WO2019072205A1 - Éclairage intermittent asynchrone pour une désinfection de surface rapide - Google Patents

Éclairage intermittent asynchrone pour une désinfection de surface rapide Download PDF

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WO2019072205A1
WO2019072205A1 PCT/CN2018/109805 CN2018109805W WO2019072205A1 WO 2019072205 A1 WO2019072205 A1 WO 2019072205A1 CN 2018109805 W CN2018109805 W CN 2018109805W WO 2019072205 A1 WO2019072205 A1 WO 2019072205A1
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lighting
asynchronous
intermittent
led
light
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PCT/CN2018/109805
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English (en)
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King Lun Yeung
Qing Chang
Nga Ki WONG
Ning ZHAN
Wei Han
Joseph Kai Cho KWAN
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The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology
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Priority to CN201880065970.6A priority Critical patent/CN111511409B/zh
Publication of WO2019072205A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019072205A1/fr
Priority to US16/843,279 priority patent/US11628231B2/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/10—Ultraviolet radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/24—Apparatus using programmed or automatic operation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/11—Apparatus for generating biocidal substances, e.g. vaporisers, UV lamps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/14—Means for controlling sterilisation processes, data processing, presentation and storage means, e.g. sensors, controllers, programs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/24—Medical instruments, e.g. endoscopes, catheters, sharps

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to light disinfection technology used for inactivating microorganism. More particularly, the disclosure is directed to providing light disinfection using asynchronous, intermittent lighting using high intensity, narrow wavelength light sources for rapid microbial disinfection at low energy consumption.
  • HAI hospital-acquired infections
  • MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • MRPA multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • VRE vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
  • UVC ultraviolet-based disinfection technology using ultraviolet (UV, 100-400 nm) irradiation
  • UVC ultraviolet-based disinfection technology using ultraviolet (UV, 100-400 nm) irradiation
  • UVC ultraviolet-based disinfection technology using ultraviolet (UV, 100-400 nm) irradiation
  • UVC is the most effective for inactivation of microorganisms.
  • the UVC wavelengths of 250-270 nm are strongly absorbed by the nucleic acids of the microbial cells causing damages to the RNA and DNA molecules.
  • UVC disinfection is popular in food industries and is shown to be effective against food-borne pathogens. The effect of this on a variety of food products including fruit juices, fruit nectars, wine and soymilk have been studied. UVC is employed in the current World Health Organization (WHO) tuberculosis (TB) infection control plan in the form of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) .
  • WHO World Health Organization
  • TB tuberculosis
  • UVGI ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
  • UVGI can rapidly treat a large volume of room air at a relatively low cost, but its deployment can be difficult due to the current fixture designs.
  • Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps emitting 254 nm UV light (germicidal lamps) are mounted on an upper wall or suspended from the ceiling of the room.
  • closely spaced, deep louvers are used to collimate the UV beam so it is nearly parallel to the ceiling.
  • Humidity has been shown to be detrimental to the effectiveness of UVGI and may require the use of higher lamp intensities in humid places.
  • blue light 400-500 nm
  • the antimicrobial mechanism of blue light remains poorly understood, but it is commonly accepted that blue light excites endogenous intracellular porphyrins in many bacteria and the flavoproteins and flavins found in fungal cells.
  • the resulting photon absorption results in a cascade of energy transfer that ultimately leads to the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) -most notably singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) .
  • ROS highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species
  • Singlet oxygen 1 O 2
  • Blue light has been shown to be safe in a clinical study with volunteers exposed to high doses of it. Laboratory studies on mammalian cells gave similar conclusion. Exposure to blue light did not appear to cause damage to materials (i.e., plastic) that is often associated to UV light exposure.
  • a femtosecond pulsed light source with a wavelength between 600 to 900 nm is effective against viruses such as M13 bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus, HPV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) .
  • the technique delivers an intense packet of photon energy (10 mW) for a very short time (100 fs) to generate 100 GW pulsed energy that is sufficient to produce efficient two-photon absorption.
  • the technique is non-invasive, safe and highly selective for disinfection of pathogens. Exposure to dual-wavelength light source at near infrared can inactivate many bacteria and fungi including S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and T. rubrum.
  • Microbial disinfection is provided by a system providing asynchronous, intermittent lighting using one or more narrow wavelength light sources. At least one of the light sources has a narrow wavelength characteristic consistent with the spectral widths of single color LEDs.
  • the intermittent lighting provides a sufficiently high intensity for rapid microbial disinfection process, while reducing the average energy consumption for microbial disinfection during the microbial disinfection process by targeting multiple cellular sites along different inactivation pathways.
  • Figs. 1A -1D are graphic diagrams showing emission spectra of UV (280 nm) LED (Fig. 1A) and UVC fluorescent light (Figs. 1B -1D) .
  • Figs. 2A-2D are graphic diagrams presenting the bactericidal efficacies of single UV (280 nm) LED against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 2A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 2B samples E. coli.
  • Fig. 2C samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 2D samples E. faecalis.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B are graphic diagrams showing the bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus.
