WO2018214922A1 - 相位纠缠编码方法和装置 - Google Patents

相位纠缠编码方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018214922A1
WO2018214922A1 PCT/CN2018/088089 CN2018088089W WO2018214922A1 WO 2018214922 A1 WO2018214922 A1 WO 2018214922A1 CN 2018088089 W CN2018088089 W CN 2018088089W WO 2018214922 A1 WO2018214922 A1 WO 2018214922A1
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polarization
phase
photon
photons
combiner
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PCT/CN2018/088089
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English (en)
French (fr)
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许华醒
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中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院
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Publication of WO2018214922A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018214922A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0819—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s)
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/06—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network
    • H04L63/062—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network for key distribution, e.g. centrally by trusted party
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to optical transmission secure communication technologies in the field of quantum information technology, and in particular, to a phase entanglement coding method and apparatus.
  • Quantum information is a cross-hot research field combining quantum mechanics with classical information theory, and quantum entanglement is a core research content of quantum information and even quantum theory. Quantum entanglement plays a vital role in the fields of quantum communication, quantum computing and quantum sensing. It is the basis for realizing quantum key distribution, quantum teleportation, quantum relay, quantum network, quantum imaging, etc. based on EPR protocol. Theory and key technologies.
  • Entangled photon pairs are the most important way to achieve quantum entanglement.
  • the physical quantities associated with entangled photon pairs are generally polarization (spin angular momentum), orbital angular momentum, momentum, time, etc., and the corresponding entangled photon pairs are polarization entangled photons.
  • polarization entangled photon pairs are the most commonly used, and their production methods are relatively mature. They are widely used in many experiments such as free space quantum entanglement distribution, quantum teleportation, and quantum key distribution.
  • phase encoding and polarization encoding are the most important and most commonly used encoding methods of photon.
  • polarized entangled photons are transmitted in a fiber channel, the polarization state is easily disturbed by the environment and difficult to maintain stably.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a phase entanglement coding method and apparatus for photon pairing, which solves the problem of phase entanglement photon pair generation and realizes the problem of anti-interference and stable transmission of entangled photons in a fiber channel, and realizes the fiber.
  • the present invention provides a phase entanglement coding method for a photon pair, the method comprising:
  • converting the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source by polarization encoding to phase encoding respectively comprises:
  • the polarization phase encoding operation comprising:
  • the phase encoders respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths phase-distort the phase-encoded photons of the two sub-optical paths by 180. degree.
  • photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths arrive at the combiner synchronously and are combined into photons output by one optical path.
  • the eigenstate of the orthogonal basis of the polarization beam splitter is the same as the orthogonal polarization state of the first photon or the second photon, and the polarization beam splitter will be the first photon or the second photon
  • the orthogonal polarization states are split into the two sub-optical paths.
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner or a polarization combiner;
  • the orthogonal polarization states of the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths are the eigenstates of the orthogonal bases of the polarization combiner.
  • the photons outputted as one optical path have a certain polarization state by at least one of the following manners:
  • a polarizer is disposed on each of the two sub-optical paths between the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner;
  • a polarization controller is disposed on one or both of the sub-optical paths between the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase encoder, the combiner, the polarization controller, the polarizer, and the discrete device and the waveguide device used for conducting light are all polarization controlled devices.
  • the polarization state of the photons in the optical path is controlled such that the photons output as one optical path have a certain polarization state.
  • the present invention further provides a phase entanglement coding apparatus for a photon pair, wherein the phase entanglement coding apparatus comprises: a polarization entanglement light source and two polarization-transition phase coding apparatuses, wherein
  • the polarization entangled light source is configured to generate a pair of polarization entangled photons, the pair of polarization entangled photons comprising polarization encoded first photons and second photons;
  • the two polarization-to-phase encoding devices are configured to receive the polarization-coded first photons and second photons, respectively, and convert the first photons and the second photons of the polarization entangled photon pairs from polarization encoding to phase encoding, respectively.
  • the first photon and the second photon converted to phase encoding can form a phase entangled photon pair.
  • the polarization phase encoding device comprises: a polarization beam splitter, a phase encoder and a combiner;
  • the polarizing beam splitter is configured to split a first photon and a second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source into photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths;
  • phase encoders are respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths, and the phase encoder is configured to phase encode the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths;
  • the combiner is configured to combine the phase-encoded photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths into photons output by one optical path.
  • the phase encoders respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths phase-phase-code the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths by 180 degrees.
  • the combiner is configured to receive photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths synchronously reaching the combiner, and combine photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths into one optical path output. Photon.
  • the eigenstate of the orthogonal basis of the polarization beam splitter is the same as the orthogonal polarization state of the first photon or the second photon, and the polarization beam splitter will be the first photon or the second photon
  • the orthogonal polarization states are split into the two sub-optical paths.
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner or a polarization combiner;
  • the orthogonal polarization states of the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths are the eigenstates of the orthogonal bases of the polarization combiner.
  • the phase encoder adopts any one of the following: an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an unequal arm Michelson interferometer or an unequal arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer;
  • the polarization combiner is the same device as the polarizing beam splitter.
  • the polarization-transition phase encoding device further includes: a polarizer or a polarization controller; the polarizer or the polarization controller is configured to control the photons outputted as one optical path to have a determined polarization state;
  • the polarizer is disposed after the combiner, or the polarizer is respectively disposed on the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner Two sub-paths between the two; or
  • the polarization controller is disposed on one or both sub-optical paths between the polarization beam splitter and the combiner.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase encoder, the combiner, the polarization controller, the polarizer, and the discrete device and the waveguide device used for conducting light are all polarization controlled devices.
