WO2019148921A1 - 煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法 - Google Patents

煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019148921A1
WO2019148921A1 PCT/CN2018/114278 CN2018114278W WO2019148921A1 WO 2019148921 A1 WO2019148921 A1 WO 2019148921A1 CN 2018114278 W CN2018114278 W CN 2018114278W WO 2019148921 A1 WO2019148921 A1 WO 2019148921A1
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Prior art keywords
coal
mining
test device
outer frame
underground
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PCT/CN2018/114278
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
赵同彬
邢明录
李志慧
张丰雪
王爱林
蓝盛
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山东科技大学
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Publication of WO2019148921A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019148921A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/18—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for brown or hard coal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures

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  • the invention relates to the technical field of mine mining simulation test, in particular to a three-dimensional simulation test device and test method for underground movement of coal underground mining.
  • Strip mining is an effective method to solve coal crushing.
  • the area to be mined is reasonably divided into several strips. The strips are planned to be mined and reserved in sequence, and the strip area is reserved to support the goaf. The area is overlying the rock mass, thereby alleviating the surface subsidence, reducing the damage degree of the surface buildings, achieving the goal of efficient mining of coal resources and coordinated development of controlling surface damage.
  • the working surface is reasonably arranged, including determining the width and retention (retention ratio), the size, direction, propulsion speed, optimum distance between the working surfaces, Mutual position and mining sequence, and detailed study of the distribution law of strip coal pillar stress, effective support and monitoring, will largely control surface subsidence and reduce deformation of ground buildings.
  • the deformation law of rock formation and surface under different mining schemes is simulated, and the test results are compared with commonly used probability integration method, artificial neural network prediction method, numerical calculation method and based on measured data.
  • the comprehensive analysis of the conclusions of empirical methods (typical curve method and profile function method, etc.) has important guiding significance for the optimization design of mining schemes.
  • the existing coal mine mining similar material simulation test devices are mostly two-dimensional test benches (CN205642864U, CN204789567U) simulating coal mine excavation roof and rock movement.
  • the technology is relatively mature, but there is a large surface movement simulation. Limitations, and the simulation test is inevitably affected by manual excavation; some of the three-dimensional test devices are mostly box-type structures (CN204594982U, CN103823041A), the control process of coal seam simulation components is complex, too idealistic, difficult to trial success; or under load
  • the limitation of force, function and size can not simulate a variety of strip mining methods and irregular coal seam mining, and it is difficult to effectively carry out model test research in combination with engineering practice.
  • the invention mainly solves the technical problems existing in the prior art, thereby providing a simulation of strip mining, and can be combined with a coal mining site to simulate irregular strip mining, which has variable mining height and controllable mining speed.
  • a three-dimensional simulation test device for underground movement of coal underground mining characterized in that it comprises an outer frame, a pressurizing mechanism, a drawing mechanism and a simulation part of a coal seam; wherein:
  • the outer frame comprises a column at four corners, a plurality of threaded holes are arranged at intervals on the column, and four bearing plates are mounted on the four columns by bolts through the threaded holes;
  • the coal seam simulation part is composed of a coal mining block and a reserved coal pillar component which are staggered and interconnected on a horizontal plane, and the surrounding part of the coal seam is connected with four bearing plates before, after, and after;
  • the pressurizing mechanism is disposed at a top of the outer frame, and the pressurizing mechanism is coupled to the outer frame by a pressurizing position adjusting unit for surface of a similar material to the coal rock layer Pressurize;
  • the drawing mechanism is disposed at a bottom of the outer frame, and the drawing mechanism is connected to the outer frame by a drawing position adjusting unit, and the drawing mechanism is configured to pull down the mining coal group
  • the block simulates coal mining.
  • the reserved coal pillar component is a rectangular steel body with a bottom opening, which is called a first rectangular steel body
  • the coal mining block is also a rectangular steel body composed of a plurality of small rectangular steel units, which is called a second rectangular steel body
  • a waist-shaped through hole is formed on the inner four walls of the first rectangular steel body, and an inwardly extending welding nut, a welding nut and a pull are further provided on the top of the first rectangular steel body
  • the pulling mechanism is connected;
  • a threaded hole is formed in the inner four walls of the second rectangular steel body, and the first rectangular steel body and the second rectangular steel body pass through the non-slip fastening screw through the waist through hole and the threaded hole Connecting; threaded holes are also arranged in the array on the front, rear, left and right bearing plates, and the simulated portion of the coal seam is connected to the four bearing plates through bolts through the screw holes; the upper surface of the simulated portion of the coal seam is also filled with similar materials of coal seams, A
  • the pressing mechanism comprises a first ball slide table, a hydraulic jack and a loading plate which are sequentially connected, and the first ball slide table is connected with the pressure position adjusting unit, and the position of the loading plate is similar to the surface position of the similar material of the coal rock layer.
  • the pressurizing mechanism is connected to the outer frame by the pressurizing position adjusting unit.
  • the pressurization position adjusting unit comprises a middle track beam, a second ball slide, an upper track column and an upper track beam, wherein the middle track beam is symmetrically disposed on the left and right sides of the outer frame, and the upper and lower sides of the middle track beam are respectively disposed
  • the upper rail and the lower rail, the bottom of the upper rail column is slidably connected to the upper rail by a second ball slide, the upper rail beam is horizontally fixed on the top of the upper rail column, and the first rail is further provided with a first slide rail, first The slide rail is slidably coupled to the first ball slide.
  • the drawing mechanism includes a third ball slide table, a drawing device and a pull rod, and the ball slide table is connected with the drawing position adjusting unit, and the drawing device is connected to the ball bar by the drawing device, and the drawing rod is connected with the ball bar.
  • the first rectangular steel body weld nut is connected.
  • the drawing position adjusting unit comprises a fourth ball slide table, a lower track column and a lower track beam, and the top of the lower track column is slidably connected to the lower slide rail via the fourth ball slide table, and the bottom of the lower track column is bottom and bottom.
