WO2018225751A1 - 大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅方法、及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法 - Google Patents
大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅方法、及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018225751A1 WO2018225751A1 PCT/JP2018/021624 JP2018021624W WO2018225751A1 WO 2018225751 A1 WO2018225751 A1 WO 2018225751A1 JP 2018021624 W JP2018021624 W JP 2018021624W WO 2018225751 A1 WO2018225751 A1 WO 2018225751A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cells
- colon cancer
- cancer stem
- cell
- stem cells
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0693—Tumour cells; Cancer cells
- C12N5/0695—Stem cells; Progenitor cells; Precursor cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/0062—General methods for three-dimensional culture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0679—Cells of the gastro-intestinal tract
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0697—Artificial constructs associating cells of different lineages, e.g. tissue equivalents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/40—Regulators of development
- C12N2501/415—Wnt; Frizzeled
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/60—Transcription factors
- C12N2501/602—Sox-2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/60—Transcription factors
- C12N2501/603—Oct-3/4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/60—Transcription factors
- C12N2501/604—Klf-4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/70—Enzymes
- C12N2501/72—Transferases [EC 2.]
- C12N2501/727—Kinases (EC 2.7.)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/999—Small molecules not provided for elsewhere
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
- C12N2502/13—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by connective tissue cells; generic mesenchyme cells, e.g. so-called "embryonic fibroblasts"
- C12N2502/1352—Mesenchymal stem cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
- C12N2502/28—Vascular endothelial cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/30—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from cancer cells, e.g. reversion of tumour cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for maintaining and amplifying colon cancer stem cells and a method for inducing colon cancer organoids.
- the present invention also relates to a method for screening an anticancer agent using the colon cancer stem cell or colon cancer organoid.
- Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant tumor in the world after lung cancer and breast cancer. Around 1.4 million patients worldwide are diagnosed with colorectal cancer and more than 600,000 patients die from colorectal cancer each year. About half of such patients develop metastases and most of these cases have unresectable tumors. Although various drugs such as chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy have been developed, most cases of unresectable tumors cannot be cured.
- CSCs cancer stem cells
- Non-patent literature 2 Recent reports suggest that only a subset of cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) can reconstruct cancer tissue, causing both recurrence and metastasis.
- CSC is also considered to be a cause of poor prognosis for various types of cancer because of its resistance to treatment. Therefore, it is very important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of CSC for the development of CSC targeted therapy for treating unresectable cancer cases.
- iCSC type cancer stem cell
- Inducible colorectal cancer stem cells have higher drug-exclusion capacity than the original cancer cells and mimic the structure of human colorectal cancer tissue well in vivo, so this technology Overcoming the problem of social restrictions.
- iCSC differentiates into non-stem cell cancer cells that have lost high drug-exclusion capacity during maintenance culture, and the growth rate of iCSC is significantly lower than that of non-stem cell cancer cells. It will be diluted.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for maintaining and amplifying colon cancer stem cells or inducing colon cancer organoids.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a screening system for anticancer drugs targeting colon cancer stem cells using colon cancer stem cells maintained or amplified by the method or induced colon cancer organoids. That is.
- the present inventors have surprisingly found that inhibition of calcineurin, which has been reported to inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro (Peuker K Et al., Nat Med 2016; 22: 506-15), found that it promotes the tissue remodeling ability that is characteristic of colorectal cancer stem cells.
- the present invention has been completed based on such knowledge.
- a method for maintaining and amplifying colorectal cancer stem cells or inducing colorectal cancer organoids comprising culturing colorectal cancer stem cells in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor.
- the starting colon cancer stem cells are derived by culturing colon cancer cells into which exogenous reprogramming factors have been introduced under conditions where embryonic stem (ES) cells cannot be maintained.
- ES embryonic stem
- [3] In the presence of an ABC transporter inhibitor at a concentration that is effective to suppress the ability of the colon cancer stem cells, which have not introduced exogenous reprogramming factors, to eliminate the drug, the drug is eliminated.
- the method according to [2] which has a function.
- [4] The method according to any one of [1] to [3], comprising a step of adhesion culture of colon cancer stem cells.
- [5] The method according to any one of [1] to [4], comprising a step of three-dimensionally culturing colon cancer stem cells.
- [6] The method according to [5], wherein a three-dimensional culture step is performed after the adhesion culture step, wherein one or both of the steps are performed in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor.
- [7] The method according to [6], wherein at least the adhesion culture step is performed in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor.
- a colon cancer stem cell or an induced colon cancer organoid maintained and amplified by the method according to any one of [1] to [10] is contacted with a test substance, and the stem cell or the organoid A screening method for an anticancer agent, comprising assaying an effect of the test substance on maintenance or proliferation.
- the culture in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor is carried out in the presence of a test substance, and colon cancer stem cell maintenance amplification or colon cancer
- a screening method for an anticancer agent comprising assaying an effect of the test substance on the induction of an organoid.
- a colon cancer stem cell maintenance / amplification agent or colon cancer organoid inducer comprising a calcineurin inhibitor.
- a colon cancer stem cell maintenance amplification or colon cancer organoid comprising a colon cancer stem cell having a drug exclusion ability in the presence of an ABC transporter inhibitor at a concentration effective for suppressing the drug exclusion ability.
- Induction kit [16] The kit according to [15] for screening for an anticancer agent.
- the method of the present invention makes it possible to produce large amounts of colon cancer stem cells and colon cancer organoids.
- effective and high-throughput screening of anticancer drugs targeting colon cancer stem cells and searching for markers specific to colon cancer stem cells can be performed.
- A Schematic representation of a fusion gene (pMXs-OKS) linked to a retroviral polycistronic vector and 2A.
- Three transcription factors (TF) OCT3 / 4, KLF4 and SOX2
- TF Three transcription factors
- B Western blotting showing protein expression of OCT3 / 4, SOX2 and KLF4 in mock, SW480 cells transduced with O + S + K and OKS retroviruses, and human iPS cells. Cell lysates were collected 4 days after infection. b-actin was used as an endogenous loading control.
- C qRT-PCR of total transcript levels of OCT3 / 4, SOX2 and KLF4 in SW480 cells transduced 10 days after infection. mRNA expression levels were normalized to GAPDH expression levels. The relative expression level compared with the expression level of Mock-SW480 is shown.
- D shows OCT3 / 4 and SOX2 immunostaining in transduced SW480 cells 10 days after infection.
- E Cell morphology of O + S + K-SW480 and OKS-SW480 10 days after infection. Domed colonies (arrows) consisting of cells with unclear outlines appeared in both transduced SW480 cells, but in Mock-SW480 only spindle cells were present.
- A A population of cells not labeled with 5 ⁇ g / ml Hoechst33342 co-administered with 50 ⁇ M verapamil (VM) was induced into OKS-SW480 cells as well as O + S + K-SW480 cells. Cells that were not labeled with Hoechst33342, without VM or with 50 ⁇ M VM, were named V0 and V50 cells, respectively. V50 cells were collected with a cell sorter.
- V50 cells were present at a higher rate in primary V50-OKS cell cultures. The population was screened, it 2 nd V50-OKS cells was named (hereinafter, simply referred to as "2 nd V50 cells").
- C shows the 2 nd V50 percentage of cells in each experiment in the parent SW480 cells, non-V50-OKS cells and V50-OKS cells.
- D 2 nd V50-OKS cells compared to the parent SW480 cells, ABCG2 and LGR5 mRNA expression levels of were significantly higher. mRNA expression levels were normalized to GAPDH expression levels.
- Mock-SW480 cells shows a comparison of gene profile in non-V50-OKS cells and 2 nd V50 cells.
- A 3914 probes were identified as having significant differences in gene expression between Mock-SW480 and 2 nd V50-OKS cells (t test, false positive rate (FDR) ⁇ 0.05 and 2 Double difference, indicated by gray dots).
- B 56 genes were identified as having significant differences in gene expression between non-V50 cells derived from 1 st V50-OKS cells and 2 nd V50-OKS cells (t test, false discovery rate ( FDR) ⁇ 0.05 and double difference, indicated by gray dots).
- Non-V50 the probe is expressed higher in 2 nd V50 than mock, and non-V50, shows a Venn diagram of a probe to lower expression in 2 nd V50 than mock. In the Venn diagram, each of the four probes overlapped.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a series of flow from the introduction of the reprogramming factor to the start of the addition of FK506 in the FK506 addition experiment.
- B FK506 , shows a change in the form of the parent SW480 cells and 2 nd V50-OKS cells.
- C in the case of addition or without FK506, shows a sphere-forming ability of the 2 nd V50-OKS cells.
- induced colon cancer stem cells (2 nd V50 cells), the expression levels of stem cell markers by FK506 administration (ABCG2, LGR5) were compared by quantitative RT-PCR.
- N 3 Error bars are SD values (5 days after passage ⁇ FK506)
- mold colorectal cancer stem cell by FK506 addition is shown.
- the spheres formed from the induced colon cancer stem cells expanded with FK506 added show the same immunostaining pattern as typical human colon cancer tissues. Shows the HE staining and immunostaining of FK506 (25 [mu] M) spheres formed from 2 nd V50 cells 15 days culture expanded in a plane adhesive culture in the presence (day 7).
- CK20 positive, CK7 negative, CDX2 positive, typical human colon cancer tissue pattern The effect of FK506 addition on induced colorectal cancer stem cells is observed in a concentration range of at least 1 ⁇ M to 25 ⁇ M.
- Upper panel The sphere formation experiment was performed by adding each concentration of FK506 shown in the figure.
- GSK3 inhibition indicates that the ability of induced colorectal cancer stem cells is suppressed.
- A shows the effect of adding siRNA to GSK3 ⁇ and GSK3 ⁇ in planar adhesion culture.
- B The effect of adding valproic acid (VPA) or CHIR99021 in flat adhesion culture is shown.
- C The effect of adding valproic acid (VPA) or CHIR99021 (CHIR) on the sphere-forming ability is shown.
- FIG. 17 is a reference diagram showing the relationship between each compound (FK506, VPA, CHIR99021) and each protein (NFAT, calcineurin, GSK3, RCAN2) when focusing on the localization of NFAT.
- the present invention relates to a method for maintaining and amplifying colon cancer stem cells, comprising culturing colon cancer stem cells in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor, and a method for inducing colon cancer stem cells.
- a guidance method hereinafter abbreviated as “method of the present invention”.
- the animal from which colorectal cancer stem cells are derived is not particularly limited, but is desirably the same species as the administration target of the anticancer drug targeted by the screening method of the present invention.
- mammals eg, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans, etc.
- mammals eg, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans, etc.
- humans are preferable.
- colon cancer stem cell means a cell having the ability to reconstruct a colorectal cancer tissue (hereinafter abbreviated as “tissue remodeling ability”).
- tissue remodeling ability can be evaluated by transplanting colon cancer stem cells into mice and evaluating tumor-forming ability in vivo.
- the present inventors have found that the sphere-forming ability can be used as an index of the tissue remodeling ability of colorectal cancer stem cells.
- the construction ability is preferably evaluated by the sphere-forming ability.
- cancer stem cells can be obtained using the expression of cancer stem cell markers, cell growth rate, resistance to anticancer agents, and / or drug exclusion ability as indices.
- cancer stem cell markers for example, in the case of colorectal cancer stem cells, at least one marker selected from the group consisting of one or more markers that have been conventionally reported as colorectal cancer stem cell markers, specifically, CD133, CD44, CD26, ABCG2, and LGR5, Positive cells can be used as colon cancer stem cells.
