Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/004—Reflecting paints; Signal paints
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
  • B05D3/0254—After-treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D3/10—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
  • B05D3/107—Post-treatment of applied coatings
  • B05D3/108—Curing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
  • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
  • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
  • B05D5/061—Special surface effect
  • B05D5/063—Reflective effect
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
  • C09D1/02—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances alkali metal silicates
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
  • E04D7/00—Roof covering exclusively consisting of sealing masses applied in situ; Gravelling of flat roofs

Definitions

• Solar reflective roofing granules have been described.
• solar reflective roofing granules which include a binder and inert mineral particles, with so!ar reflective particles dispersed in the binder.
• An agglomeration process preferentially disposes the solar reflective particles at a desired depth within or beneath the surface of the granules.
• White roof coatings have also been described.
• reflective white roof coatings have been described that comprise organic polymeric binders such as acrylics, urethanes, silicones, (e.g. SBS, SEBS) styrenic block copolymers, etc.
• a method of coating a roofing material comprises providing an aqueous roof coating composition compri sing an inorganic binder material, a chemical curing agent, inorganic particulate filler; applying the aqueous roof coating composition to an inorganic roofing material; and allowing the aqueous roof coating composition to dry and chemically curing agent.
• the roof coating composition has a total solar reflectance of at least 0,7 after allowing the aqueous roof coating composition to dry and chemically cure.
• an inorganic (e.g. roofing) material comprising a surface coating having a total solar reflectance of at least 0.7; wherein the surface coating comprises silicate, a chemical curing agent; and inorganic particulate filler.
• FIG. 1 is a graph of the average total solar reflectance as a function of coating thickness for embodied roof coatings.
• the roofing coating composition comprises an inorganic binder material.
• the inorganic binder material (prior to curing) is typically an inorganic compound having a molecular weight no greater than 1000 g/mole.
• waterglass refers to an aqueous solution of alkali silicate(s) (e.g., lithium, sodium, and/or potassium silicate) and combinations thereof.
• alkali silicate is the common name for compounds with the formula (SiChMIvtO) and their hydrates where n is a positive integer and M is an alkali metal (e.g., sodium or potassium).
• Alkali silicate comprises more than one oxide ion and thus can be characterized as a polyanion.
• Suitable alkali silicates include cesium silicate, lithium silicate, a potassium silicate, or a sodium silicate.
• Sodium and potassium silicates are commercially available compounds with a Si02:Na20(K20) weight ratio ranging from about 1.6 - 2.5.
• Commercial materials are available from PQ Corporation Malvern, PA as the trade designations "STAR”, "BW50", and "LITHISIL 25". Such materials typically have a solids contents ranging from 23 wt.-% to 45 wt-% solids or, conversely, a water content ranging from 55 to 77 percent by weight.
• STAR PQ Corporation Malvern, PA
• BW50 trade designations "LITHISIL 25”
• Such materials typically have a solids contents ranging from 23 wt.-% to 45 wt-% solids or, conversely, a water content ranging from 55 to 77 percent by weight.
• the composition when a composition contains 23 grams of BW50 (having a solid
• Water is typically the primary liquid component of the aqueous composition.
• the liquid component comprises at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 wt.-% or greater of (e.g. deionized) water.
• the aqueous solution may further comprise organic cosolvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, glyme, diglyme, propylene glycol, and/or acetone. The organic cosolvent may be used to adjust the drying time.
• the aqueous roof coating composition comprises at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90 wt.-% water, or in other words, the solids content ranges from about 10 to 50 wt.-%. In some embodiments, the aqueous roof coating composition has a solids content of at least 15 or 20 wt. ⁇ %. In some embodiments, the aqueous roof coating composition has a solids content no greater than 45, 40, 35, or 30 ⁇ vt.-%. When the solids content is too low, it is difficult to obtain the desired total solar reflectance (TSR) at low thicknesses (e.g. less than 25 microns). When the solids content is too high, it can be difficult to apply the aqueous roof coating composition.