  • Fig. 3A shows efficacy of UV (280 nm) LED illumination.
  • Fig. 3B shows efficacy of UVC fluorescent light illumination.
  • Fig. 4 is a graphic diagram showing bactericidal activities of different lighting (i.e., wavelengths) to 10 4 CFU/ml, vs. efficacy against E. coli.
  • Figs. 5A and 5B are graphic diagrams showing emission spectra of visible LED lights with the wavelengths of 405 nm (Fig. 5A) and 470 nm (Fig. 5A) .
  • Figs. 6A -6E are graphic diagrams showing difference between continuous and intermittent (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED light and their bactericidal efficacies against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 6A shows efficacy against P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 6B shows efficacy against E. coli.
  • Fig. 6C shows efficacy against S. aureus.
  • Fig. 6D shows efficacy against E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 6E shows the applied continuous (100%) and pulsed (50%) waveforms.
  • Fig. 7 is a graphic diagram showing difference in the bactericidal efficacies of continuous and intermittent (pulsed) blue LED lights with the wavelengths of 405 nm and 470 nm against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis.
  • Figs. 8A and 8B are graphic diagrams showing cytotoxicity against A431 cells (human epidermis squamous carcinoma) of continuous and intermittent (pulsed) light.
  • Fig. 8A shows cytotoxicity at different dosages for UV (280 nm) light.
  • Fig. 8B shows cytotoxicity for 405 nm and 470 nm blue lights.
  • Fig. 9 is a graphic diagram showing human IL-8 level of A431 cells after irradiation by pulsed and continuous light at different frequencies. The left side shows the effect of pulsed light, and the right side shows the effect of continuous light.
  • Figs. 10A-10E are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal efficacies of UV (280 nm) LED at different rate of intermittent (pulsed) lighting against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 10A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 10A samples E. coli.
  • Fig. 10A samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 10A samples E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 10E shows the applied waveforms.
  • Figs. 11A-11E are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal efficacies of UV (280 nm) LED at different duty cycles against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 10A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 10B samples E. coli.
  • Fig. 10C samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 10D samples E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 10E shows the applied waveforms.
  • Fig. 12 is a set of graphic diagrams comparing synchronous and asynchronous lightings.
  • Fig. 13 is a comparative grouped array of photographic depictions of petri dishes showing bactericidal efficacy of synchronous and asynchronous lighting.
  • the depictions are, from left to right, a control sample; a sample running a 20%duty cycle; three samples subject to synchronous light exposure; and a sample subject to asynchronous light exposure.
  • Fig. 14 is a depiction of a set of waveforms of different lighting combinations for microbial disinfection exposures.
  • Figs. 15A and 15B are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal performance of different lighting combinations compared to UV LED against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 15A samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 15b samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Figs. 16A and 16B are graphic diagrams showing the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme and its bactericidal efficacies as compared to individual component lights (UV (280 nm) LED, 405 nm and 470 nm LEDs) against the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme and its bactericidal efficacies as compared to individual component lights.
  • Fig. 16A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 16B samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 16C shows the applied waveforms.
  • Fig. 17 is a graphic diagram showing human IL-8 level of A431 cells following irradiation by pulsed and asynchronous continuous lighting.
  • Figs. 18A and 18B are graphic diagrams showing the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme for inactivation of virus and its virucidal activities.
  • Fig. 18A shows the waveforms applied against E. coli bacteriophage T3.
  • Fig. 18B shows the virucidal activities against E. coli bacteriophage T3.
  • Fig. 19 is a schematic diagrams of an example configuration for providing light disinfection.
  • the disclosed technology describes a new light disinfection technology based on asynchronous, intermittent lighting using high intensity, narrow wavelength light sources for rapid microbial disinfection at low energy consumption and improved safety.
  • the disclosed technology teaches the use of optimum combination of lighting and light exposure program to rapidly inactivate microorganisms by targeting multiple cellular sites along different inactivation pathways.
  • ′′narrow wavelength light′′ means light having a light frequency range that is useful for targeted germicidal purposes, consistent with the light output of a single-color LED light. More broadly, ′′narrow wavelength light′′ can refer to light having a spectral width of ⁇ 100 nm.
  • a non-limiting example of narrow wavelength light is a 253.7 nm low pressure mercury vapor gas-discharge germicidal lamp; however, the spectrum of a single color LED light is also sufficiently narrow for the purposes described here.
  • the emission pattern of single color LED lights is a non-limiting example of a narrow wavelength.
  • LEDs are typically available with -3 dB spectral widths in the range of 24 to 27 nm, with a wider spectral width -3 dB being 50 to 180 nm or 40 to 190 nm. These spectral widths are narrow, but not as narrow as that of a 253.7 nm germicidal lamp. In a non-limiting example, the spectral width is narrower than 100 nm.
  • narrow spectral width light may be light having a spectral width of ⁇ 100 nm, an illumination rate of 0.1 Hz to 1000 Hz, and a duty cycle of 1%to 99%. More broadly, the light may have narrower ranges of operation, for example an illumination rate of 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz, and/or a duty cycle of 10%to 99%.