  • the rail beams are connected, and the second rail is further disposed on the lower rail beam, and the second rail is slidably connected to the third ball slide.
  • a transparent acrylic plate is embedded on the first baffle, and a bottom is further provided on the bottom of the column.
  • the structures of the upper rail pillar and the lower rail pillar are the same, the structure of the upper rail beam or the lower rail beam is the same, and the structures of the first, second, third and fourth ball slides are the same.
  • test method of the test device of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • the first step according to the actual situation of the project site to develop the mining conditions (mining area, number of working faces, coal mining methods, etc.), combined test equipment;
  • Step 2 Obtain the parameters of the coal seam and rock formation on site, and prepare similar materials indoors;
  • the third step the test determines the similar material parameters formulated
  • the fourth step laying similar materials in the test device, arranging the sensors, and sub-stacking;
  • the fifth step arranging a high-speed camera in front of and behind the test device, combined with digital image processing technology to monitor the plane displacement of the rock formation; deploying a three-dimensional scanner at the surface deformation observation position of the test device, real-time scanning and storage of the deformation and movement of the surface and the building;
  • Step 6 Perform similar simulation tests according to the established mining simulation plan, including: loosening the anti-slip fastening screws between the coal blocks to be mined, and pulling the coal blocks one by one by using a drawing mechanism The following method is used to simulate coal mining. After the test is completed, data processing and analysis are performed according to the corresponding data records.
  • the pressing mechanism pressurizes the surface of the similar material of the coal rock layer by the pressure position adjusting unit, which can apply pressure to similar materials of coal rock layers of different heights and different regions, and ensure the reliability of the laying of the ground layer.
  • the drawing mechanism is connected with the outer frame through the drawing position adjusting unit, and the drawing coal block is used to pull out the mining coal block to simulate coal mining, and the drawing device can freely control the drawing instrument to slowly pull down by the pulling rod, and pull The next coal mining block is equivalent to a forward distance of the work, and its propulsion speed can be artificially controlled.
  • This mining simulation method will not cause strong disturbance to other coal seams, rock formations and even surface buildings, and ensure the accuracy of test data. And the way of drawing the coal block by the puller does not have to worry that the friction between the coal blocks will not be pulled down and the test cannot be continued.
  • the simulated part of the coal seam may be completely composed of the coal mining block, and it is not necessary to set a reserve coal pillar component.
  • an array structure surface is formed, and each coal seam on the structural plane can be pulled down separately, which can simulate the surface caused by various forms of excavation conditions. sink.
  • the test devices can also be connected in series and parallel to form a large array combined structure, and the surface area is increased enough to arrange a variety of buildings. Lakes, etc., used to simulate the comprehensive impact of underground large-scale project excavation on ground facilities and natural landscapes.
  • FIG. 1 is;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of another perspective of a three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a plan view of a three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4a, FIG. 4b and FIG. 4c are respectively a plan view, a bottom view and a partial enlarged view of a coal seam simulation part of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of coal in the present invention
  • FIG. 5a, FIG. 5b, and FIG. 5c are respectively a front view, a bottom view, and an axial side view of the coal seam of the coal underground mining surface three-dimensional simulation test device of the present invention
  • FIG. 6a, FIG. 6b and FIG. 6c are respectively a front view, a right side view and an axial side view of a reserved coal pillar assembly of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of coal in the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of a column of a three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic structural view of a first bearing plate of a three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of underground coal in the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view of a second bearing plate of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground surface mining of coal according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural view of a first baffle of a three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention
  • Figure 11 is a schematic view showing the structure of a second baffle of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of underground coal in the present invention
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic structural view of an upper rail column or a lower rail column of a three-dimensional ground simulation test device for underground mining of coal according to the present invention
  • Figure 13 is a schematic structural view of an upper rail beam or a lower rail beam of the three-dimensional ground simulation test device for underground mining of coal according to the present invention
  • Figure 14 is a structural schematic view of a middle rail beam of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of coal in the present invention
  • Figure 15 is a schematic view showing the structure of a first, second or third or fourth ball slide table of a three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of coal in the present invention
  • 16 is a schematic structural view of a drawing rod of a three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention
  • 17-21 is a schematic view showing the simulation of the full-mining and mining ratio 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 mining mode of the underground moving surface three-dimensional simulation test device for coal underground mining according to the present invention
  • Figure 22 is a diagram showing the simulation effect of the full-scale mining test of the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground mining of coal in the present invention
  • Fig. 23 is a view showing the simulation of the simulation ratio of 1:2 in the three-dimensional simulation test device for moving underground surface of coal according to the present invention.
  • 6-pressurized position adjustment unit 61-middle rail beam, 62-second ball slide, 63-up rail column, 64-up rail beam, 65-up rail, 66-low rail, 67-first rail ;
  • the three-dimensional simulation test device for underground coal surface mining of the present invention comprises an outer frame 1, a pressurizing mechanism 2, a drawing mechanism 3 and a coal seam simulating portion 4;
  • the coal seam simulation portion 4 is disposed inside the outer frame 1, and the upper surface thereof is further filled with a coal seam similar material 5, wherein the coal seam simulation portion 4 includes a plurality of coal mining blocks 41 and a plurality of reserved coal pillar assemblies 42 for mining coal
  • the block 41 and the reserved coal pillar assembly 42 are staggered and interconnected;
  • the pressurizing mechanism 2 is disposed at the top of the outer frame 1, and the pressurizing mechanism 2 is connected to the outer frame 1 by the pressurizing position adjusting unit 6, and the pressurizing mechanism 2 is used for pressurizing the surface of the coal rock layer similar material 5;
  • the drawing mechanism 3 is disposed at the bottom of the outer frame 1, and the drawing mechanism 3 is connected to the outer frame 1 by the drawing position adjusting unit 7, and the drawing mechanism 3 is for simulating coal mining to the drawing coal block 41.
