WO2018185710A1 - Revêtement ou surcouche de surface durci, durable, destiné à protéger des plantes contre des organismes nuisibles - Google Patents

Revêtement ou surcouche de surface durci, durable, destiné à protéger des plantes contre des organismes nuisibles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018185710A1
WO2018185710A1 PCT/IB2018/052379 IB2018052379W WO2018185710A1 WO 2018185710 A1 WO2018185710 A1 WO 2018185710A1 IB 2018052379 W IB2018052379 W IB 2018052379W WO 2018185710 A1 WO2018185710 A1 WO 2018185710A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
insecticide
coating composition
chlorpyrifos
dispersed
insecticidal
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Application number
PCT/IB2018/052379
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English (en)
Inventor
Suresh Velate
Mohamed Ashraf Moideen
Anantharaman Dhanabalan
Venkata Ramanarayanan Ganapathy BHOTLA
Girish KORIPELLY
Reema Sinha
Parthipan BALAKRISHNAN
Mahesh Virupasandra SHIVARAMU
Ramesh NARAYANA
M. Mohamed Ali SAIT
Teena BONIZZI
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Sabic Global Technologies B.V.
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Publication of WO2018185710A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018185710A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
    • A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients stabilising the active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/24—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients to enhance the sticking of the active ingredients

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of insecticidal coatings. More particularly, it concerns protective coating compositions and methods of their use for protecting a variety of plants from pests.
  • Attempts to protect plants from pests typically include the use of systemic pesticides, insecticidal coatings, pheromone traps placed near the plant, cutting and/or burning of infected plants, and curing infected plants, especially at the early stages of infestation.
  • systemic pesticides insecticidal coatings
  • pheromone traps placed near the plant
  • cutting and/or burning of infected plants and curing infected plants, especially at the early stages of infestation.
  • drawbacks to these treatments including the requirement to repeatedly treat the plants, the need to use a large amount of pesticides, and negative impacts to the environment.
  • systemic pesticide application includes applying insecticide through a hole in the trunk or stem of the plant above an infested area or spraying an insecticide on the ground surrounding the plant.
  • the systemic insecticides enter the vascular system of the plant and are transported throughout the plant, with sometimes the undesirable effect of having fruit or other edible portions of the plant exposed to pesticides.
  • Systemic pesticide application typically requires a relatively large amount of insecticide for effectiveness and much of the pesticide can be lost to the environment, including undesirable seepage into ground water.
  • Insecticidal coatings have been used on plants and seeds to remedy some of the problems with systemic application and the other typical plant protection methods.
  • the coatings typically contain a pesticide and an adhesive/glue, such as a polymeric adhesive.
  • International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2016/009279 to Rettori et al. discloses a plant treatment coating layer that contains an insecticide and a polymeric adhesive.
  • Llacer et al. ⁇ J Econ Entomol. 2010; 103(2):402-8) discloses an insecticidal paint based on chlorpyrifos and pyriproxyfen in a microencapsulated formulation.
  • current insecticidal coatings are not without their own problems.
  • the coatings can require re- application due to degradation of the active insecticide or wearing away of the coating. Further, the coatings can potentially hinder the free flow of seeds and/or retain foreign unwanted material if the coatings do not completely dry or lose their tackiness in a short period of time. Attempts to remedy these problems have been made.
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0167374 to Stickler et al. U.S. Patent No. 9,204,630 to Shirly et al., and European Patent No. EP 0 250 908 to Rheaume et al. each disclose insecticidal compositions that can contain UV protectants to help prevent degradation of the insecticide.
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0167374 to Stickler et al. and 2010/0297259 to Wilson et al. each disclose insecticidal compositions that can contain antioxidants to also help protect the insecticide.
  • the protective coatings of the present invention can be an insecticidal coating layer designed to be in direct contact with the plant and/or can be a non- tacky overcoating layered over an insecticidal coating.
  • the insecticidal coating and the overcoating can both generally be referred to as "protective coating(s)."
  • the overcoating can being capable of reducing degradation of the insecticide or the insecticidal coating during use.
  • the protective coatings can form a hardened surface that can reduce the need to reapply the coatings.
  • the protective coatings of the present invention can contain an insecticide, a photoprotectant, an antioxidant, a hydrolysis resistant additive, a surface hardening additive, and/or an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • protective coating compositions that include carbon black as a photoprotectant exhibit strong protection of the insecticide ⁇ e.g., chlorpyrifos) and good durability when subjected to accelerated weathering conditions. This is especially true when an insecticidal coating composition is protected with an overcoating composition of the present invention.
  • the insecticide, chlorpyrifos, and/or degradation products of chlorpyrifos can have surface hardening properties.
  • the use of this insecticide in the protective coatings of the present invention can allow for a reduction of or removal of traditional surface hardening additives from the coatings.
  • the resulting protective coating compositions can be more cost efficient to produce while retaining their desired durability.
  • additional hardening additives can be added to further increase the durability of the chlorpyrifos containing protective coating compositions.
  • a durable insecticidal coating composition capable of protecting plants from pests.
  • the insecticidal coating composition can be configured to be in direct contact with an exterior surface of a plant.