  • the lighting may be used comprising of UV at approximately 280 nm and light at approximately 405 nm and approximately 470 nm, produced by LED bulbs having a spectral width of ⁇ 100 nm, an illumination rate of 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz, and a duty cycle of 10%to 99%.
  • the disclosed technology combines multiple light sources with different wavelengths, and adjusts exposure time, frequency, duty cycle and lighting pattern of different light sources to achieve rapid surface disinfection.
  • the present disdosure relates to light disinfection technology based on asynchronous, intermittent lighting using high intensity, narrow wavelength light sources for rapid microbial disinfection at low energy consumption and improved safety.
  • a lighting system comprising a 405 nm LED, a 470 nm LED and four UV LEDs is used to generate synchronous and asynchronous light patterns.
  • the highly bactericidal efficacy system is powered by three 4 V rechargeable batteries and controlled by a circuit with a programmed microcontroller (Arduino) and a monitor to adjust exposure time, frequency, duty cycle and lighting pattern.
  • LED lights have particular advantages in that they quickly respond to power application, allowing more easily controlled duty cycles than other forms of lighting.
  • LEDs provide high lighting efficiencies, typically 15%-50%, with a theoretical range of 38.1-43.9%with phosphorescence, and higher without phosphorescence color mixing.
  • metal halide and high and low pressure sodium gas-discharge lamps and mercury vapor gas-discharge lamps have efficiencies ranging from 9.5-29%.
  • LEDs are more easily controlled and shorter duty cycles than other some other forms of lighting.
  • the LEDs can be either direct emitting or use phosphorescence to achieve the desired wavelength emissions.
  • the disclosed technology is directed to the use of an optimum combination of light source and light exposure program to rapidly inactivate microorganisms by targeting multiple cellular sites along different inactivation pathways.
  • the disclosed technique develops an asynchronous intermittent lighting system to achieve rapid inactivation for microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria.
  • the combination of multiple wavelengths and lighting patterns contributes to different inactivation pathways by targeting multiple cellular sites of microorganisms to avoid the possibility of microbial tolerance and resistance.
  • the disclosed surface disinfection technology neither uses chemicals nor damages material surfaces. It is also safe for animals and humans. It is energy-saving, and has the advantage that it can be driven by low-voltage batteries.
  • the disclosed techniques can be used for surface disinfection of many objects used in laboratory facilities, public infrastructure and household, including, by way of non-limiting examples, biological safety cabinet, medical instruments, handrail, touch panel and bathroom items.
  • Figs. 1A -1D are graphic diagrams showing emission spectra of UV (280 nm) LED (Fig. 1A) and UVC fluorescent light (Figs. 1B-1D) . These figures show the emission spectrum of UV LED (SETi, UVTOP270T039FW) with wavelength range within 277 ⁇ 4 nm, and that of UV fluorescent lamp (Phillips, 63872427) showing a broad emission range from 200 to 270 nm with maximum at 253.7 nm. While these are broad emission ranges, for the purposes of the present disclosure, this is considered to be narrow wavelength lighting.
  • UV LED SETi, UVTOP270T039FW
  • UV fluorescent lamp Phillips, 63872427
  • Figs. 2A-2D are graphic diagrams presenting the bactericidal efficacies of single UV (280 nm) LED against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 2A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 2B samples E. coll.
  • Fig. 2C samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 2D samples E. faecalis.
  • These figures display the log reduction plots of Gram-positive S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria and P. aeruginosa is most susceptible to UV LED disinfection followed by E. coli > S. aureus > E. faecalis. It can be seen that a very low light exposure of 2.5 mJ/cm 2 can attain better than 90%reduction of E. faecalis, 97%of S. aureus and better than 99.9%of E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B are graphic diagrams showing the bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus.
  • Fig. 3A shows efficacy of UV (280 nm) LED illumination.
  • Fig. 3B shows efficacy of UVC fluorescent light illumination (Fig. 3B) .
  • Table 1 summarizes the bactericidal efficacy of UV (280 nm) LED against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis, as plotted in Fig. 3.
  • the table lists that light exposure dosage required for one-log and two-log reductions of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis. A two-log reduction of P.
  • aeruginosa requires 0.062 mJ/cm -2 and E. coli 1.86mJ. cm -2 .
  • the Gram-positive bacteria were more resistant to UV with S. aureus and E. faecalis requiring 2.45 mJ/cm -2 for one-log reduction.
  • the k-value from the chick equation is also listed in the table and provides a quantitative comparison of the relative disinfection rate of UV LED for the different bacteria.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B compare the bactericidal performance of the fluorescent UV to UV LED in the disinfection of 10 4 CFU. ml -1 S. aureus. It can be seen from the log reduction plots of viable S. aureus bacteria that UV LED attain log 2 reduction (99%) reduction at a fraction of energy (3.2 mJ/cm 2 ) compared to fluorescent UV lamp (ca. 215 mJ/cm 2 ) even though the latter emits more energetic UV (254 nm) .
