WO2020010874A1 - 一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法 - Google Patents

一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法 Download PDF

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WO2020010874A1
WO2020010874A1 PCT/CN2019/079090 CN2019079090W WO2020010874A1 WO 2020010874 A1 WO2020010874 A1 WO 2020010874A1 CN 2019079090 W CN2019079090 W CN 2019079090W WO 2020010874 A1 WO2020010874 A1 WO 2020010874A1
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control
circuit
output
module
genetic algorithm
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French (fr)
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钱钦松
谢明枫
宋慧滨
孙伟锋
陆生礼
时龙兴
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东南大学
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the control of a switching power supply, in particular to a method for controlling the efficiency of an optimized power supply based on a genetic algorithm.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an efficiency optimized power control algorithm based on a genetic algorithm based on the shortcomings of the existing technology.
  • the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for controlling the efficiency of optimized power supply based on genetic algorithm, which is characterized by: , Sampling circuit, sampling amplifying isolation circuit and control circuit with microcontroller as the core control system, using genetic algorithm to optimize the phase shift of the driving waveform of the switching power supply system to optimize the working efficiency of the power supply; sampling circuit sampling system adjustment process
  • the evaluation factors related to efficiency include the output voltage V o and output current I o of the fixed-frequency LLC voltage regulator circuit of the subsequent stage, the input voltage V in and the input current I in of the buck-boost buck-boost topology circuit of the previous stage.
  • the sampling results are output to the control circuit with the microcontroller as the core through the corresponding amplified isolation circuits.
  • the output signals of the control circuit with the microcontroller as the core control the four switching tubes S in the Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit. 1 to S 4 and the two switching tubes S 5 and S 6 of the rear-stage fixed-frequency LLC voltage-regulating topology circuit;
  • the sampling amplifier isolation circuit contains four operational amplifiers. Among them, the operational amplifier k 1 corresponds to the output voltage V o sampling, the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 1 is connected to the output voltage V o sampling output terminal, and the positive terminal of the operational amplifier k 1 is connected to the output ground.
  • operational amplifier k 2 corresponding to the input voltage V in sampling, k the negative terminal of the operational amplifier 2 is connected to the input voltage V in a sampling output terminal of the operational amplifier k positive terminal 2 is connected to the input ground terminal;
  • operational amplifier k 3 corresponding to the input current I in Sampling, the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 3 is connected to the input current I in sampling output terminal, and the positive terminal of the operational amplifier k 3 is connected to the input ground terminal;
  • the operational amplifier k 4 corresponds to the output current I o sampling, and the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 4 is connected to the output The current I o sampling output terminal, the positive terminal of the operational amplifier k 4 is connected to the output ground terminal;
  • the control circuit with the microcontroller as the control core includes an AD conversion module, a timer module, a genetic algorithm module, and a pulse width modulation generation module.
  • the input signals of the AD conversion module are four operational amplifiers k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , k 4 Output signal, the AD conversion module outputs the value of the converted output voltage V o , the value of the input voltage V in , the value of the input current I in and the value of the output current I o to the genetic algorithm module, and the genetic algorithm module converts according to AD
  • the values collected by the module are used to evaluate the pros and cons of the calculation parameter k in the control formula used in the genetic algorithm process.
  • the control parameters T, d, x, y, a, and b calculated using different calculation parameters k are output to the pulse.
  • the width modulation generating module obtains the optimal calculation parameter k adapted to the system through continuous iteration, and finally obtains the calculation parameter k and the control parameters T, d, x, y, a in the control formula that makes the system work optimally.
  • B The duty cycle signal calculated and output by the pulse width modulation generation module controls the four switching tubes S 1 ⁇ S 4 in the Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit of the previous stage and the fixed-frequency LLC regulator topology of the back stage through phase shift control. Two switching tubes S 5 and S 6 of the circuit;
  • Control parameters This refers to the switching sequence required by the control board to control the overall system work. It is specifically T, d, x, y, a, and b; T and d represent the switching period and switching of the switch tube, respectively. Dead time, x, y, a, and b respectively represent the magnitude of the phase shift between different switching tubes;
  • Input variable refers to the amount input by the outside, that is, the amount sampled on the system board, specifically the input current I in and input voltage V in of the front-stage Buck-Boost circuit, and the output current I o of the LLC circuit of the rear stage And output voltage V o ;
  • Calculated variable refers to the quantity calculated through external input, specifically the output voltage V out of the previous stage, the calculation parameter k used for the evaluation of the genetic algorithm, the output current I out , the efficiency ⁇ , and the output load R L ; Connect the inductance value L of the midpoint of the front stage arm and the midpoint of the back stage arm, the output capacitance of the switch tube Coss , the gain of the back stage, and the minimum inductance flowing through the midpoint of the front stage arm and the midpoint of the back stage arm The current I min , I min ⁇ 0, the change amount of the negative value of the inductor current ⁇ I, the parameter m in the calculation formula for determining b, and the post-stage circuit efficiency ⁇ 0 ;
  • the next step is to determine the values of a and b;
  • m is preset to 0.5, and it is adjusted according to the inductor current waveform of the back-stage circuit LLC when the system is actually working.