- the cancer stem cell marker mRNA is expressed in the cells or the cancer stem cell marker protein is expressed in the cells. .
- the mRNA of the cancer stem cell marker is not particularly limited, but can be confirmed by a method known per se such as RT-PCR method and Northern blot method.
- the protein of the cancer stem cell marker is not particularly limited, but can be confirmed by a method known per se such as Western blotting and immunostaining.
- the cancer stem cell marker is a cell surface antigen marker, it can be confirmed that the cancer stem cell marker is positive by measuring with a flow cytometer.
- cell growth rate, resistance to anticancer drugs, and / or drug exclusion ability are used as indices, the cell growth rate is slow compared to normal colon cancer cells, and resistance to anticancer drugs is high. And / or cells having a high drug excretion ability and the like can be used as colon cancer stem cells.
- colon cancer stem cells means that the number of cells increases due to cell division while maintaining the above-mentioned ability and / or characteristics of colon cancer stem cells.
- colon cancer organoid means a tissue structure induced in vitro with a structure similar to that normally observed in natural colorectal cancer tissue. Spheres with histological characteristics similar to histological characteristics are also included in the colorectal cancer organoids. Therefore, the method for inducing a colon cancer organoid of the present invention includes a method for forming the sphere from colon cancer stem cells. Examples of the typical histological characteristics of colorectal cancer include CK20 positive, CK7 negative, and CDX2 positive, which are widely known as histological characteristics of human colon cancer tissue.
- Methods for forming spheres from colon cancer stem cells are known methods (for example, Ricci-Vitiani L. et al., Nature 2007; 445: 111-51, Sato T. et al., Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1762- 72), specifically, in serum-free medium, epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin, It can be performed by adding transferrin and / or BSA and subjecting the cells to suspension culture.
- the plate used at this time is preferably an Ultra Low Attachment plate (Corning).
- Example 3 As shown in Example 3 (FIG. 5) described later, from the results of comprehensive gene expression analysis, parent colon cancer cell line (Mock) transfected with an empty vector, non-stem cell cancer differentiated after the first sorting cells (Non V50), in the order of the second colon cancer stem cells obtained by sorting (2 nd V50 cells), expression level is enhanced (i.e., the expression levels correlate positively with cancer stem cell characteristics) RCAN2 was identified as one of the genes. RCAN2 was initially identified as a thyroid hormone response gene in human fibroblasts, but subsequent studies have reported that RCAN2 negatively regulates calcineurin (Cao X., et al., Biochem J 2002). ; 367: 459-66).
- a calcineurin inhibitor in the culture of colon cancer stem cells may enhance the properties of colon cancer stem cells, and in order to confirm this, a calcineurin inhibitor was used.
- FK506 calcineurin inhibitor
- CsA cyclosporin A
- FK506 or cyclosporin A is not specific to FK506 or cyclosporin A, but is common to calcineurin inhibitors. Therefore, even when a calcineurin inhibitor other than FK506 or cyclosporin A is used, the characteristics of colorectal cancer stem cells can be similarly enhanced.
- the term “calcineurin inhibitor” means that any stage of the calcineurin (CaN) -NFAT pathway is inhibited, or the expression itself of a molecule mobilized in the pathway is inhibited or enhanced. Means an agent that inhibits the CaN-NFAT pathway.
- the “CaN-NFAT pathway” is a protein that belongs to the NFAT family of transcription factors (hereinafter abbreviated as “NFAT”) and is dephosphorylated by calci neurons activated by calcium ions. This means a series of signal transduction pathways in which NFAT is promoted to enter the nucleus, and NFAT that has entered the nucleus forms a complex with other proteins and activates transcription of the target gene of NFAT.
- NFAT nuclear factor-of-activated T cells
- CaN-NFAT pathway is NFAT1 (also referred to as NFATP or NFATC2, Unigene Hs.356321), NFAT2 (also referred to as NFATC1 or NFATC, Unigene Hs. 534074)
- NFAT3 also referred to as NFATC4, Unigene Hs.77810
- NFAT4 also referred to as NFATC3 or NFATX, Unigene Hs.341716.
- the calcineurin inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it can inhibit the CaN-NFAT pathway. , 15-0-DeMe-FK-520. These derivatives and analogs may be used.
- WO 2005/087798 describes cyclosporine derivatives that inhibit calcineurin
- WO 2006/078724 describes analogs of FK506 and FK520 that inhibit calcineurin. Is described.
- Other calcineurin inhibitors include, for example, antibodies that bind to calcineurin or NFAT and inhibit its function, peptide aptamers, nucleic acid aptamers, decoy nucleic acids containing the target DNA sequence that inhibit the binding of NFAT to the target DNA sequence, etc. Is mentioned.
- inhibitors can be appropriately prepared by a known method using a known calicinurinin or NFAT protein or a fragment thereof. Decoy nucleic acids can also be chemically synthesized using a DNA / RNA automatic synthesizer based on known NFAT binding sequences (for example, WO 2010/146622). Among them, the calcineurin inhibitor used in the present invention is preferably one that specifically inhibits the CaN-NFAT pathway (the undesirable off-target effect is sufficiently low). Examples of such highly specific inhibitors for the CaN-NFAT pathway include FK506 and cyclosporin A.
- substances that inhibit the expression of molecules mobilized in the CaN-NFAT pathway include calcineurin or antisense nucleic acid against NFAT, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, ribozyme and the like. Substances that inhibit these expressions should be designed as appropriate using known design software based on the base sequences of known calcineurin or NFAT family genes and easily synthesized using an automated DNA / RNA synthesizer. Can do.
- the calcineurin inhibitor when it is a nucleic acid or protein, it may be introduced into the cell in the form of the nucleic acid or protein, or may be introduced into the cell using an expression vector that expresses these.
- the concentration of the calcineurin inhibitor in the medium is not limited as long as colon cancer stem cells can sustain and amplify or induce colon cancer organoids, but when FK506 is used, it is preferably 1 to 25 ⁇ M, more preferably 5 to 25 ⁇ M. . Even when other calcineurin inhibitors are used, those skilled in the art can appropriately determine a suitable concentration in consideration of the concentration of FK506 and common technical knowledge.
- the period for adding the calcineurin inhibitor to the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can induce colon cancer stem cell maintenance amplification or colon cancer organoid organoid, preferably 2 days or more, more preferably 4 days or more. More preferably, 5 days or more, and it is preferable to add a calcineurin inhibitor to the medium for 5 to 25 days.
- colon cancer stem cells may be cultured by adhesion culture, three-dimensional culture, or a combination of both culture steps.
- adhesion culture When combining both culture steps, it is preferable to perform adhesion culture of colon cancer stem cells, followed by three-dimensional culture.
- one or both of the adhesion culture step and the three-dimensional culture step may be performed in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor, but at least the adhesion culture step may be performed in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor. preferable.
- it is preferable to perform adhesion culture, and in order to induce colon cancer organoids it is preferable to perform three-dimensional culture.
- adhesion culture means culturing with the target cells or cell mass adhered to the bottom of the incubator.
- three-dimensional culture refers to the formation of cell aggregates (spheres, spheroids) using a low-adhesion culture vessel or a scaffold such as a porous membrane or hydrogel (scaffold) to make the cells more viable. It means culturing in a three-dimensional state close to the body.
- Three-dimensional culture is roughly classified into a scaffold type and a scaffold free type depending on the presence or absence of a scaffold. The former is subdivided into hydrogel type, inert matrix type, etc., depending on the type of scaffold.
- hydrogel examples include animal-derived matrigel, collagen, laminin, plant-derived alginic acid hydrogel, etc., synthetic compounds (eg, OGel TM MT 3D Matrix (Ogel SA), 3-D Life Biomimetic (Cellendes), Puramatrix (3D MATRIX) etc.) can be used.
- synthetic compounds eg, OGel TM MT 3D Matrix (Ogel SA), 3-D Life Biomimetic (Cellendes), Puramatrix (3D MATRIX) etc.
- inert matrix for example, alvetex (reinnavate), 3D Insert (3D Biotek), VECELL-3D Insert (iwaki) or the like can be used.
- scaffold culture can be performed by loading a porous polystyrene disk into a 96- or 384-well plate or the like.
- the scaffold-free type is also subdivided into a low-adhesion plate, a micropattern surface plate, a hanging drop method, etc. according to the type of culture vessel used.
- a low-adhesion plate is a plate having a bottom surface coated with a hydrophilic polymer to suppress cell adhesion.
- PrimeSurface Silicone
- Ultra-Low Attachment Corening
- Nunclon Sphera Thermo scientific.
- a micro-pattern surface plate is a plate having a bottom surface that has been processed into a micropattern that affects growth. For example, since only a part of the bottom surface is adhesive, cells accumulate and aggregates there.
- the hanging drop method is a method of forming cell clumps in droplets.For example, a medium drop containing cells is formed at the tip of a chip passed through a hole in a dish, and the drop remains in the hole by pulling the chip out of the hole. And a method of aggregating cells at the bottom of the drop by gravity.
- the three-dimensional culture method can be preferably performed by suspension culture.
- Floating culture means culturing the target cell or cell mass without adhering to the bottom of the incubator. Even if the cell or cell mass is touching the bottom, the cell or cell mass is shaken if the medium is shaken lightly. It is also included in suspension culture that the cells are cultured in such a state that they float in the culture medium.
- the bottom surface of the plastic dish is chemically treated or coated with an adhesive coating agent (gelatin, polylysine, agar, etc.) that promotes adhesion in order to promote cell adhesion to the substrate. It is preferable.
- the bottom surface of the plastic dish is preferably not treated or coated with an adhesion-preventing coating agent (poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) or the like) for preventing cell adhesion to the substrate.
- the three-dimensional culture step is performed by co-culture with stromal cells that contain at least mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells, and preferably further contain vascular endothelial cells.
- mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells include stem / progenitor cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovial tissue, muscle tissue, peripheral blood, placental tissue, menstrual blood, umbilical cord blood, and the like.
- vascular endothelial cells include umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells, neovascular foreskin / adult skin-derived microvascular endothelial cells, pulmonary artery vascular endothelial cells, aortic vascular endothelial cells, preferably umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (particularly, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).
- the animal from which mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells and vascular endothelial cells are derived is not particularly limited, but is preferably derived from the same species as the animal from which colon cancer stem cells are derived. Examples thereof include mammals such as mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans, and preferably humans.
- the amount ratio of mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells and vascular endothelial cells to colon cancer stem cells is not particularly limited.
- colon cancer stem cells: mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells: vascular endothelial cells 10: 4: Mixed culture can be performed at a ratio of 1 to 5: 4: 4.
- the medium used in the present invention can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium.
- the basal medium include IMDM medium, MediumMedi199 medium, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) medium, ⁇ MEM medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) medium, Ham's F12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, StemPro34 medium , And mixed media thereof.
- the medium may contain serum or may be serum-free.
- the medium can be, for example, albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (FBS serum substitute), N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), fatty acids, insulin, collagen precursor, trace elements May contain one or more serum replacements such as 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME), thiol glycerol, lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, growth factors, small molecules
- KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
- FBS serum substitute FBS serum substitute
- N2 supplement Invitrogen
- B27 supplement Invitrogen
- fatty acids insulin
- insulin collagen precursor
- trace elements May contain one or more serum replacements such as 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME), thiol glycerol, lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, growth factors, small molecules
- 2ME 2-mercaptoethanol
- the medium used in the present invention may preferably be DMEM, DMEM / F12 or DMEM medium containing FBS.
