WO2019214210A1 - 空气弹簧 - Google Patents

空气弹簧 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019214210A1
WO2019214210A1 PCT/CN2018/117114 CN2018117114W WO2019214210A1 WO 2019214210 A1 WO2019214210 A1 WO 2019214210A1 CN 2018117114 W CN2018117114 W CN 2018117114W WO 2019214210 A1 WO2019214210 A1 WO 2019214210A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
rubber pile
support member
upper cover
rubber
air spring
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2018/117114
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
苏鹏
张波
宋红光
王国栋
Original Assignee
中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司 filed Critical 中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司
Priority to ES18917901T priority Critical patent/ES2909476T3/es
Priority to EP18917901.3A priority patent/EP3754221B1/en
Priority to RU2020132324A priority patent/RU2745366C1/ru
Publication of WO2019214210A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019214210A1/zh
Priority to US17/025,885 priority patent/US20210003187A1/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F16F9/0454—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall characterised by the assembling method or by the mounting arrangement, e.g. mounting of the membrane
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F16F9/0409—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall characterised by the wall structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F13/00—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs
    • F16F13/002—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising at least one fluid spring
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F13/00—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs
    • F16F13/005—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a wound spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper
    • F16F13/007—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a wound spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F13/00—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs
    • F16F13/04—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper
    • F16F13/06—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper
    • F16F13/20—Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper characterised by comprising also a pneumatic spring
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F3/00—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic
    • F16F3/08—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber
    • F16F3/10—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
    • F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
    • F16F9/0418—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall having a particular shape, e.g. annular, spherical, tube-like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F2230/00—Purpose; Design features
    • F16F2230/0005—Attachment, e.g. to facilitate mounting onto confer adjustability
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F2230/00—Purpose; Design features
    • F16F2230/24—Detecting or preventing malfunction, e.g. fail safe
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F2234/00—Shape
    • F16F2234/04—Shape conical

Definitions

  • the present application belongs to the technical field of rail vehicle vibration damping devices, and more particularly to an air spring.
  • the air spring is installed between the vehicle body and the bogie to transmit vertical load, lateral load and torque, absorb vertical and lateral vibration, provide horizontal restoring force, etc., and has greater stability and comfort to the vehicle. influences.
  • the air spring comprises an upper cover, an air bag and a rubber pile, wherein the upper cover is located below the vehicle body or the bolster, and functions to seal and transmit the load.
  • the air bag is located below the upper cover, and the rubber pile is located below the air bag, and the air spring is normally inflated.
  • the airbag plays a major role of damping, and at the same time, the rubber piles up the auxiliary damping effect.
  • the air spring is airless due to the failure of the airbag, etc., the rubber piles up the main damping effect to ensure the vehicle is in the speed limit state. Drive down while the airbag is no longer functioning.
  • the air spring When the air spring is used in the absence of air, it is generally desirable to have a low rubber pile stiffness under low load conditions to ensure a high ride comfort of the vehicle, and it is desirable that the rubber pile is stiff under heavy load conditions. To avoid damage to other parts due to the sinking of the car body.
  • the existing air spring products adopt a rubber pile or two rubber piles in series. When the rubber pile is compressed by the upper cover, the vertical load and the vertical displacement show an approximate exponential relationship, and the vertical load - The vertical displacement curve is a continuous curve, which results in a gentle increase in the stiffness of the rubber pile when changing from a low load condition to a heavy load condition, thereby causing the deflection of the rubber pile under both heavy and no load conditions. The difference is large, and thus it is impossible to effectively prevent the occurrence of damage to other components due to the sinking of the vehicle body.
  • the present application proposes an air spring for the above technical problems existing in the existing air spring.
  • An air spring includes an upper cover, an air bag, a first rubber pile and a second rubber pile.
  • the air bag is disposed between the upper cover and the first rubber pile, and the first rubber pile is hollow to form a chamber, and the first rubber pile
  • the chamber penetrates the top of the first rubber pile in a vertical direction, and the top of the first rubber pile is connected with a first support member, and the top of the first support member corresponds to the upper cover to contact the upper cover when the air bag is airless
  • a second rubber pile is fixedly disposed inside the first rubber pile chamber, and a second support member is connected to the top of the second rubber pile, and the top of the second support member corresponds to the upper cover to be used when the air bag is airless
  • the height difference ⁇ h, ⁇ h ⁇ 0 between the top of the second support and the top of the first support when the air bag is airy.