  • the value ranges from 0 to 1.
  • the values are not necessarily the same.
  • the work flow of the control circuit using the microcontroller as the control core includes the following steps:
  • the corresponding parameter value in the control formula (4) is obtained by decoding.
  • the binary coding method is used in the genetic algorithm module. The encoding described is a series of binary digits. After the number is divided and converted into the value represented by decimal, it is the calculation parameter k in the control formula (4), and then the control formula (4) is used to calculate the parameter.
  • the pulse width modulation generation module After the parameters of the pulse width modulation generation module are set by the genetic algorithm module, it outputs a driving signal according to its set variables, and starts the timer module and the AD conversion module. After the system output voltage is stabilized, it collects the output voltage V o , The input voltage V in , the output current I o , and the input current I in to evaluate the working efficiency of the system, and take it as 3) individual fitness;
  • the genetic algorithm module When the system is started, the genetic algorithm module initializes the relevant parameters, and sets the relevant peripheral parameters of the micro-control, including the timer, A / D conversion module, and then the system uses the initial parameters to initialize the pulse width modulation generation module, and then sorts based on non-dominance
  • the genetic algorithm module starts to work and initializes the population P.
  • the decoding parameter k of the control formula is obtained by decoding the code of each individual in the population, and it is applied to the pulse width modulation generation module. Then, the timer is used to compare with the A / D conversion module.
  • the output voltage V o , input voltage V in , output current I o , and input current I in of the system are obtained by cooperation, so as to calculate the working efficiency of the system, and use this as the individual's fitness.
  • the optimal At the same time, a LUT is also provided in the switching power supply system to store the dead time of the upper and lower switching tubes when the LLC topology circuit corresponding to the output voltage and the load is working, so as to quickly respond to changes in the system load and avoid the dead zone. Calculation of time.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of control parameters T, d, x, y, a, and b of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the overall structure of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a buck-boost buck-boost topology circuit and a fixed-frequency LLC voltage-regulation topology circuit diagram of the front stage of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of a control circuit with a microcontroller as the control core.
  • FIG. 1 is a specific meaning of the control parameters T, d, x, y, a, and b in the switching waveform.
  • T and d represent the switching period and dead time, respectively, and x, y, a, and b represent the magnitude of the phase shift in the switching waveform.
  • FIG. 2 is the overall block diagram of the system.
  • the control system consists of a Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit, a fixed-frequency LLC regulator circuit, a sampling circuit, a sampling amplifier isolation circuit, and a microcontroller-based control circuit.
  • the sampling circuit samples the output voltage V o and the output current I o of the fixed-frequency LLC voltage regulator circuit after the stage, and then inputs the input voltage V in and the input current I in of the buck-boost buck-boost topology circuit of the previous stage, and then outputs the amplified voltage to the
  • the controller is the core control circuit
  • the microcontroller is the core control circuit.
  • the output signal controls the switches S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 of the front-end Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit.
  • the sampling amplifier isolation circuit includes four operational amplifiers, of which the operational amplifier k 1 corresponds to the output voltage V o sampling circuit, the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 1 is connected to the output voltage V o sampling output terminal, and the positive of the operational amplifier k 1 Terminal is connected to the output ground terminal;
  • the operational amplifier k 2 corresponds to the input voltage V in sampling circuit ;
  • the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 2 is connected to the input voltage V in sampling output terminal ;
  • the positive terminal of the operational amplifier k 2 is connected to the input ground terminal;
  • the operational amplifier k 3 Corresponding to the input current I in sampling circuit, the negative terminal of the operational amplifier k 3 is connected to the input current I in sampling output terminal, and the positive terminal of the operational amplifier k 3 is connected to the input ground terminal;
  • the operational amplifier k 4 corresponds to the output current I o sampling circuit, the operational amplifier.
  • the negative terminal of k 4 is connected to the output current I o sampling output terminal, and the positive terminal of the operational amplifier
  • the control circuit whose microcontroller is the control core includes an AD conversion module, a timer module, a genetic algorithm module, and a pulse width modulation generation module.