  • Fig. 4 is a graphic diagram showing bactericidal activities of different lightings (i.e., wavelengths) to 10 4 CFU/ml, vs. efficacy against E. coli.
  • Table 2 summarizes the performance UV (280 nm) LED and UVC fluorescent light for inactivation of S. aureus and E. faecalis.
  • Table 2 addresses the performance of the two types of UV light for inactivation of the sample gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) . It was observed that UV LED requires less light exposure dosage (i.e., 1/10) compared to fluorescent UV to attain the same level of bacteria inactivation. The difference is also reflected by the k-values of the Chick’s equation where the k-value of UV LED lights being 80 times higher.
  • Fig. 4 i.e., wavelengths
  • 10 4 CFU/ml vs. efficacy against E. coli.
  • This figure shows a plot of the bactericidal properties of different wavelengths of visible and near infrared lights.
  • the bactericidal experiments were carried out in triplicate on 10 4CFU . ml -1 E. coli.
  • 405 nm and 470 nm lighting provide the most consistent disinfection performance.
  • the 405 nm light can achieve 80-85%reduction in viable E. coli, while 470 nm gave 75-80%reduction.
  • Figs. 5A and 5B are graphic diagrams showing emission spectra of visible LED lights with the wavelengths of 405 nm (Fig. 5A) and 470 nm (Fig. 5A) . These figures show the emission spectrum single 405 nm LED (Bivar, UV5TZ-405015, from Bivar, Inc. of Irvine, California) and single 470 nm LED (Broadcom, HLMP-CB1B-XY0DD, from Broadcom Inc. of Irvine, California) .
  • Table 3 summarizes the bactericidal efficacy of single 405 nm LED and high intensity 405 nm LED against S. aureus.
  • Figs. 6A -6E are graphic diagrams showing difference between continuous and intermittent (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED light and their bactericidal efficacies against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 6A shows efficacy against P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 6B shows efficacy against E. coli.
  • Fig. 6C shows efficacy against S. aureus.
  • Fig. 6D shows efficacy against E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 6E shows the applied continuous (100%) and pulsed (50%) waveforms.
  • Fig. 7 is a graphic diagram showing difference in the bactericidal efficacies of continuous and intermittent (pulsed) blue LED lights with the wavelengths of 405 nm and 470 nm against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis.
  • This figure shows that intermittent (pulsed) lighting has the effects of enhancing the bactericidal activities of 405 nm and 470 nm LED lights.
  • Intermitted pulsed 405 nm LED shows significant increase in log-reduction of viable P. aeruginosa, E. coli and E. faecalis, while intermittent pulsed 470 nm LED shows higher reduction for all four bacteria.
  • Figs. 8A and 8B are graphic diagrams showing cytotoxicity against A431 cells (human epidermis squamous carcinoma) of continuous and intermittent (pulsed) light.
  • Fig. 8A shows cytotoxicity at different dosages for UV (280 nm) light.
  • Fig. 8B shows cytotoxicity for 405 nm and 470 nm blue lights.
  • These figures display the MTT assay on A431 human epidermis cells (squamous carcinoma) following exposure to intermittent (pulsed) and continuous lighting. It is evident in Fig.
  • intermittent (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED lighting has lower inhibition rate (e.g., safer) than continuous irradiation at low (0.3 mJ/cm 2 ) and high (3.6 mJ/cm 2 ) light exposure dosages.
  • inhibition rate e.g., safer
  • continuous irradiation at low (0.3 mJ/cm 2 ) and high (3.6 mJ/cm 2 ) light exposure dosages.
  • 0.3mJ/cm 2 more than half of the cells were inhibited by continuous light but only 10%were inhibited by intermittent (pulsed) lighting.
  • a large portion (80%) of the cells were inhibited by continuous light at 3.6mJ/cm 2 UV (280 nm) LED light exposure dosage compared to less than 30%inhibition rate for intermittent (pulsed) lighting.
  • Fig. 9 is a graphic diagram showing human IL-8 level of A431 cells after irradiation by pulsed and continuous light at different frequencies. The left side shows the effect of pulsed light, and the right side shows the effect of continuous light.
  • This figure displays the results of human IL-8 ELISA assay on the A431 human epidermis cells (squamous carcinoma) following exposure to intermittent (pulsed) and continuous lighting.
  • IL-8 is a key mediator associated with inflammation and plays a causative role in acute inflammation by recruiting and activating neutrophils. Thus, the level of IL-8 is an indicator of inflammatory response.
  • Fig. 9 shows intermittent (pulsed) lighting generally have lower levels of IL-8 compared to continuous lighting. The difference is remarkable for 405 nm LED lights.
  • Figs. 10A-10E are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal efficacies of UV (280 nm) LED at different rate of intermittent (pulsed) lighting against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 10A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 10A samples E. coli.
  • Fig. 10A samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 10A samples E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 10E shows the applied waveforms.
  • These figures compare the bactericidal efficacies of UV (280 nm) LED at intermittent (pulsed) lighting of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz. The result shows that the best performance is obtained at 1 Hz for all four tested bacteria.
