WO2019157098A1 - Compositions comprenant une souche de listeria recombinante et un anticorps anti-ccr8 et méthodes d'utilisation - Google Patents

Compositions comprenant une souche de listeria recombinante et un anticorps anti-ccr8 et méthodes d'utilisation Download PDF

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WO2019157098A1
WO2019157098A1 PCT/US2019/016914 US2019016914W WO2019157098A1 WO 2019157098 A1 WO2019157098 A1 WO 2019157098A1 US 2019016914 W US2019016914 W US 2019016914W WO 2019157098 A1 WO2019157098 A1 WO 2019157098A1
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tumor
listeria
cancer
seq
protein
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PCT/US2019/016914
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Daniel VILLARREAL
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Advaxis, Inc.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2866—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for cytokines, lymphokines, interferons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/523—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells expressing foreign proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/57—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2
    • A61K2039/572—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2 cytotoxic response
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/58—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies raising an immune response against a target which is not the antigen used for immunisation
    • A61K2039/585—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies raising an immune response against a target which is not the antigen used for immunisation wherein the target is cancer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation

Definitions

  • Tumor- infiltrating CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells are a major immune cell population that contribute to the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor
  • Treg modulation strategies have been shown to increase anti-tumor immunity and reduce tumor burden in both preclinical and clinical settings (4-7). However, although these strategies have demonstrated enhanced antitumor immune responses, there are drawbacks, such as autoimmunity and specificity of targeting (2-4, 8-13). Because Tregs and activated effector lymphocytes both express surface molecules that can be used as therapeutic targets (e.g. anti- CD25), there is the potential for ablation of essential tumor- specific effector cells required to control tumor progression in these types of antibody mediated immunotherapies (13-14).
  • CCR8+ Tregs CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs expressing CCR8,
  • CCR8+ Tregs CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs expressing CCR8,
  • two independent studies characterizing the distinct molecular signature of tumor- resident Tregs demonstrated that CCR8 was a specific marker selectively upregulated by tumor- resident Tregs in several tumor types (18-19).
  • Plitas, et al. highlighted that high expression of CCR8+ Tregs was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients (19).
  • CCR8 may be an effective therapeutic target by which to selectively and specifically modulate a subpopulation of tumor-resident Tregs in the TME to augment antitumor immunity.
  • recombinant Listeria strains comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide. Also provided are such fusion polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding such fusion polypeptides.
  • immunogenic compositions comprising a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide.
  • immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines comprising the fusion polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide.
  • immunogenic compositions comprising (i) a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide and (ii) an anti CCR8 antibody or a fragment thereof.
  • kits for inducing or enhancing an immune response against a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide.
  • methods of inducing or enhancing an immune response against a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine comprising such a recombinant Listeria strain.
  • Also provided are methods of inducing or enhancing an immune response against a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject the fusion polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, an immunogenic composition comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, or a vaccine comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide.
  • kits for preventing or treating a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide.
  • methods of preventing or treating a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine comprising such a recombinant Listeria strain.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject the fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, an immunogenic composition comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide, or a vaccine comprising the fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide.
  • cell banks comprising one or more recombinant Listeria strains comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates that CCR8 mAh treatment mediates antitumor activity, suppressing CT26 tumor growth and improving long-term survival.
  • Cells obtained at day 17 post-injection from tumors and spleens.
  • Representative density plots and graphs show frequency of CCR8 + Foxp3 + cells gated on CD45 + CD3 + CD4 + Foxp3 + T cells.
  • the results resembles human clinical studies: in colorectal cancer CCR8 highly expressed tumor-resident Tregs.
  • CCR8+Tregs within TME likely plays a role in suppressing tumor- specific immunity
  • Figure IB illustrates treatment regimen for CCR8 mAh treatment that mediates antitumor activity, suppressing CT26 tumor growth and improving long-term survival.
  • Figure 1C illustrates group tumor measurements and survival, and individual tumor growth of CT26 implanted mice following treatment as indicated in Figure 1B.
  • Figures represent 2-3 (CT26) independent experiments. Blocking CCR8 can reduce tumor burden and improve survival in tumor-bearing mice. **R ⁇ 0.01; ***R ⁇ 0.001; ****P ⁇ 0.000l.
  • Figure 2 illustrates that CCR8 mAb treatment increased the frequency and function of specific inflammatory cytokine production of TILs and CT26 antigen- specific splenic and tumor infiltrating CD8 + T cells. Spleens and TILs from tumors of tumor-bearing CT26 mice were harvested 17 days after tumor implantation.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates that CCR8 mAb treatment altered the tumor immune
  • TILs from tumors of CT26 mice were harvested 17 days after tumor implantation.
  • A CD45 + leukocyte infiltrate and CD8 + and CD4 + TILs as percentage of total CD45 + cells are shown in treated versus untreated group.
  • B-C Frequency of CTLA-4 and PD-l expression on tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells, respectively.
  • D-E TIL populations, including G-MDSC (CDl lb + Ly6C Ly6G + )
  • F CCR8 expression by Tregs (Foxp3 + CD4 + ) is shown by flow cytometry. *.
  • Figure 4 illustrates that blocking CCR8 reduces Treg induction and Treg function.
  • aCCR8 mAb reduces Treg induction; whereas, the isotype control (IgG) does not.
  • the lxlO 6 naive CD4 + T cells were cultured under specific conditions (including aCD28 and IL-2) and Treg induction (frequency of Foxp3 + CD4 + cells) was measured by flow cytometry.
  • TILs were harvested from day 17 implanted CT26 non-treated tumors and cultured for 72 hours in the presence or absence of aCCR8 (10 pg) on plates coated with or without aCD3 in the presence of aCD28a and IL-2.
  • C aCCR8 reduces the capacity of Tregs to suppress CD8 T cell
  • aCCR8 does not affect CD4 + T cell proliferation, nor did it affect CD8 + T cell proliferation (C).
  • the effect of the addition of aCCR8 antibody on proliferation was evaluated by measuring CFSE by flow cytometry. *R ⁇ 0.01; ***R ⁇ 0.001; ****P ⁇ 0.000l.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates that CCR8 mAh therapy with a Listeria-based tumor vaccine enhances antitumor immunity and synergized with a Listeria-based tumor vaccine to impair CT26 tumor growth.
  • C Summary data show the frequency of CD4 + Tregs (Foxp3 + CD25 + ) and the ratio of CD8 effector T cells to Tregs in the tumors.
  • D Summary data showing positive CD8 T cells releasing IFNy or TNFa following AH1 peptide incubation with PMA/ION stimulation.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates that CCR8 mAh treatment mediates potent antitumor activity, suppressing MC38 tumor growth and improving long-term survival.
  • A Treatment regimen and
  • B group tumor measurements and survival curve of MC38 implanted mice following treatment as indicated.
  • Figures represent 2 (MC38) independent experiments. Blocking CCR8 can reduce tumor burden and improve survival in tumor-bearing mice. **R ⁇ 0.01; ***P ⁇ 0.00l;
  • Figure 7 illustrates the frequency of peripheral Tregs in tumor-bearing aCCR8 on ex vivo tumor CD8+ and CD4+ T cells.
  • A Representative column graph and dot plots show the percentages of Foxp3 + CD4 + cells in the spleen.
  • B Column graph shows the CCR8 expression by Tregs. Cell populations were gated on CD4 + CD3 + T cells.
  • C TILs were harvested from day 17 implanted CT26 non-treated tumors similar to Figure 4E and TILs were cultured for 72 hours in the presence or absence of aCCR8 (lOpg) on plates coated with or without aCD3 in the presence of aCD28a and IL-2.
  • Representative scatter plot graphs and flow cytometry dot plots show the percentage of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells.
  • aCCR8 did not have an effect on ex vivo tumor CD8 T cells, due to reduction of Tregs (Figure 4C). The reduction of CD4 + T cells is likely due to the -50% reduction of Tregs seen in Figure 4C. All cells were gated on CD45 + CD3 + .
  • Figure 8 illustrates expression of Lm- AH1 vaccine construct. Expression of Lm- AH1 construct as examined by Western blot analysis. Labeled lanes show proteins detected by anti-flag monoclonal antibody.
  • polypeptide refers to polymeric forms of amino acids of any length, including coded and non-coded amino acids and chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids.
  • the terms include polymers that have been modified, such as polypeptides having modified peptide backbones.
  • Proteins are said to have an“N-terminus” and a“C-terminus.”
  • the term“N- terminus” relates to the start of a protein or polypeptide, terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (-NH2).
  • the term“C-terminus” relates to the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
  • fusion protein refers to a protein comprising two or more peptides linked together by peptide bonds or other chemical bonds.
  • the peptides can be linked together directly by a peptide or other chemical bond.
  • a chimeric molecule can be recombinantly expressed as a single-chain fusion protein.
  • the peptides can be linked together by a“linker” such as one or more amino acids or another suitable linker between the two or more peptides.
  • nucleic acid and“polynucleotide,” used interchangeably herein, refer to polymeric forms of nucleotides of any length, including ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or analogs or modified versions thereof. They include single-, double-, and multi- stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, and polymers comprising purine bases, pyrimidine bases, or other natural, chemically modified, biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases.
  • Nucleic acids are said to have“5’ ends” and“3’ ends” because mononucleotides are reacted to make oligonucleotides in a manner such that the 5’ phosphate of one mononucleotide pentose ring is attached to the 3’ oxygen of its neighbor in one direction via a phosphodiester linkage.
  • An end of an oligonucleotide is referred to as the“5’ end” if its 5’ phosphate is not linked to the 3’ oxygen of a mononucleotide pentose ring.
  • An end of an oligonucleotide is referred to as the“3’ end” if its 3’ oxygen is not linked to a 5’ phosphate of another
  • oligonucleotide also may be said to have 5’ and 3’ ends.
  • discrete elements are referred to as being“upstream” or 5’ of the“downstream” or 3’ elements.
  • Codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in particular host cells by replacing at least one codon of the native sequence with a codon that is more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of the host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a fusion polypeptide can be modified to substitute codons having a higher frequency of usage in a given Listeria cell or any other host cell as compared to the naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the“Codon Usage
  • the term“plasmid” or“vector” includes any known delivery vector including a bacterial delivery vector, a viral vector delivery vector, a peptide immunotherapy delivery vector, a DNA immunotherapy delivery vector, an episomal plasmid, an integrative plasmid, or a phage vector.
  • the term“vector” refers to a construct which is capable of delivering, and, optionally, expressing, one or more fusion polypeptides in a host cell.
  • episomal plasmid or“extrachromosomal plasmid” refers to a nucleic acid vector that is physically separate from chromosomal DNA (i.e., episomal or extrachromosomal and does not integrated into a host cell’s genome) and replicates independently of chromosomal DNA.
  • a plasmid may be linear or circular, and it may be single- stranded or double-stranded.
  • Episomal plasmids may optionally persist in multiple copies in a host cell’s cytoplasm (e.g., Listeria ), resulting in amplification of any genes of interest within the episomal plasmid.
  • the term“genomically integrated” refers to a nucleic acid that has been introduced into a cell such that the nucleotide sequence integrates into the genome of the cell and is capable of being inherited by progeny thereof. Any protocol may be used for the stable incorporation of a nucleic acid into the genome of a cell.
  • stably maintained refers to maintenance of a nucleic acid molecule or plasmid in the absence of selection (e.g., antibiotic selection) for at least 10 generations without detectable loss.
  • the period can be at least 15 generations, 20 generations, at least 25 generations, at least 30 generations, at least 40 generations, at least 50 generations, at least 60 generations, at least 80 generations, at least 100 generations, at least 150 generations, at least 200 generations, at least 300 generations, or at least 500 generations.
  • Stably maintained can refer to a nucleic acid molecule or plasmid being maintained stably in cells in vitro (e.g., in culture), being maintained stably in vivo , or both.
  • An“open reading frame” or“ORF” is a portion of a DNA which contains a sequence of bases that could potentially encode a protein.
  • an ORF can be located between the start-code sequence (initiation codon) and the stop-codon sequence (termination codon) of a gene.
  • A“promoter” is a regulatory region of DNA usually comprising a TATA box capable of directing RNA polymerase II to initiate RNA synthesis at the appropriate transcription initiation site for a particular polynucleotide sequence.
  • a promoter may additionally comprise other regions which influence the transcription initiation rate.
  • the promoter sequences disclosed herein modulate transcription of an operably linked polynucleotide.
  • a promoter can be active in one or more of the cell types disclosed herein (e.g., a eukaryotic cell, a non-human mammalian cell, a human cell, a rodent cell, a pluripotent cell, a one-cell stage embryo, a differentiated cell, or a combination thereof).
  • a promoter can be, for example, a constitutively active promoter, a conditional promoter, an inducible promoter, a temporally restricted promoter (e.g., a developmentally regulated promoter), or a spatially restricted promoter (e.g., a cell-specific or tissue- specific promoter). Examples of promoters can be found, for example, in WO 20140060600A1
  • a promoter can be, for example, a constitutively active promoter, a conditional promoter, an inducible promoter, a temporally restricted promoter (e.g., a developmentally regulated promoter), or a spatially restricted promoter (e.g., a cell-specific or tissue- specific promoter). Examples of promoters can be found, for example, in WO
  • “Operable linkage” or being“operably linked” refers to the juxtaposition of two or more components (e.g., a promoter and another sequence element) such that both components function normally and allow the possibility that at least one of the components can mediate a function that is exerted upon at least one of the other components.
  • a promoter can be operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter controls the level of transcription of the coding sequence in response to the presence or absence of one or more transcriptional regulatory factors.
  • Operable linkage can include such sequences being contiguous with each other or acting in trans (e.g., a regulatory sequence can act at a distance to control transcription of the coding sequence).
  • sequence identity in the context of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.
  • sequence identity or“identity” in the context of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.
  • percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule.
  • sequences differ in conservative substitutions the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution.
  • Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have“sequence similarity” or“similarity.” Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically, this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, California).
  • Percentage of sequence identity refers to the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences (greatest number of perfectly matched residues) over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Unless otherwise specified (e.g., the shorter sequence includes a linked heterologous sequence), the comparison window is the full length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared.
  • sequence identity/similarity values refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity and % similarity for a nucleotide sequence using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, and the nwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix; % identity and % similarity for an amino acid sequence using GAP Weight of 8 and Length Weight of 2, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix; or any equivalent program thereof.
  • “Equivalent program” includes any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by GAP Version 10.
  • conservative amino acid substitution refers to the substitution of an amino acid that is normally present in the sequence with a different amino acid of similar size, charge, or polarity. Examples of conservative substitutions include the substitution of a non-polar (hydrophobic) residue such as isoleucine, valine, or leucine for another non-polar residue.
  • examples of conservative substitutions include the substitution of one polar
  • hydrophilic residue for another such as between arginine and lysine, between glutamine and asparagine, or between glycine and serine.
  • substitution of a basic residue such as lysine, arginine, or histidine for another, or the substitution of one acidic residue such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid for another acidic residue are additional examples of conservative substitutions.
  • non-conservative substitutions include the substitution of a non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acid residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine, alanine, or methionine for a polar (hydrophilic) residue such as cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid or lysine and/or a polar residue for a non-polar residue.
  • a non-polar amino acid residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine, alanine, or methionine
  • a polar (hydrophilic) residue such as cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid or lysine and/or a polar residue for a non-polar residue.
  • Typical amino acid categorizations are summarized below. Alanine Ala A Nonpolar Neutral 1.8
  • A“homologous” sequence refers to a sequence that is either identical or substantially similar to a known reference sequence, such that it is, for example, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the known reference sequence.
  • wild type refers to entities having a structure and/or activity as found in a normal (as contrasted with mutant, diseased, altered, or so forth) state or context. Wild type gene and polypeptides often exist in multiple different forms (e.g., alleles).
  • the term“isolated” with respect to proteins and nucleic acid refers to proteins and nucleic acids that are relatively purified with respect to other bacterial, viral or cellular components that may normally be present in situ , up to and including a substantially pure preparation of the protein and the polynucleotide.
  • the term“isolated” also includes proteins and nucleic acids that have no naturally occurring counterpart, have been chemically synthesized and are thus substantially uncontaminated by other proteins or nucleic acids, or has been separated or purified from most other cellular components with which they are naturally accompanied (e.g., other cellular proteins, polynucleotides, or cellular components).
  • “Exogenous” or“heterologous” molecules or sequences are molecules or sequences that are not normally expressed in a cell or are not normally present in a cell in that form.
  • Normal presence includes presence with respect to the particular developmental stage and environmental conditions of the cell.
  • An exogenous or heterologous molecule or sequence for example, can include a mutated version of a corresponding endogenous sequence within the cell or can include a sequence corresponding to an endogenous sequence within the cell but in a different form (i.e., not within a chromosome).
  • An exogenous or heterologous molecule or sequence in a particular cell can also be a molecule or sequence derived from a different species than a reference species of the cell or from a different organism within the same species.
  • the heterologous polypeptide could be a polypeptide that is not native or endogenous to the Listeria strain, that is not normally expressed by the Listeria strain, from a source other than the Listeria strain, derived from a different organism within the same species.
  • “endogenous” molecules or sequences or“native” molecules or sequences are molecules or sequences that are normally present in that form in a particular cell at a particular developmental stage under particular environmental conditions.
  • variant refers to an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence (or an organism or tissue) that is different from the majority of the population but is still sufficiently similar to the common mode to be considered to be one of them (e.g., splice variants).
  • isoform refers to a version of a molecule (e.g., a protein) with only slight differences compared to another isoform, or version (e.g., of the same protein).
  • protein isoforms may be produced from different but related genes, they may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing, or they may arise from single nucleotide polymorphisms.
  • fragment when referring to a protein means a protein that is shorter or has fewer amino acids than the full length protein.
  • the term“fragment” when referring to a nucleic acid means a nucleic acid that is shorter or has fewer nucleotides than the full length nucleic acid.
  • a fragment can be, for example, an N-terminal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the C-terminal end of the protein), a C-terminal fragment (i.e., removal of a portion of the N- terminal end of the protein), or an internal fragment.