• TSR total solar reflectance
• the concentration of inorganic binder material (e.g. alkali silicate) in the dried and cured roof coating composition typically ranges from 10 wt,-% to 40 wt.-%. In some embodiments, the concentration of inorganic material (e.g. alkali silicate) is at least I I, 12, 13, 14, 15 , 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.-%. In some embodiments, ihe conceniraiion of inorganic maieriai (e.g. alkali silicate) is no greater than 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30 wt.-%. Lower concentrations of alkali silicate are amenable to achieving high TSR.
• inorganic binder material e.g. alkali silicate
• the roof coating composition preferably comprises a chemical curing that can be used to (e.g. irreversibly) harden the inorganic binder material (alkali silicates).
• exemplary chemical curing agents include an aluminum phosphate, aluminosilicate (e.g., amorphous
• the chemical curing agent is at least one of aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminosilicate, fluorosilicate, Portland cement, or calcium silicate.
• the chemical curing agent is amorphous.
• the chemical curing agent includes amorphous aluminosilicate. Exemplary chemical curing agent can be obtained from commercial sources such as Budenheim, Inc., Budenheim, Germany, and Solvay Fluorides, LLC, Houston, TX.
• the concentration of chemical curing agent is typically at least 1, 2, or 3 wt. % ranging up to 1 0 wt.-% of the total solids (i.e. excluding aqueous solution) of the roof coating composition.
• ihe roof coating composition comprises a filler that also functions as a chemical curing agent.
• Aluminosilicate clays such as metakaolin (MK)
• MK metakaolin
• additional chemical curing agent are not required.
• Such aluminosilicate clays have a silica content of at least 50, 55, 60 or 65 wt.-% and typically no greater than 70 wt.%.
• the alumina content of the clay is typically at least 20 or 25 wt.-% and typically no greater than 35 wt.-%.
• the amount of filler/curing agent is typically at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 wt,-% ranging up to 10 wt.-%. In other embodiments, the amount of filler/curing agent (e.g. MK) is at least 10, 15, or 20 wt.% and no greater than 30 or 25 wt.-% of the dried and cured roof coating composition.
• roofing granules are typically fired (in a rotary kiln) at temperatures of at least 200°C to 500°C.
• the roof coating composition may optionally be fired. Fired alkali silicate compositions, as described herein, may be characterized as "sintered” or "calcined”.
• the roof coating composition is applied to a pre-existing roof, or in other words to a roofing material that is disposed upon (e.g. attached) to the roof of a building.
• the temperature of the roofing material when applying the coating is typically above 20°C.
• the dried and cured roof coating composition may reach temperatures of 120°F or higher. Even at temperatures ranging up to 130, 140, 150, or 160°F, the dried and cured roof coating will not delaminate from a metal test substrate, such as galvanized steel.
• the roof coating composition described herein is typically not sintered (i.e. un sintered) and is not calcined (i.e. uncalcined).
• Unsintered alkali silicate and uncalcined ore material such as clays can contain from about 10 to about 40 percent volatiles (e.g. moisture). It is surmised that the moisture content can contribute to the elasticity of the dried and cured roof coating composition.
• the roof coating composition generally comprises inorganic particulate filler having a sufficiently high TSR such that the dried and cured (e.g. hardened) roof coating composition has a sufficiently high TSR.
• at least 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90 wt.-% of the particulate filler of the dried and cured roof coating composition typically has a TSR of at least 0.85 or 0.90.
• the TR of a particulate filler can be determined in the same manner as determining the reflectivity of granules, as further described in the examples.
• the roof coating composition comprises solar reflective particles.
• the solar reflective particles are typically metal oxides, having a refractive index of at least 1.70.
• refractive index refers to the refractive index at a wavelength of 550 am.
• One example of a solar reflective particle is aluminum oxide, having a refractive index of 1 .76-1.77.
• Other metal oxides include zinc oxide, having a refractive index of 2.0; and barium oxide, having a refractive index of 1.98.
• titanium dioxide has a refractive index from about 2.48 to 2.61 , depending on the crystal structure (2,488 - (anatase), 2,583 - (brookite), - 2.609 (mtile)).
• An example of titanium dioxide that can be employed in the roof coating composition is "T1O2 RCL9", having a d(50) particle size of 1.6 micrometer, available from Crista! USA Inc., Hunt Valley, MD.