  • the insecticidal coating composition can contain an insecticide, a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive, and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material, or any combination thereof.
  • an overcoat/overcoating composition that is capable of protecting the insecticide in an insecticidal coating during use.
  • the insecticidal coating can be any insecticidal coating, including but not limited to the insecticidal coating compositions of the present invention.
  • the overcoating composition can contain a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • the overcoating composition can be capable of reducing degradation of an insecticidal coating composition and/or an insecticide contained in the insecticidal coating composition. In some instances, the overcoating composition reduces the degradation of the insecticidal coating composition while the insecticidal coating composition is protecting plants from pests.
  • the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material that can be used in the protective coatings of the present invention can include a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed polymer phase.
  • the insecticide and the photoprotectant if present, can be dispersed in the aqueous phase.
  • the surface hardening additive, antioxidant, and/or hydrolysis resistant additive if present, can either be solubilized in the aqueous phase or dispersed in a polymer phase of the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • the polymeric material can be aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate.
  • other polymeric materials can be used in the context of the present invention, including those disclosed throughout this specification and claims.
  • the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material can provide a structure by acting as a binder that allows for the other ingredients in the insecticidal coating or overcoating compositions (e.g., an insecticide, a photoprotectant, an antioxidant, a hydrolysis resistant additive, and/or a surface hardening additive) to remain stable prior to, during application of, and/or drying of the compositions.
  • the resulting compositions whether formulated as an insecticidal coating or as an overcoat, can be durable in challenging weather conditions (e.g., heat, sand storms, arid conditions, etc.) and/or can limit leaching of the insecticide into the vascular system of the plants and the surrounding environment.
  • Embodiment 1 is a durable insecticidal coating composition capable of protecting plants from pests, the insecticidal coating composition comprising: an insecticide; a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive; and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material that includes a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed polymer phase, wherein the insecticide and the photoprotectant, if present, are dispersed in the aqueous phase.
  • Embodiment 2 is the durable insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises a surface hardening additive that is either solubilized in the aqueous phase or dispersed in a polymer phase.
  • Embodiment 3 is the insecticidal coating composition of any of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising: at least 80 wt. %, preferably at least 90 wt. %, of the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material; 1 wt. % to 5 wt. %, preferably 2 wt. % to 3 wt. %, of the insecticide; 0.1 wt. % to 3 wt. %, preferably 0.5 wt. % to 2 wt. %, of the photoprotectant; and 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. %, preferably 0.1 wt. % to 1 wt. %, of the surface hardening additive.
  • Embodiment 4 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the dispersed polymer phase comprises polyvinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylic, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide, natural latex, or synthetic latex, or any combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 5 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 4, wherein the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material is aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate.
  • Embodiment 6 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the insecticide comprises tefluthrin and/or chlorpyrifos.
  • Embodiment 7 is the composition of embodiment 5, wherein the insecticide comprises chlorpyrifos mixed into the coating and/or chemically bonded to an insecticide carrier.
  • Embodiment 8 is the composition of embodiment 7, wherein the chlorpyrifos is chemically bonded to an insecticide carrier and the insecticide carrier is a particulate having an average particle size of less than about 20 to 500 microns, preferably about 50 to 120 microns.
  • Embodiment 9 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the insecticidal coating composition comprises a photoprotectant, preferably carbon black.
  • Embodiment 10 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the insecticidal coating composition comprises a surface hardening additive, preferably sulfuric acid and/or derivatives thereof.
  • Embodiment 11 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 10, wherein the surface hardening additive is chlorpyrifos.
  • Embodiment 12 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 11, wherein no acid-based surface hardening additive is added to the insecticidal coating.
  • Embodiment 13 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 1, comprising: at least 90 wt.
  • Embodiment 14 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 1, comprising: at least 90 wt.
  • Embodiment 15 is the insecticidal coating composition of any of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material further comprises a surfactant.
  • Embodiment 16 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, further comprising an antioxidant and/or a hydrolysis resistant additive to protect the insecticide from degradation, wherein the antioxidant and/or hydrolysis resistant additive is optionally present in the composition in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. %, preferably 0.5 wt. % to 1 wt. %.
  • Embodiment 17 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 16, wherein the antioxidant and/or hydrolysis resistant additive is selected from citric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, a combination of citric acid and phosphoric acid, or any combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 18 is the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the insecticidal coating composition is in direct contact with an exterior surface of a plant, preferably a palm tree selected from Phoenix dactylifera or Phoenix canariensis, and wherein the insecticide is active against red palm weevil.
  • Embodiment 19 is a method of treating or preventing infestation of a plant by a pest, the method comprising: applying the insecticidal coating composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 to an exterior surface of the plant to form an insecticide-containing layer that is in direct contact with the surface of the plant, wherein the insecticide-containing layer is effective for treating or preventing infestation of the plant by a pest without the insecticide entering the vascular system of the plant.
  • Embodiment 20 is the method of embodiment 19, wherein the pest is a red palm weevil and the plant is a palm tree, preferably Phoenix dactylifera or Phoenix canariensis.
