WO2019192089A1 - 一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法 - Google Patents

一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法 Download PDF

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WO2019192089A1
WO2019192089A1 PCT/CN2018/093205 CN2018093205W WO2019192089A1 WO 2019192089 A1 WO2019192089 A1 WO 2019192089A1 CN 2018093205 W CN2018093205 W CN 2018093205W WO 2019192089 A1 WO2019192089 A1 WO 2019192089A1
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composting
electrode
solid waste
organic solid
electrochemically
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French (fr)
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周顺桂
唐家桓
李翔
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福建农林大学
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/907—Small-scale devices without mechanical means for feeding or discharging material, e.g. garden compost bins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/005—Combined electrochemical biological processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/30—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using irradiation, e.g. solar or nuclear radiation; using electric or magnetic fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/964—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • C05F3/06—Apparatus for the manufacture
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F7/00—Fertilisers from waste water, sewage sludge, sea slime, ooze or similar masses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
    • C12M35/02—Electrical or electromagnetic means, e.g. for electroporation or for cell fusion
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N13/00—Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
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    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
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    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2203/00—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2203/006—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage details of construction, e.g. specially adapted seals, modules, connections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus and a method for electrochemically assisting aerobic composting of organic solid waste.
  • China's current organic solid waste disposal methods include: sanitary landfill, incineration, anaerobic digestion, high temperature aerobic fermentation.
  • the conversion of organic solid waste into organic fertilizer through high-temperature aerobic fermentation technology can not only effectively solve the problem of environmental pollution of organic waste, but also develop organic fertilizer industry, improve soil fertility and maintain sustainable development of agriculture.
  • High temperature aerobic fermentation is one of the main technologies for realizing the recycling of organic solid waste.
  • the basic principle is that under aerobic conditions, the biodegradable organic matter is converted into stable humus by the action of microorganisms, and a high temperature is killed to kill pathogenic bacteria, eggs, etc., so that the organic waste can be stabilized.
  • the method has the advantages of low investment cost, resource utilization of subsequent products, and suitable for scale promotion.
  • the optimum growth temperature of most thermophilic microorganisms is about 60 °C, which makes the traditional compost have low heap temperature, long composting cycle, incomplete killing of pathogenic microorganisms, and poor decomposing effect. Poor product quality).
  • the high-temperature aerobic fermentation process requires a large amount of aeration for a long time. Since oxygen is hardly soluble in water, most of it is directly volatilized without microbial utilization, resulting in a large amount of aeration being ineffective, which increases energy. Cost, odor diffusion and loss of ammonia nitrogen, thus restricting the popularization and application of composting technology.
  • the essence of aerobic composting technology is that the microbial flora in the heap biooxidizes the organic matter (partially oxidized to a more stable organic matter, or completely mineralized into carbon dioxide and water), producing electron transport to the electron acceptor, oxygen,
  • the scientific essence is the electron transfer reaction between the organic matter as an electron donor and the oxygen as an electron acceptor.
  • electrochemical technology the electrons generated by the microbial oxidation of organic matter can be accelerated to the electrode, thereby accelerating the composting process. It does not need aeration but can achieve similar effects to oxygen.
  • CN106946601A discloses a method for fermenting compost of livestock manure by adding 0.5-3.0 V/cm direct current to a composting system, thereby realizing removal of antibiotics and recovery of heavy metals in livestock manure, and accelerating the composting reaction process.
  • the technical solution provides a higher direct current, the excessive voltage causes the electrolysis of water, and is not suitable for the survival of the electricity-producing microorganisms; in addition, the solution also needs to add a composite catalyst with a mass ratio of 0.05-2%, compounding
  • the preparation process of the catalyst is complicated and requires a pollution process such as calcination, and there are problems such as secondary pollution.
  • CN104671863A discloses a bioelectrochemical assisted anaerobic composting device for improving the decomposing degree of dewatered sludge and a starting operation method thereof.
  • the technical scheme is to introduce bioelectrochemical technology into the anaerobic fermentation of sludge, and the sludge passes through 35-40. After anaerobic fermentation in the day, the degree of maturity increased by 30%. However, the system is anaerobic fermentation, and the fermentation temperature is still low (30-45 ° C). In this temperature range, the killing of various pathogenic bacteria and eggs is not complete, and the quality of the subsequent products of fermentation is poor.