  • the polarization state of the photons in the optical path is controlled such that the photons output as one optical path have a certain polarization state.
  • the present invention has at least the following advantages:
  • phase coding is widely used in fiber channel due to its good resistance to environmental interference.
  • phase entangled photon pairs and methods for generating phase entangled photon pairs have rarely been reported.
  • the present invention proposes an implementation of a method and apparatus for generating phase entangled photon pairs. The method of the invention is simple and easy to implement.
  • FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a phase entanglement coding method for a photon pair according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a phase entanglement coding apparatus for a photon pair according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization-transition phase encoding apparatus according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view showing the structure of an inequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a structure of an unequal-arm Michelson interferometer according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a block diagram showing the structure of an unequal-arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
  • a main object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide a phase entanglement coding method for photon pairs and a corresponding phase entanglement coding apparatus for photon pairs.
  • the method includes converting a first photon and a second photon of a pair of polarization entangled photons generated by a polarization entangled light source by polarization encoding to phase encoding, respectively; and converting the first photon to phase encoding and The second photon forms a phase entangled photon pair; wherein converting the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source to polarization encoding by phase encoding respectively comprises: aligning the polarization entangled photon The first photon and the second photon respectively perform a polarization phase encoding operation, the polarization phase encoding operation comprising: each of the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair by a
  • a first embodiment of the present invention includes the following specific steps:
  • Step S101 converting the first photon and the second photon in the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source by polarization encoding to phase encoding, respectively;
  • Step S102 Forming phase entangled photon pairs by converting two photons converted into phase encoding.
  • the polarization entangled light source produces a pair of polarization entangled photons.
  • the polarization state of a polarization entangled photon pair is a set of orthogonal polarization states.
  • the commonly used orthogonal polarization states are a set of linear polarization states of horizontal and vertical polarization, a set of linear polarization states of 45 degree and -45 degree polarization, and left-handed rotation. And a set of circular polarization states that are circularly polarized by right hand.
  • a pair of polarization entangled photons generated by a polarization entangled light source are four Bell states. Any one of them, wherein H and V represent horizontal and vertical polarization states, respectively, and subscripts 1 and 2 represent first photons and second photons, respectively.
  • converting the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source into polarization encoding to phase encoding respectively comprising:
  • the polarization phase encoding operation comprising:
  • the phase encoders respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths phase-distort the phase-encoded photons of the two sub-optical paths by 180. degree.
  • photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths arrive at the combiner synchronously and are combined into photons output by one optical path.
  • the eigenstate of the orthogonal basis of the polarization beam splitter is the same as the orthogonal polarization state of the first photon or the second photon, and the polarization beam splitter will be the first photon or the second photon
  • the orthogonal polarization states are split into the two sub-optical paths.
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner or a polarization combiner;
  • the orthogonal polarization states of the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths are the eigenstates of the orthogonal bases of the polarization combiner.
  • the photons outputted as one optical path may have a certain polarization state by at least one of the following methods:
  • a polarizer is disposed on each of the two sub-optical paths between the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner;
  • a polarization controller is disposed on one or both of the sub-optical paths between the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase encoder, the combiner, the polarization controller, the polarizer, and the discrete device and the waveguide device used for conducting light are both polarization control type devices,
  • the polarization state of the photons in the optical path is controlled such that the photons output as one optical path have a certain polarization state.
  • the present invention provides a phase entanglement encoding apparatus for a photon pair, comprising: a polarization entangled light source and two polarization to phase encoding devices, wherein the polarization entangled light source is configured to generate a polarization entangled photon pair,
  • the pair of polarization entangled photons includes polarization-coded first photons and second photons;
  • the two polarization-to-phase encoding devices are configured to receive the polarization-coded first photons and second photons, respectively, and to polarize entangled photons
  • the first photon and the second photon are respectively converted from polarization encoding to phase encoding, wherein the first photon and the second photon converted to phase encoding can form a phase entangled photon pair.
  • a second embodiment of the present invention a phase entanglement coding apparatus for a photon pair, as shown in FIG. 2, specifically includes the following components: a polarization entangled light source 201 and two polarization-to-phase encoding devices 202.
  • the polarization entangled light source 201 is used to generate a polarization entangled photon pair.
  • the two polarization-to-phase encoding devices 202 are configured to convert the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair from polarization encoding to phase encoding, respectively.
  • the polarization phase modulation device includes: a polarization beam splitter, a phase encoder, and a beam combiner;
  • the polarizing beam splitter is configured to split a first photon and a second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source into photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths;
  • phase encoders are respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths, and the phase encoder is configured to phase encode the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths;
  • the combiner is configured to combine the phase-encoded photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths into photons output by one optical path.
  • the phase encoders respectively disposed on the two sub-optical paths phase-phase-code the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths by 180 degrees.
  • the combiner is configured to receive photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths synchronously reaching the combiner, and combine photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths into one optical path output. Photon.
  • the eigenstate of the orthogonal basis of the polarization beam splitter is the same as the orthogonal polarization state of the first photon or the second photon, and the polarization beam splitter will be the first photon or the second photon
  • the orthogonal polarization states are split into the two sub-optical paths.
  • the combiner comprises: a polarization-independent combiner or a polarization combiner.
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner; at the entrance to the combiner
  • the combiner employs a polarization-independent beam combiner or a polarization combiner.
  • the orthogonal polarization states of the photons transmitted on the two sub-optical paths are the eigenstates of the orthogonal bases of the polarization combiner.
  • the phase encoder may adopt any one of the following: an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an unequal arm Michelson interferometer or an unequal arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer.
  • the polarization combiner is the same device as the polarization beam splitter.