  • the input signals of the AD conversion module are the outputs of the operational amplifiers k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , and k 4 Signal, the AD conversion module outputs the converted output voltage value, input voltage value, input current value, and output current value to the genetic algorithm module.
  • the genetic algorithm module evaluates the pros and cons of the control parameters based on the values collected by the AD conversion module.
  • the control parameters to be evaluated are output to the pulse width modulation module.
  • the duty cycle signal output by the pulse width modulation generating module controls the switching tube of the Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit at the front stage and the fixed-frequency LLC regulator topology circuit at the back stage through the phase shift.
  • the genetic algorithm module optimizes the variable k in the control formula
  • the control formula optimized by the genetic algorithm module is shown below.
  • the variables include the control variables: This refers to the switching sequence of the system board that the control board needs to control the overall system work.
  • the specific variables are T, d, x, and y. , A, and b;
  • input variables This refers to the amount input by the outside world, specifically the amount sampled on the system board, specifically the input current I in and input voltage V in of the previous circuit, and the output of the subsequent circuit Current I o and output voltage V o ;
  • Calculated variables This refers to the quantity calculated by external input, specifically the output voltage V out of the previous stage, the variable k used for the calculation of the genetic algorithm, the output current I out of the previous stage, and the efficiency.
  • output load R L also includes the inductance L connected to the midpoint of the front bridge arm and the midpoint of the rear bridge arm, the output capacitance Coss of the switch tube, the gain G of the rear stage, and the minimum flow to the front bridge arm Inductance current I min (I min ⁇ 0) at the midpoint and the midpoint of the post-stage bridge arm, the change amount of negative inductance current ⁇ I, the parameter m for determining the calculation method of b, and the post-stage circuit efficiency ⁇ 0 .
  • formula (3) is not accurate enough.
  • the ⁇ I designed in the original program cannot be accurate, and the other is that it cannot accurately predict the effect on the current during the implementation of ZVS. Therefore, the high probability of x calculated by (3) does not allow us to get the desired V out , but even so, the relationship still exists. If you increase x, V out will increase, and if you decrease x V out will decrease, and the amount of increase and decrease has a corresponding relationship with V in . You can fine-tune x according to this point until you can output the desired V out . The next step is to determine the values of a and b.
  • the value of m is preset to 0.5. When the system is actually working, it is adjusted according to the inductor current waveform of the back-stage circuit LLC, and its value ranges from 0 to 1.
  • K in (4) is used to indicate a variable that was previously designed or whose input value is inaccurate. It is a constant near 1. It may be different for different input and output.
  • the work flow of the control circuit with the microcontroller as the control core includes the following steps:
  • timer 1 is used by the pulse width modulation generating module, which is used to control the switching of the MOS transistors S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 in the Buck-Boost buck-boost topology circuit.
  • the A / D conversion module is configured to work in DMA. Mode to configure the interrupt of timer 1 to use the genetic algorithm module to adjust the drive signal phase shift to optimize efficiency.
  • Parameter initialization of the genetic algorithm optimization module Relevant parameters in the genetic algorithm are set, including the number of iterations of the population, the number of individuals in each generation of the population, the gene length of each individual, the probability of crossover of genes between individuals, and the probability of mutation of individual genes. And set the values of i and n to 0;
  • the parameter value in the corresponding control formula (4) is obtained by decoding.
  • the binary coding method is used in this genetic algorithm module.
  • the encoding of is a string of binary digits, and the number is converted into the value represented by decimal after division, which is the parameter k in the control formula (4).
  • the control parameters of the circuit are calculated by using the control formula (4) brought into the parameters.
  • the pulse width modulation generation module After the parameters of the pulse width modulation generation module are set by the genetic algorithm module, it outputs a driving signal according to its set variables, and starts the timer module and the AD conversion module. After the system output voltage is stable, collect the output voltage and input Voltage, output current, and input current to evaluate the operating efficiency of the system. This is taken as 3) the fitness of the individual.
  • the system when the system load changes, the system also uses a lookup table (LUT) to record the dead time of the upper and lower tubes in the LLC topology circuit corresponding to the load and output voltage.