  • the system is divided into an anaerobic composting chamber and an electrochemical chamber, and the system configuration is complicated and cumbersome.
  • the startup process of the system is cumbersome, and the electrochemically active bacteria need to be domesticated in the early stage, and the electrolyte is replaced every 3-5 days. After several cycles, the culture can be successfully cultivated, and the system is started.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and a method for electrochemically assisting organic solid waste aerobic composting, which can achieve rapid aerobic composting of organic solid waste, increase compost temperature and accelerate under low aeration conditions. Composting humification process while saving production costs.
  • the basic principle of the invention is:
  • the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode are arranged, and a certain potential is supplied to the working electrode, thereby forming an electric field between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode; under the stimulation of the electric field, a large amount of electric energy Microorganisms are enriched.
  • Electrical microbes can be used to reproduce the metabolism of the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain.
  • the advantage of electrical microbes is that their reproductive metabolism is not limited by the dissolved oxygen concentration in the heap, thus saving a lot of aeration.
  • the dominant microorganisms in common compost are not affected by the electric field, and continue to consume organic matter to generate heat. Under the action of different microorganisms above, the temperature of the heap can be rapidly increased, thereby improving the killing efficiency of various pathogenic bacteria and eggs, and improving the degree of humification of compost products.
  • An apparatus for electrochemically assisting an aerobic composting of an organic solid waste comprising a composting reactor, a working electrode, an auxiliary electrode and a reference electrode; the working electrode is disposed on an inner wall of the composting reactor, and the reference electrode is disposed at the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode
  • the bottom of the compost reactor is provided with a venting pipe with an aeration head.
  • the distance between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode is 10 cm to 100 cm.
  • the working electrode is at least one of a stainless steel plate, a graphite plate, a carbon felt, and a carbon cloth electrode
  • the auxiliary electrode is at least one of a carbon felt, a carbon cloth, and a graphite electrode
  • the reference electrode is an Hg/HgO electrode, One of an Ag/AgCl electrode, a hydrogen standard electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode.
  • the set potential of the working electrode is -5 V to 5 V with respect to the reference electrode.
  • the working parameters of the aeration of the ventilation duct are: aeration once or twice a day, each aeration for 15 minutes to 30 minutes, and the aeration flow rate is 0.1 L/min ⁇ m 3 to 0.2 L/min ⁇ m. 3 .
  • the compost reactor is wrapped with an insulating layer.
  • a method for electrochemically assisting aerobic composting of organic solid waste comprising the following steps:
  • step 1) of the composting method the mass ratio of the organic solid waste to the auxiliary material is 10: (1 to 3).
  • the water content of the compost raw material is 50% by weight to 60% by weight.
  • the invention discloses a novel electrochemical assisted composting device and uses it for aerobic composting of organic solid waste.
  • the electrochemical assisted composting of the composting device of the invention can enrich and utilize the electric energy microorganisms, promote the redox reaction in the heap, rapidly increase the composting temperature, shorten the composting cycle and increase the composting degree of the compost.
  • the invention overcomes the defects of a large number of ineffective aeration and waste energy consumption of the traditional aerobic compost, and has the advantages of energy saving, simple equipment maintenance, high treatment efficiency and stable operation, and can be widely used for urban sludge, livestock manure, and crop straw. Recycling and safe disposal of organic solids such as rods and domestic garbage.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of the apparatus of the present invention
  • Example 2 is a graph showing a change in turnover time and compost temperature of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1;
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the turnover time and compost temperature change of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2;
  • Example 4 is a graph showing the turnover time and compost temperature variation of Example 3 and Comparative Example 3.
  • An apparatus for electrochemically assisting an aerobic composting of an organic solid waste comprising a composting reactor, a working electrode, an auxiliary electrode and a reference electrode; the working electrode is disposed on an inner wall of the composting reactor, and the reference electrode is disposed at the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode
  • the bottom of the compost reactor is provided with a venting pipe with an aeration head.
  • the compost reactor is a cylindrical reactor or a strip reactor.
  • the diameter is 50 cm to 80 cm, and the height is 80 cm to 120 cm; when the compost reactor is a strip reactor, the length is 1.5 m to 2.5 m, and the width is 0.5 m. 1.5m, height is 0.5m ⁇ 1.5m.