  • the polarization-transition phase encoding device further includes: a polarizer or a polarization controller; the polarizer or the polarization controller is configured to control the photons outputted as one optical path to have a determined polarization state;
  • the polarizer is disposed after the combiner, or the polarizer is respectively disposed on the polarizing beam splitter and the combiner Two sub-paths between the two; or
  • the polarization controller is disposed on one or both sub-optical paths between the polarization beam splitter and the combiner.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase encoder, the combiner, the polarization controller, the polarizer, and the discrete device and the waveguide device used for conducting light are both polarization control type devices,
  • the polarization state of the photons in the optical path is controlled such that the photons output as one optical path have a certain polarization state.
  • a third embodiment of the present invention a polarization-to-phase encoding device, as shown in FIG. 3, specifically includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 301, two phase encoders 302 and 305, two mirrors 303 and 304, A combiner 306, and a polarizer 307.
  • any one of the polarization entangled photon pairs generated by the polarization entangled light source is input to a polarization beam splitter 301, which splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths for transmission.
  • a polarization beam splitter 301 After being phase-encoded by the phase encoder 302, it is reflected by the mirror 303 to one input port of the combiner 306; the other is reflected by the mirror 304, phase-encoded by the phase encoder 305, and output to the combiner 306.
  • Another input port is Another input port.
  • the two sub-optical paths are synchronously reached to the combiner 306, and the combiner 306 combines the photons transmitted by the two sub-optical paths and outputs the photons to the polarizer 307.
  • the polarizer 307 passes and outputs the two polarization states of the incident photons with the same probability.
  • the combiner 306 can use a polarization combiner or a polarization-independent combiner.
  • Mirrors 303 and 304 are used to adjust the direction of propagation of the optical path, and waveguide devices can be used instead of photon transmission and adjusting the direction of propagation of the optical path.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, a beam combiner, a polarizer, and the like for conducting light are all polarization control type devices.
  • a fourth embodiment of the present invention a polarization phase encoding apparatus, as shown in FIG. 4, specifically includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 401, two phase encoders 402 and 403, and a polarizer 404.
  • any one of the polarization entangled photon pairs generated by the entangled light source is input through the first port A of the polarization beam splitter 401, and the polarization beam splitter 401 splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths for transmission.
  • a third port C of the routing polarization beam splitter 401 is output to the phase encoder 402 for phase encoding, and is output by the phase encoder 402 input port to the polarization beam splitter 401 after being reflected.
  • the fourth port D of the other route polarization beam splitter 401 is output to the phase encoder 403 for phase encoding, and is reflected and outputted to the polarization beam splitter 401 by the phase encoder 403 input port.
  • Phase encoders 402 and 403 employ unequal arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometers.
  • the two photons reflected back to the polarization beam splitter 401 are combined into one way, and outputted by the second port B of the polarization beam splitter 401 to the polarizer 404, the polarizer 404 makes the two polarization states of the incident photon the same.
  • the probability passes and is output.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device, a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, a polarizer, and the like, which are used for conducting light are polarization control type devices.
  • a fifth embodiment of the present invention a polarization-to-phase encoding apparatus, as shown in FIG. 5, specifically includes the following components: an optical circulator 501, a polarization beam splitter 502, two phase encoders 503 and 504, and a biasing 505.
  • Polarizing beam splitter 502 splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths for transmission.
  • the phase encoder 503 performs phase encoding, is reflected, and is output to the polarization beam splitter 502 by the input port of the phase encoder 503.
  • the other phase is phase-encoded by the phase encoder 504, and is outputted to the polarization beam splitter 502 by the input port of the phase encoder 504.
  • Phase encoders 503 and 504 employ unequal arm Michelson interferometers.
  • the reflected two photons are synchronized to the polarization beam splitter 502 and merged into one path, and output to the second port B of the optical circulator 501 via the input port of the polarization beam splitter 502, and the optical circulator 501 inputs the second port B.
  • the photons are transmitted to the third port C of the optical circulator and output to the polarizer 505, which passes and outputs the two polarization states of the incident photons with the same probability.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, an optical circulator, a polarizer, and the like that conduct light are all polarization-controlled devices.
  • a sixth embodiment of the present invention a polarization-to-phase encoding apparatus, as shown in FIG. 6, specifically includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 601, two phase encoders 602 and 606, two mirrors 604 and 605, Two polarizers 603 and 607, and a combiner 608.
  • any one of the polarization entangled photon pairs generated by the entangled light source is input to a polarization beam splitter 601, which splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths.
  • the phase encoder 602 After being phase-encoded by the phase encoder 602, it is output to the mirror 604 through the polarizer 603, and is reflected by the mirror 604 to an incident port of the combiner 608; the other path is reflected by the mirror 605, and then passed through the phase encoder.
  • the phase 606 is phase-encoded and output to the polarizer 607, and is output to the other input port of the combiner 608 via the polarizer 607.
  • the two sub-optical paths arrive at the combiner 608 in synchronization.
  • the polarizers 603 and 607 have the same polarization states of the photons output by the two sub-paths, and have the same probability of passing through the polarizers 603 and 607, respectively.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device, a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, a beam combiner, a polarizer, and the like for conducting light are all polarization control type devices.
  • Mirrors 604 and 605 are used to adjust the direction of propagation of the optical path, and waveguide devices can be used instead of photon transmission and adjusting the direction of propagation of the optical path.
  • the order between the phase encoder 602 and the polarizer 603 is changed, and the order between the phase encoder 606 and the polarizer 607 is changed, and the result is not affected.
  • a polarization-to-phase encoding apparatus specifically includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 701, two phase encoders 702 and 706, and two mirrors 704 and 705. Two polarization controllers 703 and 707, and a combiner 708.
