WO2019070491A1 - Insert absorbant l'hydrogène pour tube de réaction - Google Patents

Insert absorbant l'hydrogène pour tube de réaction Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019070491A1
WO2019070491A1 PCT/US2018/053035 US2018053035W WO2019070491A1 WO 2019070491 A1 WO2019070491 A1 WO 2019070491A1 US 2018053035 W US2018053035 W US 2018053035W WO 2019070491 A1 WO2019070491 A1 WO 2019070491A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
insert
catalyst
catalyst insert
insert body
interior surface
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2018/053035
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Dennis G. LETTS
Original Assignee
Ih Ip Holdings Limited
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Publication date
Application filed by Ih Ip Holdings Limited filed Critical Ih Ip Holdings Limited
Publication of WO2019070491A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019070491A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/72—Copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/755—Nickel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/892—Nickel and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8926—Copper and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/0015—Feeding of the particles in the reactor; Evacuation of the particles out of the reactor
    • B01J8/002—Feeding of the particles in the reactor; Evacuation of the particles out of the reactor with a moving instrument
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/0242—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical
    • B01J8/025—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical in a cylindrical shaped bed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
    • C23C28/022—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer with at least one MCrAlX layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/001—Magnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00796—Details of the reactor or of the particulate material
    • B01J2208/00805—Details of the particulate material
    • B01J2208/00814—Details of the particulate material the particulate material being provides in prefilled containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/04—Electroplating with moving electrodes
    • C25D5/06—Brush or pad plating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
    • C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
    • C25D5/617—Crystalline layers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to thermally reactive surfaces and methods and devices for producing such surfaces. More particularly, this disclosure relates to thermally reactive surfaces and inserts for use inside a tubular reaction chamber.
  • exothermic reactors are or will be commercially available to generate energy and produce heat.
  • a device in which exothermic reactions can be triggered as described in International Publication Number WO 2017/127423 A2 can use hydrogen-absorbing material plated onto the inner wall of a tube or onto a slender central electrode.
  • a reactor can include a metal tube with a reactive material or catalyst in its interior.
  • a powder-based catalyst would fill the interior of a cylinder, but that deprived the system of using plasma during operation of the reactor.
  • a hydrogen-absorbing material is plated electrochemically on the interior walls of a reactor device, after which the interior of the tube is pumped to high vacuum and then filled with deuterium gas at sub-atmospheric pressure. High voltage can then be applied to the electrodes, the purpose of which is to ionize the deuterium and drive it into the plated sidewalls to prepare the sidewalls as reactive surfaces where heat-producing reactions can occur.
  • the amount of catalyst available for use is difficult to accurately determine during plating.
  • a plated catalyst is not mechanically robust and it is challenging to plate large amounts of catalyst. Removing and replacing the plated catalyst is time-consuming, for example as the sidewalls are scraped with a metal brush prior to re-plating. The material collected by scraping is then typically sent to a lab for species analysis to determine if nuclear ash can be found. The amount of material plated and subsequently removed from the inner walls is typically small, which limits the ultimate power output of the reactor and limits the extent of the analytical methods used to study the spent material.
  • hydrogen- absorbing material is plated onto the interior wall of a tube in a separate electrochemical bath, where electrochemical processes control the quality of the plating.
  • the plated material is to replenished or replaced with different plated material, the used or spent material is removed as carefully as possible from the inner wall or from the central removable electrode while attempting to in some uses to recover as much of the plated material as possible for analysis after reactor operation.
  • the primary structural or containment components of the reactor device themselves directly host the plating to be removed and replaced, these operations are complicated by either the bulk or complexity of the device.
  • Plating methods have been effective in producing usable heat; however, there are some disadvantages associated with plating the inner wall of the tube or the slender central electrode. Plating the inner wall of the tube does not provide good visibility of the plated surface or analytical access to the deposit. Plating the slender central electrode provides for a reduced volume of plated deposit and limits thermal coupling to the reactor walls, where the heat is most useful, and generally plated deposits are not as robust as solid materials.