  • the outer frame 1 includes a column 11, a first bearing plate 12, a second bearing plate 13, a first baffle 14, and a second baffle 15, and the first bearing plate 12 is fixed to the front and rear of the coal seam simulating portion 4.
  • the second bearing plate 13 is fixed on the left and right sides of the coal layer simulating portion 4
  • the column 11 is symmetrically disposed around the coal layer simulating portion 4, and the column 11 is respectively connected to the first bearing plate 12 and the second bearing plate 13
  • the first baffle 14 and the second baffle 15 are connected, wherein the first baffle 14 and the second baffle 15 are respectively disposed on the front and rear sides and the left and right sides of the coal rock layer similar material 5.
  • a plurality of threaded bores 16 are provided at intervals in the height direction of the column 11, the first bearing plate 12, the second bearing plate 13, the first baffle 14 and the first
  • the second baffle 15 is connected to the column 11 by bolts through the threaded bore 16.
  • the column 11 in this embodiment may be a deep channel steel with a waist thickness of 10 mm.
  • the first bearing plate 12 and the second bearing plate 13 are arranged in a plurality of first threaded holes 17 in the array, and the coal seam simulating portion 4 passes through the first threaded hole 17 and the first bearing plate 12 and the first through the bolt.
  • the two bearing plates 13 are connected.
  • the first bearing plate 12 and the second bearing plate 13 are load-bearing steel plates with a plate thickness of 20 mm.
  • the coal mining block 41 includes a first rectangular steel body 411 having a bottom opening, an inner central portion of the first rectangular steel body 411, and a waist-shaped through hole 412 is formed on the side wall of the first side, and The top of a rectangular steel body 411 is further provided with an inwardly extending weld nut 413, and the weld nut 413 is connected to the drawing mechanism 3; in this embodiment, the length, width x height of the coal block 1 is 100 ⁇ 100 ⁇ 200mm.
  • the waist through hole 412 facilitates the attachment, detachment, and frictional sliding between the adjacent two first rectangular steel bodies 411, or the first rectangular steel body 411 and the second rectangular steel body 421.
  • the reserved coal pillar assembly 42 includes a second rectangular steel body 421 which is composed of a plurality of small rectangular steel bodies, and the inner middle portion of the second rectangular steel body 421
  • a second threaded hole 422 is defined in the side wall of the second threaded hole 422 corresponding to the position of the first threaded hole 17; thereby facilitating the front and rear sides of the second rectangular steel body 421 and the first bearing plate 12
  • the left and right sides of the second rectangular steel body 421 and the second pressure receiving plate 13 are coupled to each other.
  • the first rectangular steel body 411 and the second rectangular steel body 412 are connected through the waist through hole 412 and the second threaded hole 422 through the anti-slip fastening screw.
  • the pressurizing mechanism 2 includes a first ball slide table 21, a hydraulic jack 22, and a loading plate 23 which are sequentially connected, and the first ball slide table 21 is connected to the pressurizing position adjusting unit 6, and the loading plate 23 is attached.
  • the position corresponds to the surface position of the similar material 5 of the coal formation.
  • the hydraulic jack 22 Through the action of the hydraulic jack 22, the loading plate 23 is moved downward, and the surface position of the similar material 5 of the coal rock layer is pressed and compacted, which ensures the simulation precision of the similar material 5 of the coal rock layer, thereby improving the overall precision of the simulation experiment.
  • the pressurizing position adjusting unit 6 includes a middle rail beam 61, a second ball slide 62, an upper rail pillar 63, and an upper rail beam 64.
  • the middle rail beam 61 is symmetrically disposed on the left and right sides of the outer frame 1, and the middle rail beam 61
  • An upper slide rail 65 and a lower slide rail 66 are respectively disposed on the upper and lower sides, and the bottom of the upper rail upright 63 is slidably connected to the upper slide rail 65 through the second ball slide 62, and the upper rail cross member 64 is horizontally fixed on the top of the upper rail upright 63, and
  • a first slide rail 67 is further disposed on the upper rail beam 64, and the first slide rail 67 is slidably coupled to the first ball slide table 21.
  • the front and rear positions of the pressurizing mechanism 2 can be adjusted, and by driving the first ball slide table 21 to reciprocate along the first slide rail 67, the pressurization can be adjusted.
  • the height position of the pressurizing mechanism 2 can also be adjusted by providing a plurality of height adjusting holes in the upper rail upright 63.
  • the drawing mechanism 3 includes a third ball slide table 31, a drawing device 32 and a pull rod 33.
  • the third ball slide table 31 is connected to the drawing position adjusting unit 7, and the drawing device 32 is disposed on the pulling rod 33.
  • the tie rod 33 is connected to the weld nut 413.
  • the pulling rod 33 is driven by the drawing device 32 to generate a pulling force, and the coal mining block 41 to be extracted is pulled down to an appropriate position to simulate the coal mining process.
  • the drawing position adjusting unit 7 includes a fourth ball bearing table 71, a lower rail column 72, and a lower rail beam 73.
  • the top of the lower rail column 72 is slidably coupled to the lower rail 65 via the fourth ball slide 71, and the lower rail
  • the bottom of the column 72 is connected to the lower rail beam 73.
  • the lower rail beam 73 is further provided with a second sliding rail 74.
  • the second rail 74 is slidably coupled to the third ball slide 31.
  • the height position of the drawing mechanism 3 can also be adjusted by providing a plurality of height adjusting holes in the lower rail beam 73.
  • the first baffle 14 is embedded with a transparent acrylic plate 19, and in order to facilitate the adjustment of the position of the column 11, the bottom of the column 11 is further provided with a support 18.
  • the upper rail column 63 and the lower rail column 72 have the same structure, and the upper rail beam 64 or the lower rail beam 73 have the same structure, and the first, second, third and fourth ball slides (21, The structures of 62, 31, and 71) are the same.
