WO2019120388A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau à gradients fritté, matériau à gradients fritté et son utilisation - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau à gradients fritté, matériau à gradients fritté et son utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019120388A1
WO2019120388A1 PCT/DE2018/101039 DE2018101039W WO2019120388A1 WO 2019120388 A1 WO2019120388 A1 WO 2019120388A1 DE 2018101039 W DE2018101039 W DE 2018101039W WO 2019120388 A1 WO2019120388 A1 WO 2019120388A1
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Prior art keywords
component
permanent
layer
carrier
permanent magnetic
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PCT/DE2018/101039
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Eberhard Burkel
Wiktor BODNAR
Kerstin Witte
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Universität Rostock
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Priority to DE112018006507.3T priority Critical patent/DE112018006507A5/de
Publication of WO2019120388A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019120388A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/008—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression characterised by the composition
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
    • H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
    • H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
    • H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
    • H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
    • H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
    • H01F41/0266—Moulding; Pressing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B22F2003/1051—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding by electric discharge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2207/00—Aspects of the compositions, gradients
    • B22F2207/01—Composition gradients
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C2202/00—Physical properties
    • C22C2202/02—Magnetic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
    • H01F41/0273—Imparting anisotropy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a sintered gradient material comprising at least one permanent-magnetic component and at least one carrier component and a mechanically stable gradient material itself produced therefrom. According to the method, permanent-magnetic gradient materials can be produced for industrial applications.
  • Permanent magnets also referred to as permanent magnets
  • permanent magnets have long been used in industry for various applications u.a. used in electronics, mechanics and electromechanics.
  • permanent magnets e.g. in permanent magnet motors and the generators of wind turbines.
  • the permanent magnet is mechanically connected as a component on or with another component me.
  • bodies of permanent magnet material such as Nd 2 Fe 4 B
  • bodies made of steel or other materials because the bodies have different thermal expansion coefficients and also different magnetostriction coefficients, which makes it possible to contact the bodies of the body Stress formation comes, which leads to the formation of cracks in the sequence and thus reduces the life of the components and increases the risk of failure.
  • Gradient materials differ from conventional materials of a uniform nature, which change abruptly from one material to another at their abutting surfaces, in that at least one property changes continuously or stepwise with respect to a spatial direction of the gradient material.
  • Gradient materials are monolithic materials with altered properties in one or more directions.
  • the gradient material consists of pure components lying on opposite sides between which the structure, the composition and / or the morphology changes stepwise or continuously from one component to the other component.
  • the simplest structure of such a gradient material consists of two or more components, each representing different materials or mixtures of materials, wherein the concentration of the components changes in at least one direction.
  • Gradient materials are described, for example, in EP 1712657 B1, in which a method for the production of gradient materials from different metallic starting materials, such as e.g. Titanium, nickel, aluminum, magnesium or metal alloys by means of cold spraying is described.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide permanent magnets made of new materials with improved or at least new properties, in particular the problems known from the prior art, which are associated with the above-described stress and cracking, e.g. when mounting the permanent magnets in machines, to avoid.
  • sintered gradient materials comprising at least one permanent-magnetic component and at least one carrier component can be produced, with the sintered gradient material according to the invention compared to conventional components in which magnetic and non-magnetic bodies are connected to contact surfaces, show improved properties, in particular with regard to stress and crack formation.
  • the gradient material according to the invention is produced from two or more components which each represent different materials, wherein the concentration of the components in the gradient material changes in at least one direction and at least one component comprises a permanent magnetic material.
  • the gradient material is produced by building up a body or a layer to be consolidated with a layer-by-layer changing concentration of the components used, so that in at least one spatial direction an ascending and preferably for at least one other component in a different spatial direction, especially in the opposite direction, gives a decreasing concentration profile. It follows that there is a change in the properties with the concentration profile of the respective material.
  • the first component in this case comprises a material or a material mixture and the second component comprises a material or a material mixture, wherein at least one material in the first component is permanently magnetic and in particular at least one material in the first component is different from each material in the second component is.
  • the gradient material thus comprises at least two components, each of which may be made of one or more materials. At least one of the components is a permanent magnetic component.