  • Embodiment 21 is the method of any one of embodiments 19 to 20, wherein the insecticidal coating composition is applied to severed and/or live leaf bases and/or petiole bases of the plant.
  • Embodiment 22 is an overcoating composition for an insecticidal coating composition capable of protecting plants from pests, the overcoating composition comprising: a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive; and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material that includes a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed polymer phase, wherein the photoprotectant, if present, is dispersed in the aqueous phase and the surface hardening additive, if present, is solubilized in the aqueous phase, and wherein the overcoating composition is capable of reducing degradation of the insecticidal coating composition and/or insecticide contained in the insecticidal coating composition during use.
  • Embodiment 23 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 22, comprising: at least 80 wt. % to 99.99 wt. %, preferably at least 90 wt. % to 99.9 wt. %, of the polymeric adhesive material; and 0.1 wt. % to 3 wt. %, preferably 0.5 wt. % to 2 wt. %, of the photoprotectant and/or 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. %, preferably 0.1 wt. % to 1 wt. %, of the surface hardening additive.
  • Embodiment 24 is the overcoating coating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 23, wherein the dispersed polymer phase comprises polyvinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylic, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide, natural latex, or synthetic latex, or any combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 25 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 24, wherein the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material is aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate.
  • Embodiment 26 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 25, wherein the insecticide comprises tefluthrin and/or chlorpyrifos.
  • Embodiment 27 is the composition of embodiment 26, wherein the insecticide comprises chlorpyrifos mixed into the coating and/or chemically bonded to an insecticide carrier.
  • Embodiment 28 is the composition of embodiment 27, wherein the chlorpyrifos is chemically bonded to an insecticide carrier and the insecticide carrier is a particulate having an average particle size of less than about 50 to 120 microns.
  • Embodiment 29 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 28, wherein the overcoating composition comprises a photoprotectant, preferably carbon black.
  • Embodiment 30 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 29, wherein the overcoating composition comprises a surface hardening additive, preferably sulfuric acid and/or derivatives thereof.
  • Embodiment 31 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 30, wherein the surface hardening additive is chlorpyrifos and/or byproducts of chlorpyrifos.
  • Embodiment 32 is the insecticidal coating composition of embodiment 31, wherein no acid-based surface hardening additive is added to the insecticidal coating.
  • Embodiment 33 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 22, comprising: at least 80 wt. % to 99.99 wt. %, preferably at least 90 wt. % to 99.9 wt. %, of the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material, wherein the aqueous- dispersed polymeric adhesive material is aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate; and 0.5 wt.
  • Embodiment 34 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 22, comprising: at least 90 wt. % of the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material, wherein the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material is aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate; and 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. %, preferably 0.1 to 1 wt. % of the surface hardening additive, wherein the surface hardening additive is sulfuric acid or derivatives of sulfuric acid.
  • Embodiment 35 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 34, wherein the aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material further comprises a surfactant.
  • Embodiment 36 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 35, wherein the overcoating composition forms a protective overcoat layer on the insecticidal coating composition.
  • Embodiment 37 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 36, wherein the insecticidal coating composition is the composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 17 that has been dried.
  • Embodiment 38 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 37, wherein the dried insecticidal coating composition comprises an insecticide and a polymeric adhesive layer, wherein the insecticide is dispersed in the polymeric layer.
  • Embodiment 39 is the overcoating composition of embodiment 38, wherein the dried insecticidal coating composition comprises: at least 80 wt. %, preferably at least 95 wt. %, of the polymeric adhesive layer; and 1 wt. % to 5 wt. %, preferably 2 wt. % to 3 wt. % of the insecticide.
  • Embodiment 40 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the polymeric adhesive layer comprises polyvinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylic, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide, natural latex, or synthetic latex, or any combination thereof, preferably aqueous dispersed polyvinyl acetate.
  • Embodiment 41 is the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 36 to 40, wherein the insecticidal coating composition is in direct contact with an exterior surface of the plant, preferably a palm tree selected from Phoenix dactylifera or Phoenix canariensis, and wherein the insecticide is active against red palm weevil.
  • Embodiment 42 is a method of treating or preventing infestation of a plant by a pest, the method comprising: applying an insecticidal containing coating composition to an exterior surface of the plant to form an insecticide-containing polymeric adhesive layer that is in direct contact with the surface of the plant, wherein the insecticide-containing polymeric adhesive layer is effective for treating or preventing infestation of the plant by a pest without the insecticide entering the vascular system of the plant; and applying the overcoating composition of any one of embodiments 22 to 35 to a surface of the insecticide-containing polymeric adhesive layer, wherein the overcoating composition forms a second polymeric adhesive layer that is in direct contact with the surface of the insecticide-containing polymeric adhesive layer, and wherein the second polymeric adhesive layer protects the insecticide and/or the insecticide- containing polymeric adhesive layer from degradation.
  • Embodiment 43 is the method of embodiment 42, wherein the pest is a red palm weevil and the plant is a palm tree, preferably Phoenix dactylifera or Phoenix canariensis.
  • Embodiment 44 is the method of any one of embodiments 42 to 43, wherein the insecticidal coating composition is applied to severed and/or live leaf bases and/or petiole bases of the plant.