  • any one of the polarization entangled photon pairs generated by the entangled light source is input to the polarization beam splitter 701, and the polarization beam splitter 701 splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths for transmission.
  • the polarization state is modulated by the polarization controller 703, and then emitted to the mirror 704, and reflected by the mirror 704 to one incident port of the combiner 708; the other path is reflected by the mirror 705.
  • Phase encoding is performed by phase encoder 706 and output to polarization controller 707, which is modulated by polarization controller 707 and output to the other input port of combiner 708.
  • the two sub-optical paths arrive synchronously to the combiner 708.
  • the modulation polarization controllers 703 and 707 cause the photons transmitted by the two sub-optical paths to be incident on the combiner 708 in the same polarization state.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device, a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, a beam combiner, a polarization controller, and the like for conducting light are all polarization control type devices.
  • Mirrors 704 and 705 are used to adjust the direction of propagation of the optical path, and waveguide devices can be used instead of photon transmission and adjusting the direction of propagation of the optical path.
  • the order between the phase encoder 702 and the polarization controller 703 is changed, and the order between the phase encoder 706 and the polarization controller 707 is changed, and the result is not affected.
  • a polarization-to-phase encoding apparatus specifically includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 801, two phase encoders 802 and 806, two mirrors 804 and 805, A polarization controller 803, and a combiner 807.
  • any one of the polarization entangled photon pairs generated by the entangled light source is input to a polarization beam splitter 801, which splits the two orthogonal polarization states of the incident photons into two sub-optical paths.
  • the polarization state is modulated by the polarization controller 803, and then emitted to the mirror 804, and reflected by the mirror 804 to one incident port of the combiner 807; the other path is reflected by the mirror 805.
  • Phase encoding is performed by phase encoder 806 and output to another input port of combiner 807.
  • the two sub-optical paths arrive at the combiner 807 in synchronization.
  • the polarization controller 803 modulates the polarization state of the optical path input to the combiner 807 to coincide with the polarization state of the other optical path input to the combiner 807.
  • a discrete device and a waveguide device, a phase encoder, a polarization beam splitter, a beam combiner, a polarization controller, and the like for conducting light are all polarization control type devices.
  • Mirrors 804 and 805 are used to adjust the direction of propagation of the optical path, and waveguide devices can be used instead of photon transmission and adjusting the direction of propagation of the optical path.
  • the order between the phase encoder 802 and the polarization controller 803 is changed, and the result is not affected. When the polarization controller 803 is placed on another optical path, the result is not affected.
  • an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer as shown in FIG. 9, specifically includes the following components: two 2 ⁇ 2 3dB polarization maintaining beam splitters 903 and 906, and polarization maintaining delay Time line 904, and a polarization maintaining phase modulator 905.
  • One of the two ports 901 and 902 on one side of the 3 dB polarization maintaining beam splitter 903 serves as the input of the phase encoder, and one of the two ports 907 and 908 on the other side of the 3 dB polarization maintaining beam splitter 906 is used as the phase encoding.
  • the output of the amplifier, polarization maintaining delay line 904 and polarization maintaining phase modulator 905 are respectively inserted into the two arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
  • the photons enter the polarization maintaining beam splitter 903 via the port 901 or 902 of the polarization maintaining beam splitter 903 in two ways, one through the polarization maintaining delay line 904 and the other through the polarization maintaining phase modulator 905.
  • the modulated, relatively delayed photons transmitted on the two optical paths are combined by a polarization maintaining beam splitter 906 to a routing port 907 or 908 for output.
  • a polarization maintaining beam splitter 906 to a routing port 907 or 908 for output.
  • an unequal-arm Michelson interferometer as shown in FIG. 10, specifically includes the following components: a 2 ⁇ 2 3dB polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003, two mirrors 1005 and 1007, and polarization.
  • the phase modulator 1006 is maintained, as well as the polarization maintaining delay line 1004.
  • Two ports 1001 and 1002 on one side of the 3dB polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003 serve as input and output terminals of the phase encoder, respectively, and one of the two ports on the other side of the 3dB polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003 is sequentially connected with polarization maintaining delay.
  • the line 1004, the mirror 1005, and the other port on the same side are sequentially connected to the polarization maintaining phase modulator 1006 and the mirror 1007.
  • the photons enter the polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003 via the port 1001 of the polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003 and are split into two paths, one is delayed by the polarization maintaining delay line 1004, reflected back by the mirror 1005, and the other is polarized to maintain the phase.
  • the modulator 1006 is phase-modulated and then reflected back by the mirror 1007.
  • the reflected photons transmitted on the two optical paths are combined by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 1003 and output to a routing port 1002.
  • the polarization maintaining delay line 1004 and the polarization maintaining phase modulator 1006 are connected in series at the same port, the above results are not affected.
  • the photon is the same as the 1002 port input, the 1001 port output, and the port 1001 or 1002 as both input and output.
  • an unequal-arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer as shown in FIG. 11, specifically includes the following components: a 2 ⁇ 2 3dB beam splitter 1103, and two 90-degree rotating Faraday mirrors. 1105 and 1107, delay line 1104, and phase modulator 1106.
  • Two ports 1101 and 1102 on one side of the 3dB beam splitter 1103 serve as input and output terminals of the phase encoder, respectively, and one of the two ports on the other side of the 3dB beam splitter 1103 is sequentially connected to the delay line 1104, 90 degree rotation.
  • the Faraday mirror 1105 and the other port on the same side are sequentially connected to the phase modulator 1106 and the 90-degree rotating Faraday mirror 1107.