  • a catalyst insert for a tubular reactor device includes an insert body having a rigid heat-conducting exterior shell and an interior surface having hydrogen and a metal.
  • the interior surface may be a hydrogen loaded metal surface.
  • the insert body may have a cylindrical shape.
  • the heat-conducting exterior shell may include, for example, copper or nickel.
  • the metal interior surface may include a hydrogen- absorbing metal.
  • the insert body may be formed by directing a stream of heated atomized particles from a thermal spray head onto a first side of a plate, and forming the plate into the insert body with the first side of the plate defining the hydrogen loaded metal interior surface.
  • the thermal spray head may include a nozzle through which an oxygen fuel gas mixture flows to heat and melt a metal stock and a compressed gas flow propels the stream of heated atomized particles.
  • the interior surface may also be prepared by sputtering.
  • the catalyst insert may include a hook or loop attached to the insert body for extracting the catalyst insert from a tubular reactor device. Holes may be formed in the insert body for engagement with a tool for manipulation of the catalyst insert in a tubular reactor device.
  • the insert body is preferably electrically conductive, and may be formed of or include copper.
  • the interior of the insert body may include a gold layer, which may be deposited by electroplating.
  • the interior of the insert body further may have a second layer that includes palladium.
  • the second layer may further include yttrium.
  • the interior surface may be magnetized.
  • the insert body may include magnetic sections, each shaped as a partial cylinder, for example a half cylinder.
  • the two magnetic sections may together form at least one of the exterior shell and interior surface.
  • the two magnetic sections may together form a cylindrical layer between the exterior shell and interior surface.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a catalyst insert, according to at least one embodiment, placed in a reactor device tube as an example of use.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the catalyst insert of FIG. 1 taken at the line 2-2.
  • FIG. 3 is cross-sectional view of a metallic spraying apparatus, according to at least one embodiment, by which for example reactive surfaces of the catalyst insert of FIGS. 1 and 2 can be prepared.
  • these descriptions relate to providing hydrogen- absorbing materials and structures, for example embodied in removable inserts that can be for example inserted into an LENR tube for heat generation.
  • LENR processes are considered as catalytic, an insert having a reactive surface where hydrogen loading and heat-producing reactions can occur is described herein as a catalyst insert.
  • a catalyst insert 100 for placement in a tubular reactor device 50 includes an insert body 102 having a rigid and durable heat-conducting exterior cylindrical shell 104 (FIG. 3), and a hydrogen loaded metal interior surface 106.
  • the insert body 102 in the illustrated has a circular cylindrical outer shape for placement in a correspondingly circular cylindrical interior of a tubular reactor device. Other columnar shapes are within the scope of these descriptions.
  • the outer diameter 110 (FIG. 2) and longitudinal length 112 of the catalyst insert can vary among embodiments to suit their uses in reactor devices of various dimensions and other applications.
  • the illustrated embodiment of the catalyst insert 100 is shown as sealed or sealable at opposing longitudinal ends by a bottom plate 114 and a top cap 116. While terms such as top, upper, bottom, lower and other relative terms are used herein to describe and nominally identify features of the catalyst insert 100, the use of such terms does not limit the described structures or their use to any particular absolute orientation or order.
  • the bottom plate 114 and top cap 116 maybe fixed to or pressed into the ends of the cylindrical shell 104.
  • a hook or loop 124 is attached to the top cap 116 of the insert 100 for use in placing and extracting the catalyst insert from a tubular reactor device or for other manipulation of the insert 100.
  • the bottom plate 114 and/or top cap 116 may have perforations or openings to serve as a grate through which gases or fluids can pass or be vented.
  • the insert 100 can have sealed and unsealed embodiments.
  • the cylindrical shell 104 can also be provided as an open-ended sleeve without the bottom plate and top cap. In such embodiments the hook or loop 124 is attached elsewhere the insert 100.
  • the interior space 120 of the insert body 102 as shown in FIG. 2 can be cylindrically shaped corresponding to the exterior cylindrical shell 104 and according to a uniformly thick wall of the shell 104, or may have other internal configurations and arrangements.