  • the distance between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode is 10 cm to 100 cm.
  • the working electrode is at least one of a stainless steel plate, a graphite plate, a carbon felt, and a carbon cloth electrode;
  • the auxiliary electrode is at least one of a carbon felt, a carbon cloth, and a graphite electrode;
  • the reference electrode is Hg/ One of an HgO electrode, an Ag/AgCl electrode, a hydrogen standard electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode.
  • the set potential of the working electrode is -5 V to 5 V with respect to the reference electrode.
  • the diameter of the ventilation duct is 8 mm to 20 mm.
  • the working parameters of the aeration of the ventilation duct are: aeration once or twice a day, each aeration for 15 minutes to 30 minutes, and the aeration flow rate is 0.1 L/min ⁇ m 3 to 0.2 L/ Min ⁇ m 3 .
  • the composting reactor is wrapped with an insulating layer; further, the insulating material used for the insulating layer is a conventional choice in the field, and can be selected from a quilt, an aluminum foil self-adhesive rubber composite board, and a high temperature resistant aluminum silicate needle.
  • the insulating material used for the insulating layer is a conventional choice in the field, and can be selected from a quilt, an aluminum foil self-adhesive rubber composite board, and a high temperature resistant aluminum silicate needle.
  • thorn carpet ceramic fiber insulation cotton, flame retardant rubber sponge, glass wool One of thorn carpet ceramic fiber insulation cotton, flame retardant rubber sponge, glass wool.
  • a temperature probe (online thermometer) is provided around the compost reactor for recording the temperature change of the compost in real time.
  • a method for electrochemically assisting aerobic composting of organic solid waste comprising the following steps:
  • the mass ratio of the organic solid waste to the auxiliary material is 10: (1 to 3).
  • the organic solid waste is at least one of chicken manure, duck manure, goose manure, pig manure, cow dung, dog manure, cat manure, sheep manure, horse manure, and sludge.
  • the auxiliary material is at least one of rice bran, straw, and rice husk.
  • the compost material has a water content of 50% by weight to 60% by weight.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of the apparatus of the present invention, which shows only one example of the apparatus of the present invention, and the apparatus of the present invention is not limited to the structure shown in the drawing.
  • Fig. 1 1-potentiostat; 2-working electrode; 3-compost reactor outer wall; 4-reference electrode; 5-auxiliary electrode; 6-insulation layer; 7-inflator pump; 8-aeration head.
  • a cylindrical compost reactor was used: diameter 55 cm, height 100 cm.
  • a rectangular working electrode is arranged along the inner wall of the plastic barrel, and the material is selected as a stainless steel plate with an area of 3-5 m 2 .
  • a cylindrical auxiliary electrode is placed: the inner tube is centered, the diameter is 5 cm, and the height is 80 cm.
  • a saturated calomel reference electrode is connected on the upper part of the plastic barrel.
  • Plastic bucket bottom setting The ventilator is ventilated. In order to make the aeration uniform, the height of the snorkel is 30-50cm, the bottom is 30cm, and an aeration hole is made every 10cm. At 30-50cm, every 20cm, an aeration hole is made.
  • the outer wall of the plastic bucket is wrapped with cotton fibers for the insulation of the reactor.
  • an on-line thermometer is placed around the plastic barrel to record the temperature change of the compost in real time.
  • the chicken manure is used as the main ingredient of the compost, and the rice bran is used as the auxiliary material.
  • the ratio is 10:1.
  • the above raw materials and ingredients are uniformly stirred to have a water content of 50-60%; the uniformly stirred feces are charged into a designed composting reactor, and a potentiostat is connected to perform aerobic composting.
  • the working electrode design potential is 2V (the reference electrode is a saturated calomel electrode).
  • a small air pump is used as an aeration source, which is inflated once a day for 15 minutes each time, and the inflation flow rate is 0.15 L/min.m 3 . Turn over the stack every 10 days. When turning over the pile, after stirring evenly, you can connect to the potentiostat for recomposting.
  • the strip compost reactor is 2 meters long, 1 meter wide and 1 meter high.
  • a rectangular working electrode is arranged along the long side, and the material is selected as a graphite plate with an area of about 1 m 2 .
