WO2019242782A1 - 一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法 - Google Patents

一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019242782A1
WO2019242782A1 PCT/CN2019/100472 CN2019100472W WO2019242782A1 WO 2019242782 A1 WO2019242782 A1 WO 2019242782A1 CN 2019100472 W CN2019100472 W CN 2019100472W WO 2019242782 A1 WO2019242782 A1 WO 2019242782A1
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Prior art keywords
grinding wheel
parameters
smoothing
micro
discharge
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PCT/CN2019/100472
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
谢晋
何铨鹏
杨浩
雷嘉铭
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华南理工大学
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Priority to US17/048,105 priority Critical patent/US20210278817A1/en
Publication of WO2019242782A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019242782A1/zh

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/18Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
    • G05B19/182Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by the machine tool function, e.g. thread cutting, cam making, tool direction control
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/001Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces involving the use of electric current
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/10Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation involving electrical means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/06Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/18Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
    • G05B19/416Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by control of velocity, acceleration or deceleration
    • G05B19/4163Adaptive control of feed or cutting velocity
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/06Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels
    • B24B53/08Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels controlled by information means, e.g. patterns, templets, punched tapes or the like
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/18Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
    • G05B19/406Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by monitoring or safety
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/30Nc systems
    • G05B2219/45Nc applications
    • G05B2219/45161Grinding machine
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/30Nc systems
    • G05B2219/49Nc machine tool, till multiple
    • G05B2219/49074Control cutting speed

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of micro-abrasive grain smoothing of diamond grinding wheels, and in particular, to an on-line precise control method of micro-scale abrasive grain smoothing parameters.
  • the surface quality of the workpiece in precision grinding depends on the morphology and distribution of the diamond micro-abrasive particles.
  • trimming techniques such as mechanical anti-grinding, electric spark contact discharge, and laser can control the edge appearance of diamond micro-abrasive grains, and solve the problems of micro-abrasive grain generation and uniformity.
  • precision detection instruments such as scanning electron microscopes and white light interferometers
  • the problem of online evaluation of the micro-abrasive diamond abrasive grain parameters has not yet been solved.
  • an on-line monitoring device for micro-discharge dressing and dressing of grinding wheels [Patent No .: ZL20 1511010161.X, Authorization Date: 2017.10.20]
  • the patent discloses the dressing and dressing of the grinding wheel.
  • the method for online evaluation of abrasive particle cutting parameters is based on the following: a machine vision is used to take a three-dimensional image of the micro abrasive particle cutting edge, and then the image processing software is used to extract the morphological feature values and convert them into digital information. Furthermore, the extracted cutting edge parameters and reference The values are compared. According to the comparison results and the pulse discharge parameters obtained in real time, the CNC machine tool control system is used to adaptively adjust the power parameters and machine motion parameters to achieve the online dressing and trimming of the micro-wear particles of the grinding wheel.
  • this technology has the following disadvantages:
  • the detection method has large limitations, and the detection can only be performed when the grinding wheel is stationary, and the detection effect is affected by the size of the abrasive particles, which makes it difficult to achieve real-time monitoring of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters;
  • micro-abrasive grain morphology collected by the camera is a two-dimensional image, and the image distortion is prone to be caused by the light-transmittance of the micro-abrasive grain. These factors will affect subsequent data processing and make the extracted abrasive grain morphological characteristics There is a large error in the value.
  • the predicted height of the abrasive grains and the effective number of abrasive grains on the grinding wheel can only reflect the state of the micro-abrasives, but fail to accurately monitor the smoothing and morphological characteristics online;
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, and provide an online precise control method of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters.
  • This method does not require robot vision technology, and only needs to control the workstation and the CNC machine during the smoothing process.
  • the device communicates with the power supply, and the smoothing effect of the micro-abrasive particles can be accurately controlled online through the system's feedback of the number of wheel rotations, pulse discharge parameters and machine tool movement parameters.
  • the working principle is: Each time the particle cutting edge makes contact with the electrode once, it is gradually smoothed by the combined action of grinding force, grinding heat, and instantaneous high temperature of electric spark discharge (that is, the mechanical thermochemical effect).
  • the removal amount and the abrasive particle size, The pulse discharge parameters are related to the machine's motion parameters.
  • the on-line precise control of the abrasive grain cutting edge smoothing area can be achieved by adjusting the number of rotations of the grinding wheel.
  • a method for on-line accurate control of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters which is characterized by including the following steps: [0014] 1 The electrode and the diamond grinding wheel to be leveled are clamped on the numerical control machine tool, and the diamond grinding wheel (+), the electrode (-), the power source, the voltage / current sensor, and the data acquisition card are connected in a positive manner to form a discharge circuit, and the workstation Communication with power supply and controller of CNC machine tools;
  • [0015] 2 During the in-situ trimming process, set the grinding wheel parameters, the target value of the number of rotations of the grinding wheel, and plan the grinding wheel path, and control the machine tool through the machine-PC online monitoring software and power supply-PC online monitoring software according to the collected pulse discharge parameters. Movement parameters and power parameters, control the discharge current and discharge voltage within the range of 3 ⁇ 6A and 2 ⁇ 5V below the open circuit voltage of the power supply respectively, and use the machine's movement parameters to calculate the number of rotations of the grinding wheel;
  • [0017] 4 Compare the statistics of the number of grinding wheel rotations with the set target value. After reaching the target value, use the grinding wheel rotation number, the pulse discharge parameter and the machine tool motion parameter to calculate the cutting edge smoothing area and the cutting edge of the smoothed abrasive grains. At the same time, the workstation sends a stop command to the machine-PC online monitoring software, and the machine stops working.
  • the premise of accurately controlling the smoothing area of the micro-abrasive cutting edge by the number of rotations of the grinding wheel is to control the discharge current and the discharge voltage to 3 to 6 A and 2 to 5 V below the open circuit voltage of the power supply, respectively.
  • the microabrasive particles can obtain a good graphitization removal efficiency, and can also prevent a large amount of molten material from adhering to the surface of the grinding wheel bonding agent during the discharge process.
  • Factors such as the number of grinding wheels, pulse discharge parameters, and machine tool movement parameters directly affect the graphitization removal efficiency of the abrasive grain cutting edge.
  • the pulse discharge parameters and machine motion parameters are usually controlled within a specific range, the maximum smoothing area of the cutting edge and the maximum effective rotation of the grinding wheel mainly depend on the number of grinding wheels, and different numbers of grinding wheels correspond to Control range of different pulse discharge parameters and machine motion parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a large amount of experimental data in the early stage and establish an expert database through neural networks, deep learning, etc., in order to achieve online precise control of the micro abrasive grain smoothing parameters of different meshes.
  • step 2 the feedback control mode of the machine tool motion parameters and power parameters is: Prioritize the adjustment of the grinding wheel speed or / and the table feed speed, and then adjust the current limit value and adjust the open circuit again. If the voltage still cannot meet the control requirements, finally adjust the cutting depth and re-plan the wheel path.
  • the speed of the grinding wheel is 1500 ⁇ 3000rpm
  • the feed rate of the table is 20 ⁇ 200 mm / min
  • the cutting depth is 1 ⁇ 3 [ xm
  • the open circuit voltage is 15 ⁇ 30V
  • the current limiting value is 0.1 ⁇ 2A.