  • a fragment can also be, for example, a functional fragment or an immunogenic fragment.
  • analog when referring to a protein means a protein that differs from a naturally occurring protein by conservative amino acid differences, by modifications which do not affect amino acid sequence, or by both.
  • the term“functional” refers to the innate ability of a protein or nucleic acid (or a fragment, isoform, or variant thereof) to exhibit a biological activity or function.
  • biological activities or functions can include, for example, the ability to elicit an immune response when administered to a subject.
  • biological activities or functions can also include, for example, binding to an interaction partner.
  • these biological functions may in fact be changed (e.g., with respect to their specificity or selectivity), but with retention of the basic biological function.
  • immunogenicity refers to the innate ability of a molecule (e.g., a protein, a nucleic acid, an antigen, or an organism) to elicit an immune response in a subject when administered to the subject. Immunogenicity can be measured, for example, by a greater number of antibodies to the molecule, a greater diversity of antibodies to the molecule, a greater number of T-cells specific for the molecule, a greater cytotoxic or helper T- cell response to the molecule, and the like.
  • a molecule e.g., a protein, a nucleic acid, an antigen, or an organism
  • Immunogenicity can be measured, for example, by a greater number of antibodies to the molecule, a greater diversity of antibodies to the molecule, a greater number of T-cells specific for the molecule, a greater cytotoxic or helper T- cell response to the molecule, and the like.
  • antigen is used herein to refer to a substance that, when placed in contact with a subject or organism (e.g., when present in or when detected by the subject or organism), results in a detectable immune response from the subject or organism.
  • An antigen may be, for example, a lipid, a protein, a carbohydrate, a nucleic acid, or combinations and variations thereof.
  • an“antigenic peptide” refers to a peptide that leads to the mounting of an immune response in a subject or organism when present in or detected by the subject or organism.
  • an“antigenic peptide” may encompass proteins that are loaded onto and presented on MHC class I and/or class II molecules on a host cell’s surface and can be recognized or detected by an immune cell of the host, thereby leading to the mounting of an immune response against the protein.
  • Such an immune response may also extend to other cells within the host, such as diseased cells (e.g., tumor or cancer cells) that express the same protein.
  • epitope refers to a site on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system (e.g., to which an antibody binds).
  • An epitope can be formed from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of one or more proteins.
  • Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding (also known as conformational epitopes) are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
  • An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Methods of determining spatial conformation of epitopes include, for example, x-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g.,
  • mutation refers to the any change of the structure of a gene or a protein.
  • a mutation can result from a deletion, an insertion, a substitution, or a
  • An“insertion” changes the number of nucleotides in a gene or the number of amino acids in a protein by adding one or more additional nucleotides or amino acids.
  • A“deletion” changes the number of nucleotides in a gene or the number of amino acids in a protein by reducing one or more additional nucleotides or amino acids.
  • A“frame shift” mutation in DNA occurs when the addition or loss of nucleotides changes a gene’s reading frame.
  • a reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid.
  • a frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids.
  • the resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions and deletions can each be frameshift mutations.
  • A‘‘missense” mutation or substitution refers to a change in one amino acid of a protein or a point mutation in a single nucleotide resulting in a change in an encoded amino acid.
  • a point mutation in a single nucleotide that results in a change in one amino acid is a
  • Nonsynonymous substitutions can also result in a“nonsense” mutation in which a codon is changed to a premature stop codon that results in truncation of the resulting protein.
  • a“synonymous” mutation in a DNA is one that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein (due to codon degeneracy).
  • the term“somatic mutation” includes genetic alterations acquired by a cell other than a germ cell (e.g., sperm or egg). Such mutations can be passed on to progeny of the mutated cell in the course of cell division but are not inheritable. In contrast, a germinal mutation occurs in the germ line and can be passed on to the next generation of offspring.
  • the term“ in vitro” refers to artificial environments and to processes or reactions that occur within an artificial environment (e.g., a test tube).
  • in vivo refers to natural environments (e.g., a cell or organism or body) and to processes or reactions that occur within a natural environment.
  • compositions or methods“comprising” or“including” one or more recited elements may include other elements not specifically recited.
  • a composition that “comprises” or“includes” a protein may contain the protein alone or in combination with other ingredients.
  • Designation of a range of values includes all integers within or defining the range, and all subranges defined by integers within the range.
  • the term“about” encompasses values within a standard margin of error of measurement (e.g., SEM) of a stated value or variations ⁇ 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10% from a specified value.
  • fusion polypeptides comprising an antigenic peptide (e.g., fused to a PEST-containing peptide). Also provided herein are nucleic acids encoding such fusion polypeptides; recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains comprising such fusion
  • polypeptides or such nucleic acids comprising cell banks comprising such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains; immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, and vaccines comprising such fusion polypeptides, such nucleic acids, or such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains; and methods of generating such fusion polypeptides, such nucleic acids, and such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains.
  • the Lm technology has a mechanism of action that incorporates potent innate immune stimulation, delivery of a target peptide directly into the cytosol of dendritic cells and antigen presenting cells, generation of a targeted T cell response, and reduced immune suppression by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor
  • the Lm technology can use, for example, live, attenuated, bioengineered Lm bacteria to stimulate the immune system to view tumor cells as potentially bacterial- infected cells and target them for elimination.
  • the technology process can start with a live, attenuated strain of Listeria and can add, for example, multiple copies of a plasmid that encodes a fusion protein sequence including a fragment of, for example, the LLO (listeriolysin O) molecule joined to the antigen of interest.
  • This fusion protein is secreted by the Listeria inside antigen-presenting cells. This results in a stimulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system that reduces tumor defense mechanisms and makes it easier for the immune system to attack and destroy the cancer cells.
  • CCR8 is a chemokine receptor that is expressed principally on Treg cells and known to be critical for Treg function, as CCR8 regulatory T cells can drive immunosuppression.
  • CCR8 is uniquely upregulated in human tumor-resident Treg cells of breast, colon, and lung cancer patients compared to normal tissue-resident Treg cells. Described herein are compositions and methods that target CCR8 tumor-resident Treg cells for cancer immunotherapy.
  • VAX refers to vaccinated mice.
  • the mice were immunized with Lm-Ahl-2lmer.
  • Lm-Ahl-2lmer contains LLO.
  • the LmddA-274 is an empty vector. It does contain LLO.
  • Ahl is a tumor-associated immunodominant antigen expressed on the CT26 tumor cell line and is a useful target for in vivo tumor efficacy studies.
  • the antitumor activity could be correlated with an increase of tumor- specific T cells, enhanced infiltration of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and a significant decrease in the frequency of intratumoral Tregs.
  • Tumor- specific CD8+ T cells displayed lower expression of exhaustion markers as well as increased functionality upon re- stimulation.
  • Treatment with anti-CCR8 mAb prevented de novo induction and suppressive function of Tregs without affecting CD8 + T cells.
  • Initial studies explored a combinatorial regimen using anti-CCR8 mAb therapy and a Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)-based immunotherapy.
  • Anti-CCR8 mAb therapy synergized with the vaccine to significantly delay growth of established tumors and prolong survival and induced complete regression in 20% of the mice.
  • an anti-CCR8 (aCCR8) blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment impaired the suppressive character of the TME, markedly reducing tumor- resident CCR8 + Tregs while sparing Tregs in the periphery and thereby demonstrating tumor- specific effects.
  • anti-CCR8 significantly increased the frequency and functionality of CD8+ T cell response.
  • CCR8+Treg reduction and the increase of CD8+ T cells contributed to tumor control.
  • this contribution enhanced effector T cell and antitumor immunity in the CT26 colorectal tumor model.
  • Inhibition of CCR8 represents a promising new cancer immunotherapy strategy that modulates tumor-resident regulatory T cells to enhance antitumor immunity and prolong patient survival.
  • aCCR8 therapy synergizes with an Lm-based immunotherapy to enhance optimal antitumor efficacy.
  • the immunogenic composition comprises an anti-CCR8 antibody that binds a CCR8 comprising SEQ ID NOs: 100 or 101.
  • the anti-CCR8 antibody binds a CCR8 comprising a sequence with at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 100 or 101.
  • the immunogenic composition comprises a fragment of an anti-CCR8 antibody.
  • the fragment is a Fab, F(ab’)2, or scFv fragment.
  • compositions comprising (i) a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST- containing peptide fused to and (ii) an anti-CCR8 antibody or fragment thereof, and methods of treatment using the compositions.
  • nucleic acids encoding such fusion polypeptides; recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains comprising such fusion polypeptides or such nucleic acids; cell banks comprising such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains;
  • immunogenic compositions comprising such fusion polypeptides, such nucleic acids, or such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains; and methods of generating such fusion polypeptides, such nucleic acids, and such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains.
  • the Lm technology has a mechanism of action that incorporates potent innate immune stimulation, delivery of a target peptide directly into the cytosol of dendritic cells and antigen presenting cells, generation of a targeted T cell response, and reduced immune suppression by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor
  • 2016-0158331 2016-0206716; 2016-0220652; 2016-0228530; 2016-0256538; 2016-0324903;
  • the Lm technology can use, for example, live, attenuated, bioengineered Lm bacteria to stimulate the immune system to view tumor cells as potentially bacterial- infected cells and target them for elimination.
  • the technology process can start with a live, attenuated strain of Listeria and can add, for example, multiple copies of a plasmid that encodes a fusion protein sequence including a fragment of, for example, the LLO (listeriolysin O) molecule joined to the antigen of interest.
  • This fusion protein is secreted by the Listeria inside antigen-presenting cells. This results in a stimulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system that reduces tumor defense mechanisms and makes it easier for the immune system to attack and destroy the cancer cells.
  • fusion polypeptides comprising a PEST-containing peptide fused to an antigenic peptide.
  • fusion polypeptides an antigenic peptide, and wherein the fusion polypeptide does not comprise a PEST-containing peptide.
  • fusion polypeptides comprising from N- terminal end to C-terminal end a bacterial secretion sequence, a ubiquitin (Ub) protein, and two or more antigenic peptides (i.e., in tandem, such as Ub-peptidel-peptide2).
  • Ub ubiquitin
  • a combination of separate fusion polypeptides can be used in which each antigenic peptide is fused to its own secretion sequence and Ub protein (e.g., Ubl-peptidel; Ub2-peptide2).
  • Nucleic acids encoding such recombinant fusion polypeptides are also disclosed.
  • Such minigene nucleic acid constructs can further comprise two or more open reading frames linked by a Shine-Dalgarno ribosome binding site nucleic acid sequence between each open reading frame.
  • a minigene nucleic acid construct can further comprise two to four open reading frames linked by a Shine-Dalgarno ribosome binding site nucleic acid sequence between each open reading frame.
  • Each open reading frame can encode a different polypeptide.
  • the codon encoding the carboxy terminus of the fusion polypeptide is followed by two stop codons to ensure termination of protein synthesis.
  • the bacterial signal sequence can be a Listerial signal sequence, such as an Hly or an ActA signal sequence, or any other known signal sequence.
  • the signal sequence can be an LLO signal sequence.
  • An exemplary LLO signal sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97.
  • the signal sequence can be bacterial, can be native to a host bacterium (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes , such as a secAl signal peptide), or can be foreign to a host bacterium.
  • Specific examples of signal peptides include an Usp45 signal peptide from Lactococcus lactis, a
  • the secretion signal sequence is from a Listeria protein, such as an ActA 3 oo secretion signal or an ActAioo secretion signal.
  • An exemplary ActA signal sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
  • the ubiquitin can be, for example, a full-length protein.
  • the ubiquitin expressed from the nucleic acid construct provided herein can be cleaved at the carboxy terminus from the rest of the recombinant fusion polypeptide expressed from the nucleic acid construct through the action of hydrolases upon entry to the host cell cytosol. This liberates the amino terminus of the fusion polypeptide, producing a peptide in the host cell cytosol.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptides can comprise one or more tags.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptides can comprise one or more peptide tags N-terminal and/or C- terminal to the combination of the two or more antigenic peptides.
  • a tag can be fused directly to an antigenic peptide or linked to an antigenic peptide via a linker (examples of which are disclosed elsewhere herein).
  • tags include the following: FLAG tag; 2xFLAG tag; 3xFLAG tag; His tag, 6xHis tag; and SIINFEKL tag.
  • An exemplary SIINFEKL tag is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 (encoded by any one of the nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-15).
  • An exemplary 3xFLAG tag is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 (encoded by any one of the nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 17-31).
  • An exemplary variant 3xFLAG tag is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99.
  • Two or more tags can be used together, such as a 2xFLAG tag and a SIINFEKL tag, a 3xFLAG tag and a SIINFEKL tag, or a 6xHis tag and a SIINFEKL tag.
  • tags can be located anywhere within the recombinant fusion polypeptide and in any order.
  • the two tags can be at the C-terminus of the recombinant fusion polypeptide, the two tags can be at the N-terminus of the recombinant fusion polypeptide, the two tags can be located internally within the recombinant fusion polypeptide, one tag can be at the C-terminus and one tag at the N-terminus of the recombinant fusion polypeptide, one tag can be at the C- terminus and one internally within the recombinant fusion polypeptide, or one tag can be at the N-terminus and one internally within the recombinant fusion polypeptide.
  • tags include chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin (TRX), and poly(NANP).
  • Particular recombinant fusion polypeptides comprise a C- terminal SIINFEKL tag.
  • Such tags can allow for easy detection of the recombinant fusion protein, confirmation of secretion of the recombinant fusion protein, or for following the immunogenicity of the secreted fusion polypeptide by following immune responses to these “tag” sequence peptides. Such immune response can be monitored using a number of reagents including, for example, monoclonal antibodies and DNA or RNA probes specific for these tags.
  • recombinant Listeria strains or can be expressed and isolated from other vectors and cell systems used for protein expression and isolation.
  • Recombinant Listeria strains comprising expressing such antigenic peptides can be used, for example in immunogenic compositions comprising such recombinant Listeria and in vaccines comprising the recombinant Listeria strain and an adjuvant.
  • Expression of one or more antigenic peptides as a fusion polypeptides with a nonhemolytic truncated form of LLO, ActA, or a PEST -like sequence in host cell systems in Listeria strains and host cell systems other than Listeria can result in enhanced immunogenicity of the antigenic peptides.
  • Nucleic acids encoding such recombinant fusion polypeptides are also disclosed.
  • the nucleic acid can be in any form.
  • the nucleic acid can comprise or consist of DNA or RNA, and can be single- stranded or double-stranded.
  • the nucleic acid can be in the form of a plasmid, such as an episomal plasmid, a multicopy episomal plasmid, or an integrative plasmid.
  • the nucleic acid can be in the form of a viral vector, a phage vector, or in a bacterial artificial chromosome.
  • Such nucleic acids can have one open reading frame or can have two or more open reading frames (e.g., an open reading frame encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide and a second open reading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme).
  • such nucleic acids can comprise two or more open reading frames linked by a Shine- Dalgarno ribosome binding site nucleic acid sequence between each open reading frame.
  • a nucleic acid can comprise two to four open reading frames linked by a Shine- Dalgarno ribosome binding site nucleic acid sequence between each open reading frame.
  • Each open reading frame can encode a different polypeptide.
  • the codon encoding the carboxy terminus of the fusion polypeptide is followed by two stop codons to ensure termination of protein synthesis.
  • the fusion polypeptide can include a single antigenic peptide or can includes two or more antigenic peptides.
  • Each antigenic peptide can be of any length sufficient to induce an immune response, and each antigenic peptide can be the same length or the antigenic peptides can have different lengths.
  • Each antigenic peptide can also be hydrophilic or can score up to or below a certain hydropathy threshold, which can be predictive of secretability in Listeria monocytogenes or another bacteria of interest.
  • antigenic peptides can be scored by a Kyte and Doolittle hydropathy index 21 amino acid window, and all scoring above a cutoff (around 1.6) can be excluded as they are unlikely to be secretable by Listeria monocytogenes.
  • the combination of antigenic peptides or the fusion polypeptide can be hydrophilic or can score up to or below a certain hydropathy threshold, which can be predictive of secretability in Listeria monocytogenes or another bacteria of interest.
  • the antigenic peptides can be linked together in any manner.
  • the antigenic peptides can be fused directly to each other with no intervening sequence.
  • the antigenic peptides can be linked to each other indirectly via one or more linkers, such as peptide linkers.
  • some pairs of adjacent antigenic peptides can be fused directly to each other, and other pairs of antigenic peptides can be linked to each other indirectly via one or more linkers.
  • the same linker can be used between each pair of adjacent antigenic peptides, or any number of different linkers can be used between different pairs of adjacent antigenic peptides.
  • one linker can be used between a pair of adjacent antigenic peptides, or multiple linkers can be used between a pair of adjacent antigenic peptides.
  • a linker sequence may be, for example, from 1 to about 50 amino acids in length. Some linkers may be hydrophilic. The linkers can serve varying purposes. For example, the linkers can serve to increase bacterial secretion, to facilitate antigen processing, to increase flexibility of the fusion polypeptide, to increase rigidity of the fusion polypeptide, or any other purpose. In some cases, different amino acid linker sequences are distributed between the antigenic peptides or different nucleic acids encoding the same amino acid linker sequence are distributed between the antigenic peptides (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 84-94) in order to minimize repeats.
  • peptide linker sequences may be chosen, for example, based on one or more of the following factors: (1) their ability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inability to adopt a secondary structure that could interact with functional epitopes on the antigenic peptides; and (3) the lack of hydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the functional epitopes.
  • peptide linker sequences may contain Gly, Asn and Ser residues.
  • linker sequences which may be usefully employed as linkers include those disclosed in Maratea et al. (1985) Gene 40:39-46; Murphy et al. (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8258-8262; US 4,935,233; and US 4,751,180, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • linkers include those in the following table (each of which can be used by itself as a linker, in a linker comprising repeats of the sequence, or in a linker further comprising one or more of the other sequences in the table), although others can also be envisioned (see, e.g., Reddy Chichili et al. (2013) Protein Science 22:153-167, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Unless specified,“n” represents an undetermined number of repeats in the listed linker.