  • On the other side of the long side place an auxiliary electrode of the same size: connect a saturated calomel reference electrode to the top of the stack.
  • Bottom setting Ventilation tube for ventilation, in order to make the aeration uniform, the height of the snorkel is 30-50cm, the bottom to 30cm, every 10cm to make an aeration hole, 30-50cm, every 20cm, make an aeration hole, exposed
  • the gas operating parameters were the same as in Example 1.
  • the outer wall of the reactor is wrapped with cotton fibers for the insulation of the reactor.
  • thermometer is placed around the inside of the stack to record the temperature change of the compost in real time.
  • the potentiostat potential is set to: +5V vs SCE (saturated calomel electrode is the reference electrode).
  • the sludge was used as the raw material for composting, and the straw was used as the auxiliary material.
  • the mass ratio was 10:3, and the rest was the same as that of Example 1.
  • Example 3 and Example 2 used the same compost reactor, using pig manure as compost material and rice husk as auxiliary material, the mass ratio was 10:1, and the potentiostat potential was set to: -5 V vs SCE (saturated calomel electrode was Reference electrode). The rest is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • Example 1 The same compost material as in Example 1 was used for ordinary composting without using an electrochemically assisted organic solid waste composting device.
  • Example 2 The same compost material as in Example 2 was used for ordinary composting without using an electrochemically assisted organic solid waste composting device.
  • Example 3 The same compost material as in Example 3 was taken for ordinary composting without using an electrochemically assisted organic solid waste composting device.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing the turnover time and compost temperature variation of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. It can be seen from the section in Fig. 2 that the maximum temperature of the electrochemically assisted compost is 63.5 ° C, which is 6.2 higher than the normal compost temperature (57.3 ° C). In the second and third cycles of the stack, the temperature difference is more significant. This shows that the electrochemical method can further improve the temperature of the compost, thereby being more conducive to killing eggs, pathogens and the like.
  • DOM dissolved organic matter
  • DON dissolved organic nitrogen
  • EC conductivity
  • the germination rate index GI of the product of the common method composting is 99%; the germination rate index GI of the product of the electrochemical assisted composting is 138%, which is 39% higher than that of the common method composting product. This shows that the electrochemical assisted method can significantly improve the seed germination rate of compost.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the turn-over time and compost temperature variation of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2.
  • the maximum temperature of the electrochemically assisted compost is 63.3 ° C
  • the common compost temperature is 58.1 ° C
  • the electrochemically assisted compost temperature is 5.2 ° C higher than the ordinary compost temperature.
  • the germination rate index GI of the product of the common method composting is 92%; the germination rate index GI of the product of the electrochemical assisted composting is 142%, which is 50% higher than that of the conventional method composting product.
  • Example 4 is a graph showing the turnover time and compost temperature variation of Example 3 and Comparative Example 3.
  • the electrochemically assisted compost has a maximum temperature of 66 ° C, a common compost temperature of 59 ° C, and an electrochemically assisted compost temperature of 7 ° C higher than the normal compost temperature.
  • the germination rate index GI of the product of the common method composting is 98%; the germination rate index GI of the product of the electrochemical assisted composting is 145%, which is 47% higher than that of the common method composting product.
  • the temperature of the electrochemically assisted compost is higher than that of the ordinary compost.
  • the temperature difference is more significant.
  • the temperature of the common compost dropped to 55 °C.