  • “Chemically bonded” and “chemical bond” includes covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces.
  • direct contact or “direct contact” are defined as a physical contact between the materials in contact. In some instances, direct contact can include a physical mixing of the materials.
  • wt.% refers to a weight, volume, or molar percentage of a component, respectively, based on the total weight, the total volume, or the total moles of material that includes the component.
  • 10 moles of component in 100 moles of the material is 10 mol.% of component.
  • compositions and methods of the present invention can "comprise,” “consist essentially of,” or “consist of particular steps, components, compositions, etc., disclosed throughout the specification.
  • transitional phase “consisting essentially of” in one non-limiting aspect, a basic and novel characteristic of the insecticidal coating and overcoating compositions of the present invention are their durability, which is especially advantageous when used in inclement weather conditions.
  • FIG. 1A-D Effect of accelerated weathering at 70% relative humidity (RH) on glue coating: A) glue without chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; B) glue without chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure; C) glue with chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; D) glue with chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure.
  • RH relative humidity
  • FIG. 2A-D Effect of accelerated weathering with water spray and 30% RH on glue coating: A) glue without chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; B) glue without chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure; C) glue with chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; D) glue with chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure.
  • FIG. 3A-B Effect of accelerated weathering on polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) from 0 to 648 h of accelerated weathering for films with or without chlorpyrifos.
  • PVAc polyvinyl acetate
  • FIG. 4 Effect of accelerated weathering on the polydispersity of PVAc from 0 to 350 h of accelerated weathering for the films with or without pesticides.
  • FIG. 5 Possible chemical events taking place upon weathering of a pesticide.
  • FIG. 6 Degradation profile of chlorpyrifos in glue formulation.
  • C Chlorpyrifos blank;
  • PI Carbon black;
  • P2 CHIMASSORB® 944.
  • FIG. 7 Degradation profile of chlorpyrifos in glue formulation.
  • C Chlorpyrifos blank;
  • Al Citric acid;
  • A2 Phosphoric acid;
  • A3 Benzoic acid.
  • FIG. 8 Effect of an overcoating composition of the present invention on degradation of chlorpyrifos during accelerated weathering observed at higher concentration for chlorpyrifos.
  • FIG. 9 Effect of an overcoating composition of the present invention on degradation of chlorpyrifos during accelerated weathering observed at lower concentration for chlorpyrifos.
  • FIG. 10 Effect of an overcoating composition of the present invention on the chlorpyrifos retention on exposure until 150 h using accelerated weathering.
  • FIG. 11 Effect of an overcoating composition of the present invention on the tefluthrin retention on exposure until 150 h using accelerated weathering.
  • FIG. 12A-B Image collected for the insecticidal coating with (A) and without (B) an overcoating composition of the present invention in scatter mode using a two camera imaging system.
  • the protective coating(s) can be structured as aqueous dispersions of polymeric adhesive material that include a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed polymer phase. Additional ingredients such as insecticide(s), photoprotectant(s), and/or surface hardening additive(s) can be incorporated into either the aqueous phase or the dispersed polymeric phase.
  • this structure can result in durable and stable protective coating(s) that can withstand all types of weather conditions ranging from hot and arid environments, humid environments, temperate environments, and/or cold environments.
  • the protective coating(s) can be used in all types of climate zones (e.g., polar, zones, temperate zones, and tropical zones).
  • the protective coating(s) can be used on all type of plants in all of the aforementioned environments and climate zones.
  • plants located in hot arid environments may be preferred plants in the context of the present invention (e.g., palm trees), other types of plants are contemplated in the context of the present invention, a non-limiting list of which is provided below.
  • the protective coating(s) of the present invention can be formed as a single or multilayered structure.
  • the protective coating(s) can be an insecticidal coating and/or an overcoating.
  • the insecticidal coating and/or an overcoating can contain an insecticide, a photoprotectant, an antioxidant, a hydrolysis resistant additive, a surface hardening additive, and/or an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • the insecticidal coating that contacts the surface of the plant can contain an insecticide, a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive, and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • the overcoating can contain a photoprotectant and/or a surface hardening additive and an aqueous dispersed polymeric adhesive material.
  • both protective coatings can also include an antioxidant and/or a hydrolysis resistant additive.
  • a polymer can be used in the protective coating(s) to retain the insecticide, a photoprotectant, an antioxidant, a surface hardening additive, an antioxidant, and/or a hydrolysis resistant additive, in the protective coating(s).
  • the polymer can also assist in retaining the protective coating(s) on the plant.
  • the polymer can be a polymer dispersed in an aqueous solution (e.g., water).
  • the dispersed polymer can contain polyvinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylics, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide, natural latex, or synthetic latex, or any combination thereof.
  • the dispersed polymer can be an adhesive material.
  • the aqueous-dispersed polymeric adhesive material is aqueous-dispersed polyvinyl acetate,
  • the protective coating(s) can protect a plant from pests by containing an insecticide.
  • the protective coating(s) can reduce or eliminate the amount of insecticide entering the vascular system of the plant and/or entering the environment around the protective coating(s).