  • the reason for adopting this preferred scheme for adjustment is that: during the bit smoothing process, the pulse discharge parameters increase with the increase of the discharge gap (load resistance), and the discharge gap and machine tool movement parameters, and the height of the abrasive particle cutting edge Related.
  • controlling the discharge gap by adjusting the machine's movement parameters, especially the grinding wheel speed and the table feed speed can produce a good electric spark discharge, and thus make the micro abrasive particles Its cutting edge is removed by graphitization.
  • Adjusting the parameters of the power supply can increase / decrease the discharge energy, but does not affect the formation of the discharge gap.
  • the cutting depth can only be determined by the imported machine motion program, after adjusting the cutting depth, it is necessary to re-plan the wheel path.
  • step (3) the target value is determined by the processing quality level in the expert database according to the actual use requirements of the workpiece.
  • the machine tool-PC online monitoring software and power source-PC online monitoring software include manual control and remote control functions, wherein the data reading and transmission method of the remote control function is: real-time or every interval 1 Read and transmit intermittently for ⁇ 5 minutes.
  • the machine tool-PC online monitoring software includes an adjustment function of the spindle override and the feed override, and when the stop instruction is read, the grinding wheel and the electrode are separated and each decelerated to zero; the power supply-PC
  • the online monitoring software includes open-circuit voltage, current limit, duty cycle and frequency adjustment functions.
  • the power source is a direct current power source
  • the electrode is an iron-based electrode
  • the voltage sensor and the current sensor are a high-frequency response voltage sensor and a high-frequency response current sensor, respectively
  • the granularity of the diamond wheel is # 24 ⁇ # 240.
  • step (4) the calculating the cutting edge smoothing area and the height of the cutting edge of the smoothed microabrasive particles by using the number of rotations of the grinding wheel, the pulse discharge parameter and the machine tool movement parameter specifically includes the steps:
  • a, b, and c are coefficients related to power source parameters and electrode materials, Is the discharge voltage; is the discharge current; ⁇ is a coefficient related to the chip length; £> is the diameter of the grinding wheel; W is the speed of the grinding wheel; V / is the feed rate of the table; it is the cutting depth;
  • ⁇ max is the maximum smoothing area of the cutting edge
  • n max is the maximum effective number of grinding wheel rotations, and is the statistical number of grinding wheel rotations during the in-situ smoothing process
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a micro-scale abrasive particle in-situ smoothing system.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart of on-line precise control of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters.
  • FIG. 3 is a multi-variable feedback control flow chart of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing in place.
  • FIG. 4 (a) is a calculation model diagram of a single-layer trimming area of a cutting edge.
  • FIG. 4 (b) is a calculation model diagram of the single-layer removal height of the cutting edge.
  • FIG. 5 (a) is a pulse discharge waveform tracking and a corresponding chip electron microscopy image of the micro-abrasive particle smoothing process using electric spark + arc discharge smoothing.
  • FIG. 5 (b) is a pulse discharge waveform tracking and corresponding chip electron microscopy image of the discharge waveform when electric spark discharge is used for smoothing of microabrasive particles.
  • FIG. 6 (a) is an electron micrograph of the micro-abrasive grain morphology of abrasive grain a under different smoothing parameters.
  • FIG. 6 (b) is an electron micrograph of the micro-abrasive grain morphology of the abrasive grain b under different smoothing parameters.
  • FIG. 7 is a relationship diagram between a cutting edge smoothing area and a workpiece surface roughness.
  • FIG. 8 (a) is a graph showing the change of the cutting edge smoothing area of the abrasive grain a with the number of rotations of the grinding wheel.
  • FIG. 8 (b) is a graph showing the change of the cutting edge smoothing area of the abrasive grain b with the number of rotations of the grinding wheel.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the change of the removal height of the single layer of the abrasive grains a and b with the number of rotations of the grinding wheel.
  • the # 46 diamond grinding wheel smoothing is taken as an example to describe in detail the working principle of the on-line precise control method of the micro-scale abrasive grain smoothing parameter of the present invention, and further verify the technical effect of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 a micro-scale abrasive particle in-situ smoothing system is shown in FIG. 1.
  • An electrode 7 and a diamond grinding wheel 8 to be smoothed are clamped on a numerically controlled machine tool 6.
  • the diamond grinding wheel 8 (+) and the electrode 7 ( -), Power supply 3, voltage / current sensor 4/5, and data acquisition card 11 are connected to form a discharge circuit;
  • an expert database 1 is installed on workstation 12, and the power-PC online monitoring software 2 and machine tool-PC online monitoring software 10 are installed respectively It communicates with the power source 3 and the controller 9 of the CNC machine tool.
  • the power source-PC online monitoring software 2 and the machine tool-PC online monitoring software 10 can read the data files generated by the workstation 12 under the specified path in real time or every 1 to 5 minutes and transfer them to the power source 3 respectively. And CNC machine tool controller 9, and then adjust the open circuit voltage, current limit value, duty cycle and frequency of the power supply as well as the spindle override (grinding wheel speed) and feed override (table feed speed) of the machine tool; the data acquisition card 11 can be online The pulse discharge signals sent by the voltage sensor 4 and the current sensor 5 are collected, and the data are transmitted to the workstation 12.
  • the empirical data such as the pulse discharge parameters corresponding to different grinding wheel parameters in the expert database 1, the maximum smoothing area of the cutting edge, and the maximum number of effective grinding wheel rotations can be used for the on-line precise control of the smoothing parameters of the microabrasive grains.
  • the empirical data such as the pulse discharge parameters corresponding to different grinding wheel parameters in the expert database 1, the maximum smoothing area of the cutting edge, and the maximum number of effective grinding wheel rotations can be used for the on-line precise control of the smoothing parameters of the microabrasive grains.
  • FIG. 2 is an on-line precise control flow of micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters. The specific steps are described as follows:
  • [0058] 1 Before trimming the micro-abrasive particles, input the wheel parameters such as the wheel diameter, mesh number, and concentration on the workstation 12, and set the processing quality level according to the processing requirements of the actual parts to determine the target value of the wheel rotation number through the expert database 1.
  • the expert database 1 corresponding to the initial setting parameters empirical data power (open-circuit voltage limiting value E h /,.), the machine motion parameters (wheel speed W, the table feed speed V /, depth of cut a P) and planning Grinding wheel path.
  • [0059] 2 Perform in-situ smoothing of microabrasive particles, according to the collected pulse discharge parameters (discharge voltage Discharge current /)
  • the machine tool-PC online monitoring software 10 and power supply-PC online monitoring software 2 are used to feedback control the machine tool motion parameters and power supply parameters, respectively, to control the discharge current and discharge voltage to 3 ⁇ 6A and lower than the open circuit voltage 2 ⁇ 5V range to obtain good microabrasive cutting edge graphitization removal efficiency.
  • FIG. 3 is a feedback control flow of micro-scale abrasive particles in-situ trimming, and the specific steps are described as follows:
  • the data acquisition card 11 intermittently collects the pulse discharge signals issued by the voltage sensor 4 and the current sensor 5, the workstation ⁇ After the discharge current, determine whether it is within the range of 3 ⁇ 6A and 2 ⁇ 5V below the open circuit voltage of the power supply. If it is satisfied, continue the in-situ trimming; otherwise, perform feedback control on the pulse discharge parameters.