  • the second cycle did not drop the temperature of the first cycle, but increased by 3-4 °C. This is because, under the action of electrochemistry, the electric energy microorganisms are enriched, and the organic matter that cannot be degraded in the ordinary composting process is utilized by the electric energy microorganisms, thereby increasing the composting temperature.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法。这种好氧堆肥装置包括堆肥反应器、工作电极、辅助电极和参比电极；工作电极设置在堆肥反应器的内壁，参比电极设置在工作电极和辅助电极之间；堆肥反应器的底部设有带曝气头的通气管道。同时也公开了一种使用该装置进行电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法。通过本发明的堆肥装置进行电化学辅助堆肥，能够富集和利用电能微生物，促进堆体中氧化还原反应的进行，快速提高堆肥温度，缩短堆肥的周期同时提高堆肥的腐熟度。

Description

一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法。
背景技术
我国有机固体废物产生具有量大面广、种类繁多、性质复杂的特点。目前，我国畜禽粪污、农作物秸杆、生活垃圾、城镇污泥年产生量分别达到约：30亿吨、9亿吨、1.8亿吨、4000万吨。如何处理这些数量日益庞大、每天源源不断产生的有机固体废物，已成为严重的社会问题。如何因“地”制宜、因“物”制宜地将有机固体废物转化成人类可利用的“资源”与“能源”，实现其无害化、资源化循环利用，是当前我国社会可持续发展面临的、并且急需解决的重大现实问题。
我国现行的有机固体废物处置方式主要有：卫生填埋、焚烧、厌氧消化、高温好氧发酵等。其中，通过高温好氧发酵技术将有机固体废物转化为有机肥料，不仅可有效解决有机废物环境污染的问题，而且可以发展有机肥产业，提高土壤地力，维持农业可持续发展。
高温好氧发酵(又称好氧堆肥)是实现有机固体废物资源化的主要技术之一。其基本原理是在好氧条件下，通过微生物的作用使可被生物降解的有机物转化为稳定的腐殖质，并且产生高温杀灭病原菌、虫卵等，使有机废物达到稳定化的过程。该方法的优点是投资成本低、后续产品可资源化利用、适合规模化推广。在传统高温好氧堆肥中，大多数嗜热微生物的最适生长温度为60℃左右，这使得传统堆肥存在堆体温度低、堆肥周期长、病原微生物杀灭不彻底、腐熟效果差(发酵后续产品质量差)。而且，高温好氧发酵过程需要大量并且长时间的曝气，由于氧气难溶于水，所以大部分未经微生物利用又直接挥发损失，从而导致大量曝气为无效曝气，这就增加了能耗成本、臭气扩散以及氨氮的损失，从而制约堆肥化技术的推广应用。
好氧堆肥技术的实质是：堆体中的微生物菌群将有机物生物氧化(部分氧化成稳定程度较高有机物，或者完全矿化成二氧化碳与水)，产生电子传输给电子受体——氧气，其科学本质就是作为电子供体的有机物与作为电子受体的氧气之间的电子转移反应。借助电化学技术，可以将微生物氧化有机物产生的电子加速传输给电极，从而加速堆肥进程，它无需曝气但是能达到与氧气相类似的功效。CN106946601A公开了一种畜禽粪便发酵堆肥的方法，该方法通过在堆肥系统中加入0.5-3.0V/cm的直流电，从而实现畜禽粪便中抗生素的去除和重金属的回收，同时加速堆肥反应过程，达到提高堆肥肥效和缩短堆肥周期的目的。但是，该技术方 案提供的是较高的直流电，过高的电压导致水的电解，而不适合产电微生物生存；另外，该方案中还需要添加质量比为0.05-2％的复合催化剂，复合催化剂的制备过程较为复杂而且需经过煅烧等污染工序，存在二次污染等问题。CN104671863A公开了一种提高脱水污泥腐熟度的生物电化学辅助厌氧堆肥装置及其启动运行方法，该技术方案是将生物电化学技术引入都污泥厌氧发酵中，污泥经过35-40天的厌氧发酵后，其腐熟度提高30％。然而，该系统为厌氧发酵，发酵温度仍然较低(为30-45℃)，在该温度范围，对各种病原菌和虫卵等杀灭不彻底、发酵后续产品质量差。而且，该系统分为厌氧堆肥室、电化学室，系统构型复杂繁琐。另外，该系统启动过程繁琐，电化学活性菌需要经过前期驯化，每3-5天更换一次电解液，经过若干周期后才能培养成功，系统才算启动。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置及方法，该装置可在低曝气量的情况下，达到有机固体废物的快速好氧堆肥、提高堆肥的温度、加速堆肥腐殖化过程，同时节约生产成本的功效。