  • the layer which is in direct contact with the surface of the tree can contain a pesticide (for example, an insecticide such as chlorpyrifos or tefluthrin) and minimize or eliminate the amount of pesticide that enters the vascular system of the plant.
  • insecticide entering the vascular system of the plant does not include transport of the insecticide into the plant by the pest.
  • a red palm larva weevil that begins burrowing into a palm tree coated with the coatings herein will ingest a lethal dose of the insecticide as the larva burrows through the coating.
  • the larva may not be killed by the pesticide in the coating until after having at least partially entered the central cylinder or cortex of the palm tree trunk.
  • the insecticide may be any single insecticide or combination of insecticides.
  • Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, chemical name: o,o-diethyl-o-(3,5,6-trichloro- 2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate). This insecticide is effective at controlling soil and foliage pests.
  • Tefluthrin is a pyrethroid pesticide, chemical name:
  • the insecticide(s) can also be carbamates, sodium channel modulators/voltage dependent sodium channel blockers, pyrethroids such as DDT, oxadiazines such as indoxacarb, acetylcholine-receptor agonists/antagonists, acetylcholine - receptor-modulators, nicotine, bensultap, cartap, chloronicotyinyls such as acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidac loprid, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, spinosyns such as spinosad, cyclodiene organochlorines such as camphechlor, chlordane, endosulfan, gamma-HCH, HCH, heptachlor, lindane, methoxychlor, fiproles such as acetoprole, ethiprole, fipronil, vani
  • the insecticide is one or more of chlorpyrifos and tefluthrin.
  • the insecticides used in the insecticide coatings of the present invention may include biological microorganisms suitable for controlling undesirable animal and plant pests and nuisance pests.
  • Preferred biological microorganism insecticides include all microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) capable of forming resting forms, such as spores or conidia.
  • the insecticide can be mixed into the protective coating(s) and/or chemically bonded to an insecticide carrier.
  • the insecticide carrier can be a particulate having an average particle size of less than about 50 to 120 microns.
  • the carrier can be talc, attapulgite clay, pyrophyllite, chalk, diatomaceous earth (e.g., kieselguhr), vermiculite, calcium phosphates, calcium and magnesium carbonates, sulfur, flours, and/or other organic and inorganic solids which act as carriers.
  • the insecticide bound to the carrier can then be mixed with the protective coatings of the present invention.
  • the insecticide-containing layer can be of a thickness that is sufficient for ingestion of a lethal dose of insecticide by a pest attempting to enter or bore into plant.
  • the thickness of the insecticide-containing layer may vary depending on the concentration of insecticide present therein.
  • the pesticide-containing layer has a thickness of from 10 ⁇ to 1 millimeter, preferably from 50 ⁇ to 950 ⁇ , from 100 ⁇ to 900 ⁇ , 150 ⁇ to 850 ⁇ , 200 ⁇ to 800 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ to 750 ⁇ , 300 ⁇ to 700 ⁇ , 350 ⁇ to 650 ⁇ , 400 ⁇ to 600 ⁇ , 450 ⁇ to 550 ⁇ , or about 500 ⁇ .
  • the thickness of the insecticide- containing layer is an average determined by cross sectional analysis or the use of a thickness gauge such as an Erichsen 455 paint inspection gauge.
  • the insecticide-containing layer comprises an insecticidally-effective amount of one or more of the insecticides.
  • the term "insecticidally-effective amount” describes a concentration of insecticide in the insecticide-containing layer sufficient to deliver a lethal and/or repellent dose of insecticide to a pest as it ingests or absorbs a portion of the insecticide- containing layer while feeding on plant coated with the insecticide-containing layer or attempting to burrow into the plant through the insecticide-containing layer.
  • An insecticidally- effective amount is an amount sufficient to kill the pest in one or more of its life cycle forms including pupa, egg, larva, emergent, and/or adult.
  • a repellent-effective amount is an amount that is sufficient for deterring a pest from penetrating the epidermis or cortex of a plant and/or an amount sufficient to deter a pest from depositing an egg thereon.
  • the amount of insecticide that is present in the insecticide-containing layer may vary depending on the effectiveness (lethality) of the pesticide.
  • the insecticide is effective for preventing and/or treating infestations of numerous pests.
  • pests include insets can include the Coleptera, Lepidoptera Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Diptera, Acarina, and Nematoda insect families.
  • Coleptera family insects can include Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil), Callosobruchus Chinensis (adzuki bean weevil), Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil), Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Epilachna vigintioctomaculata (large 28-spotted lady beetle), Agriotes fuscicollis (barley wireworm), Anomala rufocuprea (soybean beetle), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Diabrotica spp., Monochamus alternatus (Japanese pine sawyer), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (rice water weevil), Lyctus (powderpost beetle), etc..
  • Lepidoptera family insects can include Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Malacosoma neustria, Pieris rapae, Spodoptera litura (common cutworm), Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm), Chilo suppressalis (Asiatic rice borer), Pyrausta nubilalis (oriental corn borer), Ephestia cautella, Adoxophyes orana (smaller tea tortrix), Carpocapsa pomonella, Agrotis (cutworm), Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth), Plutella maculipennis (diamondback moth), Heliothis Phyllocnistis citrella, etc.