  • the parameter adjustment step size setting includes a grinding wheel speed N of 100 to 200 rpm / time, a table feed speed V / of 100 to 200 mm / min / time, a cutting depth a p of lpm / time, and a current limiting value of 0.1.
  • open circuit voltage is 2 ⁇ 5V / time.
  • the diamond grinding wheel 8 grinds the electrode 7 so that a discharge gap is formed between the raised chips and the surface of the grinding wheel bonding agent, and a pulsed electric spark is generated under the open circuit voltage output by the power source 3. Discharge.
  • the height of the abrasive particle edge is approximately the sum of the discharge gap and the chip lifting height.
  • the discharge gap is related to the pulse discharge parameters (//)
  • the chip lifting height is proportional to the chip length, and it is affected by the machine's motion parameters (grinding wheel table feed speed V / , cutting depth a p ). Therefore, the abrasive particle height
  • a, b, and c are coefficients related to power source parameters and electrode materials, d is a coefficient related to chip length, and D is a diameter of a grinding wheel.
  • FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b) The calculation model of the single-layer removal height of the cutting edge and its smoothing area are shown in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b).
  • the contours of the micro-abrasive cutting edges before and after smoothing are similar, assuming a certain
  • the removal volume of a single layer of a microabrasive cutting edge within a period of time is a fixed value, which is related to factors such as the number of grinding wheels and pulse discharge parameters. Therefore, the cutting edge single layer removal height And smoothed area They are:
  • the number of grinding wheel rotations L can be calculated according to formulas (1) and (3).
  • the influence of the grinding wheel path and the machine's motion parameters must be considered.
  • micro-scale abrasive particles and the extraction of their morphological characteristic parameters usually rely on sophisticated detection instruments such as white light interference and super depth of field. Even with the help of robot vision systems, it is difficult to achieve online micro-wear particle smoothing.
  • Monitoring, and the technology described in the present invention is not a simple superposition of the existing technology. The essential difference is that the micro abrasive grain smoothing parameters are accurately controlled online by the number of grinding wheel rotations, pulse discharge parameters and machine tool movement parameters. This is not in the field. Basic common sense.
  • due to different evaluation methods of the micro-abrasive particle smoothing parameters and their theoretical basis even those skilled in the art cannot establish an expert database related to the technology described in the present invention, even if they combine basic common knowledge and limited experiments.
  • FIGS. 5 (a) and 5 (b) The pulse discharge waveform tracking and chipping during the microabrasive grain smoothing process are shown in FIGS. 5 (a) and 5 (b).
  • Principle of constant voltage and constant current conversion, along with the cutting depth during the trimming process EDM discharge will gradually switch to EDM + arc discharge. Among them, electric spark
  • the amplitude is less than 18V and unstable, and it is easy to fall below 4V, while the frequency of the discharge current is greater than 400Hz, but the amplitude is less than 3A; the discharge voltage and discharge current / J ⁇ of the spark discharge are always greater than 20V and 3A, and the discharge current The frequency of / is less than 100Hz.
  • the chips generated by EDM smoothing are doped with a large amount of spherical melt.
  • FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b) The morphology of the micro-abrasive particles under different smoothing parameters is shown in FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b).
  • EDM + arc discharge the dressing surface of the micro-abrasive particles does not change significantly, and its single-layer removal height It is about 3.2pm / r, and the smoothing efficiency is 339 (Vm 3 / min; under the electric spark discharge, the micro-abrasive particles on the grinding wheel are quickly smoothed at an efficiency of 5520 [ xm 3 / min, and the single layer removal height can reach 4.1 P m / r.
  • the smoothing area of the abrasive grains a and b under the electric spark discharge is increased by 118% and 34% compared with that under the electric spark + arc discharge, and the uniformity a of the abrasive grains is increased by 26%.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate that the amount of heat released by EDM + arc discharge is much smaller than that of EDM, and that the necessary condition to obtain a good microabrasive cutting edge graphitization removal efficiency is that the cutting edge absorbs enough heat. Therefore, it is necessary to perform feedback control on the pulse discharge parameters and machine tool movement parameters during bit trimming to generate a stable electric spark discharge, that is, to control the discharge current and discharge voltage to 3 ⁇ 6A and 2 ⁇ 5V below the open circuit voltage of the power supply, respectively. Within range.
  • FIG. 7 The relationship between the cutting edge smoothing area and the surface roughness of the workpiece is shown in FIG. 7. Taking the grinding of D-star mold steel as an example, the workpiece surface roughness a decreases as the smoothing area ⁇ increases. Compared with sharpening, the smoothed cutting edge smoothing area can reach 2769 (Vm 2 , which further improves the surface roughness of the workpiece by 63%. After being smoothed, the micro-abrasive particles have a large stiffness coefficient, a smooth flat surface, a high cutting edge and good uniformity, which can be used for precision machining of difficult-to-cut materials.
  • the processing quality level of the mold steel can be further divided, and the flattened area corresponding to different processing quality levels can be determined.
  • machining quality level 3 (roughing) 0 means sharpening
  • machining quality level 2 (semi-finishing) — 5 c 12000 ⁇ im 2
  • axial feed A z lmm.
  • the cutting edge smoothing area ⁇ gradually increases with the increase of the number of rotations of the grinding wheel, but when> 5.04 ⁇ 10 6 times, the abrasive grains a and abrasive grains
  • the cutting edge smoothing area of b is stable at 3100 (Vm 2 and 1370 (Vm 2) .
  • the removal height of the single layer of microabrasive particles at each smoothing stage can be calculated. As shown: With the increase of the number of rotations of the grinding wheel, the removal height of the single layer of abrasive grains a and b /?
  • the above-mentioned method is used to accurately control the micro-scale abrasive particle smoothing parameters online, which not only simplifies the process of extracting and analyzing the micro-abrasive particle smoothing parameters, but also flexibly adjusts the number of rotations of the grinding wheel to obtain different sizes.
  • Cutting edge smoothing area can meet the processing quality requirements of different parts.
  • the invention discloses an online precise control method of micro-scale abrasive grain smoothing parameters, comprising the steps of: 1 clamping electrodes and a diamond grinding wheel, etc. to form a discharge circuit, and the workstation communicates with a power source and a CNC machine tool controller; 2 according to The pulse discharge parameter feedback controls the machine's motion parameters and power parameters, controls the discharge current and voltage, and calculates the number of rotations of the grinding wheel. 3 According to the parameters of the grinding wheel and pulse discharge, the maximum smoothing area of the cutting edge and the maximum effective number of rotations of the grinding wheel are determined. The number of grinding wheel rotations is used to precisely control the abrasive grain cutting edge smoothing area.
  • the invention can precisely control the smoothing effect of the micro-abrasive particles on-line only by parameters such as the number of rotations of the grinding wheel fed back by the in-situ smoothing system, and can obtain the cutting edge smoothing area of different sizes to meet different processing quality requirements.