  • the recombinant fusion proteins disclosed herein comprise a PEST-containing peptide.
  • the PEST-containing peptide may at the amino terminal (N-terminal) end of the fusion polypeptide (i.e., N-terminal to the antigenic peptides), may be at the carboxy terminal (C- terminal) end of the fusion polypeptide (i.e., C-terminal to the antigenic peptides), or may be embedded within the antigenic peptides.
  • a PEST containing peptide is not part of and is separate from the fusion polypeptide.
  • Fusion of an antigenic peptides to a PEST -like sequence, such as an LLO peptide, can enhance the immunogenicity of the antigenic peptides and can increase cell-mediated and antitumor immune responses (i.e., increase cell-mediated and anti-tumor immunity). See, e.g., Singh et al. (2005) J Immunol l75(6):3663-3673, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • a PEST-containing peptide is one that comprises a PEST sequence or a PEST -like sequence.
  • PEST sequences in eukaryotic proteins have long been identified. For example, proteins containing amino acid sequences that are rich in prolines (P), glutamic acids (E), serines (S) and threonines (T) (PEST), generally, but not always, flanked by clusters containing several positively charged amino acids, have rapid intracellular half-lives (Rogers et al. (1986) Science 234:364-369, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).
  • PEST and PEST -like sequences are well known in the art and is described, for example, in Rogers et al. (1986) Science 234(4774):364-378 and in Rechsteiner and Rogers (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:267-271, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • a PEST or PEST-like sequence can be identified using the PEST-find program.
  • a PEST -like sequence can be a region rich in pro line (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) residues.
  • the PEST -like sequence can be flanked by one or more clusters containing several positively charged amino acids.
  • a PEST-like sequence can be defined as a hydrophilic stretch of at least 12 amino acids in length with a high local concentration of proline (P), aspartate (D), glutamate (E), serine (S), and/or threonine (T) residues.
  • P proline
  • D aspartate
  • E glutamate
  • S serine
  • T threonine residues.
  • a PEST -like sequence contains no positively charged amino acids, namely arginine (R), histidine (H), and lysine (K).
  • Some PEST -like sequences can contain one or more internal phosphorylation sites, and phosphorylation at these sites precedes protein degradation.
  • the PEST -like sequence fits an algorithm disclosed in Rogers et al.
  • the PEST -like sequence fits an algorithm disclosed in Rechsteiner and Rogers.
  • PEST-like sequences can also be identified by an initial scan for positively charged amino acids R, H, and K within the specified protein sequence. All amino acids between the positively charged flanks are counted, and only those motifs containing a number of amino acids equal to or higher than the window-size parameter are considered further.
  • a PEST- like sequence must contain at least one P, at least one D or E, and at least one S or T. [0089] The quality of a PEST motif can be refined by means of a scoring parameter based on the local enrichment of critical amino acids as well as the motifs hydrophobicity.
  • a potential PEST motif s hydrophobicity can also be calculated as the sum over the products of mole percent and hydrophobicity index for each amino acid species.
  • a PEST-containing peptide can refer to a peptide having a score of at least +5 using the above algorithm. Alternatively, it can refer to a peptide having a score of at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 32, at least 35, at least 38, at least 40, or at least 45.
  • any other available methods or algorithms known in the art can also be used to identify PEST -like sequences. See, e.g., the CaSPredictor (Garay-Malpartida et al. (2005) Bioinformatics 21 Suppl l:il69-76, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).
  • Another method that can be used is the following: a PEST index is calculated for each stretch of appropriate length (e.g. a 30-35 amino acid stretch) by assigning a value of one to the amino acids Ser, Thr, Pro, Glu, Asp, Asn, or Gln.
  • the coefficient value (CV) for each of the PEST residues is one and the CV for each of the other AA (non- PEST) is zero.
  • Examples of PEST -like amino acid sequences are those set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 43- 51.
  • One example of a PEST-like sequence is KEN S IS S M APP AS PP AS PKTPIEKKH ADEIDK (SEQ ID NO: 43).
  • Another example of a PEST-like sequence is KENSISSMAPPASPPASPK (SEQ ID NO: 44).
  • any PEST or PEST -like amino acid sequence can be used.
  • PEST sequence peptides are known and are described, for example, in US 7,635,479; US 7,665,238; and US 2014/0186387, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • the PKST -like sequence can be from a Listeria species, such as from Listeria monocytogenes.
  • the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein contains at least four such sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 45-48), any of which are suitable for use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein.
  • Other similar PHST -like sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 52-54.
  • Streptolysin O proteins from Streptococcus sp. also contain a PEST sequence.
  • Streptococcus pyogenes streptolysin O comprises the PEST sequence
  • KQNTASTETTTTNEQPK (SEQ ID NO: 49) at amino acids 35-51 and Streptococcus equisimilis streptolysin O comprises the PEST -like sequence KQNTANTETTTTNEQPK (SEQ ID NO: 50) at amino acids 38-54.
  • PEST -like sequence is from Listeria seeligeri cytolysin, encoded by the Iso gene: RSEVTISPAETPESPPATP (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 51).
  • the PEST-like sequence can be derived from other prokaryotic organisms.
  • Other prokaryotic organisms wherein PEST-like amino acid sequences would be expected include, for example, other Listeria species.
  • LLO listeriolysin O
  • An example of an LLO protein is the protein assigned GenBank Accession No. P13128 (SEQ ID NO: 55; nucleic acid sequence is set forth in GenBank Accession No. X15127).
  • SEQ ID NO: 55 is a proprotein including a signal sequence. The first 25 amino acids of the proprotein is the signal sequence and is cleaved from LLO when it is secreted by the bacterium, thereby resulting in the full-length active LLO protein of 504 amino acids without the signal sequence.
  • LLO peptide disclosed herein can comprise the signal sequence or can comprise a peptide that does not include the signal sequence.
  • Exemplary LLO proteins that can be used comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55 or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms of SEQ ID NO: 55. Any sequence that encodes a fragment of an LLO protein or a homologue, variant, isoform, analog, fragment of a homologue, fragment of a variant, or fragment of an analog of an LLO protein can be used.
  • a homologous LLO protein can have a sequence identity with a reference LLO protein, for example, of greater than 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
  • LLO proteins that can be used can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56 or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms of SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • LLO protein Another example of an LLO protein is an LLO protein from the Listeria
  • LLO protein is an LLO protein from the Listeria monocytogenes 4b F2365 strain (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No.: YP_0l2823), EGD-e strain (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No.: NP_463733), or any other strain of Listeria monocytogenes.
  • LLO protein is an LLO protein from Flavobacteriales bacterium HTCC2170 (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No.: ZP_0l 106747 or EAR01433, or encoded by GenBank Accession No.: NZ_AAOC01000003).
  • LLO proteins that can be used can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any of the above LLO proteins or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms of the above LLO proteins.
  • Proteins that are homologous to LLO, or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms thereof, can also be used.
  • alveolysin which can be found, for example, in Paenibacillus alvei (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No.: P23564 or AAA22224, or encoded by GenBank Accession No.: M62709).
  • Other such homologous proteins are known.
  • the LLO peptide can be a full-length LLO protein or a truncated LLO protein or LLO fragment.
  • the LLO peptide can be one that retains one or more functionalities of a native LLO protein or lacks one or more functionalities of a native LLO protein.
  • the retained LLO functionality can be allowing a bacteria (e.g., Listeria ) to escape from a phagosome or phagolysosome, or enhancing the immunogenicity of a peptide to which it is fused.
  • the retained functionality can also be hemolytic function or antigenic function.
  • LLO peptide can be a non-hemo lytic LLO.
  • Other functions of LLO are known, as are methods and assays for evaluating LLO functionality.
  • An LLO fragment can be a PKST -like sequence or can comprise a PKST -like
  • LLO fragments can comprise one or more of an internal deletion, a truncation from the C-terminal end, and a truncation from the N-terminal end. In some cases, an LLO fragment can comprise more than one internal deletion. Other LLO peptides can be full-length LLO proteins with one or more mutations.
  • LLO proteins or fragments have reduced hemolytic activity relative to wild type LLO or are non-hemolytic fragments.
  • an LLO protein can be rendered non hemolytic by deletion or mutation of the activation domain at the carboxy terminus, by deletion or mutation of cysteine 484, or by deletion or mutation at another location.
  • LLO proteins are rendered non-hemolytic by a deletion or mutation of the cholesterol binding domain (CBD) as detailed in US 8,771,702, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • the mutations can comprise, for example, a substitution or a deletion.
  • the entire CBD can be mutated, portions of the CBD can be mutated, or specific residues within the CBD can be mutated.
  • the LLO protein can comprise a mutation of one or more of residues C484, W491, and W492 (e.g., C484, W491, W492, C484 and W491, C484 and W492, W491 and W492, or all three residues) of SEQ ID NO: 55 or corresponding residues when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 (e.g., a corresponding cysteine or tryptophan residue).
  • a mutant LLO protein can be created wherein residues C484, W491, and W492 of LLO are substituted with alanine residues, which will substantially reduce hemolytic activity relative to wild type LLO.
  • the mutant LLO protein with C484A, W491A, and W492A mutations is termed“mutLLO.”
  • a mutant LLO protein can be created with an internal deletion comprising the cholesterol-binding domain.
  • the internal deletion can be a 1-11 amino acid deletion, an 11-50 amino acid deletion, or longer.
  • the mutated region can be 1-11 amino acids, 11-50 amino acids, or longer (e.g., 1-50, 1-11, 2-11, 3-11, 4-11, 5-11, 6-11, 7-11, 8-11, 9-11, 10-11, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2- 9, 2-10, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 12-50, 11-15, 11-20, 11-25, 11-30, 11-35, 11-40, 11- 50, 11-60, 11-70, 11-80, 11-90, 11-100, 11-150, 15-20, 15-25, 15-30, 15-35, 15-40, 15-50, 15- 60, 15-70, 15-80, 15-90, 15-100, 15-150, 20-25, 20-30, 20-35, 20-40, 20-50, 20-60, 20-70, 20- 80, 20-90, 20-90,
  • a mutated region consisting of residues 470-500, 470-510, or 480-500 of SEQ ID NO: 55 will result in a deleted sequence comprising the CBD (residues 483-493 of SEQ ID NO: 55).
  • the mutated region can also be a fragment of the CBD or can overlap with a portion of the CBD.
  • the mutated region can consist of residues 470-490, 480-488, 485-490, 486-488, 490-500, or 486-510 of SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • a fragment of the CBD (residues 484-492) can be replaced with a heterologous sequence, which will substantially reduce hemolytic activity relative to wild type LLO.
  • the CBD (ECTGLAWEWWR; SEQ ID NO: 74) can be replaced with a CTL epitope from the antigen NY-ESO-l (ESLLMWITQCR; SEQ ID NO: 75), which contains the HLA-A2 restricted epitope 157-165 from NY-ESO-l.
  • ESLLMWITQCR antigen NY-ESO-l
  • the resulting LLO is termed“ctLLO.”
  • the mutated region can be replaced by a heterologous sequence.
  • the mutated region can be replaced by an equal number of heterologous amino acids, a smaller number of heterologous amino acids, or a larger number of amino acids (e.g., 1-50, 1-11, 2-11, 3-11, 4-11, 5-11, 6-11, 7-11, 8-11, 9-11, 10-11, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1- 7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 12-50, 11-15, 11-20, 11-25, 11-30, 11-35, 11-40, 11-50, 11-60, 11-70, 11-80, 11-90, 11-100, 11-150, 15-20, 15-25, 15-30, 15-35, 15-40, 15-50, 15-60, 15-70, 15-80, 15-50, 15-60, 15-70, 15-
  • an LLO peptide may have a deletion in the signal sequence and a mutation or substitution in the CBD.
  • LLO peptides are N-terminal LLO fragments (i.e., LLO proteins with a C- terminal deletion). Some LLO peptides are at least 494, 489, 492, 493, 500, 505, 510, 515, 520, or 525 amino acids in length or 492-528 amino acids in length.
  • the LLO fragment can consist of about the first 440 or 441 amino acids of an LLO protein (e.g., the first 441 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56, or a corresponding fragment of another LLO protein when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56).
  • N-terminal LLO fragments can consist of the first 420 amino acids of an LLO protein (e.g., the first 420 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56, or a corresponding fragment of another LLO protein when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56).
  • Other N-terminal fragments can consist of about amino acids 20-442 of an LLO protein (e.g., amino acids 20-442 of SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56, or a corresponding fragment of another LLO protein when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56).
  • Other N-terminal LLO fragments comprise any ALLO without the activation domain comprising cysteine 484, and in particular without cysteine 484.
  • the N-terminal LLO fragment can correspond to the first 425, 400, 375, 350, 325, 300, 275, 250, 225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75, 50, or 25 amino acids of an LLO protein (e.g., the first 425, 400, 375, 350, 325, 300, 275, 250, 225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75, 50, or 25 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56, or a corresponding fragment of another LLO protein when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56).
  • an LLO protein e.g., the first 425, 400, 375, 350, 325, 300, 275, 250, 225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75, 50, or 25 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56, or a corresponding fragment of another LLO protein when optimally aligned with SEQ ID NO: 55 or 56.
  • the fragment comprises one or more PEST -like sequences.
  • LLO fragments and truncated LLO proteins can contain residues of a homologous LLO protein that correspond to any one of the above specific amino acid ranges. The residue numbers need not correspond exactly with the residue numbers enumerated above (e.g., if the homologous LLO protein has an insertion or deletion relative to a specific LLO protein disclosed herein). Examples of N- terminal LLO fragments include SEQ ID NOS: 57, 58, and 59.
  • LLO proteins that can be used comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, or 59 or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms of SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, or 59.
  • the N-terminal LLO fragment set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59 is used.
  • nucleic acid encoding the N-terminal LLO fragment set forth in SEQ ID NO:
  • ActA is a surface-associated protein and acts as a scaffold in infected host cells to facilitate the polymerization, assembly, and activation of host actin polymers in order to propel a Listeria monocytogenes through the cytoplasm.
  • L. monocytogenes induces the polymerization of host actin filaments and uses the force generated by actin polymerization to move, first intracellularly and then from cell to cell.
  • ActA is responsible for mediating actin nucleation and actin-based motility.
  • the ActA protein provides multiple binding sites for host cytoskeletal components, thereby acting as a scaffold to assemble the cellular actin polymerization machinery.
  • the N-terminus of ActA binds to monomeric actin and acts as a constitutively active nucleation promoting factor by stimulating the intrinsic actin nucleation activity.
  • the actA and hly genes are both members of the lO-kb gene cluster regulated by the transcriptional activator PrfA, and actA is upregulated approximately 226-fold in the mammalian cytosol. Any sequence that encodes an ActA protein or a homologue, variant, isoform, analog, fragment of a homologue, fragment of a variant, or fragment of an analog of an ActA protein can be used.
  • a homologous ActA protein can have a sequence identity with a reference ActA protein, for example, of greater than 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
  • an ActA protein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61.
  • Another example of an ActA protein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • the first 29 amino acid of the proprotein corresponding to either of these sequences are the signal sequence and are cleaved from ActA protein when it is secreted by the bacterium.
  • An ActA peptide can comprise the signal sequence (e.g., amino acids 1-29 of SEQ ID NO: 61 or 62), or can comprise a peptide that does not include the signal sequence.
  • ActA proteins comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of isoforms, or fragments of analogs of SEQ ID NO: 61 or 62.
  • an ActA protein is an ActA protein from the Listeria
  • LLO proteins that can be used can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any of the above LLO proteins or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments, fragments of homologues, fragments of variants, fragments of analogs, and fragments of isoforms of the above LLO proteins.
  • ActA peptides can be full-length ActA proteins or truncated ActA proteins or ActA fragments (e.g., N-terminal ActA fragments in which a C-terminal portion is removed).
  • truncated ActA proteins comprise at least one PEST sequence (e.g., more than one PEST sequence).
  • truncated ActA proteins can optionally comprise an ActA signal peptide. Examples of PEST -like sequences contained in truncated ActA proteins include SEQ ID NOS: 45-48.
  • Some such truncated ActA proteins comprise at least two of the PEST -like sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 45-48 or homologs thereof, at least three of the PEST -like sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 45-48 or homologs thereof, or all four of the PEST -like sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 45-48 or homo logs thereof.
  • Examples of truncated ActA proteins include those comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about residues 30- 122, about residues 30-229, about residues 30-332, about residues 30-200, or about residues 30-
  • truncated ActA proteins include those comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about the first 50, 100, 150, 200, 233, 250, 300, 390, 400, or 418 residues of a full length ActA protein sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 62).
  • truncated ActA proteins include those comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about residues 200-300 or residues 300-
  • the truncated ActA consists of the first 390 amino acids of the wild type ActA protein as described in US 7,655,238, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • the truncated ActA can be an ActA-NlOO or a modified version thereof (referred to as ActA- N100*) in which a PEST motif has been deleted and containing the nonconservative QDNKR (SEQ ID NO: 73) substitution as described in US 2014/0186387, herein incorporated by references in its entirety for all purposes.
  • truncated ActA proteins can contain residues of a homologous ActA protein that corresponds to one of the above amino acid ranges or the amino acid ranges of any of the ActA peptides disclosed herein.
  • the residue numbers need not correspond exactly with the residue numbers enumerated herein (e.g., if the
  • homologous ActA protein has an insertion or deletion, relative to an ActA protein utilized herein, then the residue numbers can be adjusted accordingly).
  • truncated ActA proteins include, for example, proteins comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 65, or 66 or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments of variants, fragments of isoforms, or fragments of analogs of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 65, or 66.
  • SEQ ID NO: 63 referred to as
  • ActA/PESTl and consists of amino acids 30-122 of the full length ActA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • SEQ ID NO: 64 is referred to as ActA/PEST2 or LA229 and consists of amino acids 30-229 of the full length ActA sequence set forth in the full-length ActA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • SEQ ID NO: 65 is referred to as ActA/PEST3 and consists of amino acids 30-332 of the full-length ActA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • SEQ ID NO: 66 is referred to as ActA/PEST4 and consists of amino acids 30-399 of the full-length ActA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • the truncated ActA protein consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64 can be used.