  • LUT lookup table

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Abstract

一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法，基于包括前级Buck-Boost电路、后级定频LLC调压电路、采样电路、采样放大隔离电路以及以微控制器为控制核心的控制电路构成的控制系统。采样得到系统调节过程中有关效率的评价因素，包括后级输出电压V o和输出电流I o，前级输入电压V in和输入电流I in。遗传算法模块根据评估利用不同计算参数k计算出的控制参数对效率的影响，最终迭代得到最适应于该系统的的计算参数k，使得系统的工作效率达到最优。当系统负载发生变化时系统使用查找表(LUT)记录负载和输出电压对应的LLC拓扑电路中，上下管的开关死区时间。这样在负载切换时，便可以直接查找并读取对应的死区时间。

Description

一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及开关电源的控制，尤其涉及一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法。
背景技术
在开关电源领域，两级变换器正逐渐引起人们的研究兴趣。由于LLC的电路结构简单且工作效率较高，所以吸引了人们的研究兴趣。但是LLC拓扑一个问题就是控制过程复杂。所以两级变换器的结构也成为了人们的研究热点。前级电路通常采用简单易控制的拓扑，后级电路采用LLC结构用以实现高效率。当前级电路使用Buck-Boost拓扑结构时候，其控制通常较为复杂，并且由于电路的各个组件其实际值往往与标称值存在误差，所以需要一种控制方法，能够在被控电路需要高精度的控制参数，然而控制参数又由于器件的标称值与实际值的误差而受到较大影响的情况下，有一定的算法能够弥补这些误差，从而得到最优的控制参数。
除此之外，动态响应也是评估开关电源的重要指标。当负载发生变化时，传统的系统往往需要根据输出电压和负载电流经过一定的计算之后才能得到最佳的LLC拓扑电路中最佳的上下管开关死区时间以达到最优的效率。传统的方法的计算通常会耗费很长的时间，在这段时间内LLC的效率较低，MOS管损耗较大，可能会导致系统故障。所以一个重要的优化方向就是尽可能的减少通过输出电压和负载电流计算出最佳死区时间的耗时。
随着现代科技的发展，实现一种能够根据系统的输出电压、输入电压、输出电流、输入电流评估出的系统工作效率来智能的优化开关电源系统中的开关参数，显得尤为重要。同时减少根据输出电压和负载电流计算出最佳死区时间的耗时也是改善开关电源系统工作效率的一个重要研究方向。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有的技术存在的不足提供一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制算法。
本发明为实现上述目的，采用如下技术方案：一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法，其特征在于：基于包括前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路、后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路、采样电路、采样放大隔离电路和以微控制器为核心的控制电路构成的控制系统，利用遗传算法优化开关电源系统的驱动波形的相移来优化电源的工作效率；采样电路采样得到系统调节过程中有关效率的评价因素，包括后级定频LLC调压电路的输出电压V o和输出电流I o、前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路的输入电压V in和输入电流I in，将上述采样结果通过各自对应的放大隔离电路输出至以微控制器为核心的控制电路，以微控制器为核心的控制电路输出信号控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的四个开关管S 1～S 4和后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的两个开关管S 5及S 6；
采样放大隔离电路中含有四个运算放大器，其中，运算放大器k 1对应输出电压V o采样，运算放大器k 1的负端连接输出电压V o采样输出端，运算放大器k 1的正端连接输出地端；运算放大器k 2对应输入电压V in采样，运算放大器k 2的负端连接输入电压V in采样输出端，运算放大器k 2的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 3对应输入电流I in采样，运算放 大器k 3的负端连接输入电流I in采样输出端，运算放大器k 3的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 4对应输出电流I o采样，运算放大器k 4的负端连接输出电流I o采样输出端，运算放大器k 4的正端连接输出地端；
微控制器为控制核心的控制电路包括AD转换模块、定时器模块、遗传算法模块以及脉冲宽度调制发生模块，AD转换模块的输入信号为四个运算放大器k 1,k 2,k 3,k 4的输出信号，AD转换模块将转换后的输出电压V o的值、输入电压V in的值、输入电流I in的值和输出电流I o的值输出给遗传算法模块，遗传算法模块根据AD转换模块采集到的值，评估遗传算法过程中所用到的控制公式中的计算参数k的优劣，利用不同的计算参数k计算出的控制参数T、d、x、y、a、b输出给脉冲宽度调制发生模块，通过不断迭代得到适应于系统的最优的计算参数k，最终得到使系统的工作效率达到最优的控制公式中的计算参数k和控制参数T、d、x、y、a、b，脉冲宽度调制发生模块计算输出的占空比信号通过相移控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的四个开关管S 1～S 4和后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的两个开关管S 5及S 6；；