  • the permanent-magnetic component comprises, for example, in powder form in each case:
  • Bismuth, manganese and iron alloys e.g. Bismanol
  • Yttrium can also play the role of a rare earth metal;
  • the most important representatives are neodymium-iron-boron (particularly Nd2Fei 4 B), samarium cobalt (especially SmCos and Srri2Coi7) and samarium-iron-nitrogen (Srri2Fei8N3).
  • the other component is the carrier component, which is chosen, for example, such that it corresponds to or at least resembles the material of the application construction on which the permanent magnet is to be fastened.
  • the carrier component is different from the permanent magnetic component used, in particular the carrier material is non-permanent magnetic and / or paramagnetic. According to one embodiment, the carrier component consists exclusively of the non-permanent magnetic and / or paramagnetic carrier material.
  • a suitable carrier component or excipient which may be used in the gradient are powders, e.g. various steels, titanium or aluminum alloys, metallic glasses or ceramics such as WC, AI2O3 or Zr02.
  • Powder or powder form means in the present case that it is one or more particulate, free-flowing components, in particular having particle sizes of less than 1000 ⁇ m, in particular of e.g. 10 nanometers to 500 microns, as can be determined by sieve analysis, static or dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and physisorption.
  • the method according to the invention comprises the step of sintering, in particular the so-called field-supported sintering or additive methods such as laser or electron beam melting.
  • sintering in particular the so-called field-supported sintering or additive methods such as laser or electron beam melting.
  • the process which is also referred to as (FAST)
  • at least one permanent-magnetic component having at least one carrier component is compacted to form a mechanically stable gradient material.
  • This is a pressure-assisted sintering process with pulsed direct current in a press tool.
  • the material to be processed is introduced into a sintering chamber and pressed.
  • a pulsed current flows directly through the introduced components / materials, which have the concentration profile described above.
  • electrically conductive materials a significant increase in the compression rate is achieved by the influence of the electric field and the current flow.
  • the pressing tool makes it possible according to one embodiment, to achieve heating rates up to 1000 K / min.
  • the advantages of the FAST method compared to other methods is the possibility to connect different materials with each other through the pulsed direct current as well as the induced electric and magnetic fields.
  • the pulsed direct current also means that, for example, by a suitable choice of the sintering chamber, additional temperature gradients can be caused, which also make it easier to connect different materials together.
  • At least the permanent-magnetic component and the carrier material component are introduced in layers in the form of mixtures of different concentrations in powder form into the chamber of the pressing tool and there precompressed in layers, so that the desired concentration profile is established. Thereafter, under a uniaxial pressure of e.g. 10 to 300 MPa and in particular 50 MPa to 80 MPa in a vacuum or a protective gas atmosphere at 600 to 1900 ° C, in particular 800 ° C to 1200 ° C heated by the flow of current.
  • a voltage of below 8 V, in particular below 5 V, and a current of 1 kA to 10 kA are typically selected.
  • Another big advantage of the FAST process for gradient material production is the short process time. This leads to a reduction of the grain growth in the sintering process, whereby a nano- and microstructure in the grain of the material is maintained. This has positive effects on the mechanical properties of the material.
  • gradient materials having a weight fraction of from 10% by weight to 90% by weight, preferably from 50% by weight to 90% by weight, of the permanent-magnetic component are formed relative to the total weight of the gradient material.
  • the starting components for the synthesis in the FAST process can be prepared in a ball mill to give powder mixtures of suitable concentration.
  • powder mixtures with a graduated concentration can be realized, for example from 100% by weight of the permanent-magnetic component, decreasing in steps (each forming one layer) of in each case 10% by weight (concentration gradient) up to 0% by weight of the permanent-magnetic component and correspondingly opposite increasing concentration of the carrier component.
  • the layers are each provided in the form of several layers of a powder mixture of respective powders containing on the one hand the carrier component and on the other hand the permanent-magnetic component.
  • the concentration of the carrier component and the permanent magnetic component changes from layer to layer along the spatial direction.
  • the layers in the spatial direction opposite to the layer-to-layer concentration of the permanent magnetic material from layer to layer, have a decreasing concentration of the carrier component, sloping from a first layer containing 100% of the carrier component. component.
  • the first layer consists exclusively of the carrier component or consists exclusively of the carrier material if the carrier component consists exclusively of the carrier material.
  • the concentration of the carrier material decreases in the spatial direction.