  • the test method of the present invention for using the above-mentioned coal underground mining surface movement three-dimensional simulation test device comprises the following steps:
  • the first step is to formulate the mining conditions to be simulated; as shown in Figure 17-21, the mining conditions that can be simulated in this example are the full mining and mining ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2. 1, 1:3 mining methods.
  • the second step is to obtain on-site coal seam and rock layer parameters, and prepare similar materials of coal rock layer indoors; in the present invention, similar materials can be prepared into solids of different colors by using a dyeing agent, and the coloring agent can be carbon black or iron red or iron green. According to the simulation requirements, different materials with different parameter ratios (representing different rock layers) are selected. Different coloring materials are generally prepared from solid granular materials and liquid materials according to different parameters. The dye can be added to the solid of similar materials first. Stir well in the material, then add the liquid material and stir evenly. The percentage of each dye in the mass of the corresponding similar material is 3%-8%. The dye mixed with the mass percentage will not change the original ratio of similar materials. Mechanical parameters.
  • a similar material of the coal rock layer is laid in the outer frame of the test device, and the sensor is arranged and laminated;
  • the fourth step is to arrange a high-speed camera in front of and behind the test device, and to monitor the plane displacement of the rock layer in combination with digital image processing technology; to lay a survey line or place a three-dimensional scanner at the surface deformation observation position of the test device.
  • the utility model comprises: loosening the anti-skid fastening screws between the coal seams to be mined, simulating the coal mining by pulling the coal blocks one by one by using a drawing mechanism, and simultaneously measuring according to the vertical and horizontal layout of the surface.
  • the method of the line locates the measuring point, and the surface deformation is measured by the displacement sensor.
  • the measured data can be processed by MATLAB and other software to obtain the surface deformation cloud map. As shown in Fig. 22 and Fig. 23, the simulation full mining and the mining ratio are 1:2.
  • Surface deformation map obtained by software processing; 3D laser scanner can also be used to monitor surface deformation and tilting and subsidence of buildings and related data, and the effect is better. After the test is completed, data processing and analysis are performed based on the corresponding data records.
  • the pressing mechanism pressurizes the surface of the similar material of the coal rock layer by the pressure position adjusting unit, which can apply pressure to similar materials of coal rock layers of different heights and different regions, and ensure the reliability of the laying of the ground layer.