  • the photon enters the beam splitter 1103 via the port 1101 of the beam splitter 1103 and is split into two paths. One path is delayed by the delay line 1104, reflected back by the 90 degree rotating Faraday mirror 1105, and the other path is performed by the phase modulator 1106.
  • the Faraday mirror 1107 is reflected back by the 90-degree rotation, and the reflected photons transmitted on the two optical paths are combined by the beam splitter 1103 to be outputted by a routing port 1102.
  • the phase modulator 1104 and the delay line 1106 are connected in series on the same port, the above results are not affected.
  • Photons are input by port 1102, port 1101, and the same result when port 1101 or 1102 is both input and output.
  • the phase entanglement method and apparatus introduced in the embodiments of the present invention converts the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source into polarization encoding by phase encoding respectively; and converting the first to the phase encoding
  • the photon and the second photon form a phase entangled photon pair; wherein converting the first photon and the second photon of the polarization entangled photon pair generated by the polarization entangled light source by polarization encoding to phase encoding respectively comprises: entangled photons of the polarization Performing a polarization-transition phase encoding operation on the first photon and the second photon of the pair, the polarization-transition phase encoding operation comprising: aligning the first photon and the second photon in the pair of polarization entangled photons by a polarization beam splitter Each of the beams is split into photons transmitted on the two sub-optical
  • phase coding has been widely used in fiber channel with good resistance to environmental interference.
  • phase entangled photons have rarely been reported, and the present invention proposes a method and apparatus implementation for generating phase entanglement.
  • the method of the invention is simple and easy to implement.

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Abstract

一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法和用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其中所述方法包括：将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及将转换为相位编码的第一光子和第二光子形成相位纠缠光子对。相位编码在光纤信道具有抗环境干扰、稳定传输的优势，利用本发明的相位纠缠编码装置，有助于实现光纤信道抗环境干扰的量子纠缠分发、量子隐形传态、量子密钥分发等应用需求。

Description

相位纠缠编码方法和装置 技术领域
本发明涉及量子信息技术领域中的光传输保密通信技术，尤其涉及一种相位纠缠编码方法和装置。
背景技术
量子信息是量子力学与经典信息理论相结合的一个交叉热点研究领域，而量子纠缠是量子信息乃至量子理论的一个基础核心研究内容。量子纠缠在量子通信、量子计算以及量子传感等领域发挥着至关重要的作用，是实现基于EPR协议的量子密钥分配、量子隐形传态、量子中继、量子网络、量子成像等的基础理论和关键技术。
纠缠光子对是实现量子纠缠最主要的方式，纠缠光子对中相互关联的物理量一般为偏振(自旋角动量)、轨道角动量、动量、时间等，对应的纠缠光子对为偏振纠缠光子对、轨道角动量纠缠光子对、动量纠缠光子对、时间纠缠光子对等。目前，偏振纠缠光子对是最为常用的，其产生方法较为成熟，广泛应用于在自由空间量子纠缠分发、量子隐形传态、量子密钥分配等诸多实验中。在量子通信中相位编码和偏振编码是光量子最重要和最常用的两种编码方式，不过，偏振纠缠光子对在光纤信道中传输时存在偏振态易受环境干扰而难以稳定保持的难题。
因此，亟需一种改进的纠缠光子对的相关技术。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的在于提出一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法和装置，用以解决相位纠缠光子对产生的难题，以及实现纠缠光子对在光纤信道中抗干扰稳定传输的难题，实现光纤信道量子纠缠分发、量子隐形传态、量子密钥分发等应用。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法，所述方法包括：
将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及
将转换为相位编码的第一光子和第二光子形成相位纠缠光子对；
其中，所述将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码包括：
对所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别执行偏振转相位编码操作，所述偏振转相位编码操作包括：
通过偏振分束器将所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的每一个都分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子，通过分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器，对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码，并通过合束器将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子，其中所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
优选的，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
优选的，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子同步到达所述合束器，并合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
优选的，在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；
在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器；当所述合束器采用偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
优选的，通过以下方式至少之一使所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态：
在所述合束器之后设置起偏器；
在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上分别设置起偏器；或者
在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上设置偏振控制器。
优选的，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
此外，为实现上述目的，本发明还提供一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述相位纠缠编码装置包括：偏振纠缠光源和两个偏振转相位编码装置，其中，
所述偏振纠缠光源被配置为产生偏振纠缠光子对，所述偏振纠缠光子对包括偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子；
所述两个偏振转相位编码装置被配置为分别接收所述偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子并且将偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码，其中转换为相位编码的所述第一光子和第二光子能够形成相位纠缠光子对。
优选的，所述偏振转相位编码装置包括：偏振分束器、相位编码器以及合束器；
所述偏振分束器被配置为将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的一个光子分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子；
所述相位编码器分别设置于所述两条子光路上，所述相位编码器用于对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码；
所述合束器被配置为将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
优选的，所述合束器被配置为接收同步到达所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子，并将在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
优选的，在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；