  • truncated ActA proteins include, for example, proteins comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67, 69, 70, or 72 or homologues, variants, isoforms, analogs, fragments of variants, fragments of isoforms, or fragments of analogs of SEQ ID NO: 67, 69, 70, or 72.
  • the truncated ActA protein consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67 (encoded by the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68) can be used.
  • the truncated ActA protein consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 70 (encoded by the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 71) can be used.
  • SEQ ID NO: 71 is the first 1170 nucleotides encoding ActA in the Listeria monocytogenes 10403S strain.
  • the ActA fragment can be fused to a heterologous signal peptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 72 sets forth an ActA fragment fused to an Hly signal peptide.
  • such methods can comprise selecting and designing antigenic peptides to include in the immunotherapy construct (and, for example, testing the hydropathy of the each antigenic peptide, and modifying or deselecting an antigenic peptide if it scores above a selected hydropathy index threshold value), designing one or more fusion polypeptides comprising each of the selected antigenic peptides, and generating a nucleic acid construct encoding the fusion polypeptide.
  • the antigenic peptides can be screened for hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity.
  • Antigenic peptides can be selected, for example, if they are hydrophilic or if they score up to or below a certain hydropathy threshold, which can be predictive of secretability in a particular bacteria of interest (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes). For example, antigenic peptides can be scored by Kyte and Doolittle hydropathy index with a 21 amino acid window, all scoring above cutoff (around 1.6) are excluded as they are unlikely to be secretable by Listeria monocytogenes. See, e.g., Kyte-Doolittle (1982) J Mol Biol 157(1):105— 132; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • an antigenic peptide scoring about a selected cutoff can be altered (e.g., changing the length of the antigenic peptide).
  • Other sliding window sizes that can be used include, for example, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 or more amino acids.
  • the sliding window size can be 9-11 amino acids, 11-13 amino acids, 13-15 amino acids, 15-17 amino acids, 17-19 amino acids, 19-21 amino acids, 21-23 amino acids, 23-25 amino acids, or 25-27 amino acids.
  • cutoffs that can be used include, for example, the following ranges 1.2-1.4, 1.4-1.6, 1.6-1.8, 1.8-2.0, 2.0-2.2 2.2-2.5, 2.5-3.0, 3.0-3.5, 3.5-4.0, or 4.0-4.5, or the cutoff can be 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9,
  • the cutoff can vary, for example, depending on the genus or species of the bacteria being used to deliver the fusion polypeptide.
  • the antigenic peptides can be scored for their ability to bind to the subject human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type (for example by using the Immune Epitope Database (IED) available at www.iedb.org, which includes netMHCpan, ANN, SMMPMBEC. SMM,
  • HLA human leukocyte antigen
  • CombLib_Sidney2008, PickPocket, and netMHCcons are ranked by best MHC binding score from each antigenic peptide.
  • Other sources include TEpredict
  • Cutoffs may be different for different expression vectors such as Salmonella.
  • the antigenic peptides can be screened for immunosuppressive epitopes (e.g., T-reg epitopes, IL- 10- inducing T helper epitopes, and so forth) to deselect antigenic peptides or to avoid immunosuppressive influences.
  • immunosuppressive epitopes e.g., T-reg epitopes, IL- 10- inducing T helper epitopes, and so forth
  • a predicative algorithm for immunogenicity of the epitopes can be used to screen the antigenic peptides.
  • these algorithms are at best 20% accurate in predicting which peptide will generate a T cell response.
  • no screening/predictive algorithms are used.
  • the antigenic peptides can be screened for immunogenicity. For example, this can comprise contacting one or more T cells with an antigenic peptide, and analyzing for an immunogenic T cell response, wherein an immunogenic T cell response identifies the peptide as an immunogenic peptide.
  • This can also comprise using an immunogenic assay to measure secretion of at least one of CD25, CD44, or CD69 or to measure secretion of a cytokine selected from the group comprising IEN-g, TNF-a, IL-l, and IL-2 upon contacting the one or more T cells with the peptide, wherein increased secretion identifies the peptide as comprising one or more T cell epitopes.
  • an immunogenic assay to measure secretion of at least one of CD25, CD44, or CD69 or to measure secretion of a cytokine selected from the group comprising IEN-g, TNF-a, IL-l, and IL-2 upon contacting the one or more T cells with the peptide, wherein increased secretion identifies the peptide as comprising one or more T cell epitopes.
  • the selected antigenic peptides can be arranged into one or more candidate orders for a potential fusion polypeptide. If there are more usable antigenic peptides than can fit into a single plasmid, different antigenic peptides can be assigned priority ranks as needed/desired and/or split up into different fusion polypeptides (e.g., for inclusion in different recombinant Listeria strains). Priority rank can be determined by factors such as relative size, priority of transcription, and/or overall hydrophobicity of the translated polypeptide.
  • the antigenic peptides can be arranged so that they are joined directly together without linkers, or any combination of linkers between any number of pairs of antigenic peptides, as disclosed in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • the number of linear antigenic peptides to be included can be determined based on consideration of the number of constructs needed versus the mutational burden, the efficiency of translation and secretion of multiple epitopes from a single plasmid, and the MOI needed for each bacteria or Lm comprising a plasmid.
  • the combination of antigenic peptides or the entire fusion polypeptide also be scored for hydrophobicity.
  • the entirety of the fused antigenic peptides or the entire fusion polypeptide can be scored for hydropathy by a Kyte and Doolittle hydropathy index with a sliding 21 amino acid window. If any region scores above a cutoff (e.g., around 1.6), the antigenic peptides can be reordered or shuffled within the fusion polypeptide until an acceptable order of antigenic peptides is found (i.e., one in which no region scores above the cutoff).
  • any problematic antigenic peptides can be removed or redesigned to be of a different size.
  • one or more linkers between antigenic peptides as disclosed elsewhere herein can be added or modified to change the hydrophobicity.
  • other window sizes can be used, or other cutoffs can be used (e.g., depending on the genus or species of the bacteria being used to deliver the fusion polypeptide).
  • other suitable hydropathy plots or other appropriate scales could be used.
  • the combination of antigenic peptides or the entire fusion polypeptide can be further screened for immunosuppressive epitopes (e.g., T-reg epitopes, IL-lO-inducing T helper epitopes, and so forth) to deselect antigenic peptides or to avoid immunosuppressive influences.
  • immunosuppressive epitopes e.g., T-reg epitopes, IL-lO-inducing T helper epitopes, and so forth
  • a nucleic acid encoding a candidate combination of antigenic peptides or fusion polypeptide can then be designed and optimized.
  • the sequence can be optimized for increased levels of translation, duration of expression, levels of secretion, levels of transcription, and any combination thereof.
  • the increase can be 2-fold to 1000- fold, 2-fold to 500-fold, 2-fold to lOO-fold, 2-fold to 50-fold, 2-fold to 20-fold, 2-fold to lO-fold, or 3-fold to 5-fold relative to a control, non-optimized sequence.
  • the fusion polypeptide or nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide can be optimized for decreased levels of secondary structures possibly formed in the
  • oligonucleotide sequence or alternatively optimized to prevent attachment of any enzyme that may modify the sequence.
  • Expression in bacterial cells can be hampered, for example, by transcriptional silencing, low mRNA half-life, secondary structure formation, attachment sites of oligonucleotide binding molecules such as repressors and inhibitors, and availability of rare tRNAs pools.
  • the source of many problems in bacterial expressions is found within the original sequence.
  • the optimization of RNAs may include modification of cis acting elements, adaptation of its GC-content, modifying codon bias with respect to non-limiting tRNAs pools of the bacterial cell, and avoiding internal homologous regions.
  • optimizing a sequence can entail, for example, adjusting regions of very high (> 80%) or very low ( ⁇ 30%) GC content.
  • Optimizing a sequence can also entail, for example, avoiding one or more of the following ex acting sequence motifs: internal TATA-boxes, chi-sites, and ribosomal entry sites; AT-rich or GC-rich sequence stretches; repeat sequences and RNA secondary structures; (cryptic) splice donor and acceptor sites; branch points; or a combination thereof.
  • Optimizing expression can also entail adding sequence elements to flanking regions of a gene and/or elsewhere in the plasmid.
  • Optimizing a sequence can also entail, for example, adapting the codon usage to the codon bias of host genes (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes genes).
  • host genes e.g., Listeria monocytogenes genes.
  • the codons below can be used for Listeria monocytogenes.
  • a nucleic acid encoding a fusion polypeptide can be generated and introduced into a delivery vehicle such as a bacteria strain or Listeria strain.
  • a delivery vehicle such as a bacteria strain or Listeria strain.
  • Other delivery vehicles may be suitable for DNA immunotherapy or peptide immunotherapy, such as a vaccinia virus or virus- like particle.
  • recombinant bacterial strains such as a Listeria strain, comprising a recombinant fusion polypeptide disclosed herein or a nucleic acid encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the bacterial strain is a Listeria strain, such as a Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ) strain.
  • Lm has a number of inherent advantages as a vaccine vector. The bacterium grows very efficiently in vitro without special requirements, and it lacks LPS, which is a major toxicity factor in gram- negative bacteria, such as Salmonella. Genetically attenuated Lm vectors also offer additional safety as they can be readily eliminated with antibiotics, in case of serious adverse effects, and unlike some viral vectors, no integration of genetic material into the host genome occurs.
  • the recombinant Listeria strain can be any Listeria strain.
  • suitable Listeria strains include Listeria seeligeri, Listeria grayi, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria murrayi, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria monocytogenes ⁇ Lm), or any other Listeria species known in the art.
  • the recombinant listeria strain is a strain of the species Listeria monocytogenes.
  • Listeria monocytogenes strains include the following: L. monocytogenes 10403S wild type (see, e.g., Bishop and Hinrichs (1987) J Immunol 139:2005-2009; Lauer et al. (2002) J Bact 184:4177-4186); L. monocytogenes DP-L4056, which is phage cured (see, e.g., Lauer et al. (2002) J Bact 184:4177-4186); L. monocytogenes DP-L4027, which is phage cured and has an hly gene deletion (see, e.g., Lauer et al.
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4029 which is phage cured and has an actA gene deletion (see, e.g., Lauer et al. (2002) J Bact 184:4177-4186; Skoble et al. (2000) J Cell Biol 150:527- 538); L. monocytogenes DP-L4042 (delta PEST) (see, e.g., Brockstedt et al. (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 101:13832-13837 and supporting information); L.
  • LLO-S44A monocytogenes DP-L4097
  • LLO-S44A monocytogenes DP-L4097
  • LLO-S44A monocytogenes DP-L4097
  • LLO-S44A monocytogenes DP-L4097
  • LLO-S44A monocytogenes DP- L4364
  • delta IplA lipoate protein ligase
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4405 delta inlA
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4406 (delta inlB) (see, e.g., Brockstedt et al. (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:13832-13837 and supporting information); L. monocytogenes CS-LOOOl (delta actA ⁇ , delta inlB) (see, e.g., Brockstedt et al. (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:13832-13837 and supporting information); L. monocytogenes CS-L0002 (delta actA ⁇ , delta IplA) (see, e.g.,
  • L. monocytogenes CS-L0003 LLO L461T; delta IplA
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4038 delta actA LLO L461T
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4384 LLO S44A; LLO L461T
  • L. monocytogenes strain with an IplAl deletion encoding lipoate protein ligase LplAl
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4017 10403S with LLO L461T
  • L. monocytogenes EGD see, e.g.,
  • the Listeria strain is L.
  • monocytogenes EGD-e see GenBank Accession No. NC_0032l0; ATCC Accession No. BAA- 679
  • L. monocytogenes DP-L4029 actA deletion, optionally in combination with uvrAB deletion (DP-L4029uvrAB) (see, e.g., US 7,691,393)
  • L. monocytogenes actA-linlB - double mutant see, e.g., ATCC Accession No. PTA-5562
  • L. monocytogenes IplA mutant or hly mutant see, e.g., US 2004/0013690
  • L. monocytogenes dal/dat double mutant see, e.g., US
  • L. monocytogenes strains includes those that are modified (e.g., by a plasmid and/or by genomic integration) to contain a nucleic acid encoding one of, or any combination of, the following genes: hly (LLO; listeriolysin); iap (p60); inlA; inlB; inlC; dal (alanine racemase); dat (D-amino acid aminotransferase); plcA; plcB; actA; or any nucleic acid that mediates growth, spread, breakdown of a single walled vesicle, breakdown of a double walled vesicle, binding to a host cell, or uptake by a host cell.
  • the recombinant bacteria or Listeria can have wild-type virulence, can have attenuated virulence, or can be avirulent.
  • a recombinant Listeria of can be sufficiently virulent to escape the phagosome or phagolysosome and enter the cytosol.
  • Such Listeria strains can also be live-attenuated Listeria strains, which comprise at least one attenuating mutation, deletion, or inactivation as disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the recombinant Listeria is an attenuated auxotrophic strain.
  • An auxotrophic strain is one that is unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth. Examples of such strains are described in US 8,114,414, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • the recombinant Listeria strain lacks antibiotic resistance genes.
  • such recombinant Listeria strains can comprise a plasmid that does not encode an antibiotic resistance gene.
  • some recombinant Listeria strains provided herein comprise a plasmid comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibiotic resistance gene.
  • Antibiotic resistance genes may be used in the conventional selection and cloning processes commonly employed in molecular biology and vaccine preparation. Exemplary antibiotic resistance genes include gene products that confer resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol (CAT), neomycin, hygromycin, and gentamicin.
  • CAT chloramphenicol
  • the recombinant bacterial strains (e.g., Listeria strains) disclosed herein comprise a recombinant fusion polypeptide disclosed herein or a nucleic acid encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • nucleic acid in bacteria or Listeria strains comprising a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion protein, the nucleic acid can be codon optimized. Examples of optimal codons utilized by L. monocytogenes for each amino acid are shown US 2007/0207170, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. A nucleic acid is codon-optimized if at least one codon in the nucleic acid is replaced with a codon that is more frequently used by L. monocytogenes for that amino acid than the codon in the original sequence.
  • the nucleic acid can be present in an episomal plasmid within the bacteria or Listeria strain and/or the nucleic acid can be genomically integrated in the bacteria or Listeria strain.
  • Some recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains comprise two separate nucleic acids encoding two recombinant fusion polypeptides as disclosed herein: one nucleic acid in an episomal plasmid, and one genomically integrated in the bacteria or Listeria strain.
  • the episomal plasmid can be one that is stably maintained in vitro (in cell culture), in vivo (in a host), or both in vitro and in vivo. If in an episomal plasmid, the open reading frame encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide can be operably linked to a promoter/regulatory sequence in the plasmid. If genomically integrated in the bacteria or Listeria strain, the open reading frame encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide can be operably linked to an exogenous promoter/regulatory sequence or to an endogenous promoter/regulatory sequence.
  • promoters/regulatory sequences useful for driving constitutive expression of a gene include, for example, an hly, hlyA, actA, prfA, and p60 promoters of Listeria, the Streptococcus bac promoter, the Streptomyces griseus sgiA promoter, and the B.
  • an inserted gene of interest is not interrupted or subjected to regulatory constraints which often occur from integration into genomic DNA, and in some cases, the presence of the inserted heterologous gene does not lead to rearrangement or interruption of the cell's own important regions.
  • Such recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains can be made by transforming a bacteria or Listeria strain or an attenuated bacteria or Listeria strain described elsewhere herein with a plasmid or vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide.
  • the plasmid can be an episomal plasmid that does not integrate into a host chromosome.
  • the plasmid can be an integrative plasmid that integrates into a chromosome of the bacteria or Listeria strain.
  • the plasmids used herein can also be multicopy plasmids. Methods for transforming bacteria are well known, and include calcium-chloride competent cell-based methods, electroporation methods, bacteriophage- mediated transduction, chemical
  • Bacteria or Listeria strains with genomically integrated heterologous nucleic acids can be made, for example, by using a site- specific integration vector, whereby the bacteria or Listeria comprising the integrated gene is created using homologous recombination.
  • the integration vector can be any site- specific integration vector that is capable of infecting a bacteria or Listeria strain.
  • Such an integration vector can comprise, for example, a PSA attPP’ site, a gene encoding a PSA integrase, a U153 attPP’ site, a gene encoding a U153 integrase, an A118 attPP’ site, a gene encoding an Al 18 integrase, or any other known attPP’ site or any other phage integrase.
  • Such bacteria or Listeria strains comprising an integrated gene can also be created using any other known method for integrating a heterologous nucleic acid into a bacteria or Listeria chromosome. Techniques for homologous recombination are well known, and are described, for example, in Baloglu et al.
  • transposon insertion Techniques for transposon insertion are well known, and are described, for example, for the construction of DP-L967 by Sun et al. (1990) Infection and Immunity 58: 3770- 3778, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Transposon mutagenesis can achieve stable genomic insertion, but the position in the genome where the heterologous nucleic acids has been inserted is unknown.
  • an integrase gene and attachment site of a bacteriophage can be used to insert a heterologous gene into the corresponding attachment site, which may be any appropriate site in the genome (e.g. comK or the 3’ end of the arg tRNA gene).
  • Endogenous prophages can be cured from the utilized attachment site prior to integration of the heterologous nucleic acid.
  • Such methods can result, for example, in single-copy integrants.
  • a phage integration system based on PSA phage can be used (see, e.g., Lauer et al. (2002)
  • Maintaining the integrated gene can require, for example, continuous selection by antibiotics.
  • a phage-based chromosomal integration system can be established that does not require selection with antibiotics.
  • an auxotrophic host strain can be complemented.
  • a phage-based chromosomal integration system for clinical applications can be used, where a host strain that is auxotrophic for essential enzymes, including, for example, D-alanine racemase is used (e.g., Lm dal(-)dat(-)).
  • Conjugation can also be used to introduce genetic material and/or plasmids into bacteria. Methods for conjugation are well known, and are described, for example, in
  • a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain can comprise a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide genomically integrated into the bacteria or Listeria genome as an open reading frame with an endogenous actA sequence (encoding an ActA protein) or an endogenous hly sequence (encoding an LLO protein).