  • the drawing mechanism is connected with the outer frame through the drawing position adjusting unit, and the drawing coal block is used to pull out the mining coal block to simulate coal mining, and the drawing device can freely control the drawing instrument to slowly pull down by the pulling rod, and pull The next coal mining block is equivalent to a forward distance of the work, and its propulsion speed can be artificially controlled.
  • This mining simulation method will not cause strong disturbance to other coal seams, rock formations and even surface buildings, and ensure the accuracy of test data. And the way of drawing the coal block by the puller does not have to worry that the friction between the coal blocks will not be pulled down and the test cannot be continued.
  • the simulated part of the coal seam may be completely composed of the coal mining block, and it is not necessary to set a reserve coal pillar component.
  • an array structure surface is formed, and each coal seam on the structural plane can be pulled down separately, which can simulate the surface caused by various forms of excavation conditions. sink.
  • the test devices can also be connected in series and parallel to form a large array combined structure, and the surface area is increased enough to arrange a variety of buildings. Lakes, etc., used to simulate the comprehensive impact of underground large-scale project excavation on ground facilities and natural landscapes.

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Abstract

一种煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法，试验装置包括外框架（1）、加压机构（2）、拉拔机构（3）、煤层模拟部分（4）；煤层模拟部分（4）设置在外框架（1）的内部，其上表面还填充有煤层相似材料，其中，煤层模拟部分（4）包括多个开采煤组块（41）和多个预留煤柱组件（42），加压机构（2）设置在外框架（1）的顶部，且加压机构（2）通过加压位置调节单元与外框架（1）相连接，拉拔机构（3）设置在外框架（1）的底部，且拉拔机构（3）通过拉拔位置调节单元与外框架（1）相连接，试验装置可与煤矿开采现场相结合模拟不规则条带开采，其采高可变、开采速度可控、便于相似材料加压铺设。

Description

煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法 技术领域
本发明涉及矿山开采模拟试验技术领域，尤其涉及一种煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法。
背景技术
随着我国煤炭资源的持续开采及城镇建设规模扩大、村庄搬迁成本增加，压煤开采问题已经成为制约煤矿可持续发展的重要因素。目前，我国东部地区许多矿井正面临着严峻的“三下”压煤问题，矿井开采煤炭资源量逐渐减少。条带开采是解决压煤的一种行之有效的方法，即将待采区域合理地划分为若干条带状，有计划顺序性地开采与预留条带，预留条带区域支撑着采空区上覆岩体，从而缓解地表下沉，减小地表建筑物的破坏程度，达到煤矿资源高效开采，与控制地表损害协调开发的目标。
控制地表村庄、铁路等建构筑物变形、破坏是采矿业迫切需要解决的难题之一，无论是条带开采还是全采，煤层上覆岩体内部的应力都将重新分布，造成围岩局部应力集中现象，使采空区顶板下沉、破碎、垮落，条带煤柱应力增高，引起一定范围内的地表变形、塌陷。但是，如果事先选择好适当的采煤方法，合理地布置工作面，包括确定采宽与留宽(采留比)、工作面的尺寸、方向、推进速度、工作面之间的最佳距离、相互位置及开采顺序，并详细研究条带煤柱应力分布规律，进行有效的支护、监测，将在很大程度上控制地表下沉和减少地面建筑物形变。基于此，为了在试验室内进行合理的模型试验研究，模拟出不同开采方案下岩层及地表变形规律，将试验结果与常用的概率积分法、人工神经网络预测法、数值计算法以及基于实测资料的经验方法(典型曲线法和剖面函数法等)的结论进行综合分析，对于开采方案的优化设计有重要指导意义。
经检索查询，现有的煤矿开采相似材料模拟试验装置多为模拟煤矿开挖顶板及岩层移动的二维试验台架(CN205642864U、CN204789567U)，技术较为成熟， 但在地表移动模拟上存在较大的局限性，且模拟试验中不可避免地受到人工开挖的影响；部分三维试验装置多为箱式结构(CN204594982U、CN103823041A)，煤层模拟构件控制过程复杂，过于理想化，难以试制成功；或者受到承载力、功能、尺寸大小的限制，不能模拟多种条带开采方式及不规则煤层开采，难以有效结合工程实际进行模型试验研究。
发明内容
本发明主要是解决现有技术中所存在的技术问题，从而提供一种可模拟条带开采，且可与煤矿开采现场相结合模拟不规则条带开采，其采高可变、开采速度可控、便于相似材料加压铺设的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置及试验方法。
为达到上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：
一种煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，它包括外框架、加压机构、拉拔机构和煤层模拟部分；其中：
所述外框架包括设在四个角的立柱，在立柱上间隔地设有多个螺纹钻孔，通过螺栓穿过螺纹钻孔在四个立柱上安装上前后左右四个承压板；
所述的煤层模拟部分是由在水平面上交错分布且相互连接的开采煤组块和预留煤柱组件组成，煤层模拟部分四周与前后左右四个承压板连接；
