WO2019089968A2 - Béton renforcé par des fibres hydrophiles - Google Patents

Béton renforcé par des fibres hydrophiles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019089968A2
WO2019089968A2 PCT/US2018/058766 US2018058766W WO2019089968A2 WO 2019089968 A2 WO2019089968 A2 WO 2019089968A2 US 2018058766 W US2018058766 W US 2018058766W WO 2019089968 A2 WO2019089968 A2 WO 2019089968A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
concrete
fibers
bifunctional
reinforcing fibers
vol
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2018/058766
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English (en)
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WO2019089968A3 (fr
Inventor
Isaac Iverson
Varunesh Sharma
Original Assignee
Invista Textiles (U.K.) Limited
Invista North America S.A.R.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Invista Textiles (U.K.) Limited, Invista North America S.A.R.L. filed Critical Invista Textiles (U.K.) Limited
Publication of WO2019089968A2 publication Critical patent/WO2019089968A2/fr
Publication of WO2019089968A3 publication Critical patent/WO2019089968A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04—Portland cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/06—Inhibiting the setting, e.g. mortars of the deferred action type containing water in breakable containers ; Inhibiting the action of active ingredients
    • C04B40/0675—Mortars activated by rain, percolating or sucked-up water; Self-healing mortars or concrete
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/34—Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to concretes with improved mechanical properties arising from the inclusion of bifunctional reinforcing thermoplastic fibers with both hydrating functionality and mechanical reinforcing functionality.
  • Concrete is one of the most widely used materials in the world. Problems with concrete persist, including cracking upon curing, moisture management during the curing process and balancing working time and cured strength.
  • Fibers including steel, polyolefin (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), polyesters and nylons. Higher mechanical performance, crack resistance, reduced plastic shrinkage and higher residual strength are the key value add properties that fibers enable in fire resistant fiber reinforced concrete. Steel fibers provide higher modulus of elasticity, thus higher performance concrete. Concrete containing bicomponent fibers is disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,844,065 to Reddy et al., and concretes containing various other synthetic fibers are disclosed in U.S. Published Applications 2003/0219580 to Tagge et al. and 2009/0075073 to Biddle et al.
  • Another approach to improving the mechanical properties of concrete is to incorporate reinforcing bars or wire mesh. It would be desirable to provide a component that improves the mechanical properties of the concrete structural element while resisting the alkaline environment of the as-formed concrete structural element. Both structural steels and stainless steels can be susceptible to general corrosion, pitting and cracking in such environments.
  • Cellulose pulp and SAP can provide moisture management properties but can not be suitable to improve mechanical properties of FRC over the long term.
  • Polypropylene [PP] fibers can suitably be added to improve mechanical properties but lack the desired moisture management properties. Nylons, and specifically nylon-6,6, would have better energy absorption vs. PP to enhance toughness and impact resistance of FRC.
  • bifunctional reinforcing fibers These fibers are referred to herein as "bifunctional reinforcing fibers.”
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fibers provide hydration for the early curing phase and mechanical property enhancement for later stage performance in place.
  • Figures 1 and 2 compare weight loss as a function of time for various reinforcing fibers in accordance with the disclosure.
  • Concrete formulations including the disclosed bifunctional reinforcing fibers can surprisingly exhibit other improved properties including more flexible working times and enhanced fire resistance.
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fibers can comprise polyamides. Condensation reaction products of diacids and diamines are especially useful. With such polyamides, either the diamine or the diacid can be modified (in accordance with the invention) with the addition of hydrophilic monomers.
  • Two suitable polymer families for making the bifunctional reinforcing fibers of the disclosed invention are taught in INVISTA patent families: INVISTA Matter PI3400 (WO2014/057363 - published 17 Apr 2014) and poly(olefin) glycol diacids as disclosed in INVISTA Matter PI4220 (PCT/US17/43608 - filed 25 Jul 2017)..
  • the concrete formulations disclosed here can contain from > 0.001 vol.% to ⁇ 10 vol.%, for example, > 0.001 vol.% to ⁇ 2 vol.% of bifunctional reinforcing fibers.
  • the vol.% is defined as the volume of bifunctional reinforcing fibers per total volume of the concrete formulation.
  • 1 vol.% means the concrete formulation contains unit volume of bifunctional reinforcing fibers per 99 units making the rest.