• solar reflective particles, especially titanium dioxide contribute to the opacity of the roof coating composition .
• the concentration of solar reflective particles is typically at least 5 wt,-% and in typical embodiments at least 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wt.-% of the total solids (i.e. excluding water and cosolvent) of the roof coating composition.
• the concentration of solar reflective particles is typically no greater than 30 wt.-% and in some embodiments, no greater than 29, 28, 27, 26, or 25 wt.-% of the total solids.
• the concentration of solar reflective particles can be less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, or 0.001 ⁇ vt.-% of the total dried and cured roof coating composition.
• the roof coating composition comprises white inorganic particulate fillers thai have a refractive index greater than 1.40 but less than 1.70, or in other words less than the refractive index of the solar reflective particles described above.
• the refractive index of the inorganic particulate filler is less than 1.65 or 1.60.
• the additional fillers can contribute to the mechanical strength and durability of the dried and cured coating.
• the filler can be characterized as a color extending filler.
• Suitable fillers include, for example, aluminium trihydrate, such as available from J.M. Huber Corporation, Edison, NJ under the trade designation "Micral 632" having a refractive index of 1 .57 and a TSR of 0.93 ; CaCOj, such as commercially available from Imerys, Rosewell, GA under the trade designation // lOWhite' " having a refractive index of 1.60 and a TSR of 0.91 ; talc, such as commercially available from Imifabi under the trade designation " ⁇ 2" having a refractive index of 1.54-1.59 and a TSR of 0.90; feldspar, such as commercially available from Spruce Pine, NC having a refractive index of 1 ,52-1.53 and a TSR of 0.91 ; and wollastonite (CaSiCh) having a refractive index of 1.62-1.64 and a TSR of 0.9.
• CaCOj such as commercially available from Imerys, Rosewell, GA under the trade designation
• silica also have a TSR of 0.85 or greater.
• fused silica commercially available from Minco, Midway, TN has a refractive index of 1.40-1.55 and a TSR of 0.94.
• pyrogenic silica commercially available from Vitro Minerals, Conyers, GA has a refractive index of 1.46 and a TSR of 0.96.
• the concentration of inorganic particulate filler having a refractive index less than 1.70 is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 wt.-% of the total solids (i.e. excluding water and cosolvent) of the roof coaiing composition.
• the concentration of such lower refractive index particulate filler is typically no greater than 60 wt.-% and in some embodiments, no greater than 59, 58, 57, 56, or 55 ⁇ vt.-%.
• the weight ratio of solar reflecting particles to lower refractive index particles can vary. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of lower refractive index particles to solar reflecting particles ranges from 1 : 1 to 5 : 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of lower refractive index particles to solar reflecting particles is no greater than 4: 1 , 3 : 1, or 2: 1.
• the roof coating composition can optionally comprise 1 to 10 wt.% of various additives including filler having a TSR less than 0.85.
• a preferred rheology modifying additive is amorphous micro-silica (SiCK), such as hydrophilic fumed silica.
• SiCK amorphous micro-silica
• glass/ceramic microspheres can be used for reflectivity/scattering enhancement. Depending on the refractive index of the glass/ceramic, such microspheres may be considered solar reflecting particles, as previously described.
• the roof coating composition comprises little or no components, such as absorbing iron oxide that will reduce the TSR of the coating over time (e.g. three years after it has been applied to a roofing material).
• the components of the roof coating composition are chosen such that the dried and cured composition provides a Total Solar Reflectance (as determined by the test method described in the Examples) of at least 0.70, 0.75, or even at least 0.8. In some embodiments, the Total Solar Reflectance is no greater than 0,90, 0.89, 0,88, 0.87, 0,86, 0.85, 0,84, 0.83, or 0,82,
• the dried and cured roof coating composition has a total solar reflectance of at least 0.7 when disposed at a thickness of 10 microns on a substrate having an average reflectivity of 0,65 or a substrate having an average reflectivity of 0,57. In another embodiment, the dried and cured roof coating composition has a total solar reflectance of at least 0,7 when disposed at a thickness of 150 microns on a substrate having an average reflectivity of 0,26, In some embodiments, the dried and cured roof coating composition has a TSR of at least 0.50 three years after it has been applied to a roofing material.