遗传算法过程中所用到的控制公式如式(1)(2)(3)所示，其中包括：
控制参数：这里指的是控制板控制整个系统工作所需要对系统板所输出的开关时序，具体为T、d、x、y、a和b；T和d分别代表开关管的开关周期和开关死区时间，x,y,a,b分别代表不同开关管之间相移量的大小；
输入变量：指的是由外界所输入的量，即系统板上采样得到的量，具体为前级Buck-Boost电路的输入电流I in和输入电压V in，后级LLC电路的输出电流I o和输出电压V o；
计算变量：指的是通过外界输入计算得到的量，具体为前级输出电压V out、用于遗传算法评估的计算参数k、前级输出电流I out、效率η、输出负载R L；还包括连接前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感值L、开关管的输出电容C oss、后级增益G、最小流过前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感电流I min，I min<0、电感电流负值变化量ΔI、确定b的计算公式中的的参数m、后级电路效率η 0；
控制参数T,d,x,y,a,b的计算过程如下公式所示
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000002
之后求得x，
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000003
接下来就是需要确定a和b的取值；
a的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000004
b的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000005
其中m的值预设为0.5，在系统实际工作时根据后级电路LLC的电感电流波形再进行调整，其取值范围在0到1之间；
算法优化流程是先按照(4)中，以计算参数k＝1代入，求得a，并验证其效率η，之后对计算参数k使用遗传算法，以优化效率，最终得到可以使效率最优化的a，并得到此时的计算参数k作为该工作状态下的最优计算参数k值，同时将其作为附近的工作状态初始的计算参数k值，不同工作状态下达到最优效果的计算参数k值不一定相同。
所述以微控制器为控制核心的控制电路的工作流程包括以下步骤：
1)首先根据系统的预设值对系统的相关参数进行初始化，包括设定系统的输出电压值V o，以及配置包括定时器模块、A/D转换模块、中断相关外设的工作模式以及工作参数，其中定时器1为脉冲宽度调制产生模块所用，用于控制Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的MOS管S 1,S 2,S 3,S 4的开关，配置A/D转换模块工作于DMA模式，配置定时器1的中断以利用遗传算法模块调节驱动信号相移以优化效率；
2)遗传算法优化模块的参数初始化，设定遗传算法中的相关参数，包括种群迭代代数，每一代种群中个体的数量，每一个个体的基因长度，个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率。并设置i与n的值为0；
3)根据第i代种群中的第n个个体的基因，通过解码获得其所对应的控制公式(4)中的参数值即计算参数k，在遗传算法模块中采用的是二进制编码方式，所述的编码即为一串二进制数字，将此数字经过分割后转换成十进制所代表的值即为控制公式(4)中的计算参数k，然后利用带入该参数的控制公式(4)来计算出电路的控制参数T、d、x、y、a和b；
4)脉冲宽度调制产生模块的参数由遗传算法模块设定之后，其根据其设定的变量输出驱动信号，并启动定时器模块和AD转换模块，待系统输出电压稳定之后，采集输出电 压V o，输入电压V in，输出电流I o，输入电流I in来评估系统的工作效率，并将其作为3)个体的适应度；
5)判断该个体是否为该代种群中最后一个个体，若不是将n的值加一，并返回第3)步执行，若是则执行下一步；
6)将该代种群中的适应度最低的个体剔除，并根据微控制产生的随机数与设定的个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率相比较，决定下一代个体的基因产生方式。当下一代所有个体的基因产生后，将i的值加一；
7)取当代种群中适应度最高也就是效率最高的个体的基因换算后的计算参数k为当前负载点的控制公式(4)的最优参数；
8)检测负载是否发生变化，若负载变化则返回第3步执行，否则维持现状；
9)系统负载发生变化时系统使用查找表LUT记录负载和输出电压V o对应的LLC拓扑电路中，上下管的开关死区时间，这样在以后负载切换时，便可以直接查找并读取对应的死区时间。
当系统启动时，遗传算法模块进行相关参数初始化，同时设置微控制的相关外设参数，包括定时器、A/D转换模块，然后系统利用初始参数初始化脉冲宽度调制产生模块，然后基于非支配排序的遗传算法模块开始工作，并初始化产生种群P，通过解码种群中每个个体的编码得到控制公式的计算参数k，并应用于脉冲宽度调制产生模块，然后利用定时器与A/D转换模块相配合得到系统的输出电压V o、输入电压V in、输出电流I o、输入电流I in，从而计算得出系统的工作效率，并以此为个体的适应度，种群评估完毕后找出最优的个体，同时在开关电源系统中还设有LUT用以储存输出电压和负载所对应的LLC拓扑电路工作时，上下开关管的死区时间，用以快速响应系统负载的变化，避免了死区时间的计算过程。
本发明的优点及显著效果：
1、采用遗传算法，优化减小每个电源系统中因为器件误差带来的参数误差，从而得到准确的控制参数。