  • the concrete formulations disclosed here can contain from > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 10 vol.%, for example, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 9 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 8 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 7 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 6 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 5 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 4 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 3 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 2 vol.%, > 0.002 vol.% to ⁇ 1 vol.% of bifunctional reinforcing fibers. Other vol.% values of bifunctional reinforcing fibers in these ranges are inclusive.
  • bifunctional reinforcing fibers in accordance with the disclosed process can exhibit several different beneficial technical effects, including improvements in: (i) crack resistance; (ii) toughness; and (iii) controlled strain-hardening.
  • the addition of bifunctional reinforcing fibers can be adjusted within the disclosed ranges (with reasonable trial and error by one of ordinary skill in the art) to emphasize one or more of the desired technical effects.
  • within the disclosed range from > 0.5 vol.% to ⁇ 1 vol.% can be suitable to enhance crack resistance.
  • > 1 vol.% to ⁇ 2 vol.% can be suitable to enhance mechanical properties like toughness.
  • strain-hardening > 0.5 vol.% to ⁇ 1 vol.% can be suitable.
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fibers can comprise bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers.
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fibers can similarly be sized to emphasize one or more desired technical effects. If control of plastic shrinkage is a principally desired technical effect, then microdenier fibers (for example, >3 to ⁇ 10 denier) can be used. It can be desirable to use microdenier staple, for example, staple having length of >1 ⁇ 2 inch to ⁇ 2 inches.
  • suitable dosages include > 1 ⁇ 2 to ⁇ 2 pounds per cublic yard of concrete mix (as described below in Example 1). The dosage can be adjusted with reasonable trial and error using ASTM 1579 to test shrinkage of the finished concrete.
  • macrodenier fibers for example > 100 to ⁇ 10,000 denier, for example, 1000 denier
  • macrodenier fibers can be used, and can similarly be used as staple at lengths including > 1 ⁇ 4 inch to ⁇ 3 inches, for example, 2 inches).
  • Higher volumetric dosages can be desired for strength with macrodenier fibers, including > 3 to ⁇ 11 pounds per cubic yard of concrete mix (as described below in Example 1).
  • the macrodenier bifunctional reinforcing fibers can at least partially fibrillate (split lengthwise) into thinner fibers during mixing, and a portion of the thinner fibers can be microdenier fibers.
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fiber loading in the concrete formulation can be from about 0.05 to about 40 lb/cubic yard, for example, from about 0.25 to about 40 lb/cubic yard, from about 0.5 to about 38 lb/cubic yard, from about 0.5 to about 36 lb/cubic yard.
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fiber loading in the concrete formulation can be from about 0.01 to about 30 kg/m 3 , for example, from about 0.1 to about 28 kg/m 3 , from about 0.2 to about 27 kg/m 3 , from about 0.3 to about 25 kg/m 3 .
  • the disclosed bifunctional reinforcing fibers can exhibit moisture absorption and desorption rates needed to enable free as well as constrained shrinkage reduction in FRC. Additionally, the disclosed bifunctional reinforcing fibers can be formulated for resistance to an alkaline environment and can be produced in a variety of staple fiber lengths or continuous filament form to yield the optimum mechanical properties in various types of FRC products.
  • the disclosed bifunctional reinforcing fibers can be formulated to exhibit energy absorption comparable or higher to polypropylene fibers and glass fibers.
  • the disclosed concrete formulations can find particular utility in high performance concrete end-uses where water to cement ratio is relatively low. Additionally, the disclosed concrete formulations find utility in stucco, plaster and thin overlays where cracking can be a significant problem.
  • the disclosed concrete formulations can be useful as precast tunnel linings
  • the bifunctional reinforcing fibers can be incorporated into concrete formulations in accordance with American Concrete Institute standards ACI 301, 316 and 318 (showing recommended ingredient blends for FRC).
  • the disclosed concrete formulations can contain a blend of steel fiber of > 0.5 vol.% to ⁇ 2 vol.% along with the ranges of concentrations of bifunctional reinforcing fibers as disclosed above.
  • the disclosed concrete includes:
  • the concrete can contain bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers in concentration sufficient to improve the workability time of the concrete before hardening.
  • the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers can be present in concentration sufficient to suppress cracking during curing compared to an unfilled concrete.
  • the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers can be in the form of staple.
  • the concrete can optionally include other reinforcing components including metal fibers, for example, steel fibers.
  • the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers are present in concentration to enhance mechanical performance of FRC while minimizing flaws like voids.