  • an interior surface 106 of the insert body 102 defines a reactive surface where hydrogen loading and heat-producing reactions can occur, for example in LENR processes.
  • the volume of the insert and areas of its hydrogen loaded surface(s) are controllable.
  • the power generation capability of the insert 100 can be thus varied in various embodiments by selection of the volume of the insert and areas of its hydrogen loaded surface(s).
  • the insert 100 can be made more robust than the present plated deposits. As shown in
  • the cylindrical insert 100 can be placed, for example by press-fit, into the tube of the reactor device 50 and maintain good thermal contact with the walls, where heat is most useful.
  • the hydrogen loaded insert 100 thus serve as a removable and replaceable fuel module for the reactor device.
  • the insert can be removed using an extractor tool.
  • the insert can be easily removed from the reactor device 50 and transferred to an analytical lab for testing for example by use of the hook or loop 124.
  • Other holes or engagement features may be formed in or on or may be attached to the insert body for engagement with a tool for manipulation of the catalyst insert in a tubular reactor device.
  • each insert 100 can be dimensioned and designed to fit snuggly into a tube of any particular reactor device for proper electrical and thermal connection
  • an extraction tool may aid in insert manipulation.
  • the tubes have two quarter inch holes drilled 180 degrees apart.
  • An extraction tool can be fabricated using a 6 inch inside caliper, as used by machinists, adapted by bending the tongs to a right angle and then grinding to fit the insert tube. This allows the caliper to be expanded to fit the insert holes for easy removal and insertion into the tube. It should be noted that other similar modifications by those skilled in the art can be made to aid in manipulating the insert.
  • the insert body 102 may be fabricated in part from a band rolled into a cylindrical form or from a cylinder machined out of a non-precious metal with good thermal conductivity. This could be, for example, 316L stainless steel because of its hydrogen containment advantages and because it would match the thermal expansion properties of some examples of reactor device tubes into which the insert 100 is to be placed.
  • the insert body 102 can be machined to provide a snug fit into a reactor device tube, perhaps using a thermal coating such as Wat-Lube provided by Watlow to aid in metal extraction and thermal transfer.
  • the insert length is variable and is limited by the length of the tube and by how much catalyst volume or area is required. Reactor power is dependent upon, and may be directly proportional to catalyst volume or area.
  • the length of the insert band might range from one to six inches in some examples.
  • the heat-conducting exterior shell 104 may instead or additionally include other metals, for example, copper or nickel.
  • the interior may be metal or metallized, and may include a hydrogen- absorbing metal, alloy, matrix, or compound.
  • the insert body is preferably electrically conductive, and may be formed of copper or include a copper layer.
  • the interior of the insert body may include a gold layer, which may be deposited by electroplating.
  • the interior of the insert body further may have a second layer that includes palladium.
  • the second layer may further include yttrium.
  • the interior surface 106 of the insert body 102 serves as a reactive surface for hydrogen loading using plating or any other metallurgical process.
  • the insert body 102 can be plated in an external bath where the deposit can be easily viewed or analyzed.
  • the insert 100 can also be processed using any known metallurgical technique to provide the desired solid state or crystalline properties, such as by using a metallic spraying apparatus 200 as depicted in FIG. 3. Nano surfaces or layered surfaces can be created. Complete control over the metallurgical aspects of the insert can be obtained.
  • the insert 100 can be placed into a tube reactor for testing and operation. An extraction tool can be used to remove the insert and replace it with a new insert. In this way, various insert configurations can be tested, or a depleted insert could be replaced as necessary
  • a stream of heated atomized particles may be directed for example from a thermal spray head onto a first side of a plate, and the plate then formed into the cylindrical insert body with the first side of the plate defining the hydrogen loaded metal interior.
  • the thermal spray head may include a nozzle through which an oxygen fuel gas mixture flows to heat and melt a metal stock and a compressed gas flow propels the stream of heated atomized particles.