• the particle size of the solar reflecting particles and lower refractive index particulate filler can vary depending on the intended coating thickness of the roof coating composition as well as the intended application technique.
• the thickness of the dried and cured roof coating composition typically ranges from 5 to 50 microns. In the case of ceramic, cement or clay roofing materials, the thickness of the dried and cured roof coating composition may be greater than 50 microns,
• the D90 particle size of the (e.g. solar reflecting and lower refractive index) particulate filler is typically no greater than 5, 4.5, 4, 3, 3.5, 2.5, 2, 1.5 or 1 micron.
• D90 particle size it is meant that 90% by volume of the particles have a particle size no greater than such specified value.
• the D90 paiticle size is at least 2 times smaller than the applied coating thickness.
• the D90 particle size of the particulate filler is at least 2,5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5,5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 times smaller than the applied coating thickness.
• the D90 particle size is typically at least 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 micron.
• the D90 particle size of the (e.g. solar reflecting and lower refractive index) particulate filler can be larger, for example, typically no greater than 6.6, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, or 3.5 microns.
• the D90 particle size of the (e.g. solar reflecting and lower refractive index) particulate filler can be even larger, for example, typically no greater than 10 or 15 microns.
• inorganic particulate filler preferably including solar reflecting particles having an overall D90 particle size no greater than 5, 4.5, 4, 3, 3,5, 2.5, 2, 1,5 or 1 micron.
• the lower refractive index inorganic particulate filler and solar reflecting particles are commercially available having the desired particle size.
• the lower refractive index inorganic particulate filler and solar reflecting particles can be (e.g. wet or dry) milled to the desired particles size.
• the parttcle size of the inorganic particulate filler and solar reflecting particles can be determined using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and the like, in combination with any image analysis software, such as that available as free ware under the trade designaiion "IMAGE J" from NIH, Beihesda, MD. Suitable microscopy meihods are described in ASTM E2651-13 and ASTM E1617-09 (2014).
• the roof coating composition can be prepared in any suitable manner.
• the method comprises combining an organic binder precursor (e.g. alkali silicate solution) with a chemical curing ageni (e.g. metakaolin) and homogenizing in a laboratory impeller mixer.
• the method further comprises adding the solar reflecting particles (e.g. T1O 2 RCL9 pigment) to ihe slurry and vigorously stirring (e.g. 1000 rpm for 10 minutes).
• the method comprises adding all the other powdered components (e.g. inorganic particulate filler having a refractive index of less than 1.70) and stirring vigorously (e.g. for 20-25 min in total).
• dry alkali siiicaie may be used instead of alkali silicate solution.
• This method comprises combining the alkali silicate powder with the other powdered components (e.g. solar reflecting pigment, chemical curing agent, inorganic particulate filler having a refractive index of less than 1.70) and homogenizing by co-milling or any other technique that achieves high homogeneity.
• the method further comprises combining the co-milled mixture of particles with an aqueous liquid.
• the roof coating composition is typically dried and cured at temperatures above 20°C, and preferably at temperatures of 40-70°C. Rapid water removal by flash heating can result in a low yield of reaction and formation of microcracks, whereas curing at low temperature ( ⁇ 20°C) often causes prohibitively slow curing.
• the alkali silicate is subject to a poly condensation reaction, as known in the art, that leads to the formation of Si-0-(Si, Al, P) covalent network. In this reaction, water plays an important role of transport media and can also act as a leaving group.
• the aqueous roof coating composition can be applied by any suitable manner.
• the method of applying the aqueous roof coating composition includes painting (e.g. brushing, spraying, roiling).
• the step of applying the aqueous roof coating composition occurs after the roofing material has been installed on disposed on a roof.
• the step of applying the aqueous roof coating composition cao occur prior to installing the roofing material.
• the method of applying the aqueous roof coating composition can utilize various other techniques that are suitable for a manufacturing facility such as dip coating, knifecoating etc. Single or multiple layers can be applied to achieve the derived thickness and TSR, as previously described.