  • the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers can comprise at least one of polyolefin, polyester and polyamide.
  • the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers can comprise polyamide.
  • Suitable polyamides comprise at least one added monomer to improve the water uptake of the polyamide compared to the same composition without the added monomer.
  • the added monomer can be selected from the group consisting of polyetheramines (as disclosed in INVISTA Matter PI3400 (WO2014/057363 - published 17 Apr 2014) and poly(olefin) glycol diacids as disclosed in INVISTA Matter PI4220 (PCT/US17/43608 - filed 25 Jul 2017).
  • Suitable thermoplastics for the bifunctional reinforcing fibers include polyamides comprising a nylon and a polyetherdiamine, for example, a polyetherdiamine having a molecular weight of at least 1500 and an Amine Hydrogen Equivalent Weight (AHEW) of less than 10 percent higher than the idealized AHEW for the polyetherdiamine.
  • AHEW Amine Hydrogen Equivalent Weight
  • the disclosed concrete can, for example, contain a polyamide having a moisture regain ranging from about 405% to about 3£35%.
  • the disclosed concrete can contain a polyamide having a moisture regain ranging from about 7% to about 30%, for example, from about 9% to about 28%.
  • the moisture regain property of the polyamide fibers can allow for a lower fiber concentration in FRC while still enabling crack resistance, compared to a polyamide fiber of otherwise similar mechanical properties but having lower moisture regain.
  • the nylon can be a functionalized nylon-6,6 or nylon-6.
  • SAP (Super Absorbent Polymer) additives can also be used to if additional moisture levels are needed in FRC for specific applications.
  • the moisture regain basis is by wt.%.
  • the polyamide for the bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers can contain a polyetherdiamine having an AHEW of less than 8 percent higher than the idealized AHEW for the polyetherdiamine.
  • the concrete can contain bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers comprising the reaction product of:
  • diacid wherein at least a portion of the diacid is poly(ether glycol) dicarboxylic acid.
  • the poly(ether glycol) dicarboxylic acid can have a number-average molecular weight (Mn) > 250 Daltons and ⁇ 2000 Daltons.
  • the poly(ether glycol) dicarboxylic acid can be an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid.
  • the polyamide containing the poly(ether glycol) can be
  • the polyamide can contain an aliphatic diamine such as hexamethylenediamine.
  • the polyamide can optionally contain an aromatic moiety at concentrations selected from the group consisting of:
  • the disclosed concrete can contain bifunctional thermoplastic reinforcing fibers comprising polyamide having a moisture uptake of from > 5 wt.% to ⁇ 40 wt.%, for example > 6 wt.% to ⁇ 35 wt.%, for example > 6 wt.% to ⁇ 35 wt.%, for example, > 8 wt.% to ⁇ 35 wt.%, for example, > 10 wt.%, to ⁇ 35 wt.%, for example > 12 wt.% to ⁇ 35 wt.% .
  • a twin-screw extruder [Coperion ZSK 18 MEGAlab] includes two conveying screws, 18- mm diameter with a 56L/D [i.e., L/D ratio of 56] co-rotating turning at the speed of 300 RPM that provide the high-shear, forward momentum to the heated mass inside the barrel.
  • the processing section of the Coperion twin screw compounder ZSK 18 MEGAlab is set up to suit various process needs and to allow a wide variety of processes, for example, reaction polymerization and compounding processes. Polymer and additives are continuously fed into the first barrel section of the twin screw using a metering feeder. The products conveyed along the screw get melted and mixed by kneading elements in the plastification section of the barrel.
  • the polymer then travels along to an injection port where liquids can be added and then onto degassing zones and from there to a pressure build zone where it then exits the die via a 3-mm hole as a lace.
  • the cast lace is fed into a water bath to cool and to enable it to be cut into chips via a pelletizer.
  • the twin-screw extruder [TSE] includes several sequential zones; namely, a throat area for feeding the material, conveying and mixing the material, forward mass movement, poly- condensation zone for polymer build, followed by transport out of the extruder screens and quenching of the polymer lace ad cutting into the pellets.
  • An axial temperature profile across the extruder barrel is maintained in the range where the polycondensation reaction is most effective.
  • a liquid injection [LI] system is integrated into the extruder for feeding liquid additives.
  • the LI system connection point to the extruder barrel is about in the middle section of its length.
  • the LI system is enclosed within a cabinet inside which the temperature is controlled to keep the additives in flowable state and prevent line plugging due to solidification.