Abstract

一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法,包括步骤:①装夹好电极(7)和金刚石砂轮(8)等构成放电回路,且工作站(12)与电源(3)和数控机床控制器(9)通讯;②根据脉冲放电参数反馈控制机床运动参数和电源参数,控制放电电流和电压且计算砂轮旋转圈数;③根据砂轮及脉冲放电等参数确定切削刃最大修平面积及最大有效砂轮旋转圈数后,通过统计的砂轮旋转圈数在线精准控制磨粒切削刃修平面积;④当统计的砂轮旋转圈数达到目标值后,计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积和出刃高度,机床停止工作。

Description

一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法 技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及金刚石砂轮的微磨粒修平技术领域, 具体涉及一种微尺度磨粒修平 参数的在线精准控制方法。
背景技术
[0002] 精密磨削中的工件表面质量取决于金刚石微磨粒的出刃形貌和分布状况。 目前 , 采用机械对磨、 电火花接触放电、 激光等修整技术可控制金刚石微磨粒的出 刃形貌, 解决了微磨粒的出刃和等齐性问题。 然而, 由于微尺度金刚石磨粒出 刃形貌的提取和分析通常依赖于扫描电子显微镜、 白光干涉仪等精密检测仪器 , 在砂轮修整中, 尚未解决微磨粒出刃参数在线评价问题。
[0003] 为解决该问题, “一种砂轮微放电修锐修整的在线监控装置”, 【专利号: ZL20 1511010161.X, 授权日期: 2017.10.20】 专利中公开了修锐修齐的砂轮微磨粒出 刃参数在线评价方法, 其原理是: 通过机器视觉拍摄微磨粒的出刃三维图像, 再借助图像处理软件提取其形貌特征值并转换成数字信息, 而且, 将提取的出 刃参数与参考值进行比较, 根据比较结果和实时获取的脉冲放电参数, 利用数 控机床控制系统自适应调节电源参数及机床运动参数, 以实现砂轮微磨粒的在 线修锐修整。 然而, 该技术存在以下不足:
[0004] 机器人视觉系统成本昂贵, 且在砂轮放电修整过程中, 为了防止切屑、 电火花 飞溅而对 CCD摄像头造成损坏, 必须采取防护措施;
[0005] 检测方法存在较大的局限性, 必须在砂轮静止状态下才能进行检测, 且检测效 果受磨粒尺寸的影响, 难以实现对微尺度磨粒修平参数的实时监控;
[0006] 摄像头所采集的微磨粒形貌均为二维图像, 且因微磨粒的透光性易产生图像失 真, 这些因素都会对后续数据处理造成影响, 使提取的磨粒形貌特征值存在较 大的误差。
[0007] 此外, “砂轮微磨粒修平的脉冲放电修整参数和运动参数控制方法”, 【专利号 : CN201710823408.2, 申请日期: 2017.09.13】 专利中公开了微磨粒修平过程中 的脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数控制方法, 其原理是: 根据放电间隙和切屑扬 起高度关系建立的磨粒出刃高度模型, 通过在位调节机床运动参数的方式将放 电电压控制在 19~23V范围内, 以实现微磨粒切削刃的石墨化修平, 而且, 通过 追踪脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数可预测磨粒出刃高度和砂轮有效磨粒数, 为 实现智能修平创造有利条件。 然而, 该技术也存在以下不足:
[0008] 上述技术的着重点在于如何解决微磨粒切削刃石墨化修平效率问题, 虽然涉及 到脉冲放电修整参数和机床运动参数的在线监控方法, 但尚未解决在线监控系 统搭建问题;
[0009] 预测的磨粒出刃高度和砂轮有效磨粒数只能反映出微磨粒的出刃状态, 但未能 对其修平形貌特征进行在线精准监控;
[0010] 在修平过程中, 仅将磨粒出刃高度和砂轮有效磨粒数作为衡量微磨粒修平效果 的指标, 未能体现其修平形貌在实际加工中的应用价值, 尤其是粗金刚石磨粒 , 且难以满足修平时间控制要求。
发明概述
技术问题
问题的解决方案
技术解决方案
[0011] 本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足, 提供一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线 精准控制方法, 该方法无需采用机器人视觉技术, 修平过程中只需将工作站与 数控机床的控制器和电源通讯, 通过系统反馈的砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数 和机床运动参数即可在线精准控制微磨粒的修平效果, 其工作原理是: 修整过 程中砂轮工作面上凸起的微磨粒切削刃每旋转一圈与电极接触一次, 进而在磨 削力、 磨削热和电火花放电瞬时高温的共同作用下 (即机械热化学效应) 逐渐 被修平, 其去除量与磨粒尺寸、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数相关, 利用微磨 粒修平前后的相似性, 通过调节砂轮旋转圈数可实现磨粒切削刃修平面积的在 线精准控制。
[0012] 本发明解决上述技术问题的技术方案是:
[0013] 一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其特征在于, 包括以下步骤: [0014] ①数控机床上装夹好电极和待修平的金刚石砂轮, 以正极性方式将金刚石砂轮 (+) 、 电极 (-) 、 电源、 电压 /电流传感器、 数据采集卡连接构成放电回路, 且工作站与电源和数控机床的控制器通讯;
[0015] ②在位修平过程中, 设定砂轮参数、 砂轮旋转圈数目标值和规划砂轮路径, 根 据采集的脉冲放电参数分别通过机床 -PC在线监控软件和电源 -PC在线监控软件 反馈控制机床运动参数和电源参数, 将放电电流和放电电压分别控制在 3~6A和 低于电源开路电压 2~5V范围内, 且利用机床运动参数计算砂轮旋转圈数;
[0016] ③从专家数据库 1中选取对应砂轮参数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数下的切 削刃最大修平面积及其最大有效砂轮旋转圈数后, 通过统计的砂轮旋转圈数在 线精准控制修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积;
[0017] ④将统计的砂轮旋转圈数与设定的目标值比较, 待达到目标值后, 利用砂轮旋 转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积和出 刃高度, 同时工作站向机床 -PC在线监控软件发送停机指令, 机床停止工作。
[0018] 通过砂轮旋转圈数在线精准控制微磨粒切削刃修平面积的前提是需将放电电流 和放电电压分别控制在 3~6A和低于电源开路电压 2~5 V范围内, 这是为了使微磨 粒获得良好的石墨化去除效率, 还可防止放电过程中大量的熔融物附着在砂轮 结合剂表面。
[0019] 砂轮目数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数等因素直接影响磨粒切削刃的石墨化 去除效率。 在位修平过程中, 由于脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数通常被控制在 特定范围内, 切削刃最大修平面积和最大有效砂轮旋转圈数主要取决于砂轮目 数, 而不同的砂轮目数又对应于不同的脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数控制范围 。 因此, 前期需获得大量的实验数据并通过神经网络、 深度学习等方式建立专 家数据库, 以实现不同目数的微磨粒修平参数在线精准控制。