  • the 1 Hz intermittent (pulsed) lighting has significantly higher reduction of viable P. aeruginosa than 10, 30, 40 and 50 Hz (p ⁇ 0.001) .
  • the same could be said for E. coli and S. aureus where 1 Hz intermittent (pulsed) lighting also led to significantly higher bactericidal efficacy than all other frequencies (p ⁇ 0.001) .
  • E. faecalis reduction is less sensitive to the pulsing rate of the UV (280 nm) LED light.
  • Figs. 11A-11E are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal efficacies of UV (280 nm) LED at different duty cycles against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 10A samples P. aeruginosa.
  • Fig. 10B samples E. coli.
  • Fig. 10C samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 10D samples E. faecalis.
  • Fig. 10E shows the applied waveforms.
  • These figures show the bactericidal effect of pulsed light at various duty cycle (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) .
  • the reduction of viable P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecali bacteria is less insensitive to the duty cycle with p>0.05 compared to the rate of intermittent (pulsed) lighting.
  • Fig. 12 is a set of graphic diagrams comparing synchronous and asynchronous lighting. These depictions show the waveform of the synchronous and asynchronous lighting patterns.
  • a synchronous lighting pattern occurs when lights of different wavelengths were illuminated at the same time within the same duty cycle as shown in the figure.
  • the asynchronous lighting pattern is when one or more sets of lights are illuminated in a way that they do not overlap with each other as shown in an example in the figure.
  • the example of synchronous light as shown in the figure is the continuous blue lights (405 nm and 470 nm) with 1Hz pulsed UV, and the example of asynchronous light in the figure is the alternating pulsing of UV (280 nm) , 405 nm 470 nm LED lights. In the continuous and asynchronous examples, 10W LEDs are used.
  • synchronous waveform In applying the synchronous waveform, as depicted on the left side of Fig. 12, continuous lighting from 405 nm and 470 nm is applied. Pulsed UV light from four 280 nm LEDs is applied, operating at 1 Hz and a 20%duty cycle. Asynchronous light is applied, as depicted on the right side as pulsed 405 nm and 470 nm lighting at 1 Hz and a 10%duty cycle. Pulsed UV light from four 280 nm LEDs is applied, operating at 1 Hz and a 20%duty cycle. In the asynchronous application, the light was pulsed alternately.
  • Fig. 13 is a comparative grouped array of photographic depictions of petri dishes showing bactericidal efficacy of synchronous and asynchronous lighting.
  • the depictions are, from left to right, a control sample; a sample running a 20%duty cycle; three samples subject to synchronous light exposure; and a sample subject to asynchronous light exposure.
  • the petri dishes show the bactericidal efficacies of intermittent (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED light, synchronous (concurrent 405 nm and UV as well as concurrent 470 nm and UV) and asynchronous lighting patterns.
  • the bacteria on culture plate exposed to intermittent (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED light serves as reference for bactericidal efficacy of the UV component of the lighting system.
  • a clear track on the plates indicates the bactericidal efficacy. No clear track can be observed from asynchronous lighting indicating poor bactericidal efficacies despite the presence of the same UV (280) LED light.
  • the asynchronous lighting on the other hand created a wider clearance track compared to UV (280 nm) LED light indicating greater bactericidal efficacy.
  • the poorer performance of synchronous lighting is due to healing effect of 405 nm lights on damaged DNA/RNA.
  • Fig. 14 is a depiction of a set of waveforms of different lighting combinations for microbial disinfection exposures. These waveforms show the lighting schemes investigated to determine the optimum lighting for best bactericidal efficacy. This includes UV-only exposure, pre-and post-exposure of blue light (405 nm or470 nm) to UV and alternative exposure of blue light (405 nm or470 nm) with UV.
  • Figs. 15A and 15B are graphic diagrams showing a comparison between the bactericidal performance of different lighting combinations compared to UV LED against sample bacilli.
  • Fig. 15A samples S. aureus.
  • Fig. 15b samples P. aeruginosa. These figures show the bactericidal efficacies of the lighting schemes illustrated in Fig. 14. The bactericidal efficacies were quantified by:
  • a value of 1 would indicate similar bactericidal efficacy as UV light. A larger value would mean improvement while a smaller value would mean diminished bactericidal efficacy compared to UV light alone.
  • Table 4 summarizes the comparison among bactericidal effect of different lighting combinations in Figs. 14 and 15. The result shows that asynchronous light had to be applied in specific sequence in order to achieve enhancement on bactericidal efficacy. Pre-exposure to 405 nm and alternative exposure to 470 nm could enhance the bactericidal efficacy.
  • Figs. 16A-16C show the effects of optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting.
  • Figs. 16A and 16B are graphic diagrams showing the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme and its bactericidal efficacies against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus as compared to individual component lights (UV (280 nm) LED, 405 nm and 470 nm LEDs against the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme and its bactericidal efficacies as compared to individual component lights. It is noted that no measurable inhibition zones can be observed when single 405 nm and 470 nm LEDs were used for either P. aeruginosa or S. aureus within the depicted dosage range.