  • the LI system is calibrated to deliver the desired feed flowrate corresponding to the target additive concentration in the polymer make.
  • Yl is the
  • Aggregate is used as is commonly understood and includes sand, gravel and rock of the same or different sizes, selected by those skilled in the art for the desired strength, workability, finishability and durability of a given concrete.
  • FRC is an acronym meaning Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
  • Portland cement is used as is commonly understood in the art and defined by Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12Supth /SupEd., R. Lewis, Van Nostrand Co., NY, p 239, 1993.
  • poly(ether glycol) dicarboxylic acid refers to a class of poly(ethylene glycol)bis(carboxymethyl) ether having a general chemical structure of
  • n is a numerical value
  • N66 refers to a polymer synthesized by polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.
  • the polymer is also known as Polyamide 66 (or PA66), Nylon 66, nylon 6-6, nylon 6/6 or nylon 6,6.
  • ELASTAMINE ® RE-2000 amine is a commercial product of Huntsman International LLC. It is a water-soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine with an approximate molecular weight of 2000.
  • dpf denier per filament which is a unit measure of mass density of fiber.
  • One dpf equals one-gram weight of fiber per 9000 m of linear fiber length.
  • pcy or "PCY”, as used herein, means lbs per cubic yard.
  • a N66 polymer having an RV of 34.8 and AEG of 56, is fed to the twin-screw extruder described above.
  • a screw speed is maintained at 300 RPM.
  • a transparent lace of molten N66 is discharged from the extruder.
  • molten Elastamine ® RE-2000 polyetheramine 55-67°C hot cabinet
  • the LI system is calibrated such that the delivered feed rate would yield about 8 wt% polyetheramine (Elastamine ® RE-2000) incorporated into the polymer, based on the total composition.
  • the extruded polymer is visually opaque in appearance.
  • the polymer is extruded at the die head of the extruder as a lace and quenched into a water bath to solidify before being fed into a cutter to produce fine pellets of about 3.0mm x 1.6mm dimension. Significant foaming is not observed either at the vent port of the extruder of the die head of the extruder.
  • the polymer has an RV 25.1, AEG of 73.9 mpmg.
  • the extruded polymer pellets, prepared in the above Example A, were dried for 15 hours at 180 °C under the nitrogen environment.
  • the dried polymer pellets were fed to a single-screw melt extruder.
  • the extrusion conditions were: polymer temperature of 290°C and a total draw ratio of 4.0.
  • the melt-extruded, continuous polymer fibers were approximately 4 dpf (denier per filament) with a round cross-section.
  • Table 1 is a summary of the measured physical properties of the melt-extruded, continuous polymer fibers prepared herein.
  • composition of the bifunctional reinforcing fibers are published.
  • a polyetheramine- containing polyamide fiber is disclosed at Example 1 at page 40 of Published PCT Application WO2014/057363 (Attorney Docket PI3400), and a PEG-dicacid-containing polyamide fiber is disclosed at Example 6, Table 7 at page 83 of Published PCT Application WO2018/031229 (Attorney Docket PI4220).
  • Examples 1-4 and control are tested for compressive strength.
  • the concretes are cast into cylinders (1500 X 300 mm) to evaluate compressive strength in accordance with ASTM C39 and splitting tensile strength (ASTM C496).
  • ASTM C39 and splitting tensile strength ASTM C4966
  • Specimens according to Examples 1-4 formulations exhibit improved performance vs. control.
  • Examples 1-4 are repeated and cast into beams having dimensions 100 X 100 X 350 mm. The beams are tested for flexural strength (ASTM C78). Specimens according to Examples 1-4 formulations exhibit improved performance vs. control.
  • Examples 1-4 are repeated and the control samples are tested via ASTM C1399.
  • Examples 1-4 and control are repeated to be tested via ASTM C157. Specimens according to Examples 1-4 formulations improved performance vs. control.
  • Examples 1-4 and control are repeated to be tested via ASTM C1581. Specimens according to Examples 1-4 formulations improved performance vs. control.
  • Beams are also cast for ASTM C1579 - 13, Test Method for Evaluating Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Restrained Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Specimens according to Examples 1-4 formulations improved performance vs. control.
  • Example 10 is repeated with hydrophilic coating (in accordance with U.S. patent 4,073,993) on the bifunctional reinforcing fibers of Example 1. Plastic shrinkage cracking of all fiber containing samples improved vs. the control. Examples 12-14 - Short Staple Fiber Testing [ASTM C39 and C157 Methods!