[0020] 作为一种优选方案, 在步骤②中, 所述机床运动参数和电源参数的反馈控制方 式为: 优先调节砂轮转速或 /和工作台进给速度, 其次调节限流值, 再次调节开 路电压, 若仍无法满足控制要求, 最后调节切削深度并重新规划砂轮路径。
[0021] 进一步地, 在调节机床运动参数或 /和电源参数阶段中: 当放电电流小于 3A或 / 和放电电压低于电源开路电压 5V时, 增大砂轮转速或 /和限流值, 减小工作台进 给速度或 /和开路电压或 /和切削深度; 当放电电流大于 6A或 /和放电电压大于电 源开路电压 2V时, 减小砂轮转速或 /和限流值, 增大工作台进给速度或 /和开路电 压或 /和切削深度。 其中, 砂轮转速为 1500~3000rpm, 工作台进给速度为 20~200 mm/min, 切削深度为 l~3[xm, 开路电压为 15~30V, 限流值为 0.1~2A。
[0022] 采用这种优选方案进行调节的原因在于: 在位修平过程中, 脉冲放电参数随着 放电间隙 (负载电阻) 的增大而增大, 且放电间隙与机床运动参数、 磨粒出刃 高度相关。 根据电源的恒压恒流转换工作原理, 通过调节机床运动参数尤其是 砂轮转速和工作台进给速度来控制放电间隙可产生良好的电火花放电, 进而使 微磨粒在不脱落的前提下对其切削刃进行石墨化去除。 而调节电源参数可增大 / 减小放电能量, 但不影响放电间隙的形成。 此外, 因切削深度只能通过导入的 机床运动程序确定, 在调节切削深度后, 需重新规划砂轮路径。
[0023] 进一步地, 在步骤③中, 所述目标值根据工件实际使用需求通过专家数据库中 的加工质量等级确定。
[0024] 进一步地, 所述机床 -PC在线监控软件和电源 -PC在线监控软件包括手动控制和 远程控制功能, 其中, 所述远程控制功能的数据读取和传输方式为: 实时或每 间隔 1~5分钟间隙性地读取传输。
[0025] 进一步地, 所述机床 -PC在线监控软件包括主轴倍率和进给倍率的调节功能, 且当读取到停机指令时, 将砂轮和电极分离并各自减速至零; 所述电源 -PC在线 监控软件包括开路电压、 限流值、 占空比和频率的调节功能。
[0026] 进一步地, 所述电源为直流电源, 所述电极为铁基电极; 所述电压传感器和电 流传感器分别为高频响应电压传感器和高频响应电流传感器; 所述金刚石砂轮 粒度为 #24~#240。
[0027] 进一步地, 步骤④中, 所述利用砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数 计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积和出刃高度具体包括步骤:
Figure imgf000006_0001
( 1)
[0030] 式中, a、 b和 c为与电源参数和电极材料相关的系数,
Figure imgf000007_0001
为放电电压; 为放 电电流, ^为与切屑长度相关的系数, £>为砂轮直径, W为砂轮转速, V /为工作 台进给速度, 为切削深度;
[0031] 计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积 s -.
Figure imgf000007_0002
[0033] 式中, ^max为切削刃最大修平面积, nmax为最大有效砂轮旋转圈数, 为统计 的在位修平过程中的砂轮旋转圈数,
Figure imgf000007_0003
为修平前的微磨粒切削刃面积, 初始状 态下, 5 c,<1000[,im 2 °
发明的有益效果
有益效果
[0034] 本发明与现有技术相比具有以下的有益效果:
[0035] 1.无需采用机器人视觉技术, 只需通过在位修平系统反馈的砂轮旋转圈数、 脉 冲放电参数和机床运动参数即可在线评价修平微磨粒的修平面积和出刃高度, 避免复杂繁琐的检测和数据处理过程, 为实现微尺度磨粒修平的智能化控制提 供理论和技术支撑。
[0036] 2.由于修平过程中的砂轮旋转圈数可灵活调节, 因此只需通过控制砂轮旋转圈 数即可获得不同大小的切削刃修平面积, 这种调节方式灵活、 方便, 可实时调 节以满足不同零件的加工质量需求。
[0037] 3.系统的稳定性不受电火花放电、 熔融切削飞溅等外在因素的影响, 且开发成 本低, 操作简便, 还可应用于精密磨削 /放电磨削加工的工艺参数在线控制。
[0038]
对附图的简要说明
附图说明
[0039] 图 1为微尺度磨粒在位修平系统示意图。 [0040] 图 2为微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制流程图。
[0041] 图 3为微尺度磨粒在位修平的多变量反馈控制流程图。
[0042] 图 4(a)为切削刃单层修平面积计算模型图。
[0043] 图 4(b)为切削刃单层去除高度计算模型图。
[0044] 图 5(a)为微磨粒修平过程中采用电火花 +电弧放电修平时的脉冲放电波形追踪及 对应的切屑电镜图。
[0045] 图 5(b)为微磨粒修平过程中采用电火花放电修平时的的脉冲放电波形追踪及对 应的切屑电镜图。
[0046] 图 6(a)为磨粒 a在不同修平参数下的微磨粒形貌电镜图。
[0047] 图 6(b)为磨粒 b在不同修平参数下的微磨粒形貌电镜图。
[0048] 图 7为切削刃修平面积与工件表面粗糙度的关系图。
[0049] 图 8(a)为磨粒 a的切削刃修平面积随砂轮旋转圈数的变化图。
[0050] 图 8(b)为磨粒 b的切削刃修平面积随砂轮旋转圈数的变化图。
[0051] 图 9为磨粒 a和磨粒 b的切削刃单层去除高度随砂轮旋转圈数的变化图。
[0052] 图中所示: 1-专家数据库; 2 -电源 -PC在线监控软件; 3 -电源; 4 -电压传感器;
5 -电流传感器; 6 -数控机床; 7 -电极; 8 -金刚石砂轮; 9 -数控机床控制器; 10-机 床 -PC在线监控软件; 11-数据采集卡; 12 -工作站。
发明实施例
本发明的实施方式
[0053] 下面结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述, 但本发明的实施方式不 限于此。
[0054] 参见图 1〜 9, 以 #46金刚石砂轮修平为例, 详细说明本发明的微尺度磨粒修平 参数的在线精准控制方法的工作原理, 进而验证本发明的技术效果。
[0055] 微尺度磨粒的在位修平系统如图 1所示, 在数控机床 6上装夹好电极 7和待修平 的金刚石砂轮 8, 以正极性方式将金刚石砂轮 8 (+) 、 电极 7 (-) 、 电源 3、 电压 /电流传感器 4/5、 数据采集卡 11连接构成放电回路; 在工作站 12上安装专家数据 库 1, 并分别通过电源 -PC在线监控软件 2和机床 -PC在线监控软件 10与电源 3和数 控机床的控制器 9进行通讯。 [0056] 其中, 电源 -PC在线监控软件 2和机床 -PC在线监控软件 10可实时或每间隔 1~5分 钟间隙地读取在指定路径下由工作站 12生成的数据文件并分别传输至电源 3和数 控机床控制器 9 , 进而调节电源的开路电压、 限流值、 占空比和频率以及机床的 主轴倍率 (砂轮转速) 和进给倍率 (工作台进给速度) ; 数据采集卡 11可在线 采集由电压传感器 4与电流传感器 5发出的脉冲放电信号, 并将数据传输至工作 站 12。 此外, 专家数据库 1中不同砂轮参数对应的脉冲放电参数、 切削刃最大修 平面积、 最大有效砂轮旋转圈数等经验数据可用于微磨粒修平参数的在线精准 控制, 这些数据首先通过前期实验获得, 当积累足够多的实验数据后, 再借助 神经网络、 深度学习等方式对其进行训练, 以满足不同微尺度磨粒修平参数的 在线精准控制需求。