  • 16C shows the applied waveforms.
  • These figures show the lighting scheme for the optimized asynchronous intermittent light disinfection system comprising two non-overlapping duty cycles of 1 Hz intermittent (pulsed) 405 nm LED lighting (10%duty cycle) followed by 1 Hz intermitted (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED lighting (90%duty cycle) and 1 Hz intermittent (pulsed) 470 nm LED lighting (10%duty cycle) .
  • Figs. 16A and B present measurements of the areas of the inhibition zone on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus culture plates from the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection light and that of the individual component lights (UV (280 nm) LED, 405 nm and 470 nm LEDs) under identical intermittent (pulsed) rate and duty cycle.
  • the higher bactericidal efficacies for the optimized asynchronous intermittent light disinfection system are evidence of the synergistic effects of the light disinfection system.
  • the bactericidal tests on blue light LEDs by themselves have low bacteria reduction, but exert significantly higher bactericidal effects in the asynchronous lighting system.
  • Fig. 17 is a graphic diagram showing human IL-8 level of A431 cells following irradiation by pulsed and asynchronous continuous lighting. This figure shows a significant reduction of IL-8 in mixed lighting system compared to UV LED, under both pulse and continuous lights. It indicates less inflammatory response was caused by the mixed lighting disinfection system than UV light.
  • Figs. 18A and 18B are graphic diagrams showing the optimized asynchronous intermittent disinfection lighting scheme for inactivation of virus and its virucidal activities.
  • Fig. 18A shows the waveforms applied against E. coli bacteriophage T3.
  • Fig. 18B shows the virucidal activities against E. coli bacteriophage T3.
  • Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram of an example configuration for providing light disinfection. Depicted are power source 1901, driver 1902, controller 1906 and light sources 1911-1916. Controller 1906 causes driver 1902 to power light sources 1911-1916, which provide the desired light output, using available power (power source 1901) .
  • Example 1 An array of four UV LEDs (UVTOP270T039FW, SETi Ltd) was built onto a breadboard for the test. Each UV LED could output UV light with a peak wavelength at 280 nm and light intensity of 5.4 ⁇ W/cm 2 , which was measured by the spectroradiometer (ILT900-R, International Light) . The array of lights was powered by the direct current power supply (GW, GPC-1850D) with 5 V and 0.7 A output. Subsequently, 5 ⁇ L of bacterial suspension (10 7 CFU/mL, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, or E. faecalis) was continuously illuminated by the UV LED array at various dosages.
  • Example 2 5 ⁇ L (10 7 CFU/mL) of E. coli suspension was seeded into wells of a 96-well microplate. Subsequently, it was illuminated by a LED array with a series of wavelengths such as: 390 nm, 395 nm, 400 nm, 405 nm, 410 nm, 470 nm, 850 nm and 950 nm (UV5TZ-390-15, UV5TZ-395-15, UV5TZ-400-15, UV5TZ-405-15, UV5TZ-410-15, HLMP-CB1B-XYODD, TSHG6400 and SFH4811, RS Components Ltd) .
  • a LED array with a series of wavelengths such as: 390 nm, 395 nm, 400 nm, 405 nm, 410 nm, 470 nm, 850 nm and 950 nm (UV5TZ-390-15, UV5TZ-395
  • the single LEDs were mounted to a board and arranged as the 96-well plate. This LED array was powered by a direct current power supply (GW, GPC-1850D) which was set a 5 V and 20 mA output. After 60-minute illumination, bacteria were recovered from each wells. In addition, they were plated onto a Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA) plate for incubation at 37°C for 24 h. The viable bacteria were enumerated from formed colony number. (Fig. 4)
  • TSA Tryptone Soy Agar
  • Example 3 The UV LEDs, which mentioned in the Example 1, were controlled by a pulse generator (HP HEWLETT, 8114A) to generate pulsed lighting with 50%duty cycle and 1 Hz frequency. Subsequently, bacterial suspension (10 7 CFU/mL, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, or E. faecalis) was illuminated by the UV LED array at various dosages. Samples without illumination were taken as the control. At least three samples were done for each data point. After illumination, bacteria were recovered from each wells, cultured and enumerated as described in Example 1. (Fig. 6)
  • Example 4 The UV LEDs, as described in Example 1, were controlled by the direct current power supply with 5 V and 0.7 A output to generate a continuous light. Subsequently, bacterial suspension (10 7 CFU/mL, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, or E. faecalis) was illuminated by the UV LED array at various dosages. Samples without illumination were taken as the control. At least three samples were done for each data point. After illumination, bacteria were recovered from each wells, cultured and enumerated as described in Example 1. (Fig. 6)
  • Example 5 The blue light matrices with wavelength of 405 nm and 470 nm were controlled by a pulse generator (HP HEWLETT, 8114A) to generate pulsed light with 50%duty cycle and 1 Hz frequency. Meanwhile, the other group LEDs matrices were controlled by the direct current power supply to generate a continuous light. Subsequently, 5 ⁇ L of S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, or P. aeruginosa (10 7 CFU/mL) were illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lighting, respectively. (Fig. 7)
  • Example 6 200 ⁇ L of cells (A431, Skin/Epidermis) were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 0.3 mJ/cm 2 and 3.6 mJ/cm 2 pulsed single UV LEDs, which were set in the Example 1. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell inhibition rate. (Fig. 8)
  • Example 7 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 0.3 mJ/cm 2 and 3.6 mJ/cm 2 continuous single UV LEDs, which were set in the Example 1. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell inhibition rate. (Fig. 8)
  • Example 8 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 57.6 mJ/cm 2 pulsed and continuous 405 nm single LEDs, which were set in the Example 5. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell inhibition rate. (Fig. 8)
  • Example 9 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 45 mJ/cm 2 pulsed and continuous 470 nm single LEDs, which were set in the Example 5. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell inhibition rate. (Fig. 8)
  • Example 10 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 57.6 mJ/cm 2 pulsed and continuous 405 nm single LEDs, which were set in the Example 5.
