和拟合的电池最低开路电压;
所述单片机包括:2
n位单片机,n=1,2,3...,以及各种ARM内核的运算单元;
运用的信号通讯协议包括:RS-485、CAN、TCP、modbus、MPI、串口通信等。
电动汽车电池正常工作温度为15℃至45℃,本发明选择以15℃为起始温度,每间隔10℃分别在0.1C、0.3C、0.5C、1C和2C倍率下验证估算结果,如图6-13所示。其中,图6为15℃环境下模型估算效果,图6显示估算曲线与实验曲线基本重合,图7是与图6相对应的估算误差,图7显示除了终了时刻在估算稳定之后各倍率下的估算误差均在±20mV以内,能够满足实车使用需求;图8为25℃环境下模型估算效果,图8显示估算曲线与实验曲线基本重合,图9是与图8相对应的估算误差,图9显示除了终了时刻在估算稳定之后各倍率下的估算误差均在±20mV以内,能够满足实车使用需求;图10为35℃环境下模型估算效果,图10显示估算曲线与实验曲线基本重合,图11是与图10相对应的估算误差,图11显示除了终了时刻在估算稳定之后各倍率下的估算误差均在±20mV以内,能够满足实车使用需求;图12为45℃环境下模型估算效果,图12显示估算曲线与实验曲线基本重合,图13是与图12相对应的估算误差,图13显示除了终了时刻在估算稳定之后各倍率下的估算误差均在±20mV以内,能够满足实车使用需求。
可见本发明带温度输入气液动力学模型反映电池更多的温度信息,电池温度通过迭代提高了模型鲁棒性。本发明开路电压OCV估算方程为解析表达式且与时间解耦、运算量小,方程能够通过迭代逐渐消除模型初始误差,提高估算精度。温度与端电压、电流一样作为OCV估算方程输入量,无需引入温度补偿系数或经验公式,降低参数识别难度,扩展了模型适用范围。
应当理解,虽然本说明书是按照各个实施例描述的,但并非每个实施例仅包含一个独立的技术方案,说明书的这种叙述方式仅仅是为清楚起见,本领域技术人员应当将说明书作为一个整体,各实施例中的技术方案也可以经适当组合,形成本领域技术人员可以理解的其他实施方式。
上文所列出的一系列的详细说明仅仅是针对本发明的可行性实施例的具体说明,它们并非用以限制本发明的保护范围,凡未脱离本发明技艺精神所作的等效实施例或变更均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
- 一种带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:步骤一,依据气液动力学模型推导带温度输入的待定开路电压估算方程:P 0、I和P 1在气液动力学模型中分别表示管口压强、气体流速和稳态下容器内压强,在电池中分别对应端电压、电流和开路电压,P 3在气液动力学模型中表示要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强,在电池中表示要估算的开路电压,T 1:在气液动力学模型中表示前一时刻容器内稳态气体温度,在电池中表示前一时刻稳态时电池温度,T 2:在气液动力学模型中表示排气或充气过程中容器内气体温度,在电池中表示放电或充电过程中电池温度,ρ:气流密度,μ:气流阻力系数,k 1:第一等效参数,k 2:第二等效参数,P 0:管口压强;步骤二,依据实验数据辨识估算方程参数:通过实验测试获得不同电流、端电压、温度下所对应的开路电压,并通过辨识方法辨识出开路电压估算方程中k 1、k 2、ρ和μ参数的最优值,将k 1、k 2、ρ和μ参数的值代入步骤一的待定开路电压估算方程得到完备的开路电压估算方程;步骤三,依据完备的开路电压估算方程设计带温度输入开路电压估算方法,并计算得到开路电压估算值。
- 根据权利要求1所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述气液动力学模型的物理原型为设有气液共存系统的一个密闭容器,在容器的顶部安装有管道及阀门,所述容器内装有V w体积的液体,剩下的容积V是压强为P,物质的量为n,密度为ρ,温度为T的气体。