• the dried roof coating composition generally has a thickness ranging from 5 microns to 500 microns. The preferred thickness can vary depending on the specific roofing material, reflectivity of the roofing material, and the composition of the roof coating composition, as previously described.
• the inorganic roofing material may optionally be subjected to an adhesion promoting surface treatment prior to applying the aqueous roof coating composition.
• the surface of the inorganic (e.g. metal) roofing material may be roughened with sandpaper.
• a primer composition e.g. containing an alkoxy silane compound
• the roof coating composition is suitable for various inorganic roofing materials, including for example, metal (e.g. aluminum, steel), ceramic, cement, or clay.
• the inorganic roofing material is not a roofing granule.
• ceramic roofing materials are distinguished from glass in that ceramic roofing material are typically non-vitrified. Thus, ceramic roofing materials have not been subjected to the process of melting.
• ceramic roofing materials are distinguished from glass in view of being crystalline or at least partially crystalline. In contrast, glass is characterized as being not) -crystalline or in other words amorphous.
• she method of coating a roofing material further comprises applying a sizing composition (e.g. overcoat, topcoat) to the (e.g. dried) roof coating composition described herein.
• a sizing composition e.g. overcoat, topcoat
• the sizing composition can seal the surface, thereby reducing porosity and protecting the coating and underlying inorganic roofing material from water degradation.
• the step of applying the sizing occurs before the roof coating composition is completely cured, but has started to solidify.
• the amount of time it takes for the roof coating composition to achieve this state can vary depending on the composition of the aqueous roof coating composition, the thickness of the coating, the temperature, etc.
• the sizing composition is also aqueous and comprises an inorganic binder material, such as an alkali (e.g. lithium) silicate and a suitable chemical curing agent (e.g., Fabutit 405/Fabutit 406).
• the sizing composition can be transparent and thus lack both inorganic particulate filler having a refractive index less than 1.70 and solar reflective particles.
• the surface sizing material can be white.
• the white surface sizing composition typically has a low concentration of inorganic particuiate filler.
• the sizing composition typically contain no greater than 20, 15, 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 percent by volume of inorganic particulate filler
• EX1-EX8 samples were prepared by applying a base coating layer on flat solid substrate followed by sizing coat as follows. Slurries for base coating were formulated using raw materials and formulations listed in Table 1 (above) and Table 2 (below), respectively.
• sodium silicate solution "BW50" (EXl ) or “STAR” (EX2-EX8) was combined with metakaolin "METAMAX” and homogenized in a laboratory- impeller mixer for 5 minutes.
• Each batch of slurry of base coating was approximately lOOg. Coating was applied with Mayer rods' #6, #8, #10 and #34 to achieve various thicknesses on 0.635 mm thick galvanized steel (EX1-EX5) or ceramic tile (EX6 and EX8). Base coating was initially dried and cured at 50°C overnight (EXl and EX2) or at RT overnight (EX3-EX8). Dried coating thickness was measured with micrometer (Fowler High Precision, Newton, MA),
• Sizing solution comprising a homogeneous mixture of 50 parts (by weight) of LITHISIL® 25 solution and Ipart of FABUTIT F748 (EXl and EX2) or a mixture of 16 parts (by weight) of LITHISIL® 25 and 10 part of FIREBRAKE ZB (EX3-EX8) was applied with Mayer rod #6 and the construction was cured for the next 24 hours at 50°C.
• Examples 1-4 were prepared into granules as described in US PCT Application No.
• cup reflectivity was measured using a spectrum reflectometer (obtained as Model SSR-ER v6 from Devices and Services Co., Dallas, TX) using a 1.5E air mass setting.
• a spectrum reflectometer obtained as Model SSR-ER v6 from Devices and Services Co., Dallas, TX
• granules were loaded into a sample holder with a depth of approximately 5 mm. The surface of the granules was leveled using a roller.
• the cup reflectivity was as follows: Table 3
• TSR TSR of at least 0.7.
• Examples 1-3 contain sufficient amount of chemical curing agent to cure without heating and sintering. Additional chemical curing agent can be added to EX. 4 such that it will also chemically cure without heating and sintering.

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