本发明的基本原理是：
在有机固体废物好氧堆肥的堆体中，布置工作电极和辅助电极，同时向工作电极提供一定的电位，从而在工作电极与辅助电极间形成一个电场；在电场的刺激作用下，大量的电能微生物得到富集。电能微生物可以电极为呼吸链的最终电子受体进行繁殖代谢。电能微生物的优势在于：其繁殖代谢不受堆体中溶解氧浓度的限制，因而节省了大量曝气。同时，普通堆肥中的优势微生物并不受到电场的影响，而继续消耗有机物产生热量。在以上不同微生物的作用下，堆体的温度得以快速提高，从而提高各种病原菌和虫卵等的杀灭效率，提高堆肥产品的腐殖化程度。
本发明所采取的技术方案是：
一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，包括堆肥反应器、工作电极、辅助电极和参比电极；工作电极设置在堆肥反应器的内壁，参比电极设置在工作电极和辅助电极之间；堆肥反应器的底部设有带曝气头的通气管道。
装置中，工作电极与辅助电极之间的距离为10cm～100cm。
装置中，工作电极为不锈钢板、石墨板、碳毡、碳布电极中的至少一种；辅助电极为碳毡、碳布、石墨电极中的至少一种；参比电极为Hg/HgO电极、Ag/AgCl电极、氢标准电极、饱和甘汞电极中的其中一种。
装置中，相对于参比电极，工作电极的设置电位为：-5V～5V。
装置中，通气管道曝气的工作参数为：每天曝气1次～2次，每次曝气15分钟～30分钟， 曝气的流量为0.1L/min·m 3～0.2L/min·m 3。
装置中，堆肥反应器外包裹有保温层。
一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)将有机固体废物和辅料混合，加入水搅拌均匀，得到堆肥原料；
2)将堆肥原料放入上述的电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥装置中，进行堆肥。
堆肥方法的步骤1)中，有机固体废物和辅料的质量比为10：(1～3)。
堆肥方法的步骤1)中，堆肥原料的水含量为50wt％～60wt％。
本发明的有益效果是：
本发明公开了一种新型的电化学辅助堆肥的装置，并将其用于有机固体废物的好氧堆肥上。通过本发明的堆肥装置进行电化学辅助堆肥，能够富集和利用电能微生物，促进堆体中氧化还原反应的进行，快速提高堆肥温度，缩短堆肥的周期同时提高堆肥的腐熟度。本发明克服了传统好氧堆肥大量无效曝气、浪费能耗的缺陷，具有节约能源、设备维护简便、处理效率高且运行稳定的优点，可广泛用于城镇污泥、畜禽粪便、农作物秸杆、生活垃圾等有机固体的资源化循环利用与安全处置。
附图说明
图1是本发明装置的结构示意图；
图2是实施例1与对比例1的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图；
图3是实施例2与对比例2的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图；
图4是实施例3与对比例3的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图。
具体实施方式
一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，包括堆肥反应器、工作电极、辅助电极和参比电极；工作电极设置在堆肥反应器的内壁，参比电极设置在工作电极和辅助电极之间；堆肥反应器的底部设有带曝气头的通气管道。
优选的，装置中，堆肥反应器为圆柱形反应器或者条形反应器。
进一步的，当堆肥反应器为圆柱形反应器时，直径为50cm～80cm，高度为80cm～120cm；当堆肥反应器为条形反应器时，长度为1.5m～2.5m，宽度为0.5m～1.5m，高度为0.5m～1.5m。
优选的，装置中，工作电极与辅助电极之间的距离为10cm～100cm。
优选的，装置中，工作电极为不锈钢板、石墨板、碳毡、碳布电极中的至少一种；辅助电极为碳毡、碳布、石墨电极中的至少一种；参比电极为Hg/HgO电极、Ag/AgCl电极、氢标准电极、饱和甘汞电极中的其中一种。
优选的，装置中，相对于参比电极，工作电极的设置电位为：-5V～5V。
优选的，装置中，通气管道的直径为8mm～20mm。
优选的，装置中，通气管道曝气的工作参数为：每天曝气1次～2次，每次曝气15分钟～30分钟，曝气的流量为0.1L/min·m 3～0.2L/min·m 3。
优选的，装置中，堆肥反应器外包裹有保温层；进一步的，保温层所用的保温材料为本领域的常规选择，可选自棉被、铝箔自粘橡塑板、耐高温硅酸铝针刺毯陶瓷纤维保温棉、阻燃橡塑海绵、玻璃棉中的其中一种。