在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器；当所述合束器采用偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
优选的，所述相位编码器采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪；
当所述相位编码器采用不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪时，所述偏振合束器与所述偏振分束器为同一器件。
优选的，所述偏振转相位编码装置还包括：起偏器或偏振控制器；所述起偏器或偏振控制器用于控制所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态；
当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括起偏器时，所述起偏器设置于所述合束器之后，或者所述起偏器分别设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上；或者
当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括偏振控制器时，所述偏振控制器设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上。
优选的，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
采用上述技术方案，本发明至少具有下列优点：
目前，纠缠光子主要实现方式为光子偏振纠缠、轨道角动量纠缠、动量纠缠、时间纠缠等。相位编码在光纤信道中由于具有良好的抗环境干扰优势得到广泛应用。然而，相位纠缠光子对以及关于相位纠缠光子对的产生方法鲜有报道。本发明提出了一种产生相位纠缠光子对的方法和装置的实现方案。本发明方法简单、易于实现。
附图说明
图1为本发明第一实施例的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法的流程图；
图2为本发明第二实施例的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图3为本发明第三实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图4为本发明第四实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图5为本发明第五实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图6为本发明第六实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图7为本发明第七实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图8为本发明第八实施例的偏振转相位编码装置的组成结构示意图；
图9为本发明第九实施例的不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的组成结构示意图；
图10为本发明第十实施例的不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪的组成结构示意图；
图11为本发明第十一实施例的不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪的组成结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图来具体描述本发明的优选实施例，其中，附图构成本申请一部分，并与本发明的实施例一起用于阐释本发明的原理。为了清楚和简化目的，当其可能使本发明的主题模糊不清时，将省略本文所描述的器件中已知功能和结构的详细具体说明。
本发明实施例的主要目的是提供一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法和相应的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置。在一个实施例中，所述方法包括：将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及将转换为相位编码的第一光子和第二光子形成相位纠缠光子对；其中，所述将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码包括：对所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别执行偏振转相位编码操作，所述偏振转相位编码操作包括：通过偏振分束器将所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的每一个都分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子，通过分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器，对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码，并通过合束器将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子，其中所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
下面将通过几个具体实施例对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明。
本发明第一实施例，一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法，如图1所示，包括以下具体步骤：
步骤S101：将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及
步骤S102：将转换为相位编码的两个光子形成相位纠缠光子对。
具体的，偏振纠缠光源产生一对偏振纠缠光子。偏振纠缠光子对的偏振态是一组正交偏振态，常用的正交偏振态为水平和垂直极化的一组线偏振态、45度和－45度极化的一组线偏振态、左旋和右旋圆极化的一组圆偏振态。以水平和垂直极化的一组线偏振态为例，偏振纠缠光源产生的一对偏振纠缠光子是四个Bell态
Figure PCTCN2018088089-appb-000001
中的任意一个，其中，H和V分别表示水平和垂直偏振态，下标1和2分别表示第一光子和第二光子。
进一步的，所述将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码，包括：
对所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别执行偏振转相位编码操作， 所述偏振转相位编码操作包括：
通过偏振分束器将所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的每一个都分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子，通过分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器，对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码，并通过合束器将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子，其中所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
优选的，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
优选的，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子同步到达所述合束器，并合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
优选的，在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；
在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器；当所述合束器采用偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
更进一步的，可以通过以下方式至少之一使所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态：
在所述合束器之后设置起偏器；
在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上分别设置起偏器；或者
在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上设置偏振控制器。
此外，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
另一方面，本发明提供一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其包括：偏振纠缠光源和两个偏振转相位编码装置，其中，所述偏振纠缠光源被配置为产生偏振纠缠光子对，所述偏振纠缠光子对包括偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子；所述两个偏 振转相位编码装置被配置为分别接收所述偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子并且将偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码，其中转换为相位编码的所述第一光子和第二光子能够形成相位纠缠光子对。
本发明第二实施例，一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，如图2所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振纠缠光源201和两个偏振转相位编码装置202。
其中，所述偏振纠缠光源201用于产生偏振纠缠光子对。
所述两个偏振转相位编码装置202用于将偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码。
具体的，所述偏振转相位编码装置包括：偏振分束器、相位编码器以及合束器；
所述偏振分束器被配置为将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的一个光子分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子；
所述相位编码器分别设置于所述两条子光路上，所述相位编码器用于对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码；
所述合束器被配置为将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
优选的，所述合束器被配置为接收同步到达所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子，并将在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
优选的，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
进一步的，所述合束器包括：偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器。在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器。当合束器使用所述偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