所述加压机构设置在所述外框架的顶部，且所述加压机构通过加压位置调节单元与所述外框架相连接，所述加压机构用于对所述煤岩层相似材料的表面进行加压；
所述拉拔机构设置在所述外框架的底部，且所述拉拔机构通过拉拔位置调节单元与所述外框架相连接，所述拉拔机构用于向下拉拔所述开采煤组块模拟煤炭开采。
进一步：预留煤柱组件是一个底部开口的矩形钢制本体,称之为第一矩形钢制本体，开采煤组块也是由多个小矩形钢制单元组成的矩形钢制本体，称之为第二矩形钢制本体；在第一矩形钢制本体的内侧四壁上开设有腰型通孔，在第 一矩形钢制本体的顶部还设有向内延伸的焊接螺母，焊接螺母与拉拔机构相连接；在第二矩形钢制本体的内侧四壁上开设有螺纹孔，第一矩形钢制本体和第二矩形钢制本体通过防滑紧固螺丝穿过腰型通孔和螺纹孔相连接；在前后左右承压板上也均阵列布置有螺纹孔，煤层模拟部分的通过螺栓穿过该螺纹孔与四个承压板相连接；在煤层模拟部分上表面还填充有煤层相似材料，煤岩层相似材料的四周设有挡板，挡板通过螺栓连接在立柱上。
进一步：所述的加压机构包括依次连接的第一滚珠滑台、液压千斤顶和加载板，第一滚珠滑台与加压位置调节单元相连接，加载板的位置与煤岩层相似材料的表面位置相对应，加压机构通过加压位置调节单元与外框架相连接。
进一步地，所述加压位置调节单元包括中部轨道横梁、第二滚珠滑台、上轨道立柱和上轨道横梁，中部轨道横梁对称设置在外框架的左右两侧，且中部轨道横梁的上下侧面上分别设有上部滑轨和下部滑轨，上轨道立柱的底部通过第二滚珠滑台与上部滑轨滑动连接，上轨道横梁水平地固定在上轨道立柱的顶部，且上轨道横梁上还设有第一滑轨，第一滑轨与第一滚珠滑台滑动连接。
进一步地，所述拉拔机构包括第三滚珠滑台、拉拔仪和拉杆，滚珠滑台与拉拔位置调节单元相连接，拉拔仪穿设在拉杆上与滚珠滑台相连接，拉杆与第一矩形钢制本体焊接螺母相连接。
进一步地，所述拉拔位置调节单元包括第四滚珠滑台、下轨道立柱和下轨道横梁，下轨道立柱的顶部经第四滚珠滑台与下部滑轨滑动连接，下轨道立柱的底部与下轨道横梁相连接，下轨道横梁上还设有第二滑轨，第二滑轨与第三滚珠滑台滑动连接。
进一步地，所述第一挡板上嵌设有透明亚克力板，以及所述立柱的底部还设有支座。
进一步地，所述上轨道立柱和下轨道立柱的结构相同，所述上轨道横梁或下轨道横梁的结构相同，所述第一、第二、第三和第四滚珠滑台的结构相同。
本发明试验装置的试验方法，包括以下步骤：
第一步：根据工程现场实际情况制定欲模拟开采工况(采区面积、工作面数目、采煤方法等)，组合试验装置；
第二步：获取现场煤层及岩层参数，在室内配制相似材料；
第三步：试验确定所配制的相似材料参数；
第四步：在所述试验装置中铺设相似材料，布置传感器，分层压实；
第五步：在试验装置前、后面布置高速相机，结合数字图像处理技术监测岩层平面位移；在试验装置地表变形观测位置布设三维扫描仪，实时扫描存储地表及建筑物变形、移动情况；
第六步：按照既定的开采模拟方案进行相似模拟试验，具体包括：将欲采出的开采煤组块之间的防滑紧固螺丝松开，利用拉拔机构将开采煤组块逐个拉下的方式来模拟煤炭开采，试验结束后，根据相应的数据记录进行数据处理、分析。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1)、通过开采煤组块与预留煤柱组件的交错顺次配合，其方便了拆卸拼接，可模拟多种开采方式，且预留煤柱组件的抗弯曲变形能力大，开采煤组块紧固在其上，可承受较大的载荷，保证试验装置可以达到较大的尺寸。
2)、加压机构通过加压位置调节单元对煤岩层相似材料的表面进行加压，其可实现对不同高度、不同区域的煤岩层相似材料施加压力，保障地层铺设的可靠度。
3)、拉拔机构通过拉拔位置调节单元与外框架相连接，利用拉拔机构向下拉拔开采煤组块模拟煤炭开采，其能够自由控制拉拔仪借助拉拔杆缓慢拉下，拉下一个开采煤组块相当于工作面向前推进了一段距离，其推进速度可人为调控，这种开采模拟方式不会对其他煤层、岩层甚至地表建筑物产生强烈扰动，保证测试数据的精确度，且拉拔仪拉开采煤组块的方式不必担心开采煤组块间 由于摩擦力过大而拉不下来，无法继续试验。
4)、如果所要模拟的采区较小，工作面较少，单个试验装置没必要太大，则所述煤层模拟部分可完全由开采煤组块组成，不必再设置预留煤柱组件，通过开采煤组块两两之间的相互紧固，形成阵列式结构面，结构面上的每个开采煤组块可单独拉下，可模拟多种形式的开挖工况造成的地表下沉。不仅如此，将多个小型试验装置拆除挡板，仍保留其各自的立柱，则各试验装置间也可进行串并联，形成大型阵列组合结构，地表面积增大，足以布置出多种建筑物、湖泊等，用来模拟地下大型工程开挖对地面设施、自然景观的综合影响。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是；
图2是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的另一个角度的结构示意图；
图3是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的平面图；
图4中，图4a、图4b和图4c分别是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的煤层模拟部分的俯视图、仰视图和局部放大示意图；
图5中，图5a、图5b和图5c分别是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的开采煤组块的主视图、仰视图和轴侧图；
图6中，图6a、图6b和图6c分别是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的预留煤柱组件的主视图、右视图和轴侧图；
图7是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的立柱的结构示意图；
图8是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的第一承压板的 结构示意图；
图9是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的第二承压板的结构示意图；
图10是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的第一挡板的结构示意图；
图11是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的第二挡板的结构示意图；
图12是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的上轨道立柱或下轨道立柱的结构示意图；
图13是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的上轨道横梁或下轨道横梁的结构示意图；
图14是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的中部轨道横梁的结构示意图；
图15是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的第一、第二或、第三或第四滚珠滑台的结构示意图；
图16是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的拉拔杆的结构示意图；