[0057] 图 2为微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制流程, 具体步骤说明如下:
[0058] ①微磨粒修平前, 在工作站 12上输入砂轮直径、 目数和浓度等砂轮参数, 根据 实际零件的加工需求设定加工质量等级以通过专家数据库 1确定砂轮旋转圈数目 标值 而且根据专家数据库 1中相应的经验数据初步设定电源参数 (开路电压 E h 限流值 / ,.) 、 机床运动参数 (砂轮转速 W, 工作台进给速度 V /, 切削深度 a P) 并规划砂轮路径。
[0059] ②进行微磨粒的在位修平, 根据采集的脉冲放电参数 (放电电压
Figure imgf000009_0001
放电电 流 /) 分别通过机床 -PC在线监控软件 10和电源 -PC在线监控软件 2反馈控制机床 运动参数和电源参数, 将放电电流和放电电压分别控制在 3~6A和低于电源开路 电压 2~5V范围内以获得良好的微磨粒切削刃石墨化去除效率。
[0060] ③在位修平过程中, 为对微磨粒修平参数进行在线精准控制, 从专家数据库 1 中选取对应砂轮参数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数下的切削刃最大修平面积 x 及其最大有效砂轮旋转圈数 nmax, 实时统计砂轮旋转圈数 并与确定的目标值 n t进行比较。
[0061] ④当统计的砂轮旋转圈数 大于目标值 n t时, 利用砂轮旋转圈数 L 脉冲放电 参数 ( ^和/ J 以及机床运动参数 ( V jm a p) , 根据建立的切削刃单层修 平面积模型和磨粒出刃高度模型计算修平微磨粒的修平面积和出刃高度。 而且 , 工作站 12向机床 -PC在线监控软件 10发送停机指令, 当数控机床控制器 9读取 到停机指令时, 将金刚石砂轮 8和电极 7分离并各自减速至零。
[0062] 图 3为微尺度磨粒在位修平反馈控制流程, 具体步骤说明如下:
[0063] ①微磨粒在位修平过程中, 数据采集卡 11间歇性地采集由电压传感器 4与电流 传感器 5发出的脉冲放电信号, 工作站
Figure imgf000010_0001
卩放电 电流 后, 判断其是否分别在 3~6A和低于电源开路电压 2~5V范围内。 若满足, 继续进行在位修平, 否则, 对脉冲放电参数进行反馈控制。
[0064] ②在反馈控制阶段, 优先考虑调节机床运动参数中的砂轮转速 M/和工作台进 给速度 V/, 其次考虑调节限流值 /,., 再次考虑调节开路电压 £,., 若仍无法满足 控制要求, 最后考虑调节切削深度 ap。 其中, 参数调节的步长设定包括砂轮转 速 N为 100~200rpm/次, 工作台进给速度 V/为 100~200mm/min/次, 切削深度 a p 为 lpm/次, 限流值 为 0.1~0.2A/次, 开路电压 为 2~5V/次。
[0065] ③当开路电压为 15S E <30V时, 判断砂轮转速 W和工作台进给速度 V/
是否在 1500S A^3000rpm和 2(K V/dOOmm/min范围内。 若满足, 调节机床运动 参数 (麟卩 V/) , 否则, 调节电源参数 ( 和/,.) 。
[0066] ④在调节机床运动参数
Figure imgf000010_0002
V/) 阶段, 判断放电电流和放电电压是否为 / <3AfP Uc<Er5V, 若满足, 增大砂轮转速 M/和减小工作台进给速度v/, 否 贝1 J, 减小砂轮转速
Figure imgf000010_0003
[0067] ⑤在调节电源参数 (£,和 /,.) 阶段, 当 / j3A和 jEr5V时, 判断限流值是 否为 K2A, 若满足, 增大限流值 /,., 否则, 减小开路电压 ; 当 /^6A和
Figure imgf000010_0004
判断限流值是否为 /20.1A, 若满足, 减小限流值 /,., 否则, 增大 开路电压
Figure imgf000010_0005
[0068] ⑥在调节机床运动参数
Figure imgf000010_0006
V/) 和电源参数 (E, ·和 /,.) 后, 若仍无法满足 控制要求, 最后考虑调节切削深度 aP, 即当开路电压为 £<15V或 E 30V时, 判断放电电流和放电电压是否为 / j3A和 jEr5V, 若满足, 减小切削深度 fl P, 否则, 增大切削深度 ap。 此外, 在调节切削深度时, 需完成单次切削深度下 的砂轮路径后再重新规划路径。
[0069] 实验结论表明, 在砂轮微磨粒修平过程中, 减小砂轮转速或增大工作台进给速 度和切削深度均可减小扬起切屑与砂轮结合剂之间形成的放电间隙, 且切削深 度的影响程度远大于砂轮转速和工作台进给速度, 其中, 切削深度每增加 lpm可 降低脉冲放电电压 1~ 1.5V, 且易使切屑堆积在放电间隙中而发生脉冲电弧放电 ; 根据电源的恒压恒流转换原理, 调节限流值 / ,.和开路电压 均可改变放电能 量, 这将直接影响砂轮结合剂的去除效率, 而且限流值 作为恒压恒流模式转 换的临界值, 直接影响电源的能量利用率。 因此, 采用上述方案进行调节。
[0070] 关于在位修平过程中通过系统反馈的砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动 参数是否可在线精准控制微磨粒的修平效果, 可通过理论验证。
[0071] 在位修平过程中, 金刚石砂轮 8对电极 7起磨削作用, 使扬起的切屑与砂轮结合 剂表面之间形成放电间隙, 并在由电源 3输出的开路电压 下产生脉冲电火花放 电。 而且, 磨粒出刃高度近似为放电间隙和切屑扬起高度之和。 其中, 放电间 隙与脉冲放电参数 ( [/和 ) 相关, 切屑扬起高度与切屑长度成正比, 且受机 床运动参数 (砂轮转速 工作台进给速度 V /, 切削深度 a p) 影响。 因此, 磨 粒出刃高度
Figure imgf000011_0001
[0072]
Figure imgf000011_0002
[0073] 式中, a、 b和 c为与电源参数和电极材料相关的系数, d为与切屑长度相关的 系数, D为砂轮直径。
[0074] 切削刃单层去除高度及其修平面积计算模型如图 4(a)、 4(b)所示, 在位修平过 程中, 修平前后微磨粒切削刃的轮廓具有相似性, 假设某一时段内的微磨粒切 削刃单层去除体积为定值, 该定值与砂轮目数、 脉冲放电参数等因素相关。 因 此, 切削刃单层去除高度
Figure imgf000011_0003
及其修平面积
Figure imgf000011_0004
分别为:
Figure imgf000011_0005
Figure imgf000012_0001
(3)
[0077] 式中, /z ,为磨粒的总去除高度,
Figure imgf000012_0002
为修平前的微磨粒切削刃面积, 初始状态 下, 5 c,<1000[,im 2 °
[0078] 综上所述, 若已知对应砂轮参数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数下的切削刃最 大修平面积 s 及其最大有效砂轮旋转圈数 nmax后, 通过统计在位修平过程中的 砂轮旋转圈数 L 根据式 (1) 和 (3) 即可计算出微磨粒的修平面积和出刃高度 。 此外, 统计砂轮旋转圈数 时需考虑砂轮路径、 机床运动参数的影响。