  • the height of the top of the second support is higher than the height of the top of the first support.
  • the absolute value of ⁇ h has a value in the range of 10 mm ⁇
  • the first support member is sleeved on the outside of the second support member.
  • the first support member is in sliding engagement with the second support member.
  • the first support and/or the second support are friction blocks.
  • the first rubber pile is a laminated rubber pile or an hourglass rubber pile.
  • the second rubber pile is one of a laminated rubber pile, an hourglass rubber pile or a tapered rubber pile.
  • the air spring of the present application sets the second rubber pile and the second support in parallel on the basis of the first rubber pile and the first support, and sets the height difference ⁇ h between the top of the second support and the top of the first support. 0.
  • the upper cover first contacts the first support member or the second support member to transmit the vertical load to the first rubber pile or the second rubber pile, thereby ensuring the low load condition.
  • the comfort of the vehicle ride, and then the upper cover simultaneously contacts the first support member and the second support member after entering the heavy load condition from the low load condition to simultaneously transmit the vertical load to the first rubber pile and the second
  • the stiffness of the air spring increases instantaneously.
  • the vertical load-vertical displacement curve is abruptly changed, thereby significantly reducing the difference in deflection under both heavy and no-load conditions. Effectively avoiding the damage of other parts due to the sinking of the car body.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the overall structure of an embodiment of an air spring of the present application
  • Figure 2 is a structural view of the air spring of Figure 1 when the air bag is airless and under low load conditions;
  • Figure 3 is a structural view of the air spring of Figure 1 when the air bag is airless and under heavy load conditions;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the vertical load-vertical displacement curve of the air spring of the present application.
  • an air spring includes an upper cover 1, an air bag 2, and a first rubber pile 3.
  • the air bag 2 is disposed between the upper cover 1 and the first rubber pile 3.
  • the first rubber pile 3 is hollowly disposed to form a cavity. a chamber, the chamber of the first rubber pile 3 penetrates the top of the first rubber pile 3 in a vertical direction, and the top of the first rubber pile 3 is connected with a first support member 4, and the top of the first support member 4 corresponds to the upper cover 1
  • the air springs are the same or similar, so the application will not be described here; in order to ensure the ride comfort under low load conditions, and under heavy load conditions, the vehicle can be prevented from damaging other components due to the sinking of the vehicle body.
  • the air spring of the present application further includes a second rubber pile 5, and the second rubber pile 5 is fixedly sleeved inside the chamber of the first rubber pile 3 to be connected in parallel with the first rubber pile 3, and the top of the second rubber pile 5 is connected to the first
  • the top of the second support member 6 corresponds to the upper cover 1 to contact the upper cover 1 when the air bag 2 is airless
  • the first support member 4 is designed to avoid the second support member 6
  • the second support member 6 can transmit the vertical load received by the upper cover 1 to the second rubber pile 5 through contact with the upper cover 1; 2 when there is gas, between the top of the second support member 6 and the top of the first rubber pile 3, more specifically, the height difference ⁇ h ⁇ 0 between the top of the second support member 6 and the top of the first support member 4,
  • the air spring of the present application sets the second rubber pile 5 and the second support member 6 in parallel on the basis of the first rubber pile 3 and the first support member 4, and sets the top of the second support member 6 and the first support member. 4 the height difference ⁇ h ⁇ 0 between the tops, when the airbag 2 is airless, the upper cover 1 first comes into contact with the first support 4 or the second support 6 to transfer the vertical load to the first rubber pile 3 or The second rubber pile 5, thereby ensuring the comfort of the vehicle ride under low load conditions, and then the upper cover 1 and the first support member 4 and the second support member 6 after entering from the low load condition to the heavy load condition Simultaneous contact to transfer the vertical load to the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5 at the same time, the stiffness of the air spring is instantaneously increased, and as shown in FIG. 4, the vertical load-vertical displacement curve is abruptly changed. , thereby significantly reducing the difference in deflection under both heavy and no-load conditions, thereby effectively avoiding the phenomenon of damage to
  • the range of ⁇ h is based on the actual low load condition and heavy load.
  • the value of ⁇ h ranges from 10 mm ⁇
  • can be 15 mm, 20 mm or 25 mm, etc., so that it can be better and lower.