  • IL-8 Level of the A431 was estimated and performed by a commercial Human IL-8 ELISA assay kit (R&D ELISA) . (Fig. 9)
  • Example 11 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 45 mJ/cm 2 pulsed and continuous 470 nm single LEDs, which were set in the Example 5.
  • IL-8 Level of the A431 was estimated and performed by a commercial Human IL-8 ELISA assay kit (R&D ELISA) . (Fig. 9)
  • Example 12 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were illuminated by 0.3 mJ/cm 2 pulsed and continuous single UV LEDs lighting, which were set in the Example 1. IL-8 Level of the A431 was estimated and performed by a commercial Human IL-8 ELISA assay kit (R&D ELISA) . (Fig. 9)
  • Example 13 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were placed in dark condition. IL-8 Level of the A431 was estimated and performed by a commercial Human IL-8 ELISA assay kit (R&D ELISA) . (Fig. 9)
  • Example 14 The UV LEDs, which mentioned in the Example 1, was controlled by a pulse generator (HP HEWLETT, 8114A) to generate pulsed light with 50%duty cycle and a series of intermittent (pulsed) frequencies (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Hz) . Meanwhile, the UV LEDs were controlled by the direct current power supply to generate a continuous light. Subsequently, 5 ⁇ L of P. aeruginosa (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at dosage of 0.027 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each frequency. After illumination, bacteria were recovered from each wells. They were plated onto a TSA plate for incubation at 37°C for 24 h. The viable bacteria were enumerated from formed colony number. (Fig. 10)
  • Example 15 5 ⁇ L of E. coli (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at various frequencies by the UV LED setup mentioned in the Example 14 at dosage of 0.65 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each frequency. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 1. (Fig. 10)
  • Example 16 5 ⁇ L of S. aureus (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at various frequencies by the UV LED setup mentioned in the Example 14 at dosage of 1.62 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each frequency. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 1. (Fig. 10)
  • Example 17 5 ⁇ L of E. faecalis (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lighting at various frequencies by the UV LED setup mentioned in Example 14 at dosage 2.59 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done as least in triplicate for each frequency. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 1. (Fig. 10)
  • Example 18 The UV LEDs, which mentioned in the Example 1, was controlled by a pulse generator (HP HEWLETT, 8114A) to generate pulsed light with 1 Hz and a series of duty cycles (20, 40, 60, 80%) . Meanwhile, the UV LEDs were controlled by the direct current power supply to generate a continuous light. Subsequently, 5 ⁇ L of P. aeruginosa (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at dosage of 0.027 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each duty cycle. After illumination, bacteria were recovered from each wells and cultured onto a TSA plate for incubation at 37°C for 24 h. The viable bacteria were enumerated from formed colony number. (Fig. 11)
  • Example 19 5 ⁇ L of E. coli (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at various duty cycles by the UV LED setup mentioned in Example 18 at dosage of 0.65 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each duty cycle. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 2. (Fig. 11)
  • Example 20 5 ⁇ L of S. aureus (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at various duty cycles by the UV LED setup mentioned in Example 18 at dosage of 1.62 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each duty cycle. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 2. (Fig. 11)
  • Example 21 5 ⁇ L of E. faecalis (10 7 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the continuous and pulsed lights at various duty cycles by the UV LED setup mentioned in Example 18 at dosage of 2.59 mJ/cm 2 . Control was done without illumination. The experiment was done at least in triplicate for each duty cycle. After illumination, bacteria were recovered, cultured and enumerated as described in the Example 2. (Fig. 11)
  • Example 22 A light system consisting of a 10W 405 nm LED (CL-P10WB34RSH10100, China, 9-11 V, 1000 mA) , a 10W 470 nm LED (CL-P10WU64RSH1030, China, 9-11 V, 1000 mA) and 4 UV LEDs was used as the light source for production of synchronous and asynchronous light patterns.
  • the LEDs were mounted in a heat sink with a cooling fan.
  • the 10 W 405 nm LED emitted light with intensity of 105.5 ⁇ W/cm 2 while the 10 W 470 nm LED emitted light with intensity of 2200 ⁇ W/cm 2 , measured by a blue light radiometer (HANDY, FL-1D) .