2、电路简单，无需专用集成电路的复杂控制，成本低，可靠性好。
附图说明
图1是本发明控制参数T,d,x,y,a,b的示意图；
图2是本发明整体结构方框图；
图3是本发明前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路和后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路图；
图4是以微控制器为控制核心的控制电路方框图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行详细的说明:
图1是所述的控制参数T,d,x,y,a,b在所述开关波形中所代表的具体含义。T和d分别代表开关周期和死区时间，x,y,a,b分别代表开关波形中相移的大小。
图2是系统的整体框图。包括前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路、后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路、采样电路、采样放大隔离电路以及以微控制器为核心的控制电路构成的控制系统。采样电路采样后级定频LLC调压电路的输出电压V o和输出电流I o前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路的输入电压V in和输入电流I in然后通过放大隔离电路输出至以微控制器为核心的控制电路，以微控制器为核心的控制电路输出信号控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路的开关管S 1,S 2,S 3,S 4后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的开关管S 5,S 6。
参看图3，采样放大隔离电路含有四个运算放大器，其中，运算放大器k 1对应输出电压V o采样电路，运算放大器k 1的负端连接输出电压V o采样输出端，运算放大器k 1的正端连接输出地端；运算放大器k 2对应输入电压V in采样电路，运算放大器k 2的负端连接输入电压V in采样输出端，运算放大器k 2的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 3对应输入电流I in采样电路，运算放大器k 3的负端连接输入电流I in采样输出端，运算放大器k 3的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 4对应输出电流I o采样电路，运算放大器k 4的负端连接输出电流I o采样输出端，运算放大器k 4的正端连接输出地端；
微控制器为控制核心的控制电路包括AD转换模块、定时器模块、遗传算法模块以及脉冲宽度调制发生模块，AD转换模块的输入信号为运算放大器k 1,k 2,k 3,k 4的输出信号，AD转换模块将转换后的输出电压值,输入电压值，输入电流值，输出电流值输出给遗传算法模块。遗传算法模块根据AD转换模块采集到的值，评估控制参数的优劣。并将待评估的控制参数输出给脉冲宽度调制模块。
脉冲宽度调制发生模块输出的占空比信号通过相移控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路以及后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的开关管。遗传算法模块优化控制公式中的变量k；
遗传算法模块优化的控制公式如下所示，其中的变量包括，控制变量：这里指的是控制板控制整个系统工作所需要对系统板所输出的开关时序，具体变量为T、d、x、y、a和b；输入变量：这指的是由外界所输入的量，具体指的是系统板上采样得到的量，具体为前级电路输入电流I in和输入电压V in，后级电路输出电流I o和输出电压V o；计算变量：这里指的是通过外界输入计算得到的量，具体为前级输出电压V out、用于遗传算法计算的 变量k、前级输出电流I out、效率η、输出负载R L；还包括连接前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感感值L、开关管的输出电容C oss、后级增益G、最小流过连接前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感电流I min(I min<0)、电感电流负值变化量ΔI、确定b的计算方法的参数m、后级电路效率η 0。
其中控制变量T,d,x,y,a,b的计算过程如下公式所示
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000007
之后求得x，
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000008
然而事实上(3)式并不够准确，一个是因为原来程序中所设计的ΔI不可能精准，另外一个原因是，无法准确预测在ZVS实现期间对电流的影响。因此通过(3)所计算出来的x大概率无法让我们得到想要的V out，但是即便如此，关系式依然存在也就是说如果增大x，V out就会响应增大，如果减小x，V out就会减小，而增大和减小的量和V in呈相应的关系，可以根据这一点来对x进行微调，直到可以输出想要的V out。接下来就是需要确定a和b的取值。
a的计算公式如下所示
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000009
b的计算公式如下所示
Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-000010
其中m的值预设为0.5，在系统实际工作时根据后级电路LLC的电感电流波形再进行调整，其取值范围在0到1之间。