图17-21是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的模拟全采、采留比2﹕1、1﹕1、1﹕2、1﹕3开采方式的示意图；
图22是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的模拟全采试验效果图；
图23是本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的模拟采留比1﹕2试验效果图。
图中：
1-外框架，11-立柱11，12-第一承压板，13-第二承压板，14-第一挡板，15-第二挡板，16-螺纹钻孔，17-第一螺纹孔,18-支座,19-透明亚克力板；
2-加压机构，21-第一滚珠滑台，22-液压千斤顶，23-加载板；
3-拉拔机构，31-第三滚珠滑台，32-拉拔仪，33-拉杆；
4-煤层模拟部分，41-开采煤组块，411-第一矩形钢制本体，412-腰型通孔；413-焊接螺母，42-预留煤柱组件，421-第二矩形钢制本体，422-第二螺纹孔；
5-煤岩层相似材料，
6-加压位置调节单元，61-中部轨道横梁，62-第二滚珠滑台，63-上轨道立柱，64-上轨道横梁，65-上部滑轨，66-下部滑轨，67-第一滑轨；
7-拉拔位置调节单元，71-第四滚珠滑台，72-下轨道立柱，73-下轨道横梁；74-第二滑轨。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的优选实施例进行详细阐述，以使本发明的优点和特征能更易于被本领域技术人员理解，从而对本发明的保护范围做出更为清楚明确的界定。
参阅图1-3所示，本发明的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其包括外框架1、加压机构2、拉拔机构3和煤层模拟部分4；
煤层模拟部分4设置在外框架1的内部，其上表面还填充有煤层相似材料5，其中，煤层模拟部分4包括多个开采煤组块41和多个预留煤柱组件42，开采煤组块41和预留煤柱组件42交错分布且相互连接；
加压机构2设置在外框架1的顶部，且加压机构2通过加压位置调节单元6与外框架1相连接，加压机构2用于对煤岩层相似材料5的表面进行加压；
拉拔机构3设置在外框架1的底部，且拉拔机构3通过拉拔位置调节单元7与外框架1相连接，拉拔机构3用于向下拉拔开采煤组块41模拟煤炭开采。
具体地，外框架1包括立柱11、第一承压板12、第二承压板13、第一挡板14和第二挡板15，第一承压板12固定在煤层模拟部分4的前后两侧，第二承压板13固定在煤层模拟部分4的左右两侧，立柱11对称设置在煤层模拟部分4的四周，且立柱11分别与第一承压板12、第二承压板13、第一挡板14和第二 挡板15相连接，其中，第一挡板14和第二挡板15分别设置在煤岩层相似材料5的前后两侧和左右两侧。优选地，为了便于调节试验装置的初始高度，立柱11的高度方向上间隔地设有多个螺纹钻孔16，第一承压板12、第二承压板13、第一挡板14和第二挡板15通过螺栓穿过螺纹钻孔16与立柱11相连接。本实施例中的立柱11可以为深槽钢，腰厚为10mm。
本发明中，第一承压板12、第二承压板13上均阵列布置若干第一螺纹孔17，煤层模拟部分4通过螺栓穿过第一螺纹孔17与第一承压板12和第二承压板13相连接。本实施例中，第一承压板12和第二承压板13为承重钢板，板厚20mm。
参阅图4所示，开采煤组块41包括底部开口的第一矩形钢制本体411，第一矩形钢制本体411的内部中部，其四周侧壁上开设有腰型通孔412，以及第一矩形钢制本体411的顶部还设有向内延伸的焊接螺母413，焊接螺母413与拉拔机构3相连接；本实施例中，开采煤组块1的长×宽×高为100×100×200mm。腰型通孔412方便了相邻两个第一矩形钢制本体411，或第一矩形钢制本体411与第二矩形钢制本体421之间的安装、拆卸和相互摩擦滑动。
参阅图5所示，预留煤柱组件42包括第二矩形钢制本体421，第二矩形钢制本体421是由多个小矩形钢制本体组成的，第二矩形钢制本体421的内部中部，其四周侧壁上开设有第二螺纹孔422，第二螺纹孔422与第一螺纹孔17的位置相对应；从而方便了第二矩形钢制本体421的前后侧面与第一承压板12能相互配合连接，第二矩形钢制本体421的左右侧面与第二承压板13相互配合连接。其中，第一矩形钢制本体411和第二矩形钢制本体412通过防滑紧固螺丝穿过腰型通孔412和第二螺纹孔422相连接。
参阅图6-16所示，加压机构2包括依次连接的第一滚珠滑台21、液压千斤顶22和加载板23，第一滚珠滑台21与加压位置调节单元6相连接，加载板23的位置与煤岩层相似材料5的表面位置相对应。通过液压千斤顶22动作，带动加载板23下移，对煤岩层相似材料5的表面位置进行加压压实，其保证了煤岩 层相似材料5的模拟精度，进而提高了模拟实验的整体精度。
具体地，加压位置调节单元6包括中部轨道横梁61、第二滚珠滑台62、上轨道立柱63和上轨道横梁64，中部轨道横梁61对称设置在外框架1的左右两侧，且中部轨道横梁61的上下侧面上分别设有上部滑轨65和下部滑轨66，上轨道立柱63的底部通过第二滚珠滑台62与上部滑轨65滑动连接，上轨道横梁64水平地固定在上轨道立柱63的顶部，且上轨道横梁64上还设有第一滑轨67，第一滑轨67与第一滚珠滑台21滑动连接。通过驱动第二滚珠滑台62沿上部滑轨65往复移动，即可调节加压机构2的前后位置，而通过驱动第一滚珠滑台21沿第一滑轨67往复移动，即可调节加压机构2的左右位置。在本发明实施例中，还可以通过在上轨道立柱63设置多个高度调节孔，调节加压机构2的高度位置。
具体地，拉拔机构3包括第三滚珠滑台31、拉拔仪32和拉杆33，第三滚珠滑台31与拉拔位置调节单元7相连接，拉拔仪32穿设在拉杆33上，且与第三滚珠滑台31相连接，拉杆33与焊接螺母413相连接。本发明中，通过拉拔仪32带动拉杆33产生拉力，对欲采出的开采煤组块41拉下至适当位置，以此来模拟采煤过程。
具体地，拉拔位置调节单元7包括第四滚珠滑台71、下轨道立柱72和下轨道横梁73，下轨道立柱72的顶部经第四滚珠滑台71与下部滑轨65滑动连接，下轨道立柱72的底部与下轨道横梁73相连接，下轨道横梁73上还设有第二滑轨74，第二滑轨74与第三滚珠滑台31滑动连接。本发明中，通过驱动第三滚珠滑台31沿第二滑轨74往复滑动，即可以调节拉拔机构3的左右位置，通过驱动第四滚珠滑台71沿下部滑轨66往复滑动，即可以调节拉拔机构3的前后位置，在本发明实施例中，还可以通过在下轨道横梁73设置多个高度调节孔，调节拉拔机构3的高度位置。
本发明中，为方便观测岩层移动及煤层顶板破坏情况，第一挡板14上嵌设有透明亚克力板19，以及为了方便立柱11位置的调节，立柱11的底部还设有支座18。
本发明中，为了方便加工制作，上轨道立柱63和下轨道立柱72的结构相同，上轨道横梁64或下轨道横梁73的结构相同，第一、第二、第三和第四滚珠滑台(21、62、31、71)的结构相同。
本发明的使用上述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的试验方法，其包括以下步骤：
第一步、制定欲模拟开采工况；如图17-21所示，为本实施例所能模拟的开采工况，分别为全采、采留比2﹕1、1﹕1、1﹕2、1﹕3等开采方式。