  • the system was powered by three 4 V chargeable batteries and controlled by a circuit with a programmed microcontroller (Arduino) and a monitor. Exposure time, frequency, duty cycle and light pattern were adjustable. The setup was covered to prevent background white light from reaching the samples. (Fig. 12)
  • Example 23 gar plate of 14 cm diameter seeded with 200 ⁇ L of P. aeruginosa (10 5 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the system mentioned in Example 22 with a synchronous light pattern with UV dosage of 0.976 mJ/cm 2 for 10 minutes.
  • the synchronous light pattern was produced by applying continuous 405 nm and 470 nm lights from the 10 W LEDs and pulsed LEDs at 1 Hz and 20%duty cycle at the same time. Samples that were not exposed to the lights acted as the control. The setup was covered to prevent background white light from reaching the samples. (Fig. 13)
  • Example 24 An agar plate of 14 cm diameter seeded with 200 ⁇ L of P. aeruginosa (10 5 CFU/mL) was illuminated by the system mentioned in Example 22, but with an asynchronous light pattern with UV dosage of 0.976 mJ/cm 2 .
  • the asynchronous light pattern was produced by applying alternative pulsed 405 nm and 470 nm lights from the 10 W LEDs at 1 Hz and 10%duty cycle and pulsed UV from the UV LEDs at 1 Hz and 20%duty cycle. Samples that were not exposed to the lights acted as the control. The setup was covered to prevent background white light from reaching the samples. (Fig. 13)
  • Example 25 It was observed that enhancement of bactericidal efficacy by asynchronous light depends on the sequence of the exposure.
  • Lighting scheme 1 was intermitted (pulsed) UV (280 nm) LED lighting at 1 Hz pulse rate and 90%duty cycle. Exposure dosages of 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.36 and 0.48 mJ/cm 2 on P. aeruginosa and 0.32, 0.48, 0.64, 0.80, 0.96 mJ/cm 2 on S. aureus. Experiments were done at least in triplicate for each data point. Photos of the resulted plates were analyzed by an image analysis software, Image J (Image J1.5 1a, NIH) , which measured the area of clearance. The clearance area from UV (280 nm) LED served as reference for comparing lighting scheme 2-7. (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15) .
  • Example 26 Lighting scheme 2-7 shown in Fig. 14 are examples of asynchronous lights.
  • the lighting scheme 2 and 7 showed enhancement in bactericidal efficacy for S. aureus compared to UV (280) LED light according to:
  • Example 27 Lighting scheme 2-7 shown in Fig. 14 are examples of asynchronous lights.
  • the lighting scheme 2 and 7 showed enhancement in bactericidal efficacy for P. aeruginosa compared to UV (280) LED light according to:
  • Example 28 An asynchronous lighting system contained one 10 W 405 nm LED (CL-P10WU64RSH1030, China) , one 10 W 470 nm LED (CL-P10WB34RSH10100, China) and four UVLEDs. (Figs. 16 and 18)
  • Example 29 Performance of the asynchronous lighting system described in Example 28 for inactivation of bacteria and viruses suggest different optimal lighting programming. (Figs. 16 and 18)
  • Example 30 200 ⁇ L of A431 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate. After growth for 24 hours, A431 were exposed to the asynchronous lighting system described in Example 28 according to light programing in Fig. 16a.
  • the IL-8 Level of the A431 was measured by a commercial Human IL-8 ELISA assay kit (R&D ELISA) .
  • the light can be provided at different wavelengths between 360 nm and 950 nm, and at ultraviolet wavelengths below 360 nm.
  • a narrower range would provide light at different wavelengths between 360 nm and 530 nm, and at ultraviolet wavelengths between 100 nm and 360 nm.
  • a more narrow set of wavelengths would be between 360 nm and 470 nm, with ultraviolet wavelengths above 240 nm and below 360 nm.
  • the light energy at each wavelength can range from 0.005 mJ/cm 2 to 1000 mJ/cm 2 , with other possible ranges being 0.02 mJ/cm 2 to 60 mJ/cm 2 , and 0.02 mJ/cm 2 to 60 mJ/cm 2 .
  • the pulse duration is limited by the time available for disinfection and the available power, with typical duty cycles ranging from 5%to 80%.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une désinfection microbienne qui est effectuée à l'aide d'un éclairage intermittent asynchrone utilisant une ou de plusieurs sources de lumière à longueurs d'ondes d'une bande étroite. Les sources de lumière permettent un éclairage présentant des caractéristiques de longueurs d'ondes d'une bande étroite. L'éclairage intermittent fournit une intensité suffisamment élevée pour un processus de désinfection microbienne rapide, tout en réduisant la consommation d'énergie moyenne pour la désinfection microbienne pendant le processus de désinfection microbienne en ciblant de multiples sites cellulaires le long de différentes voies d'inactivation.
PCT/CN2018/109805 2017-10-11 2018-10-11 Éclairage intermittent asynchrone pour une désinfection de surface rapide WO2019072205A1 (fr)

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