  • the reasonable distinction between the load and the heavy load requirement can better ensure the safety of the vehicle in the case of instantaneous parking, etc., where
  • the height of the top of the second support member 6 is higher than the height of the top of the first support member 4, thereby the airbag 2
  • the second rubber pile 5 is responsible for damping under airless low load conditions (see Fig. 2), and is simultaneously damped by the second rubber pile 5 and the first rubber pile 3 under the heavy airless condition of the air bag 2. (See Figure 3).
  • the airbag 2 can also be disposed in a natural state (in a state where the airbag 2 is in a gas state), and the height of the top of the first support member 4 is set higher than that of the second support member. 6 the height of the top portion, whereby the first rubber pile 3 is responsible for vibration reduction under the low air load condition of the air bag 2, and the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber are under the heavy air condition of the air bag 2 without air. Heap 5 is jointly damped.
  • the first support member 4 is sleeved on the outside of the second support member 6, thereby being capable of limiting the first The movement of the two support members 6 in the horizontal direction, thereby limiting the relative lateral offset between the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5.
  • the first support member 4 and the second support member 6 are both friction blocks, so that when the upper cover 1 is in contact with each other, the upper cover 1 can be displaced relative to the upper cover 1 .
  • Both the member 4 and the second support member 6 are annular, and the first support member 4 and the second support member 6 are detachably and fixedly coupled to the tops of the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5 by bolts, respectively.
  • the first support member 4 is slidably engaged with the second support member 6, that is, there is no gap between the inner surface of the first support member 4 and the outer surface of the second support member 6 (including a clearance fit) to facilitate the second support
  • the piece 6 is mounted into the first support member 4) while ensuring that the second support member 6 can slide relative to the first support member 4, that is, can be relatively slid in the vertical direction, but cannot be relatively slid in the horizontal direction, Further limiting the relative lateral displacement between the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5, avoiding a lateral collision between the second support member 6 and the first support member 4, thereby improving the stability of the air spring during use. Sex.