- the concentration of FBS in the medium is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration used by those skilled in the art in normal cell culture. For example, it is in the range of 1 to 30%, preferably 1 to 20%.
- the concentration of FBS in the medium is, for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, preferably 10%.
- the medium used in the present invention may further contain penicillin for the purpose of preventing bacterial infection.
- the concentration of penicillin is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration used by those skilled in the art in normal cell culture. It is in the range of 1 to 500 Units / ml, preferably 1 to 200 Units / ml.
- the concentration of penicillin in the medium is, for example, 1 Unit / ml, 25 Units / ml, 50 Units / ml, 60 Units / ml, 70 Units / ml, 80 Units / ml, 90 Units / ml, 100 Units / ml, 110 Units / ml, 120 Units / ml, 130 Units / ml, 140 Units / ml, 150 Units / ml, 175 Units / ml, 200 Units / ml, preferably 100 Units / ml.
- the medium used in the present invention may further contain streptomycin for the purpose of preventing bacterial infection.
- the concentration of streptomycin may be any concentration used by those skilled in the art in normal cell culture. It can be in the range of 500 ⁇ g / ml, preferably 1 to 200 ⁇ g / ml.
- the concentration of streptomycin in the medium is, for example, 1 ⁇ g / ml, 25 ⁇ g / ml, 50 ⁇ g / ml, 60 ⁇ g / ml, 70 ⁇ g / ml, 80 ⁇ g / ml, 90 ⁇ g / ml, 100 ⁇ g / ml, 110 ⁇ g / ml, 120 ⁇ g / ml, 130 ⁇ g. / ml, 140 ⁇ g / ml, 150 ⁇ g / ml, 175 ⁇ g / ml, 200 ⁇ g / ml, preferably 100 ⁇ g / ml.
- the culture temperature is, for example, 35 to 42 ° C, preferably 36 to 40 ° C, more preferably 37 to 39 ° C.
- Culturing can be performed in an atmosphere of 2-5% CO 2 , 5-20% O 2 .
- Examples of the culture method include a method of culturing colon cancer stem cells in a DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C.
- colorectal cancer stem cells used in the present invention are not particularly limited, and colorectal cancer stem cells induced by introducing reprogramming factors into colorectal cancer cells (that is, induced colorectal cancer stem cells; in Examples described later) May be abbreviated as “colon iCSC” or simply “iCSC”), or may be a cell line isolated from a cultured cell line or cancer tissue in vivo, preferably inductive type. Colorectal cancer stem cells. Inducible colorectal cancer stem cells can retain genomic mutations characteristic of the original cancer colorectal cancer cells.
- genomic mutations characteristic of colorectal cancer cells include, but are not limited to, genetic mutations such as APC, p53, DCC, and K-ras, chromosomal deletions, translocations, duplications, and substitutions. .
- Inducible colorectal cancer stem cells used in the present invention can be prepared by a known method (for example, the method described in Patent Document 1, WO 2011/049099).
- colon cancer cells into which an exogenous reprogramming factor has been introduced can be induced by culturing under conditions where embryonic stem (ES) cells cannot be maintained.
- ES embryonic stem
- Colon cancer stem cells can be suitably used in the method of the present invention.
- Examples of the reprogramming factor used for the generation of inducible colorectal cancer stem cells include a combination of Oct3 / 4, Sox2 and Klf4.
- Oct3 / 4 other Oct family members, such as , Oct1A, Oct6 and the like can also be used.
- Sox2 other members of the Sox family such as Sox1, Sox3, Sox15, Sox17, and Sox18 can be used.
- Klf family members such as Klf1, Klf2, and Klf5 can be used instead of Klf4.
- Sox2 and Klf4 an arbitrary substance may be included.
- An arbitrary substance to be added is a substance (group) that, when introduced into a somatic cell, shifts the somatic cell to a more undifferentiated state, for example, a gene or ES specifically expressed in an ES cell
- a gene or ES specifically expressed in an ES cell examples include, but are not limited to, genes or their gene products that play an important role in maintaining undifferentiated cells.
- Genes specifically expressed in ES cells, genes that play an important role in maintaining undifferentiation of ES cells or gene products thereof are, for example, c-Myc, L-Myc, N-Myc, TERT, SV40 Large T Examples include antigen, HPV16 E6, HPV16 E7, Bmi1, Lin28, Lin28b, Nanog, Esrrb, or Esrrg.
- any substance added during introduction may be a substance (group) that increases the efficiency of transferring somatic cells to a more undifferentiated state by introducing them into somatic cells.
- a substance (group) that increases the efficiency of transferring somatic cells to a more undifferentiated state by introducing them into somatic cells.
- establishment of iPS cells Examples, but not limited to, substance (s) that promote efficiency.
- substance (s) that promote iPS cell establishment efficiency include, but are not limited to, the following substance (s): histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors [eg, valproic acid (VPA) (Nat.
- HDAC histone deacetylase
- VPA valproic acid
- small molecule inhibitors such as trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, MC 1293, M344, siRNA and shRNA against HDAC (eg, HDAC1 siRNA Smartpool (registered) Trademarks) (Millipore), nucleic acid expression inhibitors such as HuSH (29mer) shRNA (Constructs (against) HDAC1 (OriGene), etc.)], DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (for example, 5'-azacytidine) (Nat.
- G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitors [eg BIX-01294 (Cell Stem Cell, 2: 525-528 (2008)), small molecule inhibitors, siRNA and shRNA against G9a (eg, G9a Nucleic acid expression inhibitors such as siRNA (human) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) etc.] L-channel calcium agonist (eg Bayk8644) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 568-574 (2008)), p53 inhibitors (eg siRNA and shRNA against p53) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 475-479 (2008)), Wnt Signaling activator (eg soluble Wnt3a) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 132-135 (2008)), growth factor such as LIF or bFGF, ALK5 inhibitor (eg SB431542) (Nat.
- L-channel calcium agonist eg Bayk8644
- p53 inhibitors eg siRNA and shRNA against p53
- Wnt Signaling activator eg soluble Wnt
- the reprogramming factor can be introduced in the form of DNA or protein.
- vectors such as viruses, plasmids, artificial chromosomes (eg, human artificial chromosomes (HAC), yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC, PAC), etc.), lipofections, liposomes It can be introduced into somatic cells by techniques such as microinjection.
- Virus vectors include retrovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors (cell, 126, pp.663-676, 2006; Cell, 131, pp.861-872, 2007; Science, 318, pp.1917-1920, 2007 ), Adenovirus vectors (Science, 322, 945-949, 2008), adeno-associated virus vectors, Sendai virus vectors (Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 85, 348-62, 2009) and the like.
- the vector can contain regulatory sequences such as a promoter, an enhancer, a ribosome binding sequence, a terminator, and a polyadenylation site so that the reprogramming factor can be expressed.
- Examples of the promoter used include EF1 ⁇ promoter, CAG promoter, SR ⁇ promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, RSV (rous sarcoma virus) promoter, MoMuLV (Moloney murine leukemia virus) LTR, HSV- A TK (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) promoter or the like is used. Furthermore, the origin of the lymphotropic herpesvirus (lymphotrophic herpes virus), BK virus and bovine papillomavirus and its replication so that the vector is replicated without chromosomal integration and is present episomally. The arrangement
- sequence which concerns on may be included. Examples include EBNA-1 and oriP or LargePT and SV40ori sequences (WO 2009/115295, WO 2009/157201 and WO 2009/149233).
- an expression vector that is expressed polycistronically may be used.
- the gene coding sequences may be linked by IRES, the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A coding region or the 2A coding region (T2A) of Thosea asigna virus ( Science, 322: 949-953, 2008 and WO 2009/092042, WO 2009/152529, PLoS One. 6 (4): e18556, 2011). From the viewpoint of uniform expression of reprogramming factors, polycistronic expression vectors are preferred.
- Microinjection is a method in which a protein solution is put into a glass needle having a tip diameter of about 1 ⁇ m and puncture is introduced into a cell, and the protein can be reliably introduced into the cell.
- electroporation method semi-intact cell method (Kano, F. et al. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 322, 357-365 (2006)), introduction method using Wr-t peptide (Kondo, E. et al. Protein introduction methods such as Mol. Cancer Ther. 3 (12), 1623-1630 (2004)) can also be used.
- the colon cancer cells used for the production of inducible colon cancer stem cells may be primary cultured cells isolated from individuals, or cell lines that have acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely in vitro (immortalized). There may be. Examples of colon cancer cell lines include HT29, HCT8, HCT116, W620, SW480, SW837, DLD-1, CACO-2, LoVo, etc., and SW480 cells are preferred. Moreover, it is preferable that a colon cancer cell is derived from a human.
- the same basal medium and medium additive for inducing cancer stem cells as described above can be used.
- ES cell maintenance culture conditions refers to, for example, conditions for culturing in a medium containing bFGF or SCF, and an extracellular matrix used for the purpose of assisting maintenance culture (for example, Matrigel, laminin 511, laminin). 332 or a fragment thereof), a feeder cell used for the purpose of assisting maintenance culture (for example, mouse embryo-derived fibroblast (MEF), STO cell (ATCC, CRL-1503)), or the feeder
- a feeder cell used for the purpose of assisting maintenance culture for example, mouse embryo-derived fibroblast (MEF), STO cell (ATCC, CRL-1503)
- the conditions using a culture supernatant obtained by culturing cells can be mentioned, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art which culture conditions allow maintenance of ES cells.
- the medium for culturing colon cancer cells into which the reprogramming factor has been introduced is preferably DMEM, DMEM / F12 or DMEM medium containing FBS.
- the concentration of FBS in the medium is the same as described above.
- the culture temperature is preferably 30 to 40 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.
- the CO 2 concentration is preferably 2 to 5%.
- the culture method after introducing the reprogramming factor into the colon cancer cells, for example, in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C. in a DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin. The method of doing is mentioned. After a certain period of time, the medium is preferably replaced with a fresh medium, and the medium is preferably replaced 24 hours after the contact between the colon cancer cells and the reprogramming factor.
- the inducible colon cancer stem cell used in the present invention is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter having a concentration effective for suppressing the drug exclusion ability of colon cancer cells into which no exogenous reprogramming factor has been introduced. Even in the presence of an inhibitor, it is preferable to have drug exclusion ability.
- the cells having drug exclusion ability are, for example, SP (Side population) cells. When SP cells are excited by UV by incorporating a fluorescent dye called Hoechst33342 into the cells and analyzed by flow cytometry, they become 405 nm and 600 nm.
- an induced colorectal cancer stem cell (hereinafter abbreviated as “1 st iCSC”) obtained by a step of extracting cells having drug exclusion ability (hereinafter abbreviated as “primary extraction step”).
- primary extraction step a step of extracting cells having drug exclusion ability
- secondary extraction step an extraction step similar to the above
- secondary induction colorectal cancer stem cell a secondary induced colorectal cancer stem cell obtained by this step.
- 2 nd ICSC secondary induction colorectal cancer stem cell
- Examples of the period from the introduction of the reprogramming factor to the primary extraction step include 6 days to 12 days, and preferably 10 days.