- 根据权利要求2所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述步骤一的具体过程为:所述气液动力学模型中设μ为气体流动过程中管道的综合阻力系数,字母I和P 0分别为气体的流速和管口气体的压强,字母P,V,n,T分别为容器内气体的压强、体积、物质的量和热力学温度,字母V w和n j分别为液体的体积和平衡状态下溶解于液体中气体的物质的量;P 1为前一时刻容器内稳态气体压强,P 2为排气或充气过程中容器内气体压 强,P 3为要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;气液动力学模型在t 1时刻打开阀门放出气体或充入气体,在t 2时刻关闭阀门,t 2=t 1+Δt,Δt→0,在t 3时刻达到平衡状态;理想气体状态方程:P 1V=n 1RT 1 公式一气体间隙溶填充解度方程:其中,T 1:容器内稳态气体温度;P 1:气体压强;n 1:气体物质的量;V:气体体积;R:热力学常数; 有效间隙常数;b m:气体分子的范德华体积;V w:液体体积;n j1:气体溶解物质的量; t 1时刻的左极限;理想气体状态方程:P 2V=n 2RT 2 公式三当时间处于t 3时刻,理想气体状态方程为:P 3V=n 3RT 2 公式四n 3=n 2+n j1-n j3 公式五气体间隙填充溶解度方程:其中,P 3:要估算的稳态下容器内气体压强;n 3:气体物质的量;n j3:气体溶解物质的量;设P s为从t 2时刻到t 3时刻系统内气体由非稳态到稳态过程中改变的压强,P s=P 3-P 2 公式七将公式一至式六带入到方程式七中整理化简得:设:将参数k 1,k 2再回带入公式八中得:公式十所有参数均具有物理意义,即所有参数的值均大于0且所述气液动力学模型系统内压强均大于0,则分母必大于0,改写为方程式公式十一:将P 3看作是变量,公式十一被看作是关于P 3的二次方程,设:当气液动力学模型系统处于t 1时刻至t 2时刻之间时,依据气体流动连续方程列出:
- 根据权利要求1所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述步骤二中辨识估算方程参数具体过程为:①读取开路电压OCV、端电压U、电流I、温度T数据;②向待定开路电压估算方程中P 1,T 1赋初值,P 1=OCV(1),T 1=T(1),设置k=1;③赋值,P 0=U(k),I=I(k),T 2=T(k);④设置待辨识参数k 1、k 2、ρ和μ大于或等于0;⑤带入待定开路电压估算方程;⑥更新初值P 1,T 1与k,P 1=P 3,T 1=T 2,k=k+1⑦将估算总误差S=S+│P 3-OCV(k)│作为目标函数;⑧直到S不再变小为判断终止条件;⑨循环③至⑧步直至参数辨识结束,输出最优参数的值k 1、k 2、ρ和μ。
- 根据权利要求1所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述步骤三具体过程为:①向开路电压估算方程中P 1赋初值U(1)、T 1赋初值T(1),P 1=U(1),T 1=T(1);②将步骤二辨识出的最优参数值赋给k 1、k 2、ρ和μ;③将采集的端电压、电流与温度数据赋给P 0,I和T 2;④代入开路电压估算方程,算出当前开路电压P 3;⑤利用算出的当前开路电压P 3更新P 1,T 2更新T 1,即P 1=P 3,T 1=T 2;⑥循环③至⑤步直至开路电压估算完成。
- 根据权利要求1所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述辨识方法为遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法、蚁群算法、支持向量机法、神经网络算法或最小二乘法。
- 根据权利要求6所述的带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法,其特征在于,所述辨识方法为遗传算法。
- 一种实现权利要求1-7所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法的系统,其特征在于,包括信号采集模块、开路电压估算模块和显示模块;所述信号采集模块用于采集电池的电流、温度和电压;所述信号采集模块与开路电压估算模块连接并将采集的电流、温度和电压信号传送到开路电压估算模块,所述开路电压估算模块根据开路电压估算方程计算出开路电压值;所述开路电压估算模块与显示模块连接,将电池电流、温度、电压和开路电压值发送给显示模块显示。
- 根据权利要求8所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法的系统,其特征在于,所述信号采集模块包括电流传感器、温度传感器和电压传感器。
- 根据权利要求8所述带温度输入的锂离子电池开路电压估算方法的系统,其特征在于,所述开路电压估算模块包括单片机。
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