  • first rubber pile 3 it may be a laminated rubber pile or an hourglass rubber pile, thereby being capable of providing a chamber for accommodating the second rubber pile 5 and realizing the vertical reciprocation of the second support member 6;
  • second rubber pile 5 it may be one of a laminated rubber pile, an hourglass rubber pile or a cone rubber pile, wherein the second rubber pile 5 is a laminated rubber pile, the space occupation is small, The size of the first rubber pile 3 structure is small.
  • the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5 are stacked rubber piles, and the first rubber pile 3 and the second rubber pile 5 are coaxially disposed, and the first rubber pile 3
  • the bottom mounting plate is fixedly connected to the bottom mounting plate of the second rubber pile 5 by bolts.
  • the structure of the laminated rubber pile is known to those skilled in the art, and thus the present application will not be described herein.
  • the second support member 6 first transfers the vehicle body load to the second rubber pile 5, and the second rubber pile 5 serves as a vibration damping effect, and the first rubber pile 3 is not compressed. Can not afford damping, at this time the air spring stiffness is lower, the ride comfort of the vehicle is better;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
  • Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种空气弹簧，包括上盖（1）、气囊（2）、第一橡胶堆（3）及第二橡胶堆（5），气囊（2）设置于上盖（1）及第一橡胶堆（3）之间，第一橡胶堆（3）中空设置，以形成腔室，第一橡胶堆（3）的腔室沿竖直方向贯穿第一橡胶堆（3）的顶部，第一橡胶堆（3）的顶部连接有第一支撑件（4），第一支撑件（4）的顶部与上盖（1）对应，以在当气囊（2）无气时与上盖（1）接触；第二橡胶堆（5）固定套设于第一橡胶堆（3）腔室的内部，第二橡胶堆（5）的顶部连接有第二支撑件（6），第二支撑件（6）的顶部与上盖（1）对应，以在当气囊（2）无气时与上盖（1）接触，气囊（2）有气时第二支撑件（6）顶部与第一支撑件（4）顶部之间具有高度差Δh，Δh≠0。该空气弹簧能够在低载工况下保证车辆具备乘坐舒适性，同时在重载工况下有效避免车辆因车体下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生。

Description

空气弹簧 技术领域
本申请属于轨道车辆减振设备技术领域，尤其涉及一种空气弹簧。
背景技术
空气弹簧安装在车体和转向架之间，作用为传递垂向载荷、横向载荷以及扭矩等，吸收垂向和横向振动，提供水平复原力等，对车辆的平稳性和舒适度具有较大的影响。空气弹簧包括上盖、气囊及橡胶堆，其中上盖位于车体或摇枕的下方，起密封及传递载荷的功能，气囊位于上盖的下方，橡胶堆位于气囊的下方，在空气弹簧正常充气的状态下，气囊起主要的减振作用，同时橡胶堆起辅助的减振作用，在空气弹簧因气囊失效等原因无气时，橡胶堆起主要的减振作用，以保证车辆在限速状态下行驶，同时气囊不再起作用。