(4)中的k是为了表示之前设计或者输入值不精准的一个变量，为1附近的某一个常数，对于不同的输入输出来说可能会不同。算法优化流程是先按照(4)中，以k＝1代入，求得a，并验证其效率η，之后对k使用遗传算法，以优化效率，最终得到可以使效率最优化的a，并得到此时的k作为该工作状态下的最优k值，同时将其作为附近的工作状态初始的k值，不同工作状态下可以达到最优效果的k值很可能并不相同。
以微控制器为控制核心的控制电路的工作流程包括以下步骤：
1)首先根据系统的预设值对系统的相关参数进行初始化，包括设定系统的输出电压值，以及配置定时器模块，A/D转换模块，中断等相关外设的工作模式以及工作参数。其中定时器1为脉冲宽度调制产生模块所用，用于控制Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的MOS管S 1,S 2,S 3,S 4的开关，配置A/D转换模块工作于DMA模式，配置定时器1的中断以利用遗传算法模块调节驱动信号相移以优化效率。
2)遗传算法优化模块的参数初始化。设定遗传算法中的相关参数，包括种群迭代代数，每一代种群中个体的数量，每一个个体的基因长度，个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率。并设置i与n的值为0；
3)根据第i代种群中的第n个个体的基因，通过解码获得其所对应的控制公式(4)中的参数值即k，在本遗传算法模块中采用的是二进制编码方式，所述的编码即为一串二进制数字，将此数字经过分割后转换成十进制所代表的值即为控制公式(4)中的参数k。得到上述参数之后，利用带入该参数的控制公式(4)来计算出电路的控制参数。
4)脉冲宽度调制产生模块的参数由遗传算法模块设定之后，其根据其设定的变量输出驱动信号，并启动定时器模块和AD转换模块，待系统输出电压稳定之后，采集输出电压，输入电压，输出电流，输入电流来评估系统的工作效率。并将其作为3)个体的适应度。
5)判断该个体是否为该代种群中最后一个个体，若不是将n的值加一，并返回第3步执行，若是则执行下一步；
6)将该代种群中的适应度最低的个体剔除，并根据微控制产生的随机数与设定的个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率相比较，决定下一代个体的基因产生方式。当下一代所有个体的基因产生后，将i的值加一。
7)取当代种群中适应度最高也就是效率最高的个体的基因换算后的参数k为当前负载点的控制公式(4)的最优参数。
8)检测负载是否发生变化，若负载变化则返回第3步执行，否则维持现状。
同时在系统负载发生变化时系统还会使用查找表(LUT)记录负载和输出电压对应的LLC拓扑电路中，上下管的开关死区时间。这样在以后负载切换时，便可以直接查找并读取对应的死区时间。

Claims (3)

  1. 一种基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法，其特征在于：基于包括前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路、后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路、采样电路、采样放大隔离电路和以微控制器为核心的控制电路构成的控制系统，利用遗传算法优化开关电源系统的驱动波形的相移来优化电源的工作效率；采样电路采样得到系统调节过程中有关效率的评价因素，包括后级定频LLC调压电路的输出电压V o和输出电流I o，前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路的输入电压V in和输入电流I in，将上述采样结果通过各自对应的放大隔离电路输出至以微控制器为核心的控制电路，以微控制器为核心的控制电路输出信号控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的四个开关管S 1～S 4和后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的两个开关管S 5及S 6；
    采样放大隔离电路中含有四个运算放大器，其中，运算放大器k 1对应输出电压V o采样，运算放大器k 1的负端连接输出电压V o采样输出端，运算放大器k 1的正端连接输出地端；运算放大器k 2对应输入电压V in采样，运算放大器k 2的负端连接输入电压V in采样输出端，运算放大器k 2的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 3对应输入电流I in采样，运算放大器k 3的负端连接输入电流I in采样输出端，运算放大器k 3的正端连接输入地端；运算放大器k 4对应输出电流I o采样，运算放大器k 4的负端连接输出电流I o采样输出端，运算放大器k 4的正端连接输出地端；
    微控制器为控制核心的控制电路包括AD转换模块、定时器模块、遗传算法模块以及脉冲宽度调制发生模块，AD转换模块的输入信号为四个运算放大器k 1,k 2,k 3,k 4的输出信号，AD转换模块将转换后的输出电压V o的值、输入电压V in的值、输入电流I in的值和输出电流I o的值输出给遗传算法模块，遗传算法模块根据AD转换模块采集到的值，评估遗传算法过程中所用到的控制公式中的计算参数k的优劣，利用不同的计算参数k计算出的控制参数T、d、x、y、a、b输出给脉冲宽度调制发生模块，通过不断迭代得到适应于系统的最优的计算参数k，最终得到使系统的工作效率达到最优的控制公式中的计算参数k和控制参数T、d、x、y、a、b，脉冲宽度调制发生模块计算输出的占空比信号通过相移控制前级Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的四个开关管S 1～S 4和后级定频LLC调压拓扑电路的两个开关管S 5及S 6；；
    遗传算法过程中所用到的控制公式如式(1)(2)(3)所示，其中包括：