  • FIG. 3 is cross-sectional view of a particular metallic spraying apparatus 200, according to at least one embodiment, by which for example reactive surfaces of the catalyst insert of FIGS. 1-2 can be prepared.
  • plating is accomplished by feeding a pure metal or alloy feed stock 212 by way of rolling or feeding mechanism 210 into a thermal spray head 202.
  • the metal 212 is melted and propelled forward by controllable compressed airflow 216.
  • An oxygen fuel gas mixture 224 flows through the nozzle 214.
  • An air cap 218 cups the forward end of the nozzle 214.
  • a spray stream 220 of molten atomized metal particles is directed onto the plate 226 and a deposit 222 accumulates.
  • the speed of the airflow, the thickness of the metal wire 212 and its transport speed control the properties of the deposit 222. Varying the wire thickness and its transport speed can control the thickness and coarseness of the deposit.
  • the formation of vacancies in a metal deposit may produce a higher thermal density, which is desirable.
  • Deposit coarseness lowers the vacancy formation energy so more vacancies can be formed in the deposit.
  • the metallic spraying apparatus 200 and methods of use thereof depicted schematically in FIG. 3 can control deposit coarseness and in turn influence the concentration of vacancies in the deposit.
  • the plate 226 and deposit 222 may be formed into, respectively, the hydrogen loaded interior surface 106 and the structural cylindrical shell 104 of the catalyst insert 100 of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the plate 226 can be attached as a layer or foil onto the interior of the structural cylindrical shell 104 so as to serve as the interior surface 106 with the deposit 222 facing into the interior space 120.
  • Variations from the wire feed stock arrangement depicted in FIG. 3 can be alternatively used.
  • a metal powder from a reservoir can be fed into the heated area of the thermal spray head.
  • Metal powder can be fed into the heated area of the thermal spray head.
  • Metal powder could then be used as the feedstock and has the advantage of alloying.
  • a mixture of powders can be used to create a deposited alloy.
  • Metal powder is also likely to provide more variations in deposit thickness, as the powder can be obtained in varying mesh sized ranging from coarse to fine.
  • the above-described metallic spraying apparatus 200 operates by thermal spraying, which refers to melting metal in the form of powders or wire as illustrated in FIG. 3, and propelling the metal onto a substrate.
  • thermal spraying refers to melting metal in the form of powders or wire as illustrated in FIG. 3, and propelling the metal onto a substrate.
  • a deposit such as 222 can be made upon a surface such as the plate 226.
  • sputtering can be used. Sputtering is a slower process where metal layers are built up on a substrate in a vacuum. A metal is heated in vacuum and its ions are released into the vacuum where they are directed toward a substrate.
  • sputtering is an option, in addition to thermal spraying, within the scope of these descriptions for preparing reactive surfaces of the catalyst insert of FIGS. 1-2.
  • reactor output may be directly and linearly proportional to an applied external magnetic field.
  • magnets may be placed externally with respect to the hydrogen- absorbing catalyst insert, which provides for a weakened magnetic field at the reactive surface of the catalyst insert.
  • a hydrogen- absorbing catalyst can be electroplated directly onto a magnetic surface, for example, of about 3000 Gauss in one embodiment. This provides a magnetic field within the catalyst that is 15 times stronger than using external magnets of about 200 Gauss. Subject to mechanical limitations, this configuration has the potential to produce thermal power at a level several times greater than other configurations. Thus, the interior surface 106 can be magnetic or magnetized.
  • curved cylindrical magnets each having of a north pole and a south pole are utilized.
  • the curved magnets can be electroplated with a hydrogen- absorbing metal or sprayed as depicted in FIG. 3.
  • the magnetic pole piece sections can then be inserted into a cylindrical reactor to serve as the inserts, for example as described above with reference to FIG. 1.
  • the two magnetic sections 130 and 132 are each shaped as channel or half cylinder, and when combined form portions of the cylindrical insert body 102.
  • a seam line 134 marks their junction along the foreground side of the insert body in FIG. 1.
  • the two magnetic sections may together form the shell 104 or may be layers thereof, along the exterior, interior, or therebetween.