空气弹簧在无气的情况下使用时，通常希望在低载工况下橡胶堆刚度较小，以保证车辆具备较高的乘坐舒适性，同时希望在重载工况下橡胶堆刚度较大，以避免因车体的下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生。然而，现有的空气弹簧产品均采用一个橡胶堆或者两个橡胶堆串联的结构形式，橡胶堆在受到上盖压缩的过程中，垂向载荷与垂向位移呈现近似指数的关系，垂向载荷-垂向位移曲线为连续曲线，由此导致在从低载工况变化为重载工况时，橡胶堆的刚度上升平缓，从而使得橡胶堆在重载和空载两种工况下的挠度差较大，进而无法有效避免因车体的下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生。
发明内容
本申请针对现有的空气弹簧存在的上述技术问题，提出一种空气弹簧。
本申请采用的技术方案为：
一种空气弹簧，包括上盖、气囊、第一橡胶堆及第二橡胶堆，气囊设置于上盖及第一橡胶堆之间，第一橡胶堆中空设置，以形成腔室，第一橡胶堆的腔室沿竖直方向贯穿第一橡胶堆的顶部，第一橡胶堆的顶部连接有第一支撑件，第一支撑件的顶部与上盖对应，以在当气囊无气时与上盖接触；第二橡胶堆固定套设于第一橡胶堆腔室的内部，第二橡胶堆的顶部连接有第二支撑件，第二支撑件的顶部与上盖对应，以在当气囊无气时与上盖接触，气囊有气时第二支撑件顶部与第一支撑件顶部之间具有高度差Δh，Δh≠0。
作为优选，所述第二支撑件顶部的高度高于所述第一支撑件顶部的高度。
作为优选，Δh的绝对值的取值范围为10mm≤|Δh|≤30mm。
作为优选，所述第一支撑件套设于所述第二支撑件的外部。
作为优选，所述第一支撑件与所述第二支撑件滑动配合。
作为优选，所述第一支撑件和/或第二支撑件为摩擦块。
作为优选，所述第一橡胶堆为叠层橡胶堆或沙漏式橡胶堆。
作为优选，所述第二橡胶堆为叠层橡胶堆、沙漏式橡胶堆或锥形橡胶堆其中之一种。
与现有技术相比，本申请的优点和积极效果在于：
本申请空气弹簧通过在第一橡胶堆和第一支撑件的基础上并联设置第二橡胶堆和第二支撑件，并且设置第二支撑件顶部与第一支撑件顶部之间的高度差Δh≠0，在当气囊无气时，上盖先与第一支撑件或第二支撑件接触，以将垂向载荷传递至第一橡胶堆或第二橡胶堆，从而保证了在低载工况下车辆乘坐的舒适性，继而在由低载工况进入到重载工况后上盖与第一支撑件和第二支撑件同时接触，以将垂向载荷同时传递至第一橡胶堆和第二橡胶堆，此时空气弹簧的刚度瞬间增大，同时如图所示，垂向载荷-垂向位移曲线发生突变，从而显著降低了在重载和空载两种工况下的挠度差，进而有效避免了因车体的下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生。
附图说明
图1为本申请空气弹簧一种实施例的整体结构示意图；
图2为图1中在当气囊无气且在低载工况下空气弹簧的结构状态图；
图3为图1中在当气囊无气且在重载工况下空气弹簧的结构状态图；
图4为本申请空气弹簧垂向载荷-垂向位移曲线示意图；
以上各图中：1、上盖；2、气囊；3、第一橡胶堆；4、第一支撑件；5、第二橡胶堆；6、第二支撑件。
具体实施方式
下面，通过示例性的实施方式对本申请进行具体描述。然而应当理解，在没有进一步叙述的情况下，一个实施方式中的元件、结构和特征也可以有益地结合到其他实施方式中。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“内”、“外”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。
参见图1，一种空气弹簧，包括上盖1、气囊2及第一橡胶堆3，气囊2设置于上盖1及第一橡胶堆3之间，第一橡胶堆3中空设置，以形成腔室，第一橡胶堆3的腔室沿竖直方向贯穿第一橡胶堆3的顶部，第一橡胶堆3的顶部连接有第一支撑件4，第一支撑件4的顶部与上盖1对应，以在当气囊2无气时与上盖1接触，从而将上盖1承受的垂向(即竖直方向)载荷传递至第一橡胶堆3，至此，以上结构及其间的连接关系与现有空气弹簧相同或相近，因此本申请在此不做赘述；为了能够在低载工况下保证车辆具备乘坐舒适性，同时在重载工况下有效避免车辆因车体下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生，本申请进一步采取以下措施：
本申请空气弹簧还包括第二橡胶堆5，第二橡胶堆5固定套设于第一橡胶堆3腔室的内部，以与第一橡胶堆3并联，第二橡胶堆5的顶部连接有第二支撑件6，第二支撑件6的顶部与上盖1对应，以在当气囊2无气时与上盖1接触，此时第一支撑件4的结构设计应当避开第二支撑件6，以保证第二支撑件6顶部与上盖1之间能够接触，第二支撑件6通过与上盖1的接触，能够将上盖1承受的垂向载荷传递至第二橡胶堆5；气囊2有气时设置第二支撑件6顶部与第一橡胶堆3顶部之间，更确切地说是设置第二支撑件6顶部与第一支撑件4顶部之间的高度差Δh≠0，此时为了使得第二支撑件6顶部和第一支撑件4顶部均能够与上盖接触，第二支撑件6与第一支撑件4之间必然为非固定连接，并且能够相对运动。
基于上述，本申请空气弹簧通过在第一橡胶堆3和第一支撑件4的基础上并联设置第二橡胶堆5和第二支撑件6，并且设置第二支撑件6顶部与第一支撑件4顶部之间的高度差Δh≠0，在当气囊2无气时，上盖1先与第一支撑件4或第二支撑件6接触，以将垂向载荷传递至第一橡胶堆3或第二橡胶堆5，从而保证了在低载工况下车辆乘坐的舒适性，继而在由低载工况进入到重载工况后上盖1与第一支撑件4和第二支撑件6同时接触，以将垂向载荷同时传递至第一橡胶堆3和第二橡胶堆5，此时空气弹簧的刚度瞬间增大，同时如图4所示，垂向载荷-垂向位移曲线发生突变，从而显著降低了在重载和空载两种工况下的挠度差，进而有效避免了因车体的下沉而损坏其他部件的现象发生。
上述需要说明的是，由于Δh的值决定了图4所示垂向载荷-垂向位移曲线发生突变时对应拐点的位置，因此Δh的取值范围是根据实际对低载工况和重载工况划分的需求而设定，通常情况下，Δh的取值范围为10mm≤|Δh|≤30mm，例如，|Δh|可以为15mm、20mm或25mm等等，以此既能够较好地对低载和重载需求的合理区分，又能够较好的保证车辆在瞬间停车等情况下使用的安全性，其中，|Δh|为Δh的绝对值。