  • the concentration of the permanent magnetic material increases along the spatial direction.
  • the proportion of permanent magnetic material at the end of the gradient material is preferably 100%.
  • the gradient material according to the invention comprises at least four layers each of at least one permanent-magnetic component and at least one carrier component for obtaining a lamination, wherein the permanent-magnetic component comprises at least one permanent-magnetic material and the carrier component comprises at least one carrier material which differs from the permanent-magnetic component ,
  • the components are comminuted and mixed into particle sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers.
  • this process can also be used to achieve ideal homogenization of the component mixtures of the intermediate layers.
  • the individual powder mixtures are then stacked in the FAST chamber.
  • the at least four layers are precompressed in the FAST chamber and then heated to 600 ° C - 1900 ° C under a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa to 300 MPa in a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere.
  • a voltage of less than 8 V and a current of 1 kA - 10 kA are chosen.
  • the sintering can be done in an external magnetic field
  • the powders used are aligned during the application of the FAST method for obtaining a solid body in an electric or magnetic field.
  • an electromagnet in the wall surrounding the FAST chamber, or a coil around the graphite mold, which in operation causes a homogeneous magnetic field in the chamber and thus additionally by aligning during sintering the energy product of the Permanent magnets can maximize.
  • This may be particularly advantageous for aligning the permanent-magnetic gradient material in a single step after the sintering process, since the permanent-magnetic component of the gradient material loses its ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic properties above the material-specific Curie temperature, so that they are only paramagnetic above.
  • additional temperature gradients can be obtained. This can be used, for example, if the ferromagnetic material and the carrier material have different sintering temperatures.
  • a graphite container in the shape of a truncated cone an additional temperature gradient can be produced. Due to the cone shape, the current density changes depending on the position of the cone and thus the resulting temperature in the mold. The narrower part of the truncated cone will have a lower temperature compared to the larger diameter section.
  • step by step powder layer for powder layer is compressed and FAST-sintered.
  • the sintered gradient material can be used as a permanent magnet.
  • a permanent magnet is a magnet made of one piece of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material, for example alloys of iron, cobalt, nickel or certain ferrites. He has and retains a static magnetic field, without the need for an electric current flow as with electromagnets. Permanent magnets each have one or more north and south poles (e) on their surface.
  • Permanent magnets can be generated by the action of a magnetic field on a ferrimagic or ferromagnetic material.
  • a decaying alternating magnetic field, heating or impact can demagnetize permanent magnets.
  • Typical applications of the magnets according to the invention are holding magnets and field magnets of direct current motors, generators, wind power generators, magnetrons and electrodynamic loudspeakers, microphones or in particle accelerators as deflection or focusing magnets in wigglers and undulators or holders for such devices.
  • the required powder mixtures or the pure powders (in the end positions) were previously ground in a ball mill in hexane for 2 h at 200 rpm with a ball to powder weight ratio of 10: 1 and mixed together ,
  • the powder blends were then layered together in a graphite container (chamber of the press tool) with an inside diameter of 20 mm and the container with the graphite punches placed at both ends in the FAST chamber.
  • the powder was then subjected to an initial pressure of 10 MPa in the graphite container in the FAST chamber under vacuum (phase 1). In the following 6 min, a pressure of 80 MPa was steadily built up (phase 2).
  • the pulsed direct current used for the FAST process was up to 1.6 kA and the voltage up to 5 V and varied depending on the temperature during the sintering process.
  • the sample was brought to 420 ° C (phase 3) in a first heating process. This step is necessary for technical reasons, since the pyrometer used starts working at 400 ° C.
  • the body was heated at a heating rate of 100 K / min to a temperature of 800 ° C (Phase 4).
  • the holding time of the sintering process at 800 ° C was 5 min (phase 5).
  • the heating process including field-supported sintering, lasted for a total of 10 minutes. Thereafter, the power was turned off but the pressure on the body was maintained (phase 6). The layering of powders produced a body. After the sintering process was completed, sandblasting was used to free the body of any graphite residue and to obtain the gradient material.