进一步的，所述相位编码器可以采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪。当所述相位编码器采用不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪时，所述偏振合束器与所述偏 振分束器为同一器件。
进一步的，所述偏振转相位编码装置还包括：起偏器或偏振控制器；所述起偏器或偏振控制器用于控制所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态；
当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括起偏器时，所述起偏器设置于所述合束器之后，或者所述起偏器分别设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上；或者
当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括偏振控制器时，所述偏振控制器设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上。
此外，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
本发明第三实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图3所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器301、两个相位编码器302和305、两个反射镜303和304、合束器306，以及起偏器307。
偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子输入至偏振分束器301，偏振分束器301将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路传输。一路经过相位编码器302进行相位编码后，通过反射镜303反射至合束器306的一个输入端口；另一路通过反射镜304反射后，经相位编码器305进行相位编码并输出至合束器306的另一个输入端口。两条子光路同步到达合束器306，合束器306将两条子光路传输的光子合束后输出至起偏器307。起偏器307使入射光子的两个偏振态有相同的概率通过并输出。合束器306可使用偏振合束器也可使用偏振无关合束器。反射镜303和304用于调节光路的传播方向，也可用波导器件替代进行光子传输以及调节光路的传播方向。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、合束器、起偏器等均为偏振控制型器件。
本发明第四实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图4所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器401、两个相位编码器402和403，以及起偏器404。
纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子经偏振分束器401的第一端口A输入，偏振分束器401将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路传输。一路由偏振分束器401的第三端口C输出至相位编码器402进行相位编码，经反射后由相位编码器402输入端口输出至偏振分束器401。另一路由偏振分束器401第四端口D输出至相位编码器403进行相位编码，经反射后由相位编码器403输入端口 输出至偏振分束器401。相位编码器402和403采用不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪。反射回来的两路光子同步到达偏振分束器401合束为一路，并由偏振分束器401第二端口B输出至起偏器404，起偏器404使入射光子的两个偏振态有相同的概率通过并输出。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、起偏器等均为偏振控制型器件。
本发明第五实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图5所示，具体包括以下组成部分：光环形器501、偏振分束器502、两个相位编码器503和504，以及起偏器505。
纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子经光环形器501的第一端口A输入，并经光环形器501的第二端口B输出至偏振分束器502。偏振分束器502将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路传输。一路经相位编码器503进行相位编码，经反射后由相位编码器503的输入端口输出至偏振分束器502。另一路经相位编码器504进行相位编码，经反射后由相位编码器504的输入端口输出至偏振分束器502。相位编码器503和504采用不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。反射回来的两路光子同步到达偏振分束器502合束为一路，并经偏振分束器502的输入端口输出至光环形器501的第二端口B，光环形器501将第二端口B输入的光子传输至光环形器第三端口C并输出至起偏器505，起偏器505使入射光子的两个偏振态有相同的概率通过并输出。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、光环形器、起偏器等均为偏振控制型器件。
本发明第六实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图6所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器601、两个相位编码器602和606、两个反射镜604和605、两个起偏器603和607，以及合束器608。
纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子输入至偏振分束器601，偏振分束器601将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路。一路经过相位编码器602进行相位编码后，通过起偏器603出射至反射镜604，经反射镜604反射至合束器608的一个入射端口；另一路通过反射镜605反射后，经相位编码器606进行相位编码并输出至起偏器607，经过起偏器607输出至合束器608的另一个输入端口。两条子光路同步到达合束器608。起偏器603和607使两条子光路输出的光子的偏振态相同，并有相同的概率分别通过起偏器603和607。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、合束器、起偏器等均为偏振控制型器件。反射镜604和605用于调节光路的传播方向，也可用波导器件 替代进行光子传输以及调节光路的传播方向。改变相位编码器602和起偏器603之间的顺序，以及改变相位编码器606和起偏器607之间的顺序，结果不受影响。
本发明第七实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图7所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器701、两个相位编码器702和706、两个反射镜704和705、两个偏振控制器703和707，以及合束器708。
纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子输入至偏振分束器701，偏振分束器701将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路传输。一路经过相位编码器702进行相位编码后，通过偏振控制器703调制偏振态后出射至反射镜704，经反射镜704反射至合束器708的一个入射端口；另一路通过反射镜705反射后，经相位编码器706进行相位编码并输出至偏振控制器707，经过偏振控制器707调制偏振态后输出至合束器708的另一个输入端口。两条子光路同步到达合束器708。调制偏振控制器703和707使两条子光路传输的光子处在相同的偏振态入射至合束器708。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、合束器、偏振控制器等均为偏振控制型器件。反射镜704和705用于调节光路的传播方向，也可用波导器件替代进行光子传输以及调节光路的传播方向。改变相位编码器702和偏振控制器703之间的顺序，以及改变相位编码器706和偏振控制器707之间的顺序，结果不受影响。
本发明第八实施例，一种偏振转相位编码装置，如图8所示，具体包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器801、两个相位编码器802和806、两个反射镜804和805、偏振控制器803，以及合束器807。
纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的任意一个光子输入至偏振分束器801，偏振分束器801将入射光子的两个正交偏振态分束到两条子光路。一路经过相位编码器802进行相位编码后，通过偏振控制器803调制偏振态后出射至反射镜804，经反射镜804反射至合束器807的一个入射端口；另一路通过反射镜805反射后，经相位编码器806进行相位编码并输出至合束器807的另一个输入端口。两条子光路同步到达合束器807。偏振控制器803调制该光路输入至合束器807的偏振态与另一光路输入至合束器807的偏振态一致。在偏振转相位编码装置中，传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件、相位编码器、偏振分束器、合束器、偏振控制器等均为偏振控制型器件。反射镜804和805用于调节光路的传播方向，也可用波导器件替代进行光子传输以及调节光路的传播方向。改变相位编码器802和偏振控制器803之间的顺序，结果不受影响。偏振控制器803放置于另一光路时，结果不受影响。
本发明第九实施例，一种不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪，如图9所示，具体包括以下组成部分：两个2×2的3dB偏振保持分束器903和906、偏振保持延时线904，以及一个偏振保持相位调制器905。
3dB偏振保持分束器903的一侧的两个端口901和902之一作为相位编码器的输入端，3dB偏振保持分束器906的另一侧的两个端口907和908之一作为相位编码器的输出端，偏振保持延时线904和偏振保持相位调制器905分别插入马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的两个臂。工作时，光子经偏振保持分束器903的端口901或902进入偏振保持分束器903分成两路传输，一路经过偏振保持延时线904延时，另一路经偏振保持相位调制器905进行相位调制，相对延时后的在两条光路上传输的光子经偏振保持分束器906合成一路由端口907或908输出。当偏振保持延时线904和偏振保持相位调制器905位于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的同一臂时，上述结果不受影响。
本发明第十实施例，一种不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪，如图10所示，具体包括以下组成部分：2×2的3dB偏振保持分束器1003、两个反射镜1005和1007、偏振保持相位调制器1006，以及偏振保持延时线1004。