在一个实施例中，如图1所示，在自然状态下(气囊2有气的状态下)，第二支撑件6顶 部的高度高于第一支撑件4顶部的高度，以此在气囊2无气的低载工况下由第二橡胶堆5负责减振(参见图2)，同时在气囊2无气的重载工况下由第二橡胶堆5与第一橡胶堆3共同减振(参见图3)。
可以理解的是，作为另一实施例(图中未示出)，也可设置在自然状态下(气囊2有气的状态下)，设置第一支撑件4顶部的高度高于第二支撑件6顶部的高度，由此，在气囊2无气的低载工况下由第一橡胶堆3负责减振，在气囊2无气的重载工况下由第一橡胶堆3和第二橡胶堆5共同减振。
针对第一支撑件4与第二支撑件6的位置关系，在图1至图3所示的实施例中，第一支撑件4套设于第二支撑件6的外部，以此能够限制第二支撑件6在水平方向的移动，进而限制第一橡胶堆3与第二橡胶堆5之间的相对横向偏移。
具体的，如图1至图3所示，第一支撑件4和第二支撑件6均为摩擦块，以此在与上盖1接触时，能够与上盖1发生相对位移，第一支撑件4与第二支撑件6均为环状，第一支撑件4和第二支撑件6分别通过螺栓与第一橡胶堆3及第二橡胶堆5的顶部可拆卸固定连接。
第一支撑件4与第二支撑件6滑动配合，即第一支撑件4的内表面与第二支撑件6的外表面之间不存在空隙(包括间隙配合的情形，以便于将第二支撑件6安装到第一支撑件4中)，同时保证第二支撑件6能够相对第一支撑件4滑动，即能够在竖直方向上进行相对滑动，但不能在水平方向上进行相对滑动，以进一步限制第一橡胶堆3与第二橡胶堆5之间的相对横向偏移，避免第二支撑件6与第一支撑件4之间发生横向碰撞，进而提高了空气弹簧在使用过程中的稳定性。
针对第一橡胶堆3的结构，其可以为叠层橡胶堆或沙漏式橡胶堆，以此均能够提供容纳第二橡胶堆5，以及实现第二支撑件6垂向往复运动的腔室；另外，针对第二橡胶堆5的结构，其可以为叠层橡胶堆、沙漏式橡胶堆或锥形橡胶堆其中之一种，其中第二橡胶堆5为叠层橡胶堆时，空间占用小，所需第一橡胶堆3结构的尺寸小。
具体的，如图1至图3所示，第一橡胶堆3和第二橡胶堆5均为叠层橡胶堆，第一橡胶堆3与第二橡胶堆5同轴设置，第一橡胶堆3的底部安装板与第二橡胶堆5的底部安装板通过螺栓固定连接，叠层橡胶堆的结构为本领域技术人员已知技术，因此本申请在此不做赘述。
另外，上述需要说明的是，作为叠层橡胶堆的可替代结构，沙漏式橡胶堆及锥形橡胶堆的结构亦是本领域技术人员已知技术，因此本申请在此亦不做赘述。
为了更好的理解本申请的上述技术方案，如图2和图3所示，本申请空气弹簧在当气囊 2无气时的工作过程如下：
如图2所示，当车体载荷较小时，第二支撑件6将车体载荷首先传递到第二橡胶堆5上，第二橡胶堆5起减振作用，第一橡胶堆3未被压缩不起减振作用，此时空气弹簧刚度较低，车辆的乘坐舒适度较好；
如图3所示，当车体载荷较大而使第一支撑件4和第二支撑件6上平面平齐时，第一橡胶堆3和第二橡胶堆5共同受到上盖1的压缩作用，此时由于第一橡胶堆3和第二橡胶堆5间的并联，会使空气弹簧的刚度突然增大，从而降低空气弹簧空重载下的挠度差。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种空气弹簧，包括上盖、气囊及第一橡胶堆，所述气囊设置于所述上盖及所述第一橡胶堆之间，所述第一橡胶堆中空设置，以形成腔室，所述第一橡胶堆的腔室沿竖直方向贯穿所述第一橡胶堆的顶部，所述第一橡胶堆的顶部连接有第一支撑件，所述第一支撑件的顶部与所述上盖对应，以在当所述气囊无气时与所述上盖接触，其特征在于：
    还包括第二橡胶堆，所述第二橡胶堆固定套设于所述第一橡胶堆腔室的内部，所述第二橡胶堆的顶部连接有第二支撑件，所述第二支撑件的顶部与所述上盖对应，以在当所述气囊无气时与所述上盖接触，所述气囊有气时所述第二支撑件顶部与所述第一支撑件顶部之间具有高度差Δh，Δh≠0。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第二支撑件顶部的高度高于所述第一支撑件顶部的高度。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：Δh的绝对值的取值范围为10mm≤|Δh|≤30mm。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第一支撑件套设于所述第二支撑件的外部。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第一支撑件与所述第二支撑件滑动配合。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第一支撑件和/或第二支撑件为摩擦块。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第一橡胶堆为叠层橡胶堆或沙漏式橡胶堆。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的空气弹簧，其特征在于：所述第二橡胶堆为叠层橡胶堆、沙漏式橡胶堆或锥形橡胶堆其中之一种。
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CN112096774A (zh) * 2019-06-18 2020-12-18 上海中车艾森迪海洋装备有限公司 一种空气弹簧
CN110195758B (zh) * 2019-06-19 2021-03-19 中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司 一种空气弹簧及车辆
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