  • an endogenous actA sequence encoding an ActA protein
  • an endogenous hly sequence encoding an LLO protein
  • the expression and secretion of the fusion polypeptide can be under the control of the endogenous actA promoter and ActA signal sequence or can be under the control of the endogenous hly promoter and LLO signal sequence.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide can replace an actA sequence encoding an ActA protein or an hly sequence encoding an LLO protein.
  • Selection of recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains can be achieved by any means.
  • antibiotic selection can be used.
  • Antibiotic resistance genes may be used in the conventional selection and cloning processes commonly employed in molecular biology and vaccine preparation.
  • Exemplary antibiotic resistance genes include gene products that confer resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol (CAT), neomycin, hygromycin, and gentamicin.
  • auxotrophic strains can be used, and an exogenous metabolic gene can be used for selection instead of or in addition to an antibiotic resistance gene.
  • transformed auxotrophic bacteria in order to select for auxotrophic bacteria comprising a plasmid encoding a metabolic enzyme or a complementing gene provided herein, transformed auxotrophic bacteria can be grown in a medium that will select for expression of the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme (e.g., amino acid metabolism gene) or the complementing gene.
  • a temperature- sensitive plasmid can be used to select recombinants or any other known means for selecting recombinants.
  • the recombinant bacteria strains e.g., recombinant Listeria strains
  • the term“attenuation” encompasses a diminution in the ability of the bacterium to cause disease in a host animal.
  • the pathogenic characteristics of an attenuated Listeria strain may be lessened compared with wild-type Listeria , although the attenuated Listeria is capable of growth and maintenance in culture.
  • the lethal dose at which 50% of inoculated animals survive is preferably increased above the LD50 of wild-type Listeria by at least about lO-fold, more preferably by at least about lOO-fold, more preferably at least about 1,000 fold, even more preferably at least about 10,000 fold, and most preferably at least about 100, 000-fold.
  • An attenuated strain of Listeria is thus one that does not kill an animal to which it is administered, or is one that kills the animal only when the number of bacteria administered is vastly greater than the number of wild-type non-attenuated bacteria which would be required to kill the same animal.
  • An attenuated bacterium should also be construed to mean one which is incapable of replication in the general environment because the nutrient required for its growth is not present therein. Thus, the bacterium is limited to replication in a controlled environment wherein the required nutrient is provided. Attenuated strains are environmentally safe in that they are incapable of uncontrolled replication
  • Attenuation can be accomplished by any known means.
  • such attenuated strains can be deficient in one or more endogenous virulence genes or one or more endogenous metabolic genes.
  • examples of such genes are disclosed herein, and attenuation can be achieved by inactivation of any one of or any combination of the genes disclosed herein. Inactivation can be achieved, for example, through deletion or through mutation (e.g., an inactivating mutation).
  • the term“mutation” includes any type of mutation or modification to the sequence (nucleic acid or amino acid sequence) and may encompass a deletion, a truncation, an insertion, a substitution, a disruption, or a translocation.
  • a mutation can include a frame shift mutation, a mutation which causes premature termination of a protein, or a mutation of regulatory sequences which affect gene expression. Mutagenesis can be accomplished using recombinant DNA techniques or using traditional mutagenesis technology using mutagenic chemicals or radiation and subsequent selection of mutants. Deletion mutants may be preferred because of the accompanying low probability of reversion.
  • the term“metabolic gene” refers to a gene encoding an enzyme involved in or required for synthesis of a nutrient utilized or required by a host bacteria. For example, the enzyme can be involved in or required for the synthesis of a nutrient required for sustained growth of the host bacteria.
  • the term“virulence” gene includes a gene whose presence or activity in an organism’s genome that contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism (e.g., enabling the organism to achieve colonization of a niche in the host
  • LmddA Listeria monocytogenes
  • LmddA Lm dal(-)dat(-) actA
  • LmddA Lm dal(-)dat(-) actA
  • Lm prfA ⁇ - Another specific example of an attenuated strain is Lm prfA ⁇ - or a strain having a partial deletion or inactivating mutation in the prfA gene.
  • the PrfA protein controls the expression of a regulon comprising essential virulence genes required by Lm to colonize its vertebrate hosts; hence the prfA mutation strongly impairs PrfA ability to activate expression of PrfA-dependent virulence genes.
  • Attenuated bacteria or Listeria strains include bacteria or Listeria strains deficient in one or more endogenous virulence genes. Examples of such genes include actA, prfA, plcB, plcA, inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, and bsh in Listeria. Attenuated Listeria strains can also be the double mutant or triple mutant of any of the above-mentioned strains. Attenuated Listeria strains can comprise a mutation or deletion of each one of the genes, or comprise a mutation or deletion of, for example, up to ten of any of the genes provided herein (e.g., including the actA, prfA, and dal/dat genes).
  • an attenuated Listeria strain can comprise a mutation or deletion of an endogenous internalin C ( inlC ) gene and/or a mutation or deletion of an endogenous actA gene.
  • an attenuated Listeria strain can comprise a mutation or deletion of an endogenous internalin B ( inlB ) gene and/or a mutation or deletion of an endogenous actA gene.
  • an attenuated Listeria strain can comprise a mutation or deletion of endogenous inlB, inlC, and actA genes.
  • Translocation of Listeria to adjacent cells is inhibited by the deletion of the endogenous actA gene and/or the endogenous inlC gene or endogenous inlB gene, which are involved in the process, thereby resulting in high levels of attenuation with increased immunogenicity and utility as a strain backbone.
  • An attenuated Listeria strain can also be a double mutant comprising mutations or deletions of both plcA and plcB. In some cases, the strain can be constructed from the EGD Listeria backbone.
  • a bacteria or Listeria strain can also be an auxotrophic strain having a mutation in a metabolic gene.
  • the strain can be deficient in one or more endogenous amino acid metabolism genes.
  • the generation of auxotrophic strains of Listeria deficient in D-alanine may be accomplished in a number of ways that are well known, including deletion mutations, insertion mutations, frameshift mutations, mutations which cause premature termination of a protein, or mutation of regulatory sequences which affect gene expression. Deletion mutants may be preferred because of the accompanying low probability of reversion of the auxotrophic phenotype.
  • mutants of D-alanine which are generated according to the protocols presented herein may be tested for the ability to grow in the absence of D-alanine in a simple laboratory culture assay. Those mutants which are unable to grow in the absence of this compound can be selected.
  • Examples of endogenous amino acid metabolism genes include a vitamin synthesis gene, a gene encoding pantothenic acid synthase, a D-glutamic acid synthase gene, a D-alanine amino transferase (dat) gene, a D-alanine racemase (dal) gene, dga, a gene involved in the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a gene involved in the synthesis of Cysteine synthase A ( cysK ), a vitamin-Bl2 independent methionine synthase, trpA, trpB, trpE, asnB, gltD, gltB, leuA, argG, and thrC.
  • a vitamin synthesis gene a gene encoding pantothenic acid synthase, a D-glutamic acid synthase gene, a D-alanine amino transferase (dat) gene, a
  • the Listeria strain can be deficient in two or more such genes (e.g., dat and dal). D-glutamic acid synthesis is controlled in part by the dal gene, which is involved in the conversion of D-glu + pyr to alpha-ketoglutarate + D-ala, and the reverse reaction.
  • an attenuated Listeria strain can be deficient in an endogenous synthase gene, such as an amino acid synthesis gene.
  • endogenous synthase gene such as an amino acid synthesis gene.
  • genes include folP, a gene encoding a dihydrouridine synthase family protein, ispD, ispF, a gene encoding a phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, hisF, hisH,flH, a gene encoding a ribosomal large subunit pseudouridine synthase, ispD, a gene encoding a bifunctional GMP synthase/glutamine amidotransferase protein, cobS, cobB, cbiD, a gene encoding a uroporphyrin- III C- methyltransferase/uroporphyrinogen-III synthase, cobQ, uppS, truB, dxs, mvaS, dap
  • phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase carB, carA, thyA, mgsA, aroB, hepB, rluB, ilvB, ilvN, cilsS,fabF,fabH, a gene encoding a pseudouridine synthase, pyrG, truA, pabB, and an atp synthase gene (e.g., atpC, atpD-2, aptG, atpA-2, and so forth).
  • an atp synthase gene e.g., atpC, atpD-2, aptG, atpA-2, and so forth.
  • Attenuated Listeria strains can be deficient in endogenous phoP, aroA, aroC, aroD, or plcB.
  • an attenuated Listeria strain can be deficient in an endogenous peptide transporter.
  • Examples include genes encoding an ABC transporter/ ATP- binding/permease protein, an oligopeptide ABC transporter/oligopeptide-binding protein, an oligopeptide ABC transporter/permease protein, a zinc ABC transporter/zinc-binding protein, a sugar ABC transporter, a phosphate transporter, a ZIP zinc transporter, a drug resistance transporter of the EmrB/QacA family, a sulfate transporter, a proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter, a magnesium transporter, a formate/nitrite transporter, a spermidine/putrescine ABC transporter, a Na/Pi-cotransporter, a sugar phosphate transporter, a glutamine ABC transporter, a major facilitator family transporter, a glycine betaine/L-proline ABC transporter, a molybdenum ABC transporter, a techoic acid ABC transporter, a cobalt ABC transporter, an ammonium transporter
  • Attenuated bacteria and Listeria strains can be deficient in an endogenous metabolic enzyme that metabolizes an amino acid that is used for a bacterial growth process, a replication process, cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, metabolism of a fatty acid, or for any other growth or replication process.
  • an attenuated strain can be deficient in an endogenous metabolic enzyme that can catalyze the formation of an amino acid used in cell wall synthesis, can catalyze the synthesis of an amino acid used in cell wall synthesis, or can be involved in synthesis of an amino acid used in cell wall synthesis.
  • the amino acid can be used in cell wall biogenesis.
  • the metabolic enzyme is a synthetic enzyme for D-glutamic acid, a cell wall component.
  • Attenuated Listeria strains can be deficient in metabolic enzymes encoded by a D-glutamic acid synthesis gene, dga, an alr (alanine racemase) gene, or any other enzymes that are involved in alanine synthesis.
  • metabolic enzymes for which the Listeria strain can be deficient include enzymes encoded by serC (a phosphoserine
  • aminotransferase asd (aspartate betasemialdehyde dehydrogenase; involved in synthesis of the cell wall constituent diaminopimelic acid), the gene encoding gsaB- glutamate- 1- semialdehyde aminotransferase (catalyzes the formation of 5-aminolevulinate from (S)-4-amino-5- oxopentanoate), hemL (catalyzes the formation of 5-aminolevulinate from (S)-4-amino-5- oxopentanoate), aspB (an aspartate aminotransferase that catalyzes the formation of oxalozcetate and L-glutamate from L-aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate), argF-1 (involved in arginine
  • An attenuated Listeria strain can be generated by mutation of other metabolic enzymes, such as a tRNA synthetase.
  • the metabolic enzyme can be encoded by the trpS gene, encoding tryptophanyltRNA synthetase.
  • the host strain bacteria can be A ⁇ trpS aroA ), and both markers can be contained in an integration vector.
  • metabolic enzymes include aspartate aminotransferase, histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase (GenBank Accession No.
  • NP_466347 the cell wall teichoic acid glycosylation protein GtcA.
  • Other examples of metabolic enzymes that can be mutated to generate an attenuated Listeria strain include a synthetic enzyme for a peptidoglycan component or precursor.
  • the component can be, for example, UDP-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide, UDP-N- acetylglucosamine, MurNAc-(pentapeptide)-pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol, GlcNAc-p-( 1 ,4)- MurNAc-(pentapeptide)-pyrophosphorylundecaprenol, or any other peptidoglycan component or precursor.
  • the metabolic enzyme can be any other synthetic enzyme for a peptidoglycan component or precursor.
  • the metabolic enzyme can also be a trans-glycosylase, a trans-peptidase, a carboxy-peptidase, any other class of metabolic enzyme, or any other metabolic enzyme.
  • the metabolic enzyme can be any other Listeria metabolic enzyme or any other Listeria monocytogenes metabolic enzyme.
  • the attenuated bacteria or Listeria strains disclosed herein can further comprise a nucleic acid comprising a complementing gene or encoding a metabolic enzyme that
  • nucleic acid having a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein can further comprise a second open reading frame comprising the complementing gene or encoding the complementing metabolic enzyme.
  • a first nucleic acid can encode the fusion polypeptide and a separate second nucleic acid can comprise the complementing gene or encode the complementing metabolic enzyme.
  • the complementing gene can be extrachromosomal or can be integrated into the bacteria or Listeria genome.
  • the auxotrophic Listeria strain can comprise an episomal plasmid comprising a nucleic acid encoding a metabolic enzyme. Such plasmids will be contained in the Listeria in an episomal or extrachromosomal fashion.
  • the auxotrophic Listeria strain can comprise an integrative plasmid (i.e., integration vector) comprising a nucleic acid encoding a metabolic enzyme.
  • integrative plasmids can be used for integration into a Listeria chromosome.
  • the episomal plasmid or the integrative plasmid lacks an antibiotic resistance marker.
  • the metabolic gene can be used for selection instead of or in addition to an antibiotic resistance gene.
  • auxotrophic bacteria comprising a plasmid encoding a metabolic enzyme or a complementing gene provided herein, transformed
  • auxotrophic bacteria can be grown in a medium that will select for expression of the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme (e.g., amino acid metabolism gene) or the complementing gene.
  • a bacteria auxotrophic for D-glutamic acid synthesis can be transformed with a plasmid comprising a gene for D-glutamic acid synthesis, and the auxotrophic bacteria will grow in the absence of D-glutamic acid, whereas auxotrophic bacteria that have not been transformed with the plasmid, or are not expressing the plasmid encoding a protein for D-glutamic acid synthesis, will not grow.
  • a bacterium auxotrophic for D-alanine synthesis will grow in the absence of D-alanine when transformed and expressing a plasmid comprising a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid metabolism enzyme for D-alanine synthesis.
  • Such methods for making appropriate media comprising or lacking necessary growth factors, supplements, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, and the like are well-known and are available commercially.
  • the bacteria can be propagated in the presence of a selective pressure. Such propagation can comprise growing the bacteria in media without the auxotrophic factor.
  • the presence of the plasmid expressing the metabolic enzyme or the complementing gene in the auxotrophic bacteria ensures that the plasmid will replicate along with the bacteria, thus continually selecting for bacteria harboring the plasmid.
  • Production of the bacteria or Listeria strain can be readily scaled up by adjusting the volume of the medium in which the auxotrophic bacteria comprising the plasmid are growing.
  • the attenuated strain is a strain having a deletion of or an inactivating mutation in dal and dat (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ) dal(-)dat(-) ( Lmdd ) or Lm dal(-)dat(-) actA ( LmddA )), and the complementing gene encodes an alanine racemase enzyme (e.g., encoded by dal gene) or a D-amino acid aminotransferase enzyme (e.g., encoded by dat gene).
  • dal and dat e.g., Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ) dal(-)dat(-) ( Lmdd ) or Lm dal(-)dat(-) actA ( LmddA )
  • the complementing gene encodes an alanine racemase enzyme (e.g., encoded by dal gene) or a D-amino acid amino
  • An exemplary alanine racemase protein can have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 78; GenBank Accession No: AF038438) or can be a homologue, variant, isoform, analog, fragment, fragment of a homologue, fragment of a variant, fragment of an analog, or fragment of an isoform of SEQ ID NO: 76 .
  • the alanine racemase protein can also be any other Listeria alanine racemase protein.
  • the alanine racemase protein can be any other gram-positive alanine racemase protein or any other alanine racemase protein.
  • An exemplary D-amino acid aminotransferase protein can have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 79; GenBank Accession No: AF038439) or can be a homologue, variant, isoform, analog, fragment, fragment of a homologue, fragment of a variant, fragment of an analog, or fragment of an isoform of SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • the D-amino acid aminotransferase protein can also be any other Listeria D-amino acid aminotransferase protein.
  • the D-amino acid aminotransferase protein can be any other gram positive D-amino acid aminotransferase protein or any other D-amino acid aminotransferase protein.
  • the attenuated strain is a strain having a deletion of or an inactivating mutation in prfA (e.g., Lm prfA(-)), and the complementing gene encodes a PrfA protein.
  • the complementing gene can encode a mutant PrfA (D133V) protein that restores partial PrfA function.
  • SEQ ID NO: 80 encoded by nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81
  • SEQ ID NO: 82 an example of a D133V mutant PrfA protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82 (encoded by nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83).
  • the complementing PrfA protein can be a homologue, variant, isoform, analog, fragment, fragment of a homologue, fragment of a variant, fragment of an analog, or fragment of an isoform of SEQ ID NO: 80 or 82.
  • the PrfA protein can also be any other Listeria PrfA protein.
  • the PrfA protein can be any other gram-positive PrfA protein or any other PrfA protein.
  • the bacteria strain or Listeria strain can comprise a deletion of or an inactivating mutation in an actA gene, and the complementing gene can comprise an actA gene to complement the mutation and restore function to the Listeria strain.
  • auxotroph strains and complementation systems can also be adopted for the use with the methods and compositions provided herein.
  • the recombinant bacteria strain (e.g., Listeria strain) optionally has been passaged through an animal host.
  • Such passaging can maximize efficacy of the Listeria strain as a vaccine vector, can stabilize the immunogenicity of the Listeria strain, can stabilize the virulence of the Listeria strain, can increase the immunogenicity of the Listeria strain, can increase the virulence of the Listeria strain, can remove unstable sub- strains of the Listeria strain, or can reduce the prevalence of unstable sub-strains of the Listeria strain.
  • Methods for passaging a recombinant Listeria strain through an animal host are well known in the art and are described, for example, in US 2006/0233835, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • the recombinant bacteria strain can be stored in a frozen cell bank or stored in a lyophilized cell bank.
  • a cell bank can be, for example, a master cell bank, a working cell bank, or a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) cell bank.
  • GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
  • Examples of “Good Manufacturing Practices” include those defined by 21 CFR 210-211 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations. However,“Good Manufacturing Practices” can also be defined by other standards for production of clinical-grade material or for human consumption, such as standards of a country other than the United States.