优选的，装置中，堆肥反应器的四周设有温度探头(在线温度计)，用于实时记录堆肥的温度变化。
一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)将有机固体废物和辅料混合，加入水搅拌均匀，得到堆肥原料；
2)将堆肥原料放入上述的电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥装置中，进行堆肥。
优选的，堆肥方法的步骤1)中，有机固体废物和辅料的质量比为10：(1～3)。
优选的，堆肥方法的步骤1)中，有机固体废物为鸡粪、鸭粪、鹅粪、猪粪、牛粪、狗粪、猫粪、羊粪、马粪、污泥中的至少一种。
优选的，堆肥方法的步骤1)中，辅料为米糠、秸秆、稻壳中的至少一种。
优选的，堆肥方法的步骤1)中，堆肥原料的水含量为50wt％～60wt％。
附图1是本发明装置的结构示意图，该示意图仅表示本发明装置的一个示例，本发明的装置不仅限于图中表示的结构。图1中，1-恒电位仪；2-工作电极；3-堆肥反应器外壁；4-参比电极；5-辅助电极；6-保温层；7-充气泵；8-曝气头。
以下结合附图1，通过具体的实施例对本发明的内容作进一步详细的说明。实施例中所用的原料如无特殊说明，均可从常规商业途径得到。
实施例1：
1)堆肥反应器的设计：
采用圆柱形堆肥反应器：直径55cm，高度100cm。沿着塑料桶内壁布置一块长方形的工作电极，材质选为不锈钢板，面积为3-5m 2。在塑料桶的中心，放置一根圆柱形的辅助电极：以圆管为内中心，直径5cm，高度80cm；在塑料桶上部，连接一根饱和甘汞参比电极。塑料桶底部设置
Figure PCTCN2018093205-appb-000001
的通气管进行通气，为了使得曝气均匀，通气管高度为30-50cm，底部至30cm处，每隔10cm打一个曝气孔，30-50cm处，每隔20cm，打一个曝气孔。塑料桶的外壁，包裹棉质纤维，用于反应器的保温。同时，在塑料桶的四周设置在线温度计进行实时记录堆肥的温度变化。
2)堆肥原料及其配比：
以鸡粪为堆肥主料，米糠为辅料，配比为：10:1。将上述原料和配料搅拌均匀，使其含水率为50-60％；将搅拌均匀的粪便装入设计的堆肥反应器中，连接恒电位仪，进行好氧堆肥。
3)运行参数：
室温下堆肥。连接恒电位仪，工作电极设计电位为2V(参比电极为饱和甘汞电极)。以小型的充气泵为曝气源，每天充气一次，每次通气时间为15分钟，充气流量为0.15L/min.m 3。每隔10天为翻堆周期，进行翻堆。翻堆时，搅拌均匀后，即可接入恒电位仪进行重新堆肥。
实施例2：
采用条形堆肥反应器，长2米，宽1米，高1米。沿着长边布置一块长方形的工作电极，材质选为石墨板，面积为约1m 2。长边的另一边，放置一根同样大小的辅助电极：在堆体上部连接一根饱和甘汞参比电极。底部设置
Figure PCTCN2018093205-appb-000002
的通气管进行通气，为了使得曝气均匀，通气管高度为30-50cm，底部至30cm处，每隔10cm打一个曝气孔，30-50cm处，每隔20cm，打一个曝气孔，曝气工作参数与实施例1相同。反应器外壁，包裹棉质纤维，用于反应器的保温。同时，在堆体内部的四周设置在线温度计进行实时记录堆肥的温度变化。恒电位仪电位设置为：+5V vs SCE(饱和甘汞电极为参比电极)。
以污泥作为堆肥原料，秸秆为辅料，质量比为10:3，其余与实施例1的相同。
实施例3：
实施例3与实施例2采用相同堆肥反应器，以猪粪为堆肥原料，稻壳为辅料剂，质量比为10:1，恒电位仪电位设置为：-5V vs SCE(饱和甘汞电极为参比电极)。其余与实施例1的相同。
对比例1：
不使用电化学辅助有机固体废物堆肥装置，取与实施例1相同的堆肥原料进行普通的堆肥处理。
对比例2：
不使用电化学辅助有机固体废物堆肥装置，取与实施例2相同的堆肥原料进行普通的堆肥处理。
对比例3：
不使用电化学辅助有机固体废物堆肥装置，取与实施例3相同的堆肥原料进行普通的堆肥处理。
堆肥效果：
1、实施例1和对比例1的堆肥效果
附图2是实施例1与对比例1的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图。从图2中科看出，电 化学辅助堆肥，其最高温度为63.5℃，比普通堆肥温度(57.3℃)高6.2。在翻堆的第二、三个周期，温度差更为显著。这说明电化学方法，可进一步通过提高堆肥的温度，从而更有利于杀灭虫卵、病原体等。
DOM(溶解性有机物)、DON(溶解性有机氮)、EC(电导率)是表征堆肥腐熟度的关键指标。为此，堆肥30天后，采用三维荧光光谱对堆肥后的DOM、DON、EC进行了分析。结果发现，经过30天堆肥后，普通方法堆肥的DOM(855.6mg/L)、DON(329mg/L)、EC(36.2S/m)，DOM去除率为33.8％。电化学辅助堆肥系统的DOM、DON、EC分别为710.3mg/L、469mg/L、30.8S/m，其中，DOM去除率为45.1％，较普通方法堆肥的DOM去除率提高了11.3％。结果表明，电化学辅助堆肥可促进堆肥的腐殖化程度。