  • the invention or the materials obtained according to the examples are further explained with reference to the following figures. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 Time course of the sintering process
  • FIG. 2 optical micrograph of a neodymium-iron-boron / steel gradient material
  • Fig. 3 XRD diffractograms of 7 exemplary layers of the gradient
  • FIG. 4 Phase components of the contributing main phases in the 1 1 layers of the gradient material
  • FIG. 5 lattice parameters of the contributing main phases in the 1 1 layers of the gradient material
  • FIG. 6 Thermal expansion of exemplary compositions as a function of the temperature.
  • the sintering process is essentially described by the 6 phases mentioned above in the text.
  • the obtained neodymium-iron-boron / steel sintered gradient material is shown in FIG.
  • the relative densities of the neodymium iron, stainless steel and each of the 9 interlayers are above 98% of theoretical.
  • the densities of the individual layers were determined on separately sintered specimens using the Archimedian principle. The gradual transition from Neodymeisenbor (left) to steel (right) can be seen in a total of 9 intermediate steps.
  • the structure along the gradient is shown by way of example on 7 layers in FIG. 3 on the basis of the X-ray diffractograms.
  • the phase composition can be obtained, for example, using the XRD data from the Rietveld analysis.
  • the scattering intensities of the individual phases as well as the total intensity of the individual phases in the diffractograms must be taken into account.
  • the phase composition of the gradient material is shown in FIG.
  • the main contributing phases were neodymium iron, austenitic steel and iron in the alpha phase (ferrite).
  • the ferrite phase occurred due to partial decomposition of the neodymium iron.
  • a neodymium-rich as well as a boron-rich phase is formed during the decomposition, but these have only a small phase fraction of less than 5% by volume at maximum, so that they were not taken into account in FIG. 4. It should be noted that the appearance of the ferrite does not adversely affect the magnetic properties of the neodymium iron.
  • the lattice parameters for the main phases, Figure 5 show slight changes along the 1 l layers, with the largest changes occurring at the transition from the initial pure neodymium iron borate phase to the next layer. These differences in the lattice parameters indicate internal stress in the material, which can reduce the stability of the gradient and also lead to cracks at these edges. Based on Flook's law, the changes in the lattice constants along the position of the gradient can be converted into an internal stress and thus show that for the described gradient the maximum stress occurring lies below the tensile strength of the contributing phases, so that the Gradient is mechanically stable.
  • the thermal expansion of individual gradient layers is shown graphically in FIG. 6. These were examined by dilatometry. The thermal expansion of samples from 7 layers of the produced neodymium-iron-boron / steel gradient material was determined with increasing temperature. The result clarifies that the layers with only neodymium-iron-boron compare with the layer of steel only have a very different coefficient of thermal expansion. By introducing intermediate layers, the large difference in the transition from one layer to the next can be minimized, which also has a positive influence on the sintering process and the overall stability of the gradient material.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'un matériau à gradients fritté, à partir d'au moins un composant à aimantation permanente et d'au moins un composant de support, ainsi qu'un matériau à gradients mécaniquement stable ainsi obtenu. Ledit procédé permet de produire des matériaux à gradients à aimantation permanente adaptés à des applications industrielles.
PCT/DE2018/101039 2017-12-22 2018-12-21 Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau à gradients fritté, matériau à gradients fritté et son utilisation WO2019120388A1 (fr)

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DE112018006507.3T DE112018006507A5 (de) 2017-12-22 2018-12-21 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines gesinterten Gradientenmaterials, gesintertes Gradientenmaterial und dessen Verwendung

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DE102017131291.9A DE102017131291A1 (de) 2017-12-22 2017-12-22 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines gesinterten Gradientenmaterials, gesintertes Gradientenmaterial und dessen Verwendung

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EP3862110A1 (fr) * 2020-02-07 2021-08-11 EPoS S.r.L. Matériaux magnétique composites et leur procédé de fabrication

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US3236700A (en) * 1963-06-13 1966-02-22 Magnetfabrik Bonn G M B H Magnetically anisotropic bodies having a concentration gradation of material and method of making the same
EP1712657B1 (fr) 2005-04-14 2013-08-21 United Technologies Corporation Methode pour fabriquer un materiau à gradient fonctionnel par pulvérisation à froid
US20170154713A1 (en) * 2014-08-12 2017-06-01 Abb Schweiz Ag Magnet having regions of different magnetic properties and method for forming such a magnet

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102012210081A1 (de) * 2012-06-15 2013-12-19 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Permanentmagneten

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