  • the below three short staple fiber test specimens were prepared and tested in these examples. Testing was performed at an external contracting facility, which specializes in concrete testing.
  • the purpose of the testing was to evaluate the short staple fiber loading of 13.5 lb/cubic yard [pcy], which corresponds to about 8 kg/m 3 , in a typical slab concrete mix with a compressive strength of 4,000 - 5,000 psi at an age of 7 days.
  • the concrete was batched and mixed in accordance with ASTM C192-16a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory.
  • the fibers were added at the beginning of the batch sequence and mixed with the rock and sand for 1 minute prior to the addition of the cementitious material.
  • the concrete was then mixed for 3 minutes, allowed to rest for 3 minutes, and mixed for 2 additional minutes. Plastic properties were then determined and recorded in accordance with the applicable standards.
  • Three 3" x 3" x 11.25" beams were cast from each mix for testing in accordance with ASTM C157. Fifteen 4" x 8" cylinders were also cast for compressive and weight determination.
  • Synthetic Fiber means Fiber A or Fiber B or Fiber C, as described in Table 3.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne du béton comprenant du ciment Portland, de l'eau, des agrégats et des fibres de renforcement thermoplastiques bifonctionnelles ayant une fonctionnalité hydratante et une fonctionnalité de renforcement mécanique. Les fibres de renforcement thermoplastiques peuvent être présentes suivant une concentration suffisante pour améliorer le temps de maniabilité du béton avant le durcissement, et peuvent également supprimer la fissuration pendant le durcissement par rapport à un béton sans renforcement.
PCT/US2018/058766 2017-11-06 2018-11-01 Béton renforcé par des fibres hydrophiles WO2019089968A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US201762582027P 2017-11-06 2017-11-06
US62/582,027 2017-11-06

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WO2019089968A2 true WO2019089968A2 (fr) 2019-05-09
WO2019089968A3 WO2019089968A3 (fr) 2020-03-19

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4073993A (en) 1975-03-20 1978-02-14 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Hydrophilic finishing process for hydrophobic fibers
US20030219580A1 (en) 2002-05-24 2003-11-27 Innovative Construction And Building Materials Construction materials containing surface modified fibers
US6844065B2 (en) 2001-12-27 2005-01-18 Dow Global Technologies, Inc. Plastic fibers for improved concrete
US20090075073A1 (en) 2006-11-13 2009-03-19 Biddle Daniel T Light weight concrete product containing synthetic fibers
WO2014057363A1 (fr) 2012-10-10 2014-04-17 Invista North America S.A R.L. Compositions polyamide et procédés associés
WO2018031229A1 (fr) 2016-08-09 2018-02-15 Invista North America S.A R.L. Polymère de nylon

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BR9307766A (pt) * 1992-08-24 1995-10-24 Vontech Int Corp Cimento moído com fibra
PL355949A1 (en) * 1999-12-08 2004-05-31 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Architectural concrete having a reinforcing polymer and process to make same
FR2812868B1 (fr) * 2000-08-09 2003-03-07 Rhodianyl Materiau de construction comprenant un renfort fibreux ou filamentaire
KR100947475B1 (ko) * 2009-11-18 2010-03-17 (주)지케이 친수성 섬유를 이용한 투수 보강 콘크리트

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4073993A (en) 1975-03-20 1978-02-14 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Hydrophilic finishing process for hydrophobic fibers
US6844065B2 (en) 2001-12-27 2005-01-18 Dow Global Technologies, Inc. Plastic fibers for improved concrete
US20030219580A1 (en) 2002-05-24 2003-11-27 Innovative Construction And Building Materials Construction materials containing surface modified fibers
US20090075073A1 (en) 2006-11-13 2009-03-19 Biddle Daniel T Light weight concrete product containing synthetic fibers
WO2014057363A1 (fr) 2012-10-10 2014-04-17 Invista North America S.A R.L. Compositions polyamide et procédés associés
WO2018031229A1 (fr) 2016-08-09 2018-02-15 Invista North America S.A R.L. Polymère de nylon

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Title
P. JONGVISUTTISUN: "Dissertation: Utilization of Eucalyptus pulp in cementitious materials", 2014, GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
R. LEWIS: "Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12Supth /SupEd.", 1993, VAN NOSTRAND CO., pages: 239

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