    控制参数：这里指的是控制板控制整个系统工作所需要对系统板所输出的开关时序，具体为T、d、x、y、a和b；T和d分别代表开关管的开关周期和开关死区时间，x,y,a,b分别代表不同开关管之间相移量的大小；
    输入变量：指的是由外界所输入的量，即系统板上采样得到的量，具体为前级Buck-Boost电路的输入电流I in和输入电压V in，后级LLC电路的输出电流I o和输出电压V o；
    计算变量：指的是通过外界输入计算得到的量，具体为前级输出电压V out、用于遗传算法评估的计算参数k、前级输出电流I out、效率η、输出负载R L；还包括连接前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感值L、开关管的输出电容C oss、后级增益G、最小流过前级桥臂中点和后级桥臂中点的电感电流I min，I min<0、电感电流负值变化量ΔI、确定b的计算公式中的的参数m、后级电路效率η 0；
    控制参数T,d,x,y,a,b的计算过程如下公式所示
    Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-100002
    之后求得x，
    Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-100003
    接下来就是需要确定a和b的取值；
    a的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-100004
    b的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2019079090-appb-100005
    其中m的值预设为0.5，在系统实际工作时根据后级电路LLC的电感电流波形再进行调整，其取值范围在0到1之间；
    算法优化流程是先按照(4)中，以计算参数k＝1代入，求得a，并验证其效率η，之后对计算参数k使用遗传算法，以优化效率，最终得到可以使效率最优化的a，并得到此时的计算参数k作为该工作状态下的最优计算参数k值，同时将其作为附近的工作状态初始的计算参数k值，不同工作状态下达到最优效果的计算参数k值不一定相同。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法，其特征在于：以微控制器为控制核心的控制电路的工作流程包括以下步骤：
    1)首先根据系统的预设值对系统的相关参数进行初始化，包括设定系统的输出电压值V 0，以及配置包括定时器模块、A/D转换模块、中断相关外设的工作模式以及工作参数，定时器模块内设有多个子定时器，其中的定时器1为脉冲宽度调制产生模块所用，用于控制Buck-Boost升降压拓扑电路中的MOS管S 1,S 2,S 3,S 4的开关，配置A/D转换模块工作于DMA模式，配置定时器1的中断以利用遗传算法模块调节驱动信号相移以优化效率；
    2)遗传算法优化模块的参数初始化，设定遗传算法中的相关参数，包括种群迭代代数，每一代种群中个体的数量，每一个个体的基因长度，个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率。并设置i与n的值为0；
    3)根据第i代种群中的第n个个体的基因，通过解码获得其所对应的控制公式(4)中的参数值即计算参数k，在遗传算法模块中采用的是二进制编码方式，所述的编码即为一串二进制数字，将此数字经过分割后转换成十进制所代表的值即为控制公式(4)中的计算参数k，然后利用带入该参数的控制公式(4)来计算出电路的控制参数T、d、x、y、a和b；
    4)脉冲宽度调制产生模块的参数由遗传算法算法模块设定之后，其根据其设定的变量输出驱动信号，并启动定时器模块和AD转换模块，待系统输出电压稳定之后，采集输出电压V o，输入电压V in，输出电流I o，输入电流I in来评估系统的工作效率，并将其作为3)个体的适应度；
    5)判断该个体是否为该代种群中最后一个个体，若不是将n的值加一，并返回第3)步执行，若是则执行下一步；
    6)将该代种群中的适应度最低的个体剔除，并根据微控制产生的随机数与设定的个体间基因发生交叉的概率，个体的基因发生变异的概率相比较，决定下一代个体的基因产生方式。当下一代所有个体的基因产生后，将i的值加一；
    7)取当代种群中适应度最高也就是效率最高的个体的基因换算后的计算参数k为当前负载点的控制公式(4)的最优参数；
    8)检测负载是否发生变化，若负载变化则返回第3步执行，否则维持现状；
    9)系统负载发生变化时系统使用查找表LUT记录负载和输出电压V o对应的LLC拓扑电路中，上下管的开关死区时间，这样在以后负载切换时，便可以直接查找并读取对应的死区时间。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的基于遗传算法的效率优化电源控制方法，其特征在于：当 系统启动时，遗传算法模块进行相关参数初始化，同时设置微控制的相关外设参数，包括定时器模块、A/D转换模块，然后系统利用初始参数初始化脉冲宽度调制产生模块，然后基于非支配排序的遗传算法模块开始工作，并初始化产生种群P，通过解码种群中每个个体的编码得到控制公式的计算参数k，并应用于脉冲宽度调制产生模块，然后利用定时器与A/D转换模块相配合得到系统的输出电压V o、输入电压V in、输出电流I o、输入电流I in，从而计算得出系统的工作效率，并以此为个体的适应度，种群评估完毕后找出最优的个体，同时在开关电源系统中还设有LUT用以储存输出电压和负载所对应的LLC拓扑电路工作时，上下开关管的死区时间，用以快速响应系统负载的变化，避免了死区时间的计算过程。
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