  • the insert body 102 are formed by machining or rolling, not all embodiments will have the two magnetic sections and seam line.
  • the ends of the sections 130 and 132 closest the upper end of the shell 104 are magnetic North pole (N) ends, and the lower ends of the sections 130 and 132 are magnetic south pole (S) ends.
  • N North pole
  • S south pole
  • a diverging magnetic field emanates from the upper end of the catalyst insert 100 and converges into the lower end as illustrated.
  • a concentrated magnetic field 138 is thus formed within the interior space 120 and may enhance thermal reactor operations.
  • Upper and lower refer here to the illustration of FIG. 2 without limiting the described structures or their use to any particular absolute orientation.
  • 3 ⁇ 4 inch nominal type L copper plumbing tube is used. This allows for good electrical conductivity and also a good substrate onto which the active materials can be plated.
  • Six inch length tubes can be machined and sanded down to 0.86 inches to snuggly fit into the approximately 7/8 inch reactor device tubular housing. The tubes can be wire brushed and then cleaned with 3N HC1.
  • the inside surface is plated with gold using a gel brush plating.
  • a gel brush plating for example, a commercially available gel brush plating from Gold Smith, Inc. can be used. This can be used as a control insert for calibration purposes.
  • gold plating as above is first used and then plated with a palladium-based material. This is accomplished by using a platinum plated quarter-inch titanium anode and a solution of palladium chloride containing an additional 2% yttrium fluoride. The yttrium is added to enhance the diffusion rate of hydrogen in and out of the palladium.
  • both rubidium and thorium nitrate at 1% is added to lower the required ionization potential needed to strike discharges to the surface.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

Un insert de catalyseur pour un dispositif de réacteur tubulaire comprend un corps d'insert ayant une coque extérieure thermoconducteur rigide et une surface intérieure métallique chargée d'hydrogène. Le corps d'insert comprend une forme cylindrique. L'extérieur thermoconducteur peut comprendre, par exemple, du cuivre ou du nickel. L'intérieur métallique contiennent un métal absorbant l'hydrogène. Le corps d'insert peut être formé en dirigeant un flux de particules atomisées chauffées à partir d'une tête de pulvérisation thermique sur un premier côté d'une plaque, et en formant la plaque dans le corps d'insert avec le premier côté de la plaque définissant l'intérieur métallique chargé d'hydrogène. Des sections magnétiques peuvent former ensemble la coque, la surface intérieure, ou peuvent former une couche. La pulvérisation peut éventuellement également être utilisée pour préparer la surface intérieure.
PCT/US2018/053035 2017-10-06 2018-09-27 Insert absorbant l'hydrogène pour tube de réaction WO2019070491A1 (fr)

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US201762569180P 2017-10-06 2017-10-06
US62/569,180 2017-10-06
US201762585123P 2017-11-13 2017-11-13
US62/585,123 2017-11-13

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021040755A1 (fr) * 2019-08-29 2021-03-04 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Systèmes et procédés de production de chaleur par réactions entre des isotopes d'hydrogène et des catalyseurs métalliques

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4928879A (en) * 1988-12-22 1990-05-29 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Wire and power thermal spray gun
WO2002026370A1 (fr) * 2000-09-26 2002-04-04 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Pieces rapportees en forme de tige pour tubes de reacteur
WO2017127423A2 (fr) * 2015-12-04 2017-07-27 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Procédés et appareil de déclenchement de réactions exothermiques

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4928879A (en) * 1988-12-22 1990-05-29 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Wire and power thermal spray gun
WO2002026370A1 (fr) * 2000-09-26 2002-04-04 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Pieces rapportees en forme de tige pour tubes de reacteur
WO2017127423A2 (fr) * 2015-12-04 2017-07-27 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Procédés et appareil de déclenchement de réactions exothermiques

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021040755A1 (fr) * 2019-08-29 2021-03-04 Ih Ip Holdings Limited Systèmes et procédés de production de chaleur par réactions entre des isotopes d'hydrogène et des catalyseurs métalliques

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