- the period from the primary extraction step to the secondary extraction step is, for example, 10 days to 20 days, and preferably 17 days.
- cells immediately after the extraction step may be used, but cells cultured for a certain period may be used, and the culture period is from 6 days to 8 days is preferred.
- the ABC transporter in the present invention is, for example, a transporter that transports using the hydrolysis energy of ATP, and preferably, for example, P-glycoprotein (Pgp / Examples include MDR1 / ABCB1), MDR-asscociated protein 1 (MPR1), ABCG2 (BCRP / ABCP / MXR).
- Pgp / Examples include MDR1 / ABCB1), MDR-asscociated protein 1 (MPR1), ABCG2 (BCRP / ABCP / MXR).
- the ABC transporter inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it inhibits the function of the ABC transporter.
- the ABC transporter inhibitor is preferably fumitremorgin C, Ko143, Dofequidar Fumarate, verapamil, reserpine, and particularly preferably ver
- the concentration of the ABC transporter inhibitor used in the present invention is a concentration effective for suppressing the drug elimination ability of colon cancer cells into which the reprogramming factor has not been introduced.
- the ABC transporter inhibitor For fumitremorgin C it is 10 ⁇ M or more for Ko143, 1 ⁇ M or more for Dofequidar Fumarate, 5 ⁇ M or more for verapamil, and 10 ⁇ M or more for reserpine It is.
- ⁇ M or more and less than 250 ⁇ M for example, 240 ⁇ M or less, 230 ⁇ m or less, 220 ⁇ m or less, 210 ⁇ m or less, 200 ⁇ m or less, 190 ⁇ m or less, 180 ⁇ m or less, 170 ⁇ m or less 160 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or less.
- Examples of methods for isolating colon cancer stem cells from cultured cell lines or in vivo colon cancer tissue include, for example, sphere formation by suspending cells in serum-free culture to form spheres and enriching colon cancer stem cells. Examples include separation methods, separation methods using SP fractionation, and separation methods using stem cell surface markers. These methods can be performed in the same manner as described above.
- cancer stem cells are selected from the tumor tissue using LGR5 as an index. A method may be used.
- the colon cancer stem cells used in the present invention may be in the form of a heterogeneous cell population in which differentiated cancer cells other than cancer stem cells are mixed, but preferably a uniform cell population consisting of only cancer stem cells. is there. Since colon cancer stem cells are difficult to maintain in vitro after self-replication in colon cancer stem cells, in order to obtain a uniform cell population consisting only of colon cancer stem cells, for example, it has the above-mentioned drug exclusion ability It is more desirable to perform the step of extracting cells.
- the present invention uses anti-colon cancer stem cells that have been maintained and amplified as described above, or induced colon cancer organoids (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “amplified colon cancer stem cells and the like”).
- a method for screening a cancer drug (hereinafter abbreviated as “screening method of the present invention”) is provided.
- screening method of the present invention for example, after the amplified colon cancer stem cells are cultured in the presence or absence of a test substance, the effect of the test substance on the amplified colon cancer stem cells is assayed. Including.
- Examples of the effect of such a test substance include killing effect of amplified colon cancer stem cells, colon cancer stem cell proliferation inhibitory effect, colon cancer stem cell differentiation inducing effect to non-stem cells, and the like. Selection of an anticancer agent by examining the killing effect of amplified colon cancer stem cells, for example, when measuring the viability of the cells when a test substance is added and culturing in the absence of the test substance In comparison, when cultured in the presence of a test substance, when the viability of the cell is reduced, the test substance can be determined to have an anticancer effect.
- the selection of anticancer agents by examining the growth inhibitory effect of colorectal cancer stem cells is, for example, measuring the growth rate of the cells when a test substance is added and comparing it with the case of culturing in the absence of the test substance. In the case of culturing in the presence of a test substance, the test substance can be determined by determining that the test substance has an anticancer action when the proliferation rate of the cells decreases. Selection of an anticancer agent by examining the differentiation-inducing effect of colorectal cancer stem cells into non-stem cells can be performed by, for example, a gene / reported as a marker of the above-mentioned colorectal cancer stem cells in a cell population when a test substance is added.
- the expression level of the protein was measured and cultured in the presence of the test substance, the expression level of the marker of the cancer stem cell in the cell population was reduced as compared with the case where the expression was performed in the absence of the test substance.
- the test substance can be determined by determining that it has an anticancer effect.
- culturing in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor is performed in the presence of a test substance, and colon cancer stem cells are maintained or amplified.
- a method comprising assaying the effect of a test substance that affects the induction of cancer organoids. Examples of the effect of such a test substance include killing effect of amplified colon cancer stem cells, etc., colon cancer stem cell maintenance or proliferation inhibitory effect, colon cancer stem cell differentiation induction effect, etc.
- Product plant extract, purified protein or crude protein, peptide, non-peptide compound, synthetic low molecular weight compound, natural compound and the like.
- the test substance is also (1) biological library method, (2) synthetic library method using deconvolution, (3) “one-bead one-compound” live Can be obtained using any of a number of approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including rally methods, and (4) synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography sorting.
- Biological library methods using affinity chromatography sorting are limited to peptide libraries, but the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer, or small molecule compound libraries of compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12: 145-67).
- Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art (DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6909-13; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11422-6; Zuckermann et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 2678-85; Cho et al.
- the present invention relates to an agent for maintaining and amplifying colon cancer stem cells or an inducer for colon cancer organoids (hereinafter referred to as “agent of the present invention”). Abbreviated as ").
- calcineurin inhibitor used in the agent of the present invention the above 1.
- FK506 or cyclosporin A is preferable.
- the agent of the present invention may contain other components other than the calcineurin inhibitor as long as the effects of the agent of the present invention are not impaired.
- examples of such other components include known carriers such as excipients, diluents, extenders, binders, lubricants, flow aids, disintegrants, surfactants, preservatives, and the like.
- examples of the excipient include sugars such as sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, mannitol, and dextran, and amino acids such as arginine, histidine, glycine, serine, and proline.
- calcineurin inhibitor for use in the maintenance amplification of colon cancer stem cells or the induction of colon cancer organoids.
- examples of the calcineurin inhibitor include the above-mentioned 1. Among them, FK506 or cyclosporin A is preferable.
- a colon cancer stem cell maintenance amplification or colon cancer organoid induction kit The present invention also comprises a colon cancer stem cell maintenance amplification or colon cancer comprising the agent of the present invention and an induced colorectal cancer stem cell.
- An organoid induction kit (hereinafter abbreviated as “kit of the present invention”) is provided.
- the inducible colorectal cancer stem cell used in the kit of the present invention is as described above, but is derived from a colorectal cancer cell into which an exogenous reprogramming factor has been introduced, and has introduced a foreign reprogramming factor.
- colon cancer stem cells having drug elimination ability are preferred.
- other reagents may be attached to the kit of the present invention as necessary. As the reagents, the above-mentioned 1. Examples thereof are the same.
- kits of the present invention can also be used in the above screening method.
- HUVEC Longza
- human MSC Longza
- endothelial growth medium Longza
- FK506 Sigma, 25 ⁇ M
- VPA WAKO, 1 mM
- CHIR99021 CHIR99021
- Retroviral vectors (pMXs-OCT3 / 4, pMXs-SOX2, pMXs-KLF4) that separately encode OCT3 / 4, SOX2 or KLF4 in pMX-based vectors were obtained from Addgene. Furthermore, a polycistronic retrovirus vector (pMXs-OKS) encoding OCT3 / 4, KLF4 and SOX2 was designed using these vectors.
- human OCT3 / 4, KLF4 and SOX2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers containing the 2A sequence of Thosea asigna virus (T2A), and In-fusion HD cloning Cloning into the EcoRI site of the pMX vector using the system (Clontech).
- the NFATc3-GFP cDNA was amplified by PCR using HA-NFAT4 (3-407) -GFP (purchased from Addgene # 21664) as a template, and the pMXs vector (Aramburu J , et al., Science 1999, 285: 2129-2133).
- HA-NFAT4 3-407) -GFP (purchased from Addgene # 21664) as a template
- the pMXs vector (Aramburu J , et al., Science 1999, 285: 2129-2133).
- the Plat-A packaging cells were seeded at 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells per 60mm dish.
- cells were transfected with 3 ⁇ g of pMX vector using Fugene HD transfection reagent (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 24 hours after transfection, the Plat-A medium was changed.
- SW480 was seeded at 7 ⁇ 10 5 cells per 60 mm dish.
- virus-containing supernatants from these Plat-A cultures were filtered through 0.45 mm cellulose acetate filters (Whatman), supplemented with 4 ⁇ g / ml polybrene (Nacalai Tesque), and topped with pMXs-OKS virus.
- An equal mixture of supernatant or pMXs-OCT3 / 4, pMXs-SOX2 and pMXs-KLF4 virus containing supernatant was quickly added to the target cells. 24 to 36 hours after infection, the virus-containing medium was replaced with fresh medium.
- colon iCSC colon cancer stem cells
- colon iCSC-enriched cell population obtained by the first sorting (cell population not labeled with Hoechst33342 in the presence of 50 ⁇ M verapamil; V50 cells) is expressed as 1 st V50 cells (or 1 st V50-OKS cells), and 2 nd V50 cells V50 cells obtained by sorting (or 2 nd V50-OKS cells), sometimes respectively abbreviated.
- a cell population labeled with Hoechst33342 in the presence of 50 ⁇ M verapamil may be abbreviated as non-V50 (or non-V50, non-V50-OKS) cells.
- Induction of colorectal cancer organoids was performed by the method described in the sphere formation assay described below.
- RNA isolation and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Total RNA of cells was extracted using Trizol (Life Technologies). 500 ng of RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using Prime Script TM II 1 st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara) and LightCycler® 480 real-time PCR using SYBR® Premix Ex Taq TM II (Takara) Quantitative PCR analysis was performed with the system (Roche). PCR primers are listed in Table 1.
- the dye efflux activity analysis was performed according to a known method (Zhou S. et al., Nat Med 2001; 7: 1028-34, Patrawala L. et al., Cancer Res 2005; 65: 6207-19).
- Cells were cultured in DMEM containing 1 mM HEPES containing 2% FBS and Hoechst33342 (Life Technologies) 5 ⁇ g / ml with or without co-administration of verapamil (Sigma-Aldrich) at 50 or 250 ⁇ M. Incubate at 90 ° C for 90 minutes and gently invert every 30 minutes. After incubation, the cells were resuspended in PBS containing 2% FBS and 1 mM HEPES.
- Cells were counterstained with 2 ⁇ g / ml PI to label dead cells, passed through a 35 ⁇ m mesh filter, and kept on ice for flow cytometry and sorting. Cells were analyzed and sorted on a FACS Aria III instrument (BD Bioscience). Hoechst dye was excited with a violet laser (405 nm) and fluorescence was measured with both 450/40 filter (Hoechst Blue) and 610/20 filter (Hoechst Red).
- ⁇ 5-FU chemical resistance analysis A total of 6 ⁇ 10 4 cells were seeded in 12-well plates containing DMEM each containing 0, 1, 50 ⁇ g / ml 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, Kyowa Kirin). After 72 hours of incubation, cell viability after 5-FU exposure was measured by the Countess (Invitrogen) system.