  • Such cell banks can be intended for production of clinical-grade material or can conform to regulatory practices for human use.
  • Recombinant bacteria strains can also be from a batch of vaccine doses, from a frozen stock, or from a lyophilized stock.
  • Such cell banks, frozen stocks, or batches of vaccine doses can, for example, exhibit viability upon thawing of greater than 90%.
  • the thawing for example, can follow storage for cryopreservation or frozen storage for 24 hours.
  • the storage can last, for example, for 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 5 months, 6 months, 9 months, or 1 year.
  • the cell bank, frozen stock, or batch of vaccine doses can be cryopreserved, for example, by a method that comprises growing a culture of the bacteria strain (e.g., Listeria strain) in a nutrient media, freezing the culture in a solution comprising glycerol, and storing the Listeria strain at below -20°C.
  • the temperature can be, for example, about -70°C or between about -70 to about -80°C.
  • the cell bank, frozen stock, or batch of vaccine doses can be cryopreserved by a method that comprises growing a culture of the Listeria strain in a defined medium, freezing the culture in a solution comprising glycerol, and storing the Listeria strain at below -20°C.
  • the temperature can be, for example, about -70°C or between about -70 to about -80°C. Any defined microbiological medium may be used in this method.
  • the culture e.g., the culture of a Listeria vaccine strain that is used to produce a batch of Listeria vaccine doses
  • the culture can be inoculated, for example, from a cell bank, from a frozen stock, from a starter culture, or from a colony.
  • the culture can be inoculated, for example, at mid-log growth phase, at approximately mid-log growth phase, or at another growth phase.
  • the solution used for freezing optionally contain another colligative additive or additive with anti- freeze properties in place of glycerol or in addition to glycerol.
  • additives include, for example, mannitol, DMSO, sucrose, or any other colligative additive or additive with anti-freeze properties.
  • the nutrient medium utilized for growing a culture of a bacteria strain can be any suitable nutrient medium.
  • suitable media include, for example, LB; TB; a modified, animal-product-free Terrific Broth; or a defined medium.
  • the step of growing can be performed by any known means of growing bacteria.
  • the step of growing can be performed with a shake flask (such as a baffled shake flask), a batch fermenter, a stirred tank or flask, an airlift fermenter, a fed batch, a continuous cell reactor, an immobilized cell reactor, or any other means of growing bacteria.
  • a constant pH is maintained during growth of the culture (e.g. in a batch fermenter).
  • the pH can be maintained at about 6.0, at about 6.5, at about 7.0, at about 7.5, or about 8.0.
  • the pH can be, for example, from about 6.5 to about 7.5, from about 6.0 to about 8.0, from about 6.0 to about 7.0, from about 6.0 to about 7.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5.
  • a constant temperature can be maintained during growth of the culture.
  • the temperature can be maintained at about 37°C or at 37°C.
  • the temperature can be maintained at 25°C, 27°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C, 38°C, or 39°C.
  • a constant dissolved oxygen concentration can be maintained during growth of the culture.
  • the dissolved oxygen concentration can be maintained at 20% of saturation, 15% of saturation, 16% of saturation, 18% of saturation, 22% of saturation,
  • Methods for lyophilization and cryopreservation of recombinant bacteria strains are known.
  • a Listeria culture can be flash- frozen in liquid nitrogen, followed by storage at the final freezing temperature.
  • the culture can be frozen in a more gradual manner (e.g., by placing in a vial of the culture in the final storage temperature).
  • the culture can also be frozen by any other known method for freezing a bacterial culture.
  • the storage temperature of the culture can be, for example, between -20 and -80°C.
  • the temperature can be significantly below -20°C or not warmer than -70°C.
  • the temperature can be about -70°C, -20°C, -30°C, -40°C, -50°C, -60°C, -80°C, - 30 to -70°C, -40 to -70°C, -50 to -70°C, -60 to -70°C, -30 to -80°C, -40 to -80°C, -50 to -80°C, - 60 to -80°C, or -70 to -80°C.
  • the temperature can be colder than 70°C or colder than -80°C.
  • immunogenic compositions comprising a recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein, or a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain as disclosed herein.
  • An immunogenic composition comprising a Listeria strain can be inherently immunogenic by virtue of its comprising a Listeria strain and/or the
  • composition can also further comprise an adjuvant.
  • Other immunogenic compositions comprise DNA immunotherapy or peptide immunotherapy compositions.
  • immunogenic composition refers to any composition containing an antigen that elicits an immune response against the antigen in a subject upon exposure to the composition.
  • the immune response elicited by an immunogenic composition can be to a particular antigen or to a particular epitope on the antigen.
  • An immunogenic composition can comprise a single recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein, nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein, or recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain as disclosed herein, or it can comprise multiple different recombinant fusion polypeptides as disclosed herein, nucleic acids encoding
  • a first recombinant fusion polypeptide is different from a second recombinant fusion polypeptide, for example, if it includes one antigenic peptide that the second recombinant fusion polypeptide does not.
  • the two recombinant fusion polypeptides can include some of the same antigenic peptides and still be considered different. Such different
  • recombinant fusion polypeptides nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, or recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains can be administered concomitantly to a subject or sequentially to a subject.
  • Sequential administration can be particularly useful when a drug substance comprising a recombinant Listeria strain (or recombinant fusion polypeptide or nucleic acid) disclosed herein is in different dosage forms (e.g., one agent is a tablet or capsule and another agent is a sterile liquid) and/or is administered on different dosing schedules (e.g., one composition from the mixture is administered at least daily and another is administered less frequently, such as once weekly, once every two weeks, or once every three weeks).
  • dosage forms e.g., one agent is a tablet or capsule and another agent is a sterile liquid
  • dosing schedules e.g., one composition from the mixture is administered at least daily and another is administered less frequently, such as once weekly, once
  • the multiple recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, or recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains can each comprise a different set of antigenic peptides.
  • two or more of the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, or recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains can comprise the same set of antigenic peptides (e.g., the same set of antigenic peptides in a different order).
  • An immunogenic composition can additionally comprise an adjuvant (e.g., two or more adjuvants), a cytokine, a chemokine, or combination thereof.
  • an immunogenic composition can additionally comprises antigen presenting cells (APCs), which can be autologous or can be allogeneic to the subject.
  • APCs antigen presenting cells
  • an adjuvant includes compounds or mixtures that enhance the immune response to an antigen.
  • an adjuvant can be a non-specific stimulator of an immune response or substances that allow generation of a depot in a subject which when combined with an immunogenic composition disclosed herein provides for an even more enhanced and/or prolonged immune response.
  • An adjuvant can favor, for example, a predominantly Thl- mediated immune response, a Thl-type immune response, or a Thl-mediated immune response.
  • an adjuvant can favor a cell-mediated immune response over an antibody-mediated response.
  • an adjuvant can favor an antibody-mediated response.
  • Some adjuvants can enhance the immune response by slowly releasing the antigen, while other adjuvants can mediate their effects by any of the following mechanisms: increasing cellular infiltration, inflammation, and trafficking to the injection site, particularly for antigen-presenting cells (APC); promoting the activation state of APCs by upregulating co stimulatory signals or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression; enhancing antigen presentation; or inducing cytokine release for indirect effect.
  • APC antigen-presenting cells
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • adjuvants include saponin QS21, CpG oligonucleotides, unmethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotides, MPL, TLR agonists, TLR4 agonists, TLR9 agonists,
  • Resiquimod ® imiquimod, cytokines or nucleic acids encoding the same, chemokines or nucleic acids encoding same, IL-12 or a nucleic acid encoding the same, IL-6 or a nucleic acid encoding the same, and lipopoly saccharides.
  • a suitable adjuvant is Montanide ISA 51.
  • Montanide ISA 51 contains a natural metabolizable oil and a refined emulsifier.
  • a suitable adjuvant examples include granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) or a nucleic acid encoding the same and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) proteins or nucleic acids encoding the same.
  • the GM-CSF can be, for example, a human protein grown in a yeast ( S . cerevisiae ) vector.
  • GM-CSF promotes clonal expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells, and T cells.
  • a suitable adjuvant is detoxified listeriolysin O (dtFFO) protein.
  • Detoxification can be accomplished by introducing point mutations for three selected amino acids important for binding of FFO to cholesterol and for eventual membrane pore formation.
  • the three targeted amino acids are present in the cholesterol binding domain of FFO (ECTGFAWEWWR; SEQ ID NO: 74) and can be modified in the sequence (EATGFAWEAAR; SEQ ID NO: 96) by point mutations introduced into the DNA sequence by PCR.
  • ECTGFAWEWWR cholesterol binding domain of FFO
  • EATGFAWEAAR SEQ ID NO: 96
  • the detoxified, nonhemolytic form of FFO is an effective adjuvant in tumor immunotherapy and may activate innate and cellular immune responses by acting as a PAMP.
  • a dtFFO encoded by a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 95 is also suitable for use as an adjuvant.
  • adjuvants include growth factors or nucleic acids encoding the same, cell populations, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin), alum, interleukins or nucleic acids encoding the same, quill glycosides, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, bacterial mitogens, bacterial toxins, or any other type of known adjuvant (see, e.g., Fundamental Immunology, 5th ed. (March 2003): William E. Paul (Editor); Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; Chapter 43:
  • An immunogenic composition can further comprise one or more immunomodulatory molecules.
  • immunomodulatory molecules include interferon gamma, a cytokine, a chemokine, and a T cell stimulant.
  • An immunogenic composition can be in the form of a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the terms“vaccine” and“pharmaceutical composition” are interchangeable and refer to an immunogenic composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for in vivo administration to a subject.
  • a vaccine may be, for example, a peptide vaccine (e.g., comprising a recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein), a DNA vaccine (e.g., comprising a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide as disclosed herein), or a vaccine contained within and delivered by a cell (e.g., a recombinant Listeria as disclosed herein).
  • a vaccine may prevent a subject from contracting or developing a disease or condition and/or a vaccine may be therapeutic to a subject having a disease or condition.
  • Methods for preparing peptide vaccines are well known and are described, for example, in EP 1408048, US 2007/0154953, and
  • peptide evolution techniques can be used to create an antigen with higher immunogenicity. Techniques for peptide evolution are well known and are described, for example, in US 6,773,900, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • A“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a vehicle for containing an immunogenic composition that can be introduced into a subject without significant adverse effects and without having deleterious effects on the immunogenic composition. That is, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to any formulation which is safe, and provides the appropriate delivery for the desired route of administration of an effective amount of at least one immunogenic composition for use in the methods disclosed herein.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles or excipients are well known. Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources such as, for example, Remington’ s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., 1990, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • Such carriers can be suitable for any route of administration (e.g., parenteral, enteral (e.g., oral), or topical application).
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions can be buffered, for example, wherein the pH is maintained at a particular desired value, ranging from pH 4.0 to pH 9.0, in accordance with the stability of the immunogenic compositions and route of administration.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, sterile water, salt solutions such as saline, glucose, buffered solutions such as phosphate buffered solutions or bicarbonate buffered solutions, alcohols, gum arabic, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols,
  • polyethylene glycols polyethylene glycols, gelatine, carbohydrates (e.g., lactose, amylose or starch), magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, white paraffin, glycerol, alginates, hyaluronic acid, collagen, perfume oil, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, hydroxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and the like.
  • compositions or vaccines may also include auxiliary agents including, for example, diluents, stabilizers (e.g., sugars and amino acids), preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifiers, pH buffering agents, viscosity enhancing additives, lubricants, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, vitamins, coloring, flavoring, aromatic substances, and the like which do not deleteriously react with the immunogenic composition.
  • auxiliary agents including, for example, diluents, stabilizers (e.g., sugars and amino acids), preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifiers, pH buffering agents, viscosity enhancing additives, lubricants, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, vitamins, coloring, flavoring, aromatic substances, and the like which do not deleteriously react with the immunogenic composition.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or oils.
  • Non-aqueous solvents include, for example, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Aqueous carriers include, for example, water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
  • oils include those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and fish-liver oil.
  • Solid carriers/diluents include, for example, a gum, a starch (e.g., corn starch, pregeletanized starch), a sugar (e.g., lactose, mannitol, sucrose, or dextrose), a cellulosic material (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose), an acrylate (e.g.,
  • polymethylacrylate polymethylacrylate
  • calcium carbonate calcium carbonate
  • magnesium oxide magnesium oxide
  • talc magnesium oxide
  • sustained or directed release pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines can be formulated. This can be accomplished, for example, through use of liposomes or
  • compositions wherein the active compound is protected with differentially degradable coatings (e.g., by microencapsulation, multiple coatings, and so forth). Such compositions may be formulated for immediate or slow release. It is also possible to freeze-dry the compositions and use the lyophilisates obtained (e.g., for the preparation of products for injection).
  • An immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine disclosed herein may also comprise one or more additional compounds effective in preventing or treating cancer.
  • the additional compound may comprise a compound useful in
  • chemotherapy such as amsacrine, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, crisantaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fludarabine, fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, gliadelimplants, hydroxycarbamide, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, leucovorin, liposomaldoxorubicin, liposomaldaunorubicin, lomustine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel (T
  • the additional compound can also comprise other biologies, including Herceptin ® (trastuzumab) against the HER2 antigen, Avastin ® (bevacizumab) against VEGF, or antibodies to the EGF receptor, such as Erbitux ® (cetuximab), Vectibix ® (panitumumab), and an anti-CCR8 antibody.
  • the additional compound can also comprise, for example, an additional immunotherapy.
  • An additional compound can also comprise an immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonist, such as a PD-l signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD-80/86 and CTLA-4 signaling pathway inhibitor, a T cell membrane protein 3 (TIM3) signaling pathway inhibitor, an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) signaling pathway inhibitor, a killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD40 signaling pathway inhibitor, or any other antigen-presenting ccll/T cell signaling pathway inhibitor.
  • an immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonist such as a PD-l signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD-80/86 and CTLA-4 signaling pathway inhibitor, a T cell membrane protein 3 (TIM3) signaling pathway inhibitor, an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) signaling pathway inhibitor, a killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD40 signal
  • immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonists include an anti-PD-Ll/PD-L2 antibody or fragment thereof, an anti- PD-l antibody or fragment thereof, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or fragment thereof, or an anti-B7-H4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • An additional compound can also comprise a T cell stimulator, such as an antibody or functional fragment thereof binding to a T-cell receptor co- stimulatory molecule, an antigen presenting cell receptor binding co-stimulatory molecule, or a member of the TNF receptor superfamily.
  • the T- cell receptor co-stimulatory molecule can comprise, for example, CD28 or ICOS.
  • the antigen presenting cell receptor binding co-stimulatory molecule can comprise, for example, a CD80 receptor, a CD86 receptor, or a CD46 receptor.
  • the TNF receptor superfamily member can comprise, for example, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), 0X40 (CD134 receptor), 4-1BB (CD137 receptor), or TNFR25. See, e.g., W02016100929, W02016011362, and
  • compositions, and vaccines disclosed herein can be used in various methods. For example, they can be used in methods of inducing or enhancing an immune response to an antigenic peptide in a subject, in methods of inducing or enhancing an anti-tumor or anti-cancer immune response in a subject, in methods of treating a tumor or cancer in a subject, in methods of preventing a tumor or cancer in a subject, or in methods of protecting a subject against a tumor or cancer. They can also be used in methods of increasing the ratio of T effector cells to regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and tumor of a subject, wherein the T effector cells are targeted to an antigenic peptide. They can also be used in methods for increasing tumor- associated-antigen T cells in a subject, increasing survival time of a subject having a tumor or cancer, delaying the onset of cancer in a subject, or reducing tumor or metastasis size in a subject.
  • Tregs regulatory T cells
  • a method of inducing or enhancing an immune response to an antigenic peptide in a subject can comprise, for example, administering to the subject a recombinant fusion
  • an immune response to an antigenic peptide can thereby be induced or enhanced in the subject.
  • the Listeria strain can express the fusion polypeptide, thereby eliciting an immune response in the subject.
  • the immune response can comprise, for example, a T-cell response, such as a CD4+FoxP3- T cell response, a CD8+ T cell response, or a
  • a method of inducing or enhancing an anti-tumor or anti-cancer immune response in a subject can comprise, for example, administering to the subject a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • an anti- tumor or anti-cancer immune response can thereby be induced or enhanced in the subject.
  • the Listeria strain in the case of a recombinant Listeria strain, can express the fusion polypeptide, thereby eliciting an anti-tumor or anti-cancer response in the subject.
  • a method of treating a tumor or cancer in a subject can comprise, for example, administering to the subject a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • the subject can then mount an immune response against the tumor or cancer expressing the antigenic peptide, thereby treating the tumor or cancer in the subject.
  • a method of preventing a tumor or cancer in a subject or protecting a subject against developing a tumor or cancer can comprise, for example, administering to the subject a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • the subject can then mount an immune response against the antigenic peptide, thereby preventing a tumor or cancer or protecting the subject against developing a tumor or cancer.
  • two or more recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines are administered.
  • the multiple recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines are administered.
  • the multiple recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines are administered.
  • the multiple recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines are administered.
  • polypeptides recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions,
  • compositions, or vaccines can be administered sequentially in any order or combination, or can be administered simultaneously in any combination.
  • Listeria strains if four different Listeria strains are being administered, they can be administered sequentially, they can be administered simultaneously, or they can be administered in any combination (e.g., administering the first and second strains simultaneously and subsequently administering the third and fourth strains simultaneously).
  • the compositions can be administered during the same immune response, preferably within 0-10 or 3-7 days of each other.
  • the multiple recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines can each comprise a different set of antigenic peptides.
  • two or more can comprise the same set of antigenic peptides (e.g., the same set of antigenic peptides in a different order).
  • Cancer is a physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth and proliferation. Cancers can be hematopoietic malignancies or solid tumors (i.e., masses of cells that result from excessive cell growth or proliferation, including pre- cancerous legions). Metastatic cancer refers to a cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body. Tumors formed by metastatic cancer cells are called a metastatic tumor or a metastasis, which is a term also used to refer to the process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. In general, metastatic cancer has the same name and same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer.