第二步、获取现场煤层及岩层参数，在室内配制煤岩层相似材料；本发明中，可采用染色剂将相似材料配制为不同颜色的固体，染色剂可为炭黑或铁红或铁绿，根据模拟要求确定不同参数配比的相似材料(代表不同岩层)选用不同的染色剂，岩层相似材料一般由固体颗粒材料和液体材料按照不同参数配制而成，可先将染色剂加入相似材料的固体材料中搅拌均匀，然后再加入液体材料搅拌均匀，每种染色剂占相应相似材料的质量的百分比为3％-8％，掺入该质量百分比的染色剂，不会改变原始配比相似材料的力学参数。
第三步、在试验装置外框架中铺设煤岩层相似材料，布置传感器，分层压实；
第四步、在试验装置前、后面布置高速相机，结合数字图像处理技术监测岩层平面位移；在试验装置地表变形观测位置布设测线或者安置三维扫描仪。
第五步、按照既定的开采模拟方案进行相似模拟试验。
具体包括：将欲采出的开采煤组块之间的防滑紧固螺丝松开，利用拉拔机构将开采煤组块逐个拉下的方式来模拟煤炭开采，同时根据在地表纵横布置测线的方法定位测点，用位移传感器测量地表变形，所测数据用MATLAB等软件处理后可获得地表变形云图，如图22及23所示分别为模拟全采、采留比1﹕2工况的经软件处理得到的地表变形图；也可以用三维激光扫描仪监测地表变形及建筑物倾斜、沉陷等现象及相关数据，效果更好。试验结束后，根据相应的数据记录进行数据处理、分析。
综上所述，本发明的优点如下：
1)、通过开采煤组块与预留煤柱组件的交错顺次配合，其方便了拆卸拼接，可模拟多种开采方式，且预留煤柱组件的抗弯曲变形能力大，开采煤组块紧固在其上，可承受较大的载荷，保证试验装置可以达到较大的尺寸。
2)、加压机构通过加压位置调节单元对煤岩层相似材料的表面进行加压，其可实现对不同高度、不同区域的煤岩层相似材料施加压力，保障地层铺设的可靠度。
3)、拉拔机构通过拉拔位置调节单元与外框架相连接，利用拉拔机构向下拉拔开采煤组块模拟煤炭开采，其能够自由控制拉拔仪借助拉拔杆缓慢拉下，拉下一个开采煤组块相当于工作面向前推进了一段距离，其推进速度可人为调控，这种开采模拟方式不会对其他煤层、岩层甚至地表建筑物产生强烈扰动，保证测试数据的精确度，且拉拔仪拉开采煤组块的方式不必担心开采煤组块间由于摩擦力过大而拉不下来，无法继续试验。
4)、如果所要模拟的采区较小，工作面较少，单个试验装置没必要太大，则所述煤层模拟部分可完全由开采煤组块组成，不必再设置预留煤柱组件，通过开采煤组块两两之间的相互紧固，形成阵列式结构面，结构面上的每个开采煤组块可单独拉下，可模拟多种形式的开挖工况造成的地表下沉。不仅如此，将多个小型试验装置拆除挡板，仍保留其各自的立柱，则各试验装置间也可进行串并联，形成大型阵列组合结构，地表面积增大，足以布置出多种建筑物、湖泊等，用来模拟地下大型工程开挖对地面设施、自然景观的综合影响。
以上所述，仅为本发明的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何不经过创造性劳动想到的变化或替换，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此，本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所限定的保护范围为准。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，它包括外框架、加压机构、拉拔机构和煤层模拟部分；其中：
    所述外框架包括设在四个角的立柱，在立柱上间隔地设有多个螺纹钻孔，通过螺栓穿过螺纹钻孔在四个立柱上安装上前后左右四个承压板；
    所述的煤层模拟部分是由在水平面上交错分布且相互连接的开采煤组块和预留煤柱组件组成，煤层模拟部分四周与前后左右四个承压板连接；
    所述的加压机构设置在所述外框架的顶部，且所述加压机构通过加压位置调节单元与所述外框架相连接，所述加压机构用于对所述煤岩层相似材料的表面进行加压；
    所述的拉拔机构设置在所述外框架的底部，且所述拉拔机构通过拉拔位置调节单元与所述外框架相连接，所述拉拔机构用于向下拉拔所述开采煤组块模拟煤炭开采。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的预留煤柱组件是一个底部开口的矩形钢制本体,称之为第一矩形钢制本体，开采煤组块也是由多个小矩形钢制单元组成的矩形钢制本体，称之为第二矩形钢制本体；在第一矩形钢制本体的内侧四壁上开设有腰型通孔，在第一矩形钢制本体的顶部还设有向内延伸的焊接螺母，焊接螺母与拉拔机构相连接；在第二矩形钢制本体的内侧四壁上开设有螺纹孔，第一矩形钢制本体和第二矩形钢制本体通过防滑紧固螺丝穿过腰型通孔和螺纹孔相连接；在前后左右承压板上也均阵列布置有螺纹孔，煤层模拟部分的通过螺栓穿过该螺纹孔与四个承压板相连接；在煤层模拟部分上表面还填充有煤层相似材料，煤岩层相似材料的四周设有挡板，挡板通过螺栓连接在立柱上。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的加压机构包括依次连接的第一滚珠滑台、液压千斤顶和加载板，第一滚珠滑台与加压位置调节单元相连接，加载板的位置与煤岩层相似材料的表面位置相对应，加压机构通过加压位置调节单元与外框架相连接。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的加压位置调节单元包括中部轨道横梁、第二滚珠滑台、上轨道立柱和上轨道横梁，中部轨道横梁对称设置在外框架的左右两侧，且中部轨道横梁的上下侧面上分别设有上部滑轨和下部滑轨，上轨道立柱的底部通过第二滚珠滑台与上部滑轨滑动连接，上轨道横梁水平地固定在上轨道立柱的顶部，且上轨道横梁上还设有第一滑轨，第一滑轨与第一滚珠滑台滑动连接。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的拉拔机构包括第三滚珠滑台、拉拔仪和拉杆，滚珠滑台与拉拔位置调节单元相连接，拉拔仪穿设在拉杆上与滚珠滑台相连接，拉杆与第一矩形钢制本体焊接螺母相连接。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的拉拔位置调节单元包括第四滚珠滑台、下轨道立柱和下轨道横梁，下轨道立柱的顶部经第四滚珠滑台与下部滑轨滑动连接，下轨道立柱的底部与下轨道横梁相连接，下轨道横梁上还设有第二滑轨，第二滑轨与第三滚珠滑台滑动连接。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置，其特征在于，所述的第一挡板上嵌设有透明亚克力板，以及所述立柱的底部还设有支座。
  8. 一种如权利要求1-7任一所述的煤炭地下开采地表移动三维模拟试验装置的试验方法，其特征在于，它包括以下步骤：
    第一步：根据工程现场实际情况制定欲模拟开采工况组合试验装置；
    第二步：获取现场煤层及岩层参数，在室内配制相似材料；
    第三步：试验确定所配制的相似材料参数；
    第四步：在所述试验装置中铺设相似材料，布置传感器，分层压实；
    第五步：在试验装置前、后面布置高速相机，结合数字图像处理技术监测 岩层平面位移；在试验装置地表变形观测位置布设三维扫描仪，实时扫描存储地表及建筑物变形、移动情况；
    第六步：按照既定的开采模拟方案进行相似模拟试验，具体包括：将欲采出的开采煤组块之间的防滑紧固螺丝松开，利用拉拔机构将开采煤组块逐个拉下的方式来模拟煤炭开采，试验结束后，根据相应的数据记录进行数据处理、分析。
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