- ⁇ Sphere formation assay> Has serum-free DMEM containing 10 ng / ml bFGF (WAKO), 10 ⁇ g / ml human insulin (CST), 100 ⁇ g / ml human transferrin (Roche) and 100 ⁇ g / ml BSA (Nacalai Tesque) Cells were transferred to an Ultra Low Attachment plate (Corning) and incubated for 10 days in a 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 incubator. The number of spheres was calculated based on the size of spheres larger than 100 ⁇ m. FK506 (25 ⁇ M), VPA (1 mM) or CHIR99021 (3 ⁇ M) was added to the medium, and the spheres were then treated for 10 days.
- ⁇ Microarray analysis> Mock-SW480 cells, a non-50 cells and 2 nd V50-OKS cellular RNA from 1 st V50-OKS cells were harvested 5 days after sorting.
- Gene expression profiling was performed using a SurePrint G3 human GE microarray (Agilent Technologies) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Data was analyzed using the GeneSpring 13.0 software program (Agilent Technologies). Data processing was performed as follows: (i) threshold raw signal was set to 1.0, (ii) log-based 2 conversion was performed, and (iii) 75th percentile normalization was selected as the standardization algorithm (http: / /genespringsupport.com/faq/normalization).
- the flags were set as follows: features were not positive and significant (not detected), not uniform (compromised), not above background (not detected), saturated (compromised), or population outlier (compromised). did. Control probes were removed and only “detected” probes present in at least one of all samples were used for further analysis. The number of probes used for analysis was 50,739.
- SW480 cells or 2 nd V50 cells were subjected to plane adhesion culture in the presence of FK506 (Sigma) for 5 to 15 days, and then the number of cells was counted using the Countess (Invitrogen) system.
- the cells were subjected to planar adhesion culture in the presence or absence of FK506, and then suspended in the presence or absence of FK506 to form spheres. The number of spheres was counted using a Countess (Invitrogen) system.
- FK506 was used at a concentration of 25 ⁇ M in this example.
- Double-stranded stealth siRNA (Invitrogen) was used as a reference example and cells were transduced according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the sequence information regarding the siRNA used is as follows: GSK3a-CCAAGGCCAAGUUGACCAUCCCUAU (SEQ ID NO: 23); GSK3b-GCUCCAGAUCAUGAGAAAGCUAGAU (SEQ ID NO: 24); RCAN2-HSS # 173486; Scramble-AAUUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 25).
- ⁇ Colony formation assay> The 2 nd VP50 cells prepared in three independent experiments, at a density of 2 x 10 3 cells / well were seeded in 6-well plates. On the next day, the medium was replaced with a medium to which no compound was added, or a medium supplemented with 1 mM VPA, 3 ⁇ M CHIR, or 25 ⁇ M FK506. Thereafter, the medium was changed every 2 or 3 days. On day 12, cells were fixed with methanol, stained with crystal violet, and colonies were counted using a stereomicroscope.
- Example 1 In a study before preparation of iCSC from a colorectal cancer cell line using a polycistronic retrovirus expression vector having three transcription factors (TF) (Non-Patent Document 3), SW480 human colorectal cancer Three viral vectors with separate OCT3 / 4, SOX2 or KLF4 were used to generate iCSCs from cell lines. Therefore, the transduced cells contained various populations that did not contain all, two, one, or none of the three viral vectors.
- TF transcription factors
- a polycistronic retroviral vector (pMXs-OKS) was constructed in which three cDNAs encoding OCT3 / 4, KLF4 and SOX2 were linked to the T2A sequence to avoid heterogeneity that could interfere with identification of the molecular signature of iCSC. (FIG. 1A). It was then confirmed that the OKS fusion gene product could be efficiently processed into individual proteins.
- a retrovirus was generated by transfecting this polycistronic vector into PLAT-A packaging cells, and the retrovirus was transfected into SW480 cells (OKS-SW480).
- Western blot analysis detected OCT3 / 4, KLF4 and SOX2 proteins at appropriate molecular weights in both OKS-SW480 and O + S + K-SW480 cells, but KLF4 expression levels were similar to those in Mock-SW480 cells. Compared, it did not change substantially (FIG. 1B).
- Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase reaction shows that the total levels of O (OCT3 / 4), K (KLF4), S (SOX2) transcripts are also increased in OKS-SW480 cells.
- Fig. 1C shows that OKS-SW480 cells were double positive or double negative for OCT3 / 4 and SOX2, whereas OCT3 / 4- or SOX2-single positive cells were O + S + This was prominent in K-SW480 (FIG. 1D).
- O + S + K-SW480 shows a similar phenotype to the previous report using O + S + K-SW480 (Non-Patent Document 3).
- O + S + K-SW480 is a marker gene expression, high G1 / G0 phase
- CSC properties are enhanced, including the percentage of cells and resistance to 5-FU.
- O + S + K-SW480 is a subset of cells that were not labeled with Hoechst33432 dye (V50 cells), even in the presence of verapamil (VM) 50 ⁇ M, an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitor. It was found that Mock-SW480 does not contain V50 cells, and that V50 cells exhibit CSC properties. From these results, it was considered that iCSC is rich in V50 cells.
- non-V50-OKS maintained a spindle-shaped morphology (FIG. 2A) and did not produce V50 cells (FIG. 2B).
- V50-OKS yielded spindle-shaped cells and dome-shaped colonies, as well as non-V50 cells and approximately 10% V50 cells (FIG. 2B left panel, 2C).
- the cells were designated as secondary V50 (2 nd V50).
- 2 nd V50 cells formed domed colonies ( Figure 2B right panel).
- the 2 nd V50-OKS cells as compared to SW480 cells, a marker gene has been previously reported: ABCG2 and LGR5 (Ding XW et al, Life Sci 2010; 86:..
- OKS-SW480 showed a phenotype similar to the phenotype described in our previous report (Non-Patent Document 3) using O + S + K-SW480. Therefore, even with a polycistronic expression system, it can be manufactured iCSC as identified as V50 and 2 nd V50-OKS-SW480 cells, yet by using the polycistronic expression system, all three factors It was shown that the introduced homogeneous iCSC population can be generated.
- Example 2 Verification of in vitro tissue remodeling ability of iCSCs It has been previously reported that CSC has a high ability to form spheres when cultured in a low adhesion culture dish using a serum-free medium (Ricci- Vitiani L. et al., Nature 2007; 445: 111-51, Sato T. et al., Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1762-72). In order to examine the sphere-forming ability of these cells, a sphere-forming assay was performed.
- colonic iCSC-derived tissue can reconstruct a natural human colon cancer tissue-like structure (colon cancer organoid), and this tissue remodeling ability is specific to cancer stem cells. It shows that Therefore, it is considered that the sphere-forming ability can be evaluated as an index of the tissue restructuring ability of these iCSCs.
- human colon cancer tissue is composed of not only cancer cells but also stromal cells such as blood vessels and mesenchymal cells (Takebe T. et al., Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16: 556-65, Plaks V. et al., Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16: 225-38). Therefore, when colon iCSCs are cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), more realistic colon cancer organoids can be constructed with stromal cells in vitro. Investigate whether or not.
- MSC mesenchymal stem cells
- HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Example 3 Mock-SW480 cells, for the non-V50 cells and 2 nd V50-OKS cells to identify the molecular mechanisms that promote the characteristics of the comparison CSCs of gene expression profiles, after 5 days from the sorting Mock-SW480 cells, 1 an exhaustive gene expression patterns in non V50 cells and 2 nd V50-OKS cells from st V50-OKS cells were compared by microarray.
- Mock-SW480 and compared gene expression between 2 nd V50-OKS cells probes 3914 have been identified to have significant differences in their expression (t-test, the false positive rate (FDR) ⁇ 0.05 and Fold Change> 2) (Figure 5A).
- SEMA6A is one of the semaphorin families that plays a role in many developmental processes other than the nervous system (Luo Y. et al., Cell 1993; 75: 217-27). In addition to these normal functions of semaphorins, many semaphorins have been found to have functional activities associated with tumor progression (Neufeld G. et al., Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012 ; 2: a006718, Worzfeld T. et al., Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13: 603-21). Currently, very little has been reported for FAM105A, but FAM105A has a conserved protein domain of Rho-GAP (Marchler-Bauer A.
- RCAN2 was originally identified as human fibroblast-derived thyroid hormone response gene ZAKI-4 (Miyazaki T. et al., J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 14567-71), and then functions as a negative regulator of calcineurin Has been reported (Cao X., et al., Biochem J3672002; 367: 459-66).
- Example 4 Verification of the effect of iCSC maintenance amplification by calcineurin inhibition (planar adhesion culture) FK506 significantly reduced the number of cells in the parent SW480 culture, which is consistent with reports that inhibition of calcineurin inhibits proliferation of colon cancer cell lines in vitro (Peuker K. et al., Nat Med 2016; 22: 506-15). Meanwhile, in the 2 nd V50-OKS culture, significant effects on cell number of FK506 was observed (Fig. 7A) (passaged ⁇ FK506 added 5 days later).
- FK506 the 2 nd V50 cells were harvested 5 days after passage with or without, and the expression level of the colon cancer stem cell marker (ABCG2, LGR5) were compared using a quantitative RT-PCR. As a result, FK506 was shown to increase the expression of colon cancer stem cell markers (FIG. 8).
- iCSC can be maintained and amplified by inhibiting calcineurin using FK506.
- Example 5 Verification of the effect of iCSC on sphere formation ability by calcineurin inhibition The sphere formation ability was evaluated as an index of the tissue remodeling ability of colonic iCSC with or without FK506.
- FK506 has been significantly increased the number of spheres in the 2 nd V50-OKS cells did not increase in the parental SW480 cells (Fig. 7C, 7D).
- the 2 nd V50 cells was 15 days adherent cultures in the presence FK506, then suspended cultured for 7 days to form a sphere.
- spheres of 2 nd V50 cells, CK20 and CDX2 were positive, CK7 were negative (Fig. 10).
- CsA cyclosporin A
- spheres forming ability tissue is a measure of the reconstruction ability iCSC in 2 nd V50-OKS cells was significantly inhibited by the addition of VPA and CHIR ( Figure 14C). Further, in the colony formation assay using 2 nd V50 cells in vitro, the number of colonies of the secondary dome-shaped, the VPA and CHIR99021 decreased and increased in FK506 ( Figure 15). This result indicates that these compounds affect iCSC self-renewal.
- NFAT localization last in 2 nd V50-OKS cells were tested the subcellular localization of NFAT after treatment FK506, VPA and CHIR in ICSC.
- NFATc3 fused to GFP NFATc3-GFP; Aramburu J , et al, Science, 1999; 285:.. 2129-33, Peuker K, et al, Nat Med, 2016, 22: 506-15
- 2 nd VP50-OKS cells did not added any compound, or FK506 in 2 nd VP50-OKS cells added, NFATc3-GFP was observed to be localized in the cytoplasm.