  • Hemiptera family insects can include Nephotettix cincticeps (green rice leafhopper), Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice planthopper), Pseudococcus comstocki (Comstock mealyburg), Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead scale), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Aphis pomi (green apple aphis), Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid), Rhopalosiphum pseuddobrassicas (turnip aphid), Stephanitis nashi (pear lace bug), Nazara spp., Cimex lectularius, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly), Psylla spp.
  • Orthoptera family insects can include Blatella germanica (German cockroach), Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Gryllotalpa africana (mole cricket), Locusta migratoria migratoriodes, etc.
  • Isoptera family insects can include Reticulitermes speratus (Japanese white birch aphid), Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite), and Thysanoptera, such as Thrips palmi karny.
  • Diptera family insects can include Musaca domestica (oriental house fly), Aedes aegypti, Hylemia platura (seed-corn maggot), Culex pipiens, Anopheles sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, etc.
  • Acarina family insects can include Tetranychus telarius (carmine spider mite), (tow- spotted spider mite), Panonychus citri (citus red mite), Aculops pelekassi (pink citrus rust mite), Tarsonemus spp. (tarsonemid mites), etc.
  • Nematoda family insects can include Meloidogyne incognita (southern root-knot nematode), Bursaphelenchus lignicolus mamiya et kiyohara, Aphelenchoides bessey (rice white-tip nematode), Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode), Pratylenchus spp. (root- lesion nematode), etc.
  • the insecticidal coating and/or the overcoating can be capable of forming a hardened or durable surface.
  • the protective coating(s) can withstand severe abrasive conditions, such as those of desserts where the coating needs to withstand windblown sand, high humidity, or rain.
  • the insecticidal coating and/or overcoating can contain an additive which enhances the surface hardness of the coating.
  • the presence of a surface hardening additive can enhance the surface hardness of the coating or an overcoating after it is formed on the plant and can improve the durability of the coating.
  • the coating is not hardened to the point where the formation of cracks occur upon impact of the coating (indicating a high modulus).
  • the surface hardened coating can have an extended useful life and reduce the frequency of re-applications required.
  • Surface hardening additives that can be used in the protective coating(s) include any hardening agent.
  • hardening agent include organic acids, inorganic acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • the surface hardening additive can be sulfuric acid and/or derivatives thereof. Derivatives of sulfuric acid can include sulfonic acids, such as straight or branched chain aliphatic sulfonic acids and/or aromatic sulfonic acids having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples of sulfonic acids include methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, propanesulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, ⁇ -toluenesulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid, and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.
  • the surface hardening additive can be chlorpyrifos or a derivative thereof, such as an acidic chlorpyrifos derivative.
  • the composition containing chlorpyrifos can have a neutral or a basic pH at the time it is added to the insecticidal coating so that hardening of the insecticidal coating is not induced at the time it is added.
  • the initial amount of chlorpyrifos added to the protective coating(s) can be less than that which is required to induce hardening of the insecticidal coating at the time it is added.
  • the degradation of chlorpyrifos alone or in combination with other surface hardening additives can be sufficient to harden the protective coating(s).
  • the protective coating(s) can contain no surface hardening additive other than sulfuric acid, a sulfuric acid derivative, chlorpyrifos, and/or a chlorpyrifos degradation product. In some instances, no acid-based surface hardening additive is added to the protective coating(s). In certain aspects, the protective coating(s) can contain no acid. In some aspects, the protective coating(s) can contain no surface hardening additive when the components of the composition are combined, but the degradation and/or reaction of one or more of the components therein forms a surface hardening additive.
  • the photoprotectant can be any photoprotectant.
  • the photoprotectant can be an ultraviolet light blocking or absorbing component.
  • the photoprotectant is carbon black.
  • the photoprotectant is imidazole derivatives, salicylates, triazone derivatives, triazol derivatives, dibenzoylmethanes, amino substituted hydroxybenzophenones, phenyl-benzimidazoles, anthranilates, phenyl-benzoxazoles, 1,4- dihydropyranesacrylates, p-aminobenzoates, camphor derivatives, cinnamates, benzophenones, esters of benzalmalonic acid, esters of 2-(4-ethoxy anilinomethylene)propanedioic, and others, and mixtures thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of antioxidants and hydrolysis resistant additives that can be used in the context of the present invention include citric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, a combination of citric acid and phosphoric acid, an amino acid, an amino acid derivative, imidazole, an imidazole derivative, a metal-chelator, ⁇ -hydroxyacids (e.g., citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, etc.), huminic acid, gallic acid, gallic extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), an EGTA derivative, unsaturated fatty acids, derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., ⁇ -linoleic acid, linolic acid, oleic acid, etc.), folic acid, derivatives of folic acid, ubiquinone, ubiquinol, a ubiquinone derivative
  • the coating may contain other stabilizing additives as well.
  • the protective coating(s) can be made by combining all or some of the components of the protective coating(s) and mixing.
  • the polymer and water can be combined with all, some, or none of the additives, such as an insecticide, a photoprotectant, an antioxidant, a hydrolysis resistant additive, and/or a surface hardening additive, and mixed. If additives are included, the additives can then be added to the mixture and mixed. Mixing can be performed by any means known, such as stirring, vortexing, homogenizing, shaking, etc.