  • Solid tumors include melanoma, carcinoma, blastoma, and sarcoma.
  • Hematologic malignancies include, for example, leukemia or lymphoid malignancies, such as lymphoma.
  • Exemplary categories of cancers include brain, breast, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecologic, head and neck, heme, skin and thoracic.
  • Brain malignancies include, for example, glioblastoma, high-grade pontine glioma, low-grade glioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and pilocytic astrocytoma.
  • Gastrointestinal cancers include, for example, colorectal, gallbladder, hepatocellular, pancreas, PNET, gastric, and esophageal.
  • Genitourinary cancers include, for example, adrenocortical, bladder, kidney chromophobe, renal (clear cell), renal (papillary), rhabdoid cancers, and prostate.
  • Gynecologic cancers include, for example, uterine carcinosarcoma, uterine endometrial, serous ovarian, and cervical.
  • Head and neck cancers include, for example, thyroid, nasopharyngeal, head and neck, and adenoid cystic.
  • Heme cancers include, for example, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia, mantle-cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), non-lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • Skin cancers includes, for example, cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Thoracic cancers include, for example, squamous lung, small-cell lung, and lung adenocarcinoma.
  • cancers include squamous cell cancer or carcinoma (e.g., oral squamous cell carcinoma), myeloma, oral cancer, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, neuroendocrine tumors, lung cancer, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, glial tumors, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer or uterine cancer or carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma), prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, gallbladder cancer, osteosarcoma, mesothelioma
  • a cancer can also be a brain cancer or another type of CNS or intracranial tumor.
  • a subject can have an astrocytic tumor (e.g., astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma), oligodendroglial tumor (e.g., oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma), ependymal cell tumor (e.g., ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma,
  • an astrocytic tumor e.g., astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, subepend
  • mixed glioma e.g., mixed oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma
  • neuroepithelial tumor of uncertain origin e.g., polar spongioblastoma, astroblastoma, gliomatosis cerebri
  • tumor of the choroid plexus e.g., choroid plexus papilloma, choroid plexus carcinoma
  • neuronal or mixed neuronal-glial tumor e.g., gangliocytoma, dyplastic
  • gangliocytoma of cerebellum ganglioglioma
  • ganglioglioma anaplastic ganglioglioma
  • desmoplastic infantile ganglioma central neurocytoma
  • dysembryoplastic neuroepthelial tumor olfactory
  • pineal parenchyma tumor e.g., pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, mixed
  • pineocytoma/pineoblastoma pineocytoma/pineoblastoma
  • tumor with mixed neuroblastic or glioblastic elements e.g., medulloepithelioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, ependymoblastoma.
  • Treating refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or lessen the targeted tumor or cancer. Treating may include one or more of directly affecting or curing, suppressing, inhibiting, preventing, reducing the severity of, delaying the onset of, slowing the progression of, stabilizing the progression of, inducing remission of, preventing or delaying the metastasis of,
  • treating may include increasing expected survival time or decreasing tumor or metastasis size.
  • the effect e.g., suppressing, inhibiting, preventing, reducing the severity of, delaying the onset of, slowing the progression of, stabilizing the progression of, inducing remission of, preventing or delaying the metastasis of, reducing/ameliorating symptoms of, and so forth, can be relative to a control subject not receiving a treatment or receiving a placebo treatment.
  • “treat” or“treating” can also refer to increasing percent chance of survival or increasing expected time of survival for a subject with the tumor or cancer (e.g., relative to a control subject not receiving a treatment or receiving a placebo treatment).
  • “treating” refers to delaying progression, expediting remission, inducing remission, augmenting remission, speeding recovery, increasing efficacy of alternative therapeutics, decreasing resistance to alternative therapeutics, or a combination thereof (e.g., relative to a control subject not receiving a treatment or receiving a placebo treatment).
  • preventing can refer, for example to delaying the onset of symptoms, preventing relapse of a tumor or cancer, decreasing the number or frequency of relapse episodes, increasing latency between symptomatic episodes, preventing metastasis of a tumor or cancer, or a combination thereof.
  • the terms“suppressing” or“inhibiting” can refer, for example, to reducing the severity of symptoms, reducing the severity of an acute episode, reducing the number of symptoms, reducing the incidence of disease-related symptoms, reducing the latency of symptoms, ameliorating symptoms, reducing secondary symptoms, reducing secondary infections, prolonging patient survival, or a combination thereof.
  • the term“subject” refers to a mammal (e.g., a human) in need of therapy for, or susceptible to developing, a tumor or a cancer.
  • the term subject also refers to a mammal (e.g., a human) that receives either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
  • the subject may include dogs, cats, pigs, cows, sheep, goats, horses, rats, mice, non-human mammals, and humans.
  • the term “subject” does not necessarily exclude an individual that is healthy in all respects and does not have or show signs of cancer or a tumor.
  • An individual is at increased risk of developing a tumor or a cancer if the subject has at least one known risk- factor (e.g., genetic, biochemical, family history, and situational exposure) placing individuals with that risk factor at a statistically significant greater risk of developing the tumor or cancer than individuals without the risk factor.
  • A“symptom” or“sign” refers to objective evidence of a disease as observed by a physician or subjective evidence of a disease, such as altered gait, as perceived by the subject.
  • a symptom or sign may be any manifestation of a disease. Symptoms can be primary or secondary.
  • the term“primary” refers to a symptom that is a direct result of a particular disease or disorder (e.g., a tumor or cancer), while the term“secondary” refers to a symptom that is derived from or consequent to a primary cause.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptides, the immunogenic compositions, the pharmaceutical compositions, and the vaccines disclosed herein can treat primary or secondary symptoms or secondary complications.
  • compositions, or vaccines are administered in an effective regime, meaning a dosage, route of administration, and frequency of administration that delays the onset, reduces the severity, inhibits further deterioration, and/or ameliorates at least one sign or symptom of the tumor or cancer.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines are administered in an effective regime, meaning a dosage, route of administration, and frequency of administration that induces an immune response to a heterologous antigen in the recombinant fusion polypeptide (or encoded by the nucleic acid), the recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, the immunogenic composition, the pharmaceutical composition, or the vaccine, or in the case of recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, that induces an immune response to the bacteria or Listeria strain itself.
  • the regime can be referred to as a therapeutically effective regime. If the subject is at elevated risk of developing the tumor or cancer relative to the general population but is not yet experiencing symptoms, the regime can be referred to as a prophylactically effective regime.
  • therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy can be observed in an individual patient relative to historical controls or past experience in the same patient. In other instances, therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy can be demonstrated in a preclinical or clinical trial in a population of treated patients relative to a control population of untreated patients.
  • a regime can be considered therapeutically or prophylactically effective if an individual treated patient achieves an outcome more favorable than the mean outcome in a control population of comparable patients not treated by methods described herein, or if a more favorable outcome is demonstrated in treated patients versus control patients in a controlled clinical trial (e.g., a phase II, phase II/III or phase III trial) at the p ⁇ 0.05 or 0.01 or even 0.001 level.
  • a controlled clinical trial e.g., a phase II, phase II/III or phase III trial
  • Exemplary dosages for a recombinant Listeria strain are, for example, 1 x 10 6 - l x
  • 10 8 CFU 7-500 x 10 8 CFU, 10-500 x 10 8 CFU, 20-500 x 10 8 CFU, 30-500 x 10 8 CFU, 50-500 x 10 8 CFU, 70-500 x 10 8 CFU, 100-500 x 10 8 CFU, 150-500 x 10 8 CFU, 5-300 x 10 8 CFU, 5-200 x 10 8 CFU, 5-15 x 10 8 CFU, 5-100 x 10 8 CFU, 5-70 x 10 8 CFU, 5-50 x 10 8 CFU, 5-30 x 10 8 CFU, 5-20 x 10 8 CFU, 1-30 x 10 9 CFU, 1-20 x l0 9 CFU, 2-30 x 10 9 CFU, 1-10 x 10 9 CFU, 2-10 x 10 9 CFU, 3-10 x 10 9 CFU, 2-7 x 10 9 CFU, 2-5 x 10 9 CFU, and 3-5 x 10 9 CFU.
  • exemplary dosages for a recombinant Listeria strain are, for example, 1 x 10 7 organisms, 1.5 x 10 7 organisms, 2 x 10 8 organisms, 3 x 10 7 organisms, 4 x 10 7 organisms, 5 x 10 7 organisms, 6 x 10 7 organisms, 7 x 10 7 organisms, 8 x 10 7 organisms, 10 x 10 7 organisms, 1.5 x 10 8 organisms, 2 x 10 8 organisms, 2.5 x 10 8 organisms, 3 x 10 8 organisms, 3.3 x 10 8 organisms, 4 x 10 8 organisms, 5 x 10 8 organisms, 1 x 10 9 organisms, 1.5 x 10 9 organisms, 2 x 10 9 organisms, 3 x 10 9 organisms, 4 x 10 9 organisms, 5 x 10 9 organisms, 6 x 10 9 organisms, 7 x 10 9 organisms, 8 x 10 9 organisms, 10 x 10 9 organisms, 1.5 x 10 10 organisms, 2 x 10 10 organisms, 2.5
  • Administration can be by any suitable means.
  • administration can be parenteral, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intracranial, intrathecal,
  • intracerebroventricular intraperitoneal, topical, intranasal, intramuscular, intra-ocular, intrarectal, conjunctival, transdermal, intradermal, vaginal, rectal, intratumoral, parcanceral, transmucosal, intravascular, intraventricular, inhalation (aerosol), nasal aspiration (spray), sublingual, aerosol, suppository, or a combination thereof.
  • solutions or suspensions of the recombinant fusion polypeptides for intranasal administration or application by inhalation, solutions or suspensions of the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines mixed and aerosolized or nebulized in the presence of the appropriate carrier are suitable.
  • Such an aerosol may comprise any recombinant fusion polypeptide, nucleic acids encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine described herein.
  • Administration may also be in the form of a suppository (e.g., rectal suppository or urethral suppository), in the form of a pellet for subcutaneous implantation (e.g., providing for controlled release over a period of time), or in the form of a capsule.
  • a suppository e.g., rectal suppository or urethral suppository
  • a pellet for subcutaneous implantation e.g., providing for controlled release over a period of time
  • a capsule e.g., urethral suppository
  • Administration may also be via injection into a tumor site or into a tumor.
  • Regimens of administration can be readily determined based on factors such as exact nature and type of the tumor or cancer being treated, the severity of the tumor or cancer, the age and general physical condition of the subject, body weight of the subject, response of the individual subject, and the like.
  • the frequency of administration can depend on the half-life of the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines in the subject, the condition of the subject, and the route of administration, among other factors.
  • the frequency can be, for example, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or at irregular intervals in response to changes in the subject’s condition or progression of the tumor or cancer being treated.
  • the course of treatment can depend on the condition of the subject and other factors.
  • the course of treatment can be several weeks, several months, or several years (e.g., up to 2 years).
  • repeat administrations may be undertaken immediately following the first course of treatment or after an interval of days, weeks or months to achieve tumor regression or suppression of tumor growth.
  • Assessment may be determined by any known technique, including diagnostic methods such as imaging techniques, analysis of serum tumor markers, biopsy, or the presence, absence, or amelioration of tumor-associated symptoms.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, or vaccines can be administered every 3 weeks for up to 2 years.
  • a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein is administered in increasing doses in order to increase the T-effector cell to regulatory T cell ratio and generate a more potent anti tumor immune response.
  • Anti-tumor immune responses can be further strengthened by providing the subject with cytokines including, for example, IFN-g, TNF-a, and other cytokines known to enhance cellular immune response. See, e.g., US 6,991,785, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • Some methods may further comprise“boosting” the subject with additional recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains, immunogenic compositions, pharmaceutical
  • compositions, or vaccines or administering the recombinant fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding recombinant fusion polypeptides, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strains,
  • Boosting refers to administering an additional dose to a subject. For example, in some methods, 2 boosts (or a total of 3 inoculations) are administered, 3 boosts are administered, 4 boosts are administered, 5 boosts are administered, or 6 or more boosts are administered. The number of dosages administered can depend on, for example, the response of the tumor or cancer to the treatment.
  • the recombinant fusion polypeptide nucleic acids encoding a
  • recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine used in the booster inoculation is the same as the recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine used in the initial“priming” inoculation.
  • the booster recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine is different from the priming recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine.
  • the same dosages are used in the priming and boosting inoculations.
  • the period between priming and boosting inoculations can be experimentally determined.
  • the period between priming and boosting inoculations can be 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6-8 weeks, or 8-10 weeks.
  • a vector construct encoding an immunogenic portion of an antigen and a protein comprising the immunogenic portion of the antigen can be administered. See, e.g., US 2002/0165172, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • an immune response of nucleic acid vaccination can be enhanced by simultaneous administration of (e.g., during the same immune response, preferably within 0-10 or 3-7 days of each other) a polynucleotide and polypeptide of interest. See, e.g., US 6,500,432, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • an additional compound may comprise a compound useful in chemotherapy, such as amsacrine, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, crisantaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fludarabine, fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, gliadelimplants, hydro xycarbamide, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, leucovorin, liposomaldoxorubicin, liposomaldaunorubicin, lomustine, melphalan
  • a compound useful in chemotherapy such as amsacrine, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carb
  • an additional compound can also comprise other biologies, including Herceptin ® (trastuzumab) against the HER2 antigen, Avastin ® (bevacizumab) against VEGF, or antibodies to the EGF receptor, such as Erbitux ® (cetuximab), and Vectibix ® (panitumumab).
  • an additional compound can comprise other immunotherapies.
  • the additional compound can be an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor, such as l-methyltryptophan (1MT), l-methyltryptophan (1MT), Necro statin- 1, Pyridoxal Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone, Ebselen, 5-Methylindole-3-carboxaldehyde, CAY10581, an anti-IDO antibody, or a small molecule IDO inhibitor.
  • IDO inhibition can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.
  • the therapeutic methods disclosed herein can also be combined with radiation, stem cell treatment, surgery, or any other treatment.
  • Such additional compounds or treatments can precede the administration of a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein, follow the administration of a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein, or be simultaneous to the administration of a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, an immunogenic composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • Targeted immunomodulatory therapy is focused primarily on the activation of costimulatory receptors, for example by using agonist antibodies that target members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, including 4-1BB, 0X40, and GITR (glucocorticoid- induced TNF receptor-related).
  • GITR glucocorticoid- induced TNF receptor-related
  • Another target for agonist antibodies are co-stimulatory signal molecules for T cell activation.
  • Targeting costimulatory signal molecules may lead to enhanced activation of T cells and facilitation of a more potent immune response.
  • Co-stimulation may also help prevent inhibitory influences from checkpoint inhibition and increase antigen- specific T cell proliferation.
  • Listeria- based immunotherapy acts by inducing the de novo generation of tumor antigen- specific T cells that infiltrate and destroy the tumor and by reducing the numbers and activities of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment.
  • Tregs immunosuppressive regulatory T cells
  • MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells
  • Antibodies (or functional fragments thereof) for T cell co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptors e.g., checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4, PD-l, TIM-3, LAG3 and co-stimulators CD137, 0X40, GITR, and CD40
  • T cell co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptors e.g., checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4, PD-l, TIM-3, LAG3 and co-stimulators CD137, 0X40, GITR, and CD40
  • some methods can comprise further administering a composition comprising an immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonist, such as a PD-l signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD-80/86 and CTLA-4 signaling pathway inhibitor, a T cell membrane protein 3 (TIM3) signaling pathway inhibitor, an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) signaling pathway inhibitor, a killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD40 signaling pathway inhibitor, or any other antigen-presenting cell/T cell signaling pathway inhibitor.
  • an immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonist such as a PD-l signaling pathway inhibitor, a CD-80/86 and CTLA-4 signaling pathway inhibitor, a T cell membrane protein 3 (TIM3) signaling pathway inhibitor, an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) signaling pathway inhibitor, a killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) signaling pathway inhibitor, a
  • immune checkpoint inhibitor antagonists include an anti-PD-Ll/PD-L2 antibody or fragment thereof, an anti- PD-l antibody or fragment thereof, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or fragment thereof, or an anti-B7-H4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • an anti PD-l antibody can be administered to a subject at 5-10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, 5-10 mg/kg every 3 weeks, 1-2 mg/kg every 3 weeks, 1-10 mg/kg every week, 1- 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, 1-10 mg/kg every 3 weeks, or 1-10 mg/kg every 4 weeks.
  • some methods can further comprise administering a T cell stimulator, such as an antibody or functional fragment thereof binding to a T-cell receptor co- stimulatory molecule, an antigen presenting cell receptor binding co-stimulatory molecule, or a member of the TNF receptor superfamily.
  • a T cell stimulator such as an antibody or functional fragment thereof binding to a T-cell receptor co- stimulatory molecule, an antigen presenting cell receptor binding co-stimulatory molecule, or a member of the TNF receptor superfamily.
  • the T-cell receptor co- stimulatory molecule can comprise, for example, CD28 or ICOS.
  • the antigen presenting cell receptor binding co-stimulatory molecule can comprise, for example, a CD80 receptor, a CD86 receptor, or a CD46 receptor.
  • the TNF receptor superfamily member can comprise, for example, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), 0X40 (CD134 receptor), 4-1BB (CD137 receptor), or TNFR25.
  • some methods can further comprise administering an effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody or functional fragment thereof binding to a T-cell receptor co-stimulatory molecule or an antibody or functional fragment thereof binding to an antigen presenting cell receptor binding a co-stimulatory molecule.
  • the antibody can be, for example, an anti-TNF receptor antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., TNF receptor superfamily member glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), 0X40 (CD134 receptor), 4- 1BB (CD137 receptor), or TNFR25), an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or an anti-GITR antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • agonistic molecules can be administered (e.g., GITRL, an active fragment of GITRL, a fusion protein containing GITRL, a fusion protein containing an active fragment of GITRL, an antigen presenting cell (APC)/T cell agonist, CD 134 or a ligand or fragment thereof, CD 137 or a ligand or fragment thereof, or an inducible T cell costimulatory (ICOS) or a ligand or fragment thereof, or an agonistic small molecule).