- the present invention makes it possible to obtain a large amount of colon cancer stem cells or colon cancer organoids, it is extremely useful in applications such as screening for anticancer agents.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
[1] 大腸がん幹細胞をカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で培養することを含む、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法。
[2] 出発大腸がん幹細胞が、外来性の初期化因子を導入した大腸がん細胞を、胚性幹(ES)細胞を維持し得ない条件下で培養することにより誘導されたものである、[1]に記載の方法。
[3] 出発大腸がん幹細胞が、外来性の初期化因子を導入していない大腸がん細胞の薬剤排除能を抑制するのに有効な濃度のABCトランスポーター阻害薬の存在下で、薬剤排除能を有するものである、[2]に記載の方法。
[4] 大腸がん幹細胞を接着培養する工程を含む、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[5] 大腸がん幹細胞を三次元培養する工程を含む、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[6] 接着培養工程の後に三次元培養工程を行う、[5]に記載の方法であって、前記両工程の一方又は両方がカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で行われる、方法。
[7] 少なくとも接着培養工程がカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で行われる、[6]に記載の方法。
[8] 三次元培養工程が間葉系幹/前駆細胞及び血管内皮細胞との共培養により行われる、[5]~[7]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9] カルシニューリン阻害薬の添加期間が5~25日間である、[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[10] カルシニューリン阻害薬がFK506である、[1]~[9]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[11] [1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の方法により維持増幅された大腸がん幹細胞又は誘導された大腸がんオルガノイドと、被検物質とを接触させ、該幹細胞又は該オルガノイドの維持又は増殖に及ぼす該被検物質の効果を検定することを含む、抗がん剤のスクリーニング方法。
[12] [1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の方法において、カルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下での培養を、被検物質の共存下で行い、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導に及ぼす該被検物質の効果を検定することを含む、抗がん剤のスクリーニング方法。
[13] カルシニューリン阻害薬を含有してなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導剤。
[14] カルシニューリン阻害薬がFK506である、[13]に記載の剤。
[15] [13]又は[14]に記載の剤と、外来性の初期化因子を導入した大腸がん細胞由来であって、外来性の初期化因子を導入していない大腸がん細胞の薬剤排除能を抑制するのに有効な濃度のABCトランスポーター阻害薬の存在下で、薬剤排除能を有する、大腸がん幹細胞とを含んでなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導用キット。
[16] 抗がん剤のスクリーニングのための、[15]に記載のキット。
[17] [1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の方法により誘導された大腸がんオルガノイド。
本発明は、大腸がん幹細胞をカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で培養することを含む、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法(以下「本発明の方法」と略記する。)を提供する。
大腸がん幹細胞の由来となる動物は特に制限されないが、本発明のスクリーニング法が目的とする抗がん剤の投与対象と同一種であることが望ましい。例えば、哺乳動物(例、マウス、ラット、ハムスター、モルモット、イヌ、サル、オランウータン、チンパンジー、ヒト等)が挙げられるが、本発明のスクリーニング法の目的に照らせば、好ましくはヒトである。
一方、細胞増殖速度、抗がん薬に対する耐性、及び/又は薬剤排除能を指標とする場合、通常の大腸がん細胞と比較して、細胞増殖速度が遅い、抗がん剤に対する耐性が高い、及び/又は薬剤排徐能が高い等の特性を有する細胞を、大腸がん幹細胞として使用することができる。
従って、FK506又はシクロスポリンA以外のカルシニューリン阻害薬を用いても、同様に大腸がん幹細胞の特性を亢進し得る。
中でも、本発明に使用されるカルシニューリン阻害薬として、CaN-NFAT経路を特異的に阻害する(望ましくないoff-target効果が十分に低い)ものが好ましい。そのようなCaN-NFAT経路に対する特異性の高い阻害薬として、例えば、FK506及びシクロスポリンAを挙げることができる。
本発明は、前述のように維持増幅された大腸がん幹細胞、又は誘導された大腸がんオルガノイド(以下「増幅大腸がん幹細胞等」と略記する場合がある。)を用いて、抗がん剤をスクリーニングする方法(以下「本発明のスクリーニング方法」と略記する。)を提供する。本発明のスクリーニング方法は、例えば、前記増幅大腸がん幹細胞等を試験物質の存在下又は非存在下で培養した後、該増幅大腸がん幹細胞等に及ぼす該被験物質の効果を検定することを含む。そのような被験物質の効果としては、例えば、増幅大腸がん幹細胞等の殺傷効果、大腸がん幹細胞の増殖抑制効果、大腸がん幹細胞の非幹細胞への分化誘導効果などが挙げられる。増幅大腸がん幹細胞等の殺傷効果の検討による抗がん剤の選別は、例えば、被験物質を添加した場合の該細胞等の生存度を測定し、被験物質の非存在下で培養した場合と比較して、試験物質の存在下で培養した場合において、当該細胞の生存度が低下した場合に、当該試験物質は抗がん作用を有すると判定することにより行われ得る。大腸がん幹細胞の増殖抑制効果の検討による抗がん剤の選別は、例えば、被験物質を添加した場合の該細胞の増殖率を測定し、被験物質の非存在下で培養した場合と比較して、試験物質の存在下で培養した場合において、当該細胞の増殖率が低下した場合に、当該試験物質は抗がん作用を有すると判定することにより行われ得る。大腸がん幹細胞の非幹細胞への分化誘導効果の検討による抗がん剤の選別は、例えば、被験物質を添加した場合の細胞集団における、上述した大腸がん幹細胞のマーカーとして報告のある遺伝子/タンパク質の発現レベルを測定し、被験物質の非存在下で培養した場合と比較して、試験物質の存在下で培養した場合において、該細胞集団における該がん幹細胞のマーカーの発現レベルが低下した場合に、当該試験物質は抗がん作用を有すると判定することにより行われ得る。
本発明は、カルシニューリン阻害薬を含有してなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導剤(以下「本発明の剤」と略記する。)を提供する。
本発明はまた、本発明の剤と、誘導型大腸がん幹細胞とを含んでなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導用キット(以下「本発明のキット」と略記する。)を提供する。
<細胞培養>
ATCCコレクション及びCell Biolabs(San Diego、CA、USA)から、ヒト大腸がん細胞株(SW480)及びPlat-A アンホトロピックレトロウイルスパッケージング細胞をそれぞれ入手した。10%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)(Life Technologies)、ペニシリン(100 Units/ ml)及びストレプトマイシン(100 μg/ml)(Life Technologies)を補充したダルベッコ変法イーグル培地(DMEM)(Nacalai Tesque、Kyoto、Japan)中で、37℃、加湿5%CO2インキュベーター内で両方の細胞を培養した。Plat-A培養において、1 μg/mlのピューロマイシン(Nacalai Tesque)及び10 μg/mlのブラストサイジン(Funakoshi)を添加した。HUVEC(Lonza)及びヒトMSC(Lonza)は、内皮増殖培地(Lonza)中で、37℃、加湿5%CO2インキュベーター内で維持した。細胞をFK506(Sigma、25 μM)、VPA(WAKO、1 mM)又はCHIR99021(Funakoshi、3 mM)で5日間処理した。その後、細胞を酵素処理によって培養皿より剥離、分散し、Countessシステム(Invitrogen)を用いて細胞数を数えた。
コントロールとして用いたヒト人工多能性幹(hiPS)細胞は、実験室でヒト末梢血単核細胞から作製した。
pMXをベースにしたベクターにおいて、OCT3/4、SOX2又はKLF4を別々にコードするレトロウイルスベクター(pMXs-OCT3/4, pMXs-SOX2, pMXs-KLF4)は、Addgeneから入手した。さらに、これらのベクターを用いて、OCT3/4、KLF4及びSOX2をコードするポリシストロニックレトロウイルスベクター(pMXs-OKS)を設計した。即ち、上記の各ベクターを鋳型とし、ヒトOCT3/4、KLF4及びSOX2を、Thosea asignaウイルスの2A配列(T2A)を含むプライマーを用いたポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)により増幅し、In-fusion HDクローニングシステム(Clontech)を用いてpMXベクターのEcoRI部位にクローニングした。pMXs-NFATc3-GFPコンストラクトを作製するために、HA-NFAT4(3-407)-GFP(Addgeneから購入 #21664)を鋳型として用いて、NFATc3-GFP cDNAをPCRで増幅し、pMXsベクター(Aramburu J, et al., Science 1999, 285:2129-2133)のEcoRI-NotIサイトにクローニングした。
トランスフェクションの1日前に、Plat-Aパッケージング細胞を、60mmディッシュ当たり1×106細胞で播種した。翌日、メーカーの説明書に従い、Fugene HDトランスフェクション試薬(Promega)を用いて3μgのpMXベクターで細胞をトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションの24時間後、Plat-A培地を交換した。一方、SW480を60mmディッシュ当たり7×105細胞で播種した。24時間後、これらのPlat-A培養物に由来するウイルス含有上清を、0.45mm酢酸セルロースフィルター(Whatman)で濾過し、4μg/mlポリブレン(Nacalai Tesque)を補充し、pMXs-OKSウイルス含有上清又はpMXs-OCT3/4、pMXs-SOX2及びpMXs-KLF4ウイルス含有上清の等量混合物を速やかに標的細胞に添加した。感染24時間~36時間後に、ウイルス含有培地を新しい培地と交換した。
初期化因子導入後のSW480細胞の培養及び誘導型大腸がん幹細胞(以下、「大腸iCSC」ともいう。)富化細胞集団の単離及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導は、図6に記載のスケジュールで実施した。大腸iCSCの樹立培養及び大腸iCSC富化細胞集団のソーティングは、上記非特許文献3に記載される方法(50μM ベラパミル存在下でのHoechst33342排除能を利用したフローサイトメトリー)に従って行った。以下、1回目のソーティングにより得られた大腸iCSC富化細胞集団(50μM ベラパミル存在下でHoechst33342により標識されない細胞集団;V50細胞)を1st V50細胞(又は1st V50-OKS細胞)、2回目のソーティングにより得られたV50細胞を2nd V50細胞(又は2nd V50-OKS細胞)と、それぞれ略記する場合がある。一方、50μM ベラパミル存在下でHoechst33342により標識される細胞集団を非V50(又はnon V50、non V50-OKS)細胞と略記する場合がある。大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導は、後述のスフェア形成アッセイに記載の方法にて行った。
Trizol(Life Technologies)を用いて細胞の全RNAを抽出した。Prime ScriptTM II 1st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(Takara)を用いて、500ngのRNAをcDNAに逆転写し、SYBR(登録商標)Premix Ex TaqTM II(Takara)を用いたLightCycler(登録商標)480リアルタイムPCRシステム(Roche)で定量PCR分析を行った。PCRプライマーを表1に挙げる。
細胞をM-PER哺乳動物タンパク質抽出試薬(Thermo Fisher Scientific)で溶解した。細胞可溶化物を用いてSDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(SDS-PAGE)を行った。タンパク質の電気泳動転写後、マウス抗OCT3/4抗体(BD Transduction LaboratoriesTM)、ウサギ抗KLF4抗体(abcam)、及びヤギ抗SOX2抗体(abcam)、マウス抗β-アクチン抗体(Sigma Aldrich)を、続いて西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)結合二次抗体を用いて、イムノブロッティングを行った。LAS 3000イメージングシステム(Fuji Film)を使用してシグナルを検出した。
培養細胞を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定した。一次抗体として、マウス抗OCT3/4抗体(611202、1:200で希釈、BD transduction LaboratoriesTM)、ヤギ抗SOX2抗体(sc-17320、1:100で希釈、Santa Cruz)を用いた。免疫蛍光のために、フルオロフォア結合した(Alexa Fluor 488、Alexa Fluor 594)二次抗体を用いてシグナルを視覚化した。
色素流出活性分析は、公知の方法(Zhou S. et al., Nat Med 2001;7:1028-34、Patrawala L. et al., Cancer Res 2005;65:6207-19)に従い行った。細胞を、2%FBS及びHoechst33342(Life Technologies)を5μg/ ml含有する1mM HEPESを含むDMEM中で、ベラパミル(Sigma-Aldrich)を50又は250μMで共投与して、又は共投与せずに、37℃で90分間インキュベートし、30分ごとに静かに転倒させた。インキュベーション後、細胞を2%FBS及び1mM HEPESを含むPBSに再懸濁した。細胞を、死細胞を標識するために2μg/ mlのPIで対比染色し、35μmのメッシュフィルターに通し、フローサイトメトリー及び選別のために氷上に保持した。細胞をFACS Aria III装置(BD Bioscience)で分析及び選別した。Hoechst色素を紫色レーザー(405 nm)で励起し、450/40フィルター(Hoechst Blue)と610/20フィルター(Hoechst Red)の両方で蛍光を測定した。