3dB偏振保持分束器1003的一侧的两个端口1001和1002分别作为相位编码器的输入和输出端，3dB偏振保持分束器1003的另一侧的两端口之一依次连接偏振保持延时线1004、反射镜1005，同侧另一端口则顺序连接偏振保持相位调制器1006、反射镜1007。工作时，光子经偏振保持分束器1003的端口1001进入偏振保持分束器1003分成两路传输，一路经偏振保持延时线1004延时，由反射镜1005反射回来，另一路经偏振保持相位调制器1006进行相位调制后再经反射镜1007反射回来，反射回来的在两条光路上传输的光子经偏振保持分束器1003合成一路由端口1002输出。当偏振保持延时线1004和偏振保持相位调制器1006串接在同一端口时，上述结果不受影响。光子由1002端口输入、1001端口输出和以端口1001或1002同时作为输入和输出时结果相同。
本发明第十一实施例，一种不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪，如图11所示，具体包括以下组成部分：2×2的3dB分束器1103、两个90度旋转法拉第反射镜1105和1107、延时线1104，以及相位调制器1106。
3dB分束器1103的一侧的两个端口1101和1102分别作为相位编码器的输入和输出端，3dB分束器1103的另一侧的两端口之一依次连接延时线1104、90度旋转法拉第反射镜1105，同侧另一端口则顺序连接相位调制器1106、90度旋转法拉第反射镜1107。工作时，光子经分束器1103的端口1101进入分束器1103分成两路传输， 一路经过延时线1104延时，由90度旋转法拉第反射镜1105反射回来，另一路经相位调制器1106进行相位调制后再经90度旋转法拉第反射镜1107反射回来，反射回来的在两条光路上传输的光子经分束器1103合成一路由端口1102输出。当相位调制器1104和延时线1106串接在同一端口时，上述结果不受影响。光子由1102端口输入、1101端口输出和以端口1101或1102同时作为输入和输出时结果相同。
本发明实施例中介绍的相位纠缠方法和装置，将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及将转换为相位编码的第一光子和第二光子形成相位纠缠光子对；其中，所述将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码包括：对所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别执行偏振转相位编码操作，所述偏振转相位编码操作包括：通过偏振分束器将所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的每一个都分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子，通过分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器，对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码，并通过合束器将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子，其中所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。相位编码在光纤信道具有良好地抗环境干扰优势得到广泛应用。然而，相位纠缠光子对鲜有报道，本发明提出了一种产生相位纠缠的方法和装置实现方案。本发明方法简单、易于实现。
通过具体实施方式的说明，应当可对本发明为达成预定目的所采取的技术手段及功效得以更加深入且具体的了解，然而所附图示仅是提供参考与说明之用，并非用来对本发明加以限制。
尽管已经详细地说明了示例实施例，前述说明在所有方面都是说明性的而不是限制性的。应当理解，可以设计出多个其它改型和变体而不偏离示例实施例的范围，这些都落入本发明的保护范围。因此，本发明的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
    将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码；以及
    将转换为相位编码的第一光子和第二光子形成相位纠缠光子对；
    其中，所述将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码包括：
    对所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别执行偏振转相位编码操作，所述偏振转相位编码操作包括：
    通过偏振分束器将所述偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的每一个都分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子，通过分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器，对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码，并通过合束器将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子，其中所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在对一个光子进行的所述偏振转相位编码操作中，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子同步到达所述合束器，并合束为一条光路输出的光子。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；
    在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态 的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器；当所述合束器采用偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
  6. 根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过以下方式至少之一使所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态：
    在所述合束器之后设置起偏器；
    在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上分别设置起偏器；或者
    在所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上设置偏振控制器。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
  8. 一种用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述相位纠缠编码装置包括：偏振纠缠光源和两个偏振转相位编码装置，其中，
    所述偏振纠缠光源被配置为产生偏振纠缠光子对，所述偏振纠缠光子对包括偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子；
    所述两个偏振转相位编码装置被配置为分别接收所述偏振编码的第一光子和第二光子并且将偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子分别由偏振编码转换为相位编码，其中转换为相位编码的所述第一光子和第二光子能够形成相位纠缠光子对。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述偏振转相位编码装置包括：偏振分束器、相位编码器以及合束器；
    所述偏振分束器被配置为将偏振纠缠光源产生的偏振纠缠光子对中的第一光子和第二光子中的一个光子分束为在两条子光路上传输的光子；
    所述相位编码器分别设置于所述两条子光路上，所述相位编码器用于对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码；
    所述合束器被配置为将经过相位编码后的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述分别设置于所述两条子光路上的相位编码器对在所述两条子光路上传输的光子进行相位编码的相位相差180度。
  11. 根据权利要求9或10所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述合束器被配置为接收同步到达所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子，并将在所述两条子光路上传输的光子合束为一条光路输出的光子。
  12. 根据权利要求9或10所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器的正交基的本征态与所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态相同，所述偏振分束器将所述第一光子或第二光子的正交偏振态分束到所述两条子光路上。
  13. 根据权利要求9或10所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态相同的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器；
    在入射至所述合束器的在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的偏振态为正交偏振态的情况下，所述合束器采用偏振无关合束器或偏振合束器；当所述合束器采用偏振合束器时，在所述两条子光路上传输的光子的正交偏振态为所述偏振合束器的正交基的本征态。
  14. 根据权利要求9或10所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述相位编码器采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪；
    当所述相位编码器采用不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪或不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪时，所述偏振合束器与所述偏振分束器为同一器件。
  15. 根据权利要求9或10所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述偏振转相位编码装置还包括：起偏器或偏振控制器；所述起偏器或偏振控制器用于控制所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态；
    当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括起偏器时，所述起偏器设置于所述合束器之后，或者所述起偏器分别设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的两条子光路上；或者
    当所述偏振转相位编码装置包括偏振控制器时，所述偏振控制器设置于所述偏振分束器和所述合束器之间的一条或两条子光路上。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的用于光子对的相位纠缠编码装置，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器、所述相位编码器、所述合束器、所述偏振控制器、所述起偏器以及传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振控制型器件，对光路中光子的偏振态进行控制，使得所述合束为一条光路输出的光子有确定的偏振态。
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