[0079] 需强调的是, 微尺度磨粒的检测及其形貌特征参数提取通常依赖于如白光干涉 、 超景深等精密的检测仪器, 即使借助机器人视觉系统也难以实现微磨粒修平 的在线监控, 而本发明所述的技术也不是现有技术的简单叠加, 其本质区别在 于通过砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数对微磨粒修平参数进行在 线精准控制, 这不是本领域中的基础常识。 而且, 由于微磨粒修平参数评价方 式及其理论依据的不同, 本领域技术人员即使结合本领域的基本常识和有限次 的实验, 也无法建立与本发明所述技术相关的专家数据库。
[0080] 下面通过实施例说明本发明中对脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数进行反馈控制的 必要性以及专家数据库中加工质量等级、 切削刃最大修平面积 最大有效 砂轮旋转圈数 nmax等参数的获取方法。
[0081] 实施例 1
[0082] 在微磨粒的修平实验中, 将 #46金刚石砂轮 (直径 Z)=150mm, 青铜结合剂) 与 铁电极 (45钢) 固定在数控机床上 (SMART 818) , 以正极性方式与石墨电刷 、 示波器 (DS1102E) 、 直流电源 (DCS80) 、 电压和电流传感器 (RP1000D和 RP1001C) 连接构成放电回路。 为产生不同的电火花放电, 以开路电压 E ,.=25V , 限流值 / ,.=0.1A, 砂轮转速 A/=2400rpm, 工作台进给速度 v^SOmm/min, 轴向 进给△z=lmm, 切削深度 a P=1和 5pm进行实验, 每组修平时间为 20小时。
[0083] 微磨粒修平过程中的脉冲放电波形追踪及切屑如图 5(a)、 5(b)所示, 根据电源 的恒压恒流转换原理, 在修平过程中随着切削深度
Figure imgf000013_0001
电火花放电会逐 渐向电火花 +电弧放电转换。 其中, 电火花
Figure imgf000013_0002
幅值小于 18V且不稳定, 易下降至 4V以下, 而放电电流 的频率大于 400Hz, 但 幅值小于 3A; 电火花放电的放电电压 和放电电流 / J畐值始终大于 20V和 3A, 而放电电流 /的频率小于 100Hz。 此外, 与电火花 +电弧放电比较, 电火花放电修 平所产生的切屑中掺杂了大量的球状熔融物。
[0084] 不同修平参数下的微磨粒形貌如图 6(a)、 6(b)所示, 在电火花 +电弧放电下, 微 磨粒的修整面变化不明显, 其单层去除高度约为 3.2pm/r, 修平效率为 339(Vm 3 /min; 在电火花放电下, 砂轮上的微磨粒以 5520[xm 3/min的效率被快速修平, 其 单层去除高度可达 4.1Pm/r。 因此, 电火花放电下的磨粒 a和 b的修平面积比电火 花 +电弧放电下的增大了 118%和 34%, 进而使磨粒等齐性 a提高了 26%。
[0085] 图 5和 6说明了电火花 +电弧放电释放的热量远小于电火花放电, 而且获得良好 的微磨粒切削刃石墨化去除效率的必要条件是切削刃吸收足够多的热量。 因此 , 在位修平过程中有必要对脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数进行反馈控制, 以产 生稳定的电火花放电, 即将放电电流和放电电压分别控制在 3~6A和低于电源开 路电压 2~5V范围内。
[0086] 此外, 根据上述的实验数据, 可确定式 ( 1) 中的四个系数 a、 b、 c和 d, 所以 具体的磨粒出刃高度计算公式为:
[0087]
Figure imgf000013_0003
[0088] 需说明的是, 当电源型号、 电极和砂轮结合成分剂等条件发生变化时, 磨粒出 刃高度模型中的系数也会发生变化, 但结构形式不变, 即式 (4) 仅作为本发明 中的一个例子。
[0089] 切削刃修平面积与工件表面粗糙度的关系如图 7所示, 以 D-star模具钢的磨削加 工为例, 工件表面粗糙度 a随着修平面积^的增大而减小, 与修锐对比, 修平 后的切削刃修平面积可达 2769(Vm 2, 进而使工件表面粗糙度提高了 63%, 说明 修平后的微磨粒因其刚度系数大, 修平面光滑平整, 出刃高且等齐性好, 可用 于难切削材料的精密加工。 因此, 通过修平面积与表面粗糙度的关系, 可进一 步地划分出模具钢的加工质量等级, 并确定不同加工质量等级下所对应的修平 面积。 例如, 加工质量等级 3 (粗加工) 一 =0, 即修锐; 加工质量等级 2 (半 精加工) — 5 c=12000^im 2; 加工质量等级 1 (精加工) — 5 c=20000^im 2=
[0090] 下面通过另一个实施例说明本发明的专家数据库中切削刃最大修平面积 s
Figure imgf000014_0001
最大有效砂轮旋转圈数 nmax的获取方法。
[0091] 实施例 2
[0092] 类似地, 将 #46金刚石砂轮 (直径 Z)=150mm, 青铜结合剂) 与铁电极 (45钢) 固定在数控机床上 (SMART
818) , 以正极性方式与石墨电刷、 示波器 (DS1102E) 、 直流电源 (DCS80)
、 电压和电流传感器 (RP1000D和 RP1001C) 连接构成放电回路, 以开路电压 £ =25 V, 砂轮转速 ^2400 111, 切削深
Figure imgf000014_0002
(电火花放电) , 轴向进给 A z = lmm进行实验。 为了将放电电流和电压分别控制在 3~6A和 19~23V范围内, 在 位修平过程中调节工作台进给速度 V / (初始值
Figure imgf000014_0003
或限流值 (初始 值 / ,.=0.1A) , 且规定旋转圈数每达到 1.26x10 6次后对砂轮截块上的微磨粒形貌 进行检测。
[0093] 如图 8(a)、 8(b)所示, 切削刃修平面积^随砂轮旋转圈数 的增大而逐渐增大, 但当 > 5.04x10 6次后, 磨粒 a和磨粒 b的切削刃修平面积分别稳定在 3100(Vm 2 和 1370(Vm 2。 此外, 根据式 (2) 可计算出每个修平阶段下的微磨粒单层去除高 度 „, 其变化规律如图 9所示: 随着砂轮旋转圈数的增大, 磨粒 a和磨粒 b的单层 去除高度 /?„ (加权平均值) 分别从 15.8pm/r和 14.5pm/r减小至 2.7pm/r和 1.5pm/r, 并最终趋近于 0。 这说明在微磨粒逐渐被修平的过程中, 由于其刚度系数的增大 和切削刃表层温升的急剧下降, 进而导致石墨化去除效率的减小。
[0094] 根据图 8和 9中的分析, 当砂轮旋转圈数 > 5.04x10 6时, 切削刃修平面积不再 发生变化。 然而, 由于在 3.78x10 6< /t< 5.04x10 6
下的平均单层去除高度仅为 2.1Pm/r, 从效率和成本方面考虑均与实际生产需求 不相符。 因此, 确定 #46金刚石砂轮在脉冲放电参数 / =3~6A和 t/ =19~23V下的 切削刃最大修平面积 s 和最大有效砂轮旋转圈数 nmax分别为 s cmax=21600^im 2 和 nmax=3.78xl0 6。 在确定切削刃最大修平面积 s 和最大有效砂轮旋转圈数 n max后, 还可通过式 (3) 进一步得出不同加工等级 (切削刃修平面积 ) 所对应 的砂轮旋转圈数目标值
Figure imgf000015_0001