0、1、50 μg/ mlの5-フルオロウラシル(5-FU、Kyowa Kirin)をそれぞれ含有するDMEMを含む12ウェルプレートに合計6×104細胞を播種した。72時間のインキュベーション後、5-FU曝露後の細胞の生存能力を、Countess(Invitrogen)システムによって測定した。
パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、透過処理した細胞を37℃で5分間Hoechst33342で染色し、次いで細胞をFACS Aria III (Henderson L, et al., Am J
Physiol Cell Physiol 2013, 304:C927-38)で分析した。
10 ng/mlのbFGF(WAKO)、10 μg/mlのヒトインスリン(CST)、100 μg/mlのヒトトランスフェリン(Roche)及び100 μg/mlのBSA(Nacalai Tesque)を含有する無血清DMEMを有するUltra Low Attachmentプレート(Corning)に細胞を移し、37℃、5%CO2インキュベーターで10日間インキュベートした。スフェアの数は、100μmより大きいスフェアのサイズに基づいて計算した。培地にFK506(25μM)、VPA(1 mM)又はCHIR99021(3 μM)を添加し、次いでスフェアを10日間処理した。
5×105 親SW480細胞又はiCSCを、5×104HUVEC及び2×105 MSCと共にスフェア形成培地に再懸濁し、低接着24ウェルのフラットプレート(Prime Surface(登録商標) 24F、 Sumitomo Bakelite)に蒔いた。10日後、集合細胞(collective cell)のスフェアを病理学的に解析した。
スフェアをパラフィンブロックに包埋し、厚さ5μmで切片化した。切片を脱パラフィンし、ヘマトキシリン及びエオシン(HE)、抗ヒトサイトケラチン20(CK20)マウスモノクローナル抗体(クローン:Ks20.8、1:50で希釈、Dako)、抗ヒトサイトケラチン7(CK7)マウスモノクローナル抗体(クローン:OV-TL 12/30、1:50で希釈、Dako)、抗CDX2マウスモノクローナル抗体(CM226、1:50で希釈、Biocare Medical)、抗Ki67マウスモノクローナル抗体(クローン:MIB-1、1:50で希釈、Dako)、抗αSMAマウスモノクローナル抗体(クローン:1A4、1:50で希釈、Dako)及び抗CD31マウスモノクローナル抗体(クローン:JC70A、1:50で希釈、Dako)で染色した。免疫組織化学は、XT ultraView Universal DAB検出キット(Ventana Medical Systems, Inc)を用い、Benchmark XT(Roche)autostainerを用いて行った。
Mock-SW480細胞、1st V50-OKS細胞由来の非50細胞及び2nd V50-OKS細胞のRNAを、ソート後5日目に回収した。遺伝子発現プロファイリングを、メーカーのプロトコールに従い、SurePrint G3 human GE microarray(Agilent Technologies)用いて行った。GeneSpring 13.0ソフトウェアプログラム(Agilent Technologies)を用いてデータを分析した。データ処理は、次のように行った:(i)閾値生シグナルを1.0に設定し、(ii)ログベース2変換を行い、(iii)標準化アルゴリズムとして75パーセンタイル正規化を選択した(http://genespringsupport.com/faq/normalization)。フラグの設定は、次のように行った:特徴は、not positive and significant (not detected)、not uniform (compromised)、 not above background (not detected)、 saturated (compromised)、又はpopulation outlier(compromised)とした。コントロールプローブを除去し、全ての試料中の少なくとも1つの試料中に存在する「検出された」プローブのみをさらなる分析に使用した。分析に使用したプローブの数は50,739であった。
SW480細胞又は2nd V50細胞を、FK506(Sigma)の存在下で5~15日間平面接着培養した後、Countess(Invitrogen)システムを用いて細胞数をカウントした。あるいは、該細胞をFK506の存在下もしくは非存在下で平面接着培養した後、FK506の存在下もしくは非存在下で浮遊培養してスフェアを形成させた。Countess(Invitrogen)システムを用いてスフェア数をカウントした。特に断らない限り、本実施例では、FK506は25μMの濃度で用いた。
すべてのデータは、jstatソフトウェアプログラムを使用して分析した。データ値は、3回の独立した実験の平均±標準誤差(SEM)として表した。2群間の平均値の差を、両側対応t検定を用いて分析した。その差は、P値<0.05(*)及び<0.01(**)である場合に、統計的に有意であるとみなした。
二本鎖ステルスsiRNA(Invitrogen)を参考例に使用し、メーカーの説明書に従って細胞に形質導入した。用いたsiRNAに関する配列情報は以下の通りである:GSK3a-CCAAGGCCAAGUUGACCAUCCCUAU(配列番号23); GSK3b - GCUCCAGAUCAUGAGAAAGCUAGAU(配列番号24); RCAN2-HSS#173486;スクランブル - AAUUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUGAGA(配列番号25)。
3回の独立した実験で作製した2ndVP50細胞を、2 x 103 細胞/ウェルの密度で、6ウェルプレートに播種した。翌日、培地を化合物を添加していない培地、あるいは1 mMのVPA、3μMのCHIR又は25 μMのFK506を添加した培地に交換した。以後、培地を2日又は3日毎に交換した。12日目に、細胞をメタノールで固定し、クリスタルバイオレットで染色し、実体顕微鏡を用いてコロニーをカウントした。
以前の研究(非特許文献3)では、SW480ヒト大腸がん細胞株からiCSCを作製するためにOCT3/4、SOX2又はKLF4を別々に有する3種類のウイルスベクターを使用した。そのため、形質導入された細胞には、3つのウイルスベクターのすべて、2つ、1つ、又は全く含まれない様々な集団が含まれていた。従って、iCSCの分子サインの同定を妨げ得る不均一さを避けるため、OCT3/4、KLF4及びSOX2をコードする3つのcDNAがT2A配列と連結したポリシストロニックレトロウイルスベクター(pMXs-OKS)を構築した(図1A)。
次いで、OKS融合遺伝子産物が効率的に個々のタンパク質にプロセシングされ得ることを確認した。このポリシストロニックベクターをPLAT-Aパッケージング細胞にトランスフェクトすることによりレトロウイルスを作成し、該レトロウイルスをSW480細胞にトランスフェクトした(OKS-SW480)。モック(空)ベクターでトランスフェクトしたSW480細胞(Mock-SW480)をネガティブコントロールとして、pMX-OCT3/4、pMX-SOX2及びpMX-KLF4の混合物でトランスフェクトしたSW480細胞(O+S+K-SW480)をポジティブコントロールとして、それぞれ使用した。ウエスタンブロット分析により、OKS-SW480細胞及びO+S+K-SW480細胞の両方において、OCT3/4、KLF4及びSOX2タンパク質が適切な分子量で検出されたが、KLF4発現レベルは、Mock-SW480細胞と比較して、実質的に変化しなかった(図1B)。定量的逆転写ポリメラーゼ反応(qRT-PCR)により、OKS-SW480細胞において、O(OCT3/4)、K(KLF4)、S(SOX2)転写物の合計のレベルも上昇していることが示された(図1C)。さらに、予想通り、免疫蛍光染色分析により、ほとんど全てのOKS-SW480細胞がOCT3/4及びSOX2についてダブルポジティブ又はダブルネガティブであったが、OCT3/4-又はSOX2-シングルポジティブ細胞はO+S+K-SW480において顕著であった(図1D)。
無血清培地を用いた低接着培養皿で培養した場合、CSCが高いスフェア形成する能力を有することが以前報告されている(Ricci-Vitiani L. et al., Nature 2007;445:111-51、Sato T. et al., Gastroenterology 2011;141:1762-72)。これらの細胞のスフェア形成能を調べるために、スフェア形成アッセイを行った。
以前の異種移植実験では、免疫組織化学的所見から、親細胞株ではなく大腸iCSCも、実際のヒト大腸がん組織に類似した組織をin vivoで再構成できることが実証された(非特許文献3)。しかし、大腸iCSCがin vitroで同じ現象を示すことができるかどうかは依然として不明であった。そこで、親SW480細胞及び2nd V50-OKS細胞由来のスフェアを免疫組織化学的に評価した。2nd V50-OKS細胞由来のスフェアは、CK20及びCDX2が陽性であり、CK7は陰性であり(図3B)、これは典型的な大腸がん組織における染色パターンと一致する(Bayrak R et al., Diagn Pathol 2012;7:9)。一方、親SW480細胞由来のスフェアはCK20が陰性であった(図3B)。このことは、in vivoのみならずin vitroでも、大腸iCSC由来組織が天然のヒト大腸がん組織様の構造(大腸がんオルガノイド)を再構築できること、並びにこの組織再構築能はがん幹細胞特異的であることを示している。従って、これらのiCSCの組織再構築能の指標として、スフェア形成能を評価することができると考えられる。
CSCsの特性を促進する分子メカニズムを同定するために、ソーティングから5日後のMock-SW480細胞、1stV50-OKS細胞由来の非V50細胞及び2ndV50-OKS細胞における網羅的遺伝子発現パターンを、マイクロアレイによって比較した。まず、Mock-SW480と2nd V50-OKS細胞間の遺伝子発現を比較し、3914のプローブがそれらの発現において有意差を有することを同定した(t検定、偽陽性率(FDR)<0.05及びFold Change>2)(図5A)。次に、2ndV50-OKS細胞の遺伝子発現プロファイルを、1st V50-OKS細胞由来の非V50細胞の遺伝子発現プロファイルと比較した(図5B)。FDR <0.05であり、Fold Change>2である56個のプローブを同定した。次に、非V50、Mockよりも2ndV50においてより高く発現するプローブ、及び非V50、Mockよりも2ndV50においてより低く発現するプローブのベン図を描き、ベン図で重なる8個のプローブを選択した(図5C)。これら8個のプローブのうち、各細胞における発現レベルとスフェア形成能がパラレルの関係にある、セマフォリン 6A(SEMA6A)、FAM105A(family with a sequence similarity 105 member A)、及びRCAN2(regulator of calcineurin 2)を含む3個のプローブに絞り込んだ(図5D、5E)。
FK506は、親SW480培養において細胞の数を有意に減少させたが、これはカルシニューリンの阻害がin vitroで大腸がん細胞株の増殖を阻害するという報告と一致する(Peuker K. et al., Nat Med 2016;22:506-15)。一方で、2nd V50-OKS培養において、FK506の細胞数に対する有意な効果は観察されなかった(図7A)(継代±FK506添加5日後)。さらに、2ndV50-OKS細胞において顕著に観察された形態又はドーム型コロニーは、FK506を用いることでより顕著になったが、親SW480の細胞形態はFK506を用いても変化しなかった(図7B)(継代±FK506添加5日後)。これらのデータにより、FK506が大腸iCSC及び親SW480細胞に対して異なる作用を有することが示唆された。
FK506有り又は無しでの大腸iCSCの組織再構築能の指標として、スフェア形成能を評価した。FK506は、2nd V50-OKS細胞においてスフェアの数を有意に増加させたが、親SW480細胞では増加しなかった(図7C、7D)。免疫組織化学分析により、FK506処置を受けた2nd V50-OKS細胞のスフェアは、CK20及びCDX2が陽性であり、CK7が陰性であり、FK506を用いないスフェアと同じパターンであった(図7E)。また、FK506存在下で15日間接着培養を行った2nd V50細胞を、次いで7日間浮遊培養し、スフェアを形成させた。その結果、図7と同様に、2nd V50細胞のスフェアは、CK20及びCDX2が陽性であり、CK7が陰性であった(図10)。
カルシニューリンは、NFATの核移行を促進することが他の細胞で報告されていた。逆に、NFATの核から細胞質への移行を促進する分子としてGSK3が知られていた。そこで、大腸がん幹細胞に対して、GSK3を阻害すれば、カルシニューリン阻害薬FK506とは逆の効果があるという仮説のもとに本実験を行った。
まず、GSK3α及びGSK3βに対するsiRNAを用いて、GSK3を阻害した。その結果、平面接着培養において、GSK3αに対するsiRNAとGSK3βに対するsiRNAの両者を添加することで、iCSCの形態的特徴(ドーム状のコロニー)は抑制されて平坦となり、細胞数も減少した(図14A)。単独のsiRNAでは効果が見られなかったことから、大腸がんにおいてはGSK3αとGSK3βとの間には機能的なリダンダンシーがあることが示唆された。
次に、GSK3αおよびβ両者の阻害薬であるバルプロ酸(VPA)やCHIR99021(CHIR)添加によりsiRNAと同様の効果があるか否かを調べた。その結果、図14Bに示すとおり、いずれのGSK3阻害薬でも、siRNAと同様の効果が認められた。さらに、実施例4と同様に、スフェア形成能の及ぼすこれら阻害薬の効果を調べたところ、いずれのGSK3阻害薬も大腸iCSC(2nd V50)のスフェア形成能力を有意に抑制した。注目すべきことに、2ndV50-OKS細胞におけるiCSCの組織再構築能の尺度であるスフェア形成能は、VPAおよびCHIRの添加によって有意に抑制された(図14C)。
さらに、インビトロでの2ndV50細胞を用いたコロニー形成アッセイにおいて、二次ドーム形状のコロニーの数は、VPAおよびCHIR99021では減少し、FK506では増加した(図15)。この結果は、これらの化合物がiCSCの自己複製に影響することを示している。
最後に、iCSCにおけるFK506、VPA及びCHIRの処置後のNFATの細胞内局在を試験した。GFPに融合したNFATc3(NFATc3-GFP; Aramburu J, et al., Science, 1999 ;285:2129-33、Peuker K, et al., Nat Med, 2016, 22:506-15)を2ndV50-OKS細胞にレトロウイルスで導入した。いずれの化合物も添加しなかった2nd VP50-OKS細胞、又はFK506を添加した2nd VP50-OKS細胞では、NFATc3-GFPが細胞質に局在することが観察された。対照的に、VPA又はCHIRで処理した2nd V50-OKS細胞の核において、NFATc3-GFPの局在が見出された(図16)。これらの結果から、GSK3の阻害がiCSCに影響を及ぼすことが示唆されるが、このことはNFATの細胞質-核移行を介したカルシニューリン阻害とは反対である。この結果は、図17で示した参考図を裏付けるものである。
Claims (17)
- 大腸がん幹細胞をカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で培養することを含む、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法。