  • the protective coating(s) can be applied to a plant by any means, such as painting, spraying, dip coating, pouring, etc.
  • the protective coating(s) can be dried and/or cured by any means, including air drying, blowing air, applying a hardening activator, exposing to conditions that activate hardening, etc. During drying, the aqueous phase of the protective coating composition can evaporate. Additives that were solubilized or dispersed in the aqueous phase can be dispersed in the polymers after drying.
  • the protective coating(s) can be used to protect a plant from a pest.
  • the protective coating(s) can be used as a coating that directly contacts a surface of the plant and/or directly contacts the surface of one or more underlying layer(s) between the protective coating(s) and the plant.
  • the protective coating(s) are used as a single layer and/or a first layer contacting a surface of a plant and an overcoating for the first layer.
  • the first layer and the overcoating can be different protective coating compositions.
  • Non-limiting examples of plants that can benefit from the protective coating(s) of the present invention include vines, trees, shrubs, stalked plants, ferns, etc.
  • the plants may include orchard crops, vines, ornamental plants, food crops, timber, and harvested plants.
  • the plants may include Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and/or Pteridophytes. Gymnosperms may include plants from the Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae, Sciadopitaceae, Taxaceae, Cycadaceae, and Ginkgoaceae families.
  • Angiosperms can include plants from the Aceraceae, Agavaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Arecaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bombacaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Buxaceae, Canellaceae, Cannabaceae, Capparidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caricaceae, Casuarinaceae, Celastraceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae, Cyrillaceae, Davidsoniaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Grossulariaceae, Ham
  • the plant protected is a palm tree.
  • Palm trees may include coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Borassus flabellifer, Calamus merillii, Cargota maxima, Cargota cumingii, Corypha gebanga, Corypha elata, Livistona decipiens, Metroxglon sagu, Oreodoxa regia, Phoenix sylvestris, Sabal umbraculifera, Trachycarpus fortunei, Washingtonia spp., and other palm like plants such as Agave Americana, Saccharum qfficinarum, and Chamaerops humilis (known as Mediterranean dwarf Palm).
  • preferred plants for protection from pests include palm trees selected from Phoenix dactylifera or Phoenix canariensis.
  • An insecticidal coating composition containing polyvinyl acetate (VINAVIL® (Vinavil S.p.A, Italy) glue with the water content of 60%) and master-batch of chlorpyrifos anchored onto inorganic fillers in water was prepared to test the durability of the coating in comparison to a similar coating that did not contain chlorpyrifos.
  • the composition was prepared by vortexing the composition for 5 min, followed by shaking for 2 h.
  • the master- batch of chlorpyrifos appeared uniformly dispersed within the formulation.
  • the uniform dispersion was applied onto glass substrates using a doctor blade set-up and dried at room temperature over 2 days to ensure the complete evaporation of the water and a uniform coating (thickness of about 120 microns).
  • control coating composition the same as that above, but without master-batch of chlorpyrifos anchored onto inorganic fillers was made and similarly applied onto a glass substrate to form a uniform coating.
  • the control coating appeared uniform upon visual inspection after the complete evaporation of water.
  • the second test conditions used an irradiation level of 0.51 W/m2 @ 340 nm optical filter, BST (Black Standard Temperature) was 65 °C, and the RH (Relative Humidity) was 70%> with continuous light and no specimen spray.
  • the coating which contained master-batch of chlorpyrifos anchored onto inorganic fillers was found to be slightly harder than that of the control coating without master-batch of chlorpyrifos (control- 1), as evidenced from the preliminary imaging measurements and physical touch.
  • the observed enhanced surface hardness of the working example- 1 may be related to the presence of inorganic fillers and/or to the crosslinking of the binder in the presence of small quantities of the by-products derived from the degradation of the chlorpyrifos.
  • Such cross-linking of the binder seems to be continued and/or augmented under the accelerated weathering conditions, leading to further enhanced hardness of the coating. It is clear that such crosslinking and hardening of the VINAVIL® glue binder does not occur under similar weather conditions in the absence of master-batch of chlorpyrifos anchored onto the inorganic fillers in the coating (control-1).
  • FIG. 1 shows the effect of accelerated weathering on glue coatings with or without chlorpyrifos at 0 hours (h) and 200 h exposure.
  • the effect of accelerated weathering at 70% relative humidity (RH) on glue coating is shown for: A) glue without chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; B) glue without chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure; C) glue with chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; D) glue with chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure.
  • RH relative humidity
  • FIG. 2 shows the effect of accelerated weathering with water spray on glue coatings with our without chlorpyrifos at 0 h and 200 h exposure.
  • the effect of accelerated weathering with water spray and 30% RH on glue coating is shown for: A) glue without chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; B) glue without chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure; C) glue with chlorpyrifos at 0 h exposure; D) glue with chlorpyrifos at 200 h exposure.
  • the presence of chlorpyrifos reduces the surface erosion.
  • polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) which contains chlorpyrifos shows an increase in polydispersity. Not to be bound by theory, this may be due to the chain incision and also increased branching of the PVAc.