  • GITRL an active fragment of GITRL
  • a fusion protein containing GITRL e.g., a fusion protein containing GITRL, a fusion protein containing an active fragment of GITRL, an antigen presenting cell (APC)/T cell agonist, CD 134 or a ligand or fragment thereof, CD 137 or a ligand or fragment thereof, or an inducible T cell costimulatory (ICOS) or a ligand or fragment thereof, or an agonist
  • some methods can further comprise administering an anti- CTLA-4 antibody or a functional fragment thereof and/or an anti-CD 137 antibody or functional fragment thereof.
  • the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or a functional fragment thereof or the anti-CD 137 antibody or functional fragment thereof can be administered about 72 hours after the first dose of recombinant fusion polypeptide, nucleic acids encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine, or about 48 hours after the first dose of recombinant fusion polypeptide, nucleic acids encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide, recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain, immunogenic composition, pharmaceutical composition, or vaccine.
  • the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or a functional fragment thereof or anti-CD 137 antibody or functional fragment thereof can be administered at a dose, for example, of about 0.05 mg/kg and about 5 mg/kg.
  • a recombinant Listeria strain or immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant Listeria strain can be administered at a dose, for example, of about 1 x 10 9 CFU.
  • Some such methods can further comprise administering an effective amount of an anti- PD- 1 antibody or functional fragment thereof.
  • a prostate cancer model can be to test methods and compositions disclosed herein, such as a TRAMP-C2 mouse model, a 178-2 BMA cell model, a PATH adenocarcinoma cells model, a PC-3M model, or any other prostate cancer model.
  • the immunotherapy can be tested in human subjects, and efficacy can be monitored using known.
  • Such methods can include, for example, directly measuring CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, or measuring disease progression (e.g., by determining the number or size of tumor metastases, or monitoring disease symptoms such as cough, chest pain, weight loss, and so forth).
  • Methods for assessing the efficacy of a cancer immunotherapy in human subjects are well known and are described, for example, in Uenaka et al. (2007) Cancer Immun. 7:9 and Thomas-Kaskel et al. (2006) Int J Cancer 119(10):2428-2434, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • kits comprising a reagent utilized in performing a method disclosed herein or kits comprising a composition, tool, or instrument disclosed herein.
  • kits can comprise a recombinant fusion polypeptide disclosed herein, a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant fusion polypeptide disclosed herein, a recombinant bacteria or Listeria strain disclosed herein, an immunogenic composition disclosed herein, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • kits can additionally comprise an instructional material which describes use of the recombinant fusion polypeptide, the nucleic acid encoding the recombinant fusion polypeptide, the recombinant Listeria strain, the immunogenic composition, the pharmaceutical composition, or the vaccine to perform the methods disclosed herein.
  • kits can optionally further comprise an applicator.
  • model kits are described below, the contents of other useful kits will be apparent in light of the present disclosure.
  • An immunogenic composition comprising (i) a recombinant Listeria strain comprising a nucleic acid comprising a first open reading frame encoding a fusion polypeptide, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a PEST-containing peptide fused to a heterologous antigen and (ii) an anti-CCR8 antibody.
  • Listeria strain is an auxotrophic Listeria strain.
  • nucleic acid comprises a second open reading frame encoding a metabolic enzyme.
  • the immunogenic composition of any preceding embodiments, wherein the immunogenic composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant comprises a detoxified listeriolysin O (dtLLO), a granulocyte/macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) protein, a nucleotide molecule encoding a GM-CSF protein, saponin QS21, monophosphoryl lipid A, or an unmethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotide.
  • dtLLO listeriolysin O
  • GM-CSF granulocyte/macrophage colony- stimulating factor
  • a method of inducing or enhancing an immune response against a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject the immunogenic composition of any one of embodiments 1-11.
  • a method of preventing or treating a tumor or cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject the immunogenic composition of any one of embodiments 1-11.
  • nucleotide and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases, and three-letter code for amino acids.
  • the nucleotide sequences follow the standard convention of beginning at the 5' end of the sequence and proceeding forward (i.e., from left to right in each line) to the 3' end. Only one strand of each nucleotide sequence is shown, but the complementary strand is understood to be included by any reference to the displayed strand.
  • the amino acid sequences follow the standard convention of beginning at the amino terminus of the sequence and proceeding forward (i.e., from left to right in each line) to the carboxy terminus.
  • DNA v.8 (SEQ ID NO: 8):
  • N-Terminal Truncated LLO Protein v.2 (SEQ ID NO: 58):
  • N-Terminal Truncated LLO Protein v.3 (SEQ ID NO: 59):
  • HLA-A2 restricted Epitope from NY-ESO-1 SEQ ID NO: 75
  • mice Female, 6-8 weeks old Balb/c and C57BL/6 (B6) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. All mouse procedures were performed in accordance with protocols approved by Advaxis Immunotherapies IACUC.
  • the CT26.WT (CRL-2638) and MC38 mouse colon carcinoma cell line were used for in vivo tumor efficacy studies.
  • the CT26.WT (CRL-2638) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and authenticated by ATCC using COI analysis.
  • the MC38 colon carcinoma cells were purchased from Kerafast and were authenticated by Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP).CT26 cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified atmosphere with 5% C0 2 at 37°C. The MC-38 cell lines were maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cell lines were passaged twice prior to storage and thawed and passaged twice prior to implantation for all described tumor experiments. All cell lines were determined to be free of Mycoplasma (Sigma- Aldrich).
  • CT26 (300,000) and MC38 (300,000) cells were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in the right flank of mice.
  • Tumor vaccine consisted of LmddA-274 (lxlO 8 ), AHl-2lmer (lxlO 8 ), all mixed in PBS. Details of plasmid construction are described below.
  • mice were immunized with 200 pi of vaccine intravenous (i.v.) on day +12 and +19 post-tumor implantation.
  • i.v. vaccine intravenous
  • tumors from all groups were harvest for analysis +22 post-tumor implantation.
  • mice were euthanized when tumor size reached 2000 mm 3 or when tumors become necrotic.
  • Treg Induction Naive 2 x 10 6 CD4 + T cells were isolated from spleens of B ALB/c mice through negative selection using the StemCell EasySep Mouse Naive CD4 + T Cell Isolation Kit (Cat. 19765) according to manufacturer's instructions. The cells were seeded on plates pretreated with 2 pg/ml aCD3. Cells were incubated for 3 to 5 days with aCD28 (lpg/mL), IL-2 (lOOU/mL), and TGF-b I at 5ng/ml. The percent of converted Tregs was evaluated by flow cytometry on the third day. For inhibition of conversion, aCCR8 was added at 10 pg/ml.
  • CD8 + and CD4 + T cells from aCCR8 treated mice The 2 x 10 6 CD8 + and CD4 + T cells were isolated from spleens of B ALB/c mice through negative selection using the StemCell EasySep Mouse CD8 + or Naive CD4 + T Cell Isolation Kits (Cat. 19853; Cat. 19765), respectively. To measure proliferation, both CD8 + and CD4 + T cells were stained with CFSE at a concentration of 0.5pM for 10 minutes. Cells were then quenched with RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and washed twice.
  • the cells were seeded on pretreated aCD3 plates and incubated at 37°C for 3 days with aCD28 (lpg/mL) and IL-2 (lOOU/mL) and in the presence or absence of aCCR8 (10 pg/ml) and TGFP (5ng/ml).
  • Suppression assay 1 x 10 6 5 day culturally induced Tregs were incubated with freshly isolated CD8 + T cells (l x 10 6 ) in a 1: 1 ratio on plates pretreated with 2 pg/ml of aCD3.
  • the freshly isolated CD8 + T cells were stained with luM CFSE for 10 minutes, quenched with RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and washed prior to being plated.
  • Co-cultured cells were incubated for 3 days with aCD28 (lpg/mL), IL-2 (lOOU/mL) and indicated samples were treated with lOug of aCCR8.
  • Cells were then harvested and stained with viability dye for 3 minutes, washed, and stained for CD3, CD4, and CD8 for 30 minutes at 4°C. Cells were then washed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Proliferation was assessed on live CD3 + CD8 + CD4- T cells only.
  • TIL isolation In Fig. 2-3, tumors were harvested 17 days after tumor implantation. For Fig. 4, tumors were harvested 22 days after tumor implantation. TILs were isolated by mechanical disruption of the tumor using a Stomacher machine with 5ml of lmg/ml collagenase IV (Stem Cell Technologies). Then incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. After incubation, the resulting product was filtered using a 70 mih cell strainer. Cells were pelleted and then re-suspended in RPMI medium into 96-well plates for use in flow cytometry assays as described below.
  • Splenocyte Isolation Spleens were collected in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Splenocytes were isolated by mechanical disruption of the spleen using a Stomacher machine (Seward Laboratory Systems). The resulting mashed spleens were filtered using a 70 pm cell strainer, pelleted, and treated with ACK lysis buffer for 5 minutes to lyse the red blood cells, washed in PBS and then re-suspended in RPMI medium for use in flow cytometry assays.
  • Splenocytes or TILs were added to a 96-well plate (l x 10 6 cells/well), cells were incubated for 30 min at 4°C with antibodies for CD45, CD4, CD8, CD44, CD25, CDl07a, CCR8, CTLA4, PD-l, TCRb, MHC class 1 peptide AH1 Tetramer, CDl lb, Ly6G, Ly6C, and Invitrogen LIVE/Dead fixable Violet Fluorescent Reactive Dye. All antibodies were obtained from eBioscience, BD Biosciences, Biolegend and/or MBL International. The CCR8-FITC was prepared using the Abeam FITC Fast Conjugation Kit. Mouse CCR8 antibody was purchased from Genetex.
  • Intracellular cytokine staining was performed after 5 hours of ex vivo stimulation with lx Cell Stimulation Cocktail plus protein transport inhibitors (ebio science), plus 2.5 ug/ml of O V A 2 57-264 CD8 peptide (SIINFEKL) and OVA323-368 CD4 peptide with or without PMA ionamycin (Invitrogen- ebioscience Cell Stimulation Cocktail) for 5 hours.
  • cells were fixed and permeabilized with FoxP3 staining buffer kit (ebioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were incubated for 45 min at 4°C with antibodies to IL- 2, TNFa, IENg, and FoxP3. Cells were collected and analyzed using the Attune flow cytometer (Fisher Scientific) and analyzed using Flow Jo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
  • Elispot assay to detect interferon gamma IFNg was performed on isolated mouse splenocytes.
  • the IFNg Elispot kits were purchased from Mabtech and followed the manufacturing instructions for the procedure.
  • Example 1 CCR8 mAb treatment impairs tumor growth in solid tumor models
  • CCR8 is highly expressed on human colorectal tumor-resident Tregs (18-19) and is principally expressed by Tregs as part of their immunosuppressive arsenal (15- 17)
  • Tregs as part of their immunosuppressive arsenal (15- 17)
  • CCR8 expression on Tregs in CT26 tumor-bearing mice We found that CCR8 was highly expressed mainly on tumor-infiltrating Tregs, with very little expression on splenic Tregs (Fig 1A), but is not expressed on CT26 tumor cells (data not shown). This suggests that CCR8+Foxp3+ Tregs within the TME play a role in suppressing tumor- specific immunity. Therefore, given that CCR8+ Tregs have been suggested to be potent drivers of
  • Example 2 CCR8 mAb therapy induces robust antigen-specific tumor infiltrating CD8 + T cells
  • aCCR8 therapy increased the frequency of AH1 tetramer-specific CD8 + T cells infiltrating into the tumors, indicating trafficking of target effector T cells to the site of malignancy and initiating effector function (Figure 2C) (20).
  • CCR8 mAb therapy significantly increased the frequency of IFNy positive effector CD8 + T cells within the tumor compared to the control group ( Figure 2D).
  • a similar trend was seen with the frequency of T cells secreting IFNy when stimulated with PMA/ION, indicating that treatment with CCR8 mAb induces more functional CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses overall (Figure 2E).
  • Example 3 CCR8 mAb therapy reprograms the tumor immune milieu
  • aCCR8 therapy may help retain functional tumor-reactive effector T cells by limiting T cell exhaustion.
  • aCCR8 mAb treatment slightly decreased the percentage of G-MDSCs (CDl lb + LyGC Ly6G + ) in the tumor (Fig. 3D).
  • Example 5 CCR8 mAb therapy with a Listeria- based tumor vaccine induces antitumor immunity
  • Combination Lm- Ah l/aCCR8 therapy was administered in a sequential dosing strategy: aCCR8 mAb treatment was first administered to modulate the tumor immune milieu (reduce CCR8 + Tregs) as described in Figure 1A with dosing started on day 4 after tumor implantation followed by Lm-AHl immunization beginning on day 11 after tumor implantation. Combinatorial treatment showed significantly improved suppression of tumor growth and led to approximately 20% long-term survival compared to control group (Figure 5A). Analysis of tumor- infiltrating leukocytes showed synergistically enhanced responses against the immunizing AH1 antigenic target ( Figure 58).
  • Treg depletion strategies such as anti-CD25 and cyclophosphamide
  • drawbacks to these treatments such as (1) autoimmunity resulting from a reduction in Tregs systemically and/or (2) attenuation of antitumor immunity by depletion of effector T cells due to off-target effects. Therefore, effective new cancer immunotherapies are needed to specifically target Tregs that are abundantly and specifically located in tumor tissues.
  • CCR8 + Tregs are critical for Treg proliferation and suppression (17).
  • CCR8 was predominantly upregulated in tumor-resident Tregs in comparison to peripheral Tregs (Fig. 1A). These data recapitulate those from clinical studies, demonstrating in several different tumor types (colorectal, breast, lung, melanoma) that CCR8 is highly expressed predominantly on tumor-resident Tregs relative to peripheral tissue-resident Tregs (18,19). As such, CCR8 represents a valuable target, as specifically limiting the CCR8 Treg population to the tumor in vivo can promote better-primed immune responses and effective antitumor immunity.
  • the high expression of CCR8 on Tregs within the TME suggests that tumor-resident CCR8 + Tregs suppressed tumor-infiltrating effector T cells.
  • Tregs have been shown to play a key role in controlling autoimmunity and in the regulation of pathological and physiological immune responses (17, 23, 27). Therefore, the reduction of a particular Treg cell population (in this case, CCR8 + Tregs) rather than the entirety of the Foxp3 + T cell population can be exploited to augment antitumor immunity without the risk of inducing autoimmunity.
  • CCR8 + Tregs the particular Treg cell population
  • Tregs the entirety of the Foxp3 + T cell population
  • aCCR8 therapy selectively reduced intra-tumoral Tregs (Figure 3E), but spared Tregs in the periphery, demonstrating the tumor- specific effects of these agents. In our studies, no autoimmunity or toxicity were observed in the treated mice.
  • CCR8-deficient mice do not exhibit any of the characteristics of severe autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders resulting from Foxp3 deficiency (17, 23, 28-30).
  • CCR8 blocking can therefore be a unique cancer immunotherapy aimed at depleting tumor-resident Tregs without the severe clinical adverse events that would arise from systemic Treg depletion. Nevertheless, determining whether or not in vivo aCCR8 therapy will elicit autoimmune disease in the clinic, warrants investigation.
  • CCR8 may have multiple effects on Treg biology (17, 23, 28, 32). Therefore, targeting CCR8 on Tregs may also have multiple end points: 1) It has been reported that CCR8 has anti- apopto tic effects and is essential for Treg survival (23).
  • targeting CCR8 may increase Treg susceptibility to cell death via apoptosis; 2) given that CCL1 is unique in potentiating CCR8 + Tregs (17-19, 22), targeting its receptor, CCR8, may block its activity for expansion and suppression; 3) because CCL1 can drive CCR8 Treg motility (32), it is plausible to speculate that the decrease in number of tumor-infiltrating regulatory cells by targeting the CCR8-CCL1 axis could also be the result of an alteration in their migration properties to the tumor (28, 32). Studies to elucidate the specific role of CCR8 on Treg biology warrants further investigation and are currently under way in our laboratory.
  • T H I cytokine-producing CD4 + and CD8 + tumor-infiltrating T cells likely helps shift the TME from a suppressive to a more inflammatory antitumor state (34).
  • Ubiquitin-like Molecule ISG15 acts as an immune adjuvant to enhance antigen- specific CD8 T cell tumor immunity. Mol. Ther. 2015;23:1653-1662.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions immunogènes comprenant (i) une souche de Listeria recombinante comprenant un acide nucléique comportant un premier cadre de lecture ouvert codant pour un polypeptide de fusion, le polypeptide de fusion comprenant un peptide contenant PEST fusionné à un peptide antigénique et (ii) un anticorps anti-CCR8 ou un fragment correspondant, et des méthodes de traitement utilisant les compositions. L'invention concerne en outre des polypeptides de fusion recombinants comprenant un peptide antigénique, par exemple, fusionné à un peptide contenant PEST. L'invention concerne également des acides nucléiques codant pour de tels polypeptides de fusion, des souches de Listeria ou des bactéries recombinantes comprenant de tels polypeptides de fusion ou de tels acides nucléiques, et des banques de cellules comprenant de telles souches de Listeria ou bactéries recombinantes. La présente invention concerne également des procédés de production de tels polypeptides de fusion, de tels acides nucléiques, et de telles souches de Listeria ou bactéries recombinantes. La présente invention concerne en outre des compositions immunogènes, des compositions pharmaceutiques et des vaccins comprenant de tels polypeptides de fusion, de tels acides nucléiques, ou de telles souches de Listeria ou bactéries recombinantes. L'invention concerne aussi des méthodes d'induction d'une réponse immunitaire anti-antigène associé à une tumeur chez un sujet, des méthodes d'induction d'une réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale ou anti-cancéreuse chez un sujet, des méthodes de prévention d'une tumeur ou d'un cancer chez un sujet, des méthodes de protection d'un sujet contre une tumeur ou un cancer au moyen de tels polypeptides de fusion, acides nucléiques, souches de Listeria ou bactéries recombinantes, compositions immunogènes, compositions pharmaceutiques, ou vaccins.
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