而且, 根据上述实施例 1和 2可进一步确定 #46微磨粒 在位修平中设定的初始机床运动参数和电源参数分别为: A/=2400rpm, v / =80mm/min, a p=\\mi, E;=25 V , / ;=0.1A以及砂轮路径中的△ z=lmm。
[0095] 综上所述, 采用上述方法对微尺度磨粒修平参数进行在线精准控制, 不仅可简 化微磨粒修平参数的提取及分析过程, 而且通过灵活调节砂轮旋转圈数来获得 不同大小的切削刃修平面积, 可满足不同零件的加工质量需求。
[0096] 上述为本发明较佳的实施方式, 但本发明的实施方式并不受上述内容的限制, 其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、 修饰、 替代、 组合 、 简化, 均应为等效的置换方式, 都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
[0097]
[0098] 本发明公开了一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 包括步骤: ①装 夹好电极和金刚石砂轮等构成放电回路, 且工作站与电源和数控机床控制器通 讯; ②根据脉冲放电参数反馈控制机床运动参数和电源参数, 控制放电电流和 电压且计算砂轮旋转圈数; ③根据砂轮及脉冲放电等参数确定切削刃最大修平 面积及最大有效砂轮旋转圈数后, 通过统计的砂轮旋转圈数在线精准控制磨粒 切削刃修平面积; ©当统计的砂轮旋转圈数达到目标值后, 计算修平微磨粒的 切削刃修平面积和出刃高度, 机床停止工作。 本发明只需通过在位修平系统反 馈的砂轮旋转圈数等参数即可在线精准控制微磨粒的修平效果, 能获得不同大 小的切削刃修平面积, 以满足不同的加工质量需求。
[0099]

Claims

权利要求书
[权利要求 1] 一种微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其特征在于, 包括以 下步骤:
①数控机床 (6)上装夹好电极 (7)和待修平的金刚石砂轮 (8), 以正极性 方式将金刚石砂轮 (8)、 电极 (7)、 电源 (3)、 电压传感器 (4)、 电流传感 器 (5)、 数据采集卡 (11)连接构成放电回路, 且工作站 (12)与电源⑶和 数控机床的控制器 (9)通讯;
②在位修平过程中, 设定砂轮参数、 砂轮旋转圈数目标值和规划砂轮 路径, 根据采集的脉冲放电参数分别通过机床 -PC在线监控软件 (10) 和电源 -PC在线监控软件 (2)反馈控制机床运动参数和电源参数, 将放 电电流和放电电压分别控制在 3~6A和低于电源开路电压 2~5 V范围内
, 且利用机床运动参数计算砂轮旋转圈数;
③从专家数据库 (1)中选取对应砂轮参数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动 参数下的切削刃最大修平面积及其最大有效砂轮旋转圈数后, 通过统 计的砂轮旋转圈数在线精准控制修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积;
④将统计的砂轮旋转圈数与设定的目标值比较, 待达到目标值后, 利 用砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床运动参数计算修平微磨粒的切 削刃修平面积和出刃高度, 同时工作站 ( 12)向机床 -PC在线监控软件 ( 1 0)发送停机指令, 机床停止工作。
[权利要求 2] 根据权利要求 1所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于, 在步骤②中, 所述机床运动参数和电源参数的反馈控制方 式为: 优先调节砂轮转速或 /和工作台进给速度, 其次调节限流值, 再次调节开路电压, 若仍无法满足控制要求, 最后调节切削深度并重 新规划砂轮路径。
[权利要求 3] 根据权利要求 2所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于, 在调节机床运动参数或 /和电源参数阶段中: 当放电电流 小于 3A或 /和放电电压低于电源开路电压 5V时, 增大砂轮转速或 /和限 流值, 减小工作台进给速度或 /和开路电压或 /和切削深度; 当放电电 流大于 6A或 /和放电电压大于电源开路电压 2V时, 减小砂轮转速或 /和 限流值, 增大工作台进给速度或 /和开路电压或 /和切削深度。
[权利要求 4] 根据权利要求 2所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于, 所述的砂轮转速为 1500~3000rpm, 工作台进给速度为 20~
200mm/min, 切削深度为 l~3[xm, 开路电压为 15~30V, 限流值为 0.1~ 2A。
[权利要求 5] 根据权利要求 1所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于, 在步骤②中, 所述目标值根据工件实际使用需求通过专家 数据库 (1)中的加工质量等级确定。
[权利要求 6] 根据权利要求 1至 5任意一项所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控 制方法, 其特征在于, 所述机床 -PC在线监控软件 (10)和电源 -PC在线 监控软件 (2)包括手动控制和远程控制功能, 其中, 所述远程控制功 能的数据读取和传输方式为: 实时或每间隔 1 ~5分钟间隙地读取传输
[权利要求 7] 根据权利要求 6所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于, 所述机床 -PC在线监控软件 (10)包括主轴倍率和进给倍率 的调节功能, 且当读取到停机指令时, 将砂轮和电极分离并各自减速 至零; 所述电源 -PC在线监控软件 (2)包括开路电压、 限流值、 占空比 和频率的调节功能。
[权利要求 8] 根据权利要求 1所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于: 所述电源 (3)为直流电源, 所述电极 (7)为铁基电极, 所述 电压传感器 (4)和电流传感器 (5)分别为高频响应电压传感器和高频响 应电流传感器, 所述金刚石砂轮 (8)粒度为 #24~#240。
[权利要求 9] 根据权利要求 1所述的微尺度磨粒修平参数的在线精准控制方法, 其 特征在于: 步骤④中, 所述利用砂轮旋转圈数、 脉冲放电参数和机床 运动参数计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积和出刃高度具体包括步骤 计算修平微磨粒的出刃高度 H
Figure imgf000018_0001
式中, a、 b和 c为与电源参数和电极材料相关的系数, [^为放电电 压; 为放电电流, ^为与切屑长度相关的系数, £>为砂轮直径, W 为砂轮转速, V/为工作台进给速度,
Figure imgf000018_0002
为切削深度;
计算修平微磨粒的切削刃修平面积 s^:
Figure imgf000018_0003
式中,
Figure imgf000018_0004
为切削刃最大修平面积, nmax为最大有效砂轮旋转圈数, 为统计的在位修平过程中的砂轮旋转圈数, s f,为修平前的微磨粒切 削刃面积, 初始状态下, 5c,<1000[,im2 o
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