同时，通过验证种子发芽率指数对以上两种方法堆肥所得的产品进行了测试。普通方法堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为99％；电化学辅助堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为138％，较普通方法堆肥产品的提高了39％。这说明电化学辅助法可显著提高堆肥的种子发芽率。
2、实施例2和对比例2的堆肥效果
附图3是实施例2与对比例2的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图。从图3中可看出，电化学辅助堆肥，其最高温度为63.3℃，普通堆肥温度为58.1℃，电化学辅助堆肥温度比普通堆肥温度要提高5.2℃。普通方法堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为92％；电化学辅助堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为142％，较普通方法堆肥产品的提高了50％。
3、实施例3和对比例3的堆肥效果
附图4是实施例3与对比例3的翻堆时间与堆肥温度变化曲线图。从图4中可看出，电化学辅助堆肥，其最高温度为66℃，普通堆肥温度为59℃，电化学辅助堆肥温度比普通堆肥温度要提高7℃。普通方法堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为98％；电化学辅助堆肥的产品种子发芽率指数GI为145％，较普通方法堆肥产品的提高了47％。
从以上实施案例可以看出，电化学辅助堆肥的温度均比普通堆肥的温度要高。在翻堆的第二、三个周期，温度差更为显著。普通堆肥在第二个翻堆周期下，其温度下降到55℃，而在电化学作用下，第二个周期比第一个周期温度不降，反而上升了3-4℃。这是因为：在电化学作用下，电能微生物得以富集，普通堆肥过程中未能降解的有机物被电能微生物利用，从而使得堆肥温度升高。这些结果表明电化学辅助法堆肥可促进堆体中氧化还原反应的进行，快速提高堆肥温度，缩短堆肥的周期同时提高堆肥的腐熟度和节约成本。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：包括堆肥反应器、工作电极、辅助电极和参比电极；工作电极设置在堆肥反应器的内壁，参比电极设置在工作电极和辅助电极之间；堆肥反应器的底部设有带曝气头的通气管道。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：工作电极与辅助电极之间的距离为10cm～100cm。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：工作电极为不锈钢板、石墨板、碳毡、碳布电极中的至少一种；辅助电极为碳毡、碳布、石墨电极中的至少一种；参比电极为Hg/HgO电极、Ag/AgCl电极、氢标准电极、饱和甘汞电极中的其中一种。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：相对于参比电极，工作电极的设置电位为：-5V～5V。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：通气管道曝气的工作参数为：每天曝气1次～2次，每次曝气15分钟～30分钟，曝气的流量为0.1L/min·m 3～0.2L/min·m 3。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的装置，其特征在于：堆肥反应器外包裹有保温层。
  7. 一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
    1)将有机固体废物和辅料混合，加入水搅拌均匀，得到堆肥原料；
    2)将堆肥原料放入权利要求1～6任一项所述的装置中，进行堆肥。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法，其特征在于：步骤1)中，有机固体废物和辅料的质量比为10：(1～3)。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的一种电化学辅助有机固体废物好氧堆肥的方法，其特征在于：步骤1)中，堆肥原料的水含量为：50wt％～60wt％。
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