- 出発大腸がん幹細胞が、外来性の初期化因子を導入した大腸がん細胞を、胚性幹(ES)細胞を維持し得ない条件下で培養することにより誘導されたものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 出発大腸がん幹細胞が、外来性の初期化因子を導入していない大腸がん細胞の薬剤排除能を抑制するのに有効な濃度のABCトランスポーター阻害薬の存在下で、薬剤排除能を有するものである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 大腸がん幹細胞を接着培養する工程を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 大腸がん幹細胞を三次元培養する工程を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 接着培養工程の後に三次元培養工程を行う、請求項5に記載の方法であって、前記両工程の一方又は両方がカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で行われる、方法。
- 少なくとも接着培養工程がカルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下で行われる、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 三次元培養工程が間葉系幹細胞及び血管内皮細胞との共培養により行われる、請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- カルシニューリン阻害薬の添加期間が5~25日間である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- カルシニューリン阻害薬がFK506である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の方法により維持増幅された大腸がん幹細胞又は誘導された大腸がんオルガノイドと、被検物質とを接触させ、該幹細胞又は該オルガノイドの維持又は増殖に及ぼす該被検物質の効果を検定することを含む、抗がん剤のスクリーニング方法。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の方法において、カルシニューリン阻害薬の存在下での培養を、被検物質の共存下で行い、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドオの誘導に及ぼす該被検物質の効果を検定することを含む、抗がん剤のスクリーニング方法。
- カルシニューリン阻害薬を含有してなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導剤。
- カルシニューリン阻害薬がFK506である、請求項13に記載の剤。
- 請求項13又は14に記載の剤と、外来性の初期化因子を導入した大腸がん細胞由来であって、外来性の初期化因子を導入していない大腸がん細胞の薬剤排除能を抑制するのに有効な濃度のABCトランスポーター阻害薬の存在下で、薬剤排除能を有する、大腸がん幹細胞とを含んでなる、大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅又は大腸がんオルガノイドオルガノイドの誘導用キット。
- 抗がん剤のスクリーニングのための、請求項15に記載のキット。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の方法により誘導された大腸がんオルガノイド。
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019523923A JP7141125B2 (ja) | 2017-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | 大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅方法、及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法 |
| US16/619,455 US12351830B2 (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | Method for maintaining and amplifying colon cancer stem cells and method for inducing colon cancer organoid |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2017110626 | 2017-06-05 | ||
| JP2017-110626 | 2017-06-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2018225751A1 true WO2018225751A1 (ja) | 2018-12-13 |
Family
ID=64567109
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2018/021624 Ceased WO2018225751A1 (ja) | 2017-06-05 | 2018-06-05 | 大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅方法、及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12351830B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP7141125B2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2018225751A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2022192519A1 (en) * | 2021-03-12 | 2022-09-15 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha (gsk3a) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| KR102843172B1 (ko) * | 2023-01-04 | 2025-08-05 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 불일치 복구 유전자 기능 결핍 환자에서 환자 유래 오가노이드를 이용한 개인별 dna 손상 반응 평가 및 암 위험도 예측 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015199088A1 (ja) * | 2014-06-23 | 2015-12-30 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | 誘導型がん幹細胞 |
-
2018
- 2018-06-05 WO PCT/JP2018/021624 patent/WO2018225751A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2018-06-05 US US16/619,455 patent/US12351830B2/en active Active
- 2018-06-05 JP JP2019523923A patent/JP7141125B2/ja active Active
Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| DOTTO, G. ET AL.: "Calcineurin Signaling as a Negative Determinant of Keratinocyte Cancer Stem Cell Potential and Carcinogenesis", CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 71, no. 6, 15 March 2011 (2011-03-15), pages 2029 - 2033, XP055562506 * |
| ISHIDA, R. ET AL.: "The Tissue-Reconstructing Ability of Colon CSCs Is Enhanced by FK506 and Suppressed by GSK3 Inhibition", MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 15, no. 10, 14 July 2017 (2017-07-14), pages 1455 - 1466, XP055562510 * |
| NIITSU, H. ET AL.: "KRAS mutation leads to decreased expression of regulator of Calcineurin 2, resulting in tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer", ONCOGENESIS, vol. 5, no. 8, August 2016 (2016-08-01), pages e253, XP055562502 * |
| PEUKER, K. ET AL.: "Cell -specific roles of calcineurin in intestinal tumor development", UNITED EUROPEAN GASTROENTEROLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 4, no. 5, October 2016 (2016-10-01), pages A17 * |
| PEUKER, K. ET AL.: "Epithelial calcineurin controls microbiota-dependent intestinal tumor development", NATURE MEDICINE, vol. 22, no. 5, May 2016 (2016-05-01), pages 506 - 515, XP055562492 * |
| WERNECK, M. B. F. ET AL.: "Cyclosporin A inhibits colon cancer cell growth independently of the Calcineurin pathway", CELL CYCLE, vol. 11, no. 21, 1 November 2012 (2012-11-01), pages 3997 - 4008, XP055562499 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20200165573A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
| JP7141125B2 (ja) | 2022-09-22 |
| US12351830B2 (en) | 2025-07-08 |
| JPWO2018225751A1 (ja) | 2020-04-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6956398B2 (ja) | がんオルガノイドを用いた抗がん薬のスクリーニング方法 | |
| US8932857B2 (en) | Method for selecting reduced differentiation resistance human induced pluripotent stem cells | |
| US11401510B2 (en) | Generation of airway basal stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells | |
| JP2014506453A (ja) | 生得的多能性体細胞 | |
| US20150017134A1 (en) | Emt-inducing transcription factors cooperate with sox9 | |
| AU2015218082A1 (en) | Kits and methods for reprograming non-hepatocyte cells into hepatocyte cells | |
| JP7253692B2 (ja) | 肝細胞誘導方法 | |
| JP5751548B2 (ja) | イヌiPS細胞及びその製造方法 | |
| JP7357369B2 (ja) | 新規腎前駆細胞マーカーおよびそれを利用した腎前駆細胞の濃縮方法 | |
| WO2014069479A1 (ja) | 分化多能性幹細胞の製造方法 | |
| Wang et al. | E3-ligase Skp2 regulates β-catenin expression and maintains hematopoietic stem cell homing | |
| JP7141125B2 (ja) | 大腸がん幹細胞の維持増幅方法、及び大腸がんオルガノイドの誘導方法 | |
| US10842822B2 (en) | Diagnosis and treatment of parkinson's disease based on identification and amelioration of liver dysfunction | |
| WO2017126616A1 (ja) | ユーイング肉腫ファミリー腫瘍モデル細胞とそれを用いた抗腫瘍剤のスクリーニング方法 | |
| JP6795140B2 (ja) | 誘導型がん幹細胞 | |
| JP2017023025A (ja) | 多発性嚢胞腎の検査方法および治療剤のスクリーニング方法 | |
| JP6847374B2 (ja) | がんの治療薬のスクリーニング方法 | |
| JP7030343B2 (ja) | 疾患iPS細胞を用いた神経毒性評価モデル系及びその使用 | |
| Martin et al. | TSC2 loss in neural progenitor cells suppresses translation of ASD/NDD-associated transcripts in an mTORC1-and MNK1/2-reversible fashion | |
| Maturi et al. | Role of Klhl14 in senescence and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via TGF-β modulation | |
| Tross et al. | Transcription Factor RFX3 Stabilizes Mammary Basal Cell Identity | |
| TW202544030A (zh) | 巨核細胞之品質管理標記 | |
| Neil | Developing an in vitro model of Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma | |
| CN114026220A (zh) | 胰腺祖细胞的分离方法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 18813442 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2019523923 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 18813442 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWG | Wipo information: grant in national office |
Ref document number: 16619455 Country of ref document: US |