  • FIG. 3 shows the effect of accelerated weathering on PVAc polydispersity from 0 to 648 h of accelerated weathering for the control and the films containing chlorpyrifos.
  • FIG. 4 shows the effect of accelerated weathering on the polydispersity of PVAc until 350 h of accelerated weathering for the control and the films containing different pesticides, including tefluthrin, and high and low concentrations of chlorpyrifos.
  • chlorpyrifos can be used to harden a surface in a first coating, or any one or more layers of a multi-layer coating, such as in an overcoating.
  • a pigment additive(s) for example, carbon black as a pigmnet, a light stabilizer (CHIMASSORB® 944, BASF, U.S.A.), a light absorber (CYASORB CYNERGY SOLUTIONS® 5411, Cytec Sovay Group, U.S.A.), etc.
  • a UV stabilizer can filter out the UV light that is harmful to the pesticide before (PZ)* has had a chance to form (See, FIG. 5).
  • the pigment additive can work efficiently in coating compositions even a low concentrations (for example, ⁇ 1% by weight of total solid content of the whole formulation). It was observed that most of the pesticides remained intact within the coating even after exposed to accelerated weathering conditions, as compared to the control coating composition which does not contain any pigment additive.
  • the procedure used to prepare the pesticide formulation with and without a pigment or UV additive was as follows.
  • the required amount of polyvinyl acetate (VINAVIL® glue) and water (see Table 1) was mixed in a plastic vial, vortexed for 5 min, and then shaken for 1 hour.
  • a pesticide masterbatch (7.5% of chlorpyrifos, particle size 53 to 120 micron) and pigment additives 0% to 5% of total solid content were then added.
  • the mixture was shaken for 2 hours and then further vortexed for uniform mixing.
  • the pigment additive and the master- batch of chlorpyrifos appeared uniformly dispersed within the mixture and the uniform dispersion was applied onto glass plates to prepare coated samples for testing under accelerated weathering conditions.
  • the mixture was spread on to the glass plates (75mm long x 25 mm width x 1mm thick) to produce a polymeric films by using an automatic film applicator and a doctors blade.
  • the prepared polymeric film was air dried for two days or until all the water evaporated.
  • the coated samples visually appeared uniform after the complete evaporation of water.
  • a control coated sample was similarly prepared that did not contain a pigment additive.
  • the coating mixtures were prepared as shown in Table 1.
  • the second test conditions used an irradiation level of 0.51 W/m2 @ 340 nm optical filter, BST (Black Standard Temperature) was 65 °C, and the RH (Relative Humidity) was 70% with continuous light and no specimen spray.
  • FIG. 6 shows the residual pesticide as a function of time of accelerated weathering plotted to understand the efficacy of pigment additive towards protecting the chlorpyrifos from the photodegradation. As shown in FIG. 6, the amount of remnant pesticide mostly remained intact in the coating composition which contained the carbon black, as compared to the blank control coating sample i.e. without carbon black.
  • CHIMASSORB® 944 poly((6-((l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)amino)-l,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidinyl)imino)-l,6-hexanediyl((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)imino))
  • CYASORB® 5411 (2-(2H-l,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenol
  • the coatings were tested by loading each glass plate coated with polymeric composition into an accelerated weathering chamber.
  • the samples were withdrawn every 50 hours from the weathering chamber, extracted, and analyzed for the residual amount of pesticide by HPLC. The results are shown in Fig. 6 and Table 2.
  • antioxidants such as phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, etc
  • hydrolysis resistant additives and their mixtures were added to coating formulations of aqueous dispersion of polyvinyl acetate, master-batch of chlorpyrifos anchored onto inorganic fillers, and water.
  • a typical loading of the antioxidant was about 0.5 - 1% by weight of total solid content in the whole formulation.
  • the additive can be either liquid or solid. It was demonstrated that these additives did not adversely affect the stability of the pesticide.
  • the coatings were produced by mixing the required amount of polyvinyl acetate (VINAVIL® glue) and water in a plastic vial by vortexing for 5 min and then shaking for 1 h.
  • a pesticide masterbatch (7.5% of chlorpyrifos, particle size 53 to 120 micron) and antioxidant additives 0% to 5% of total solid content were mixed in the coating mixture by shaking for 2 h and vortexing for uniform mixing.
  • the additive and the master-batch of chlorpyrifos appeared to be uniformly dispersed within the mixtures.
  • the mixtures were then spread on to glass plates (75 mm long x 25 mm width x 1 mm thick) to produce polymeric films by using an automatic film applicator with a doctors blade.
  • the prepared polymeric film was air dried for two days or until all the water evaporated.
  • the coated samples visually appeared uniform after the complete evaporation of water.
  • the coating mixtures were prepared as shown in Table 3.
  • control and test coatings were subjected to similar accelerated weathering conditions.
  • the samples were withdrawn from the weathering chambers every 50 h to determine the residual pesticide in the coating sample.
  • the residual pesticides were extracted from the coating sample by a standard extraction procedure and analyzed by HPLC.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of the residual pesticide as a function of time of exposure to accelerated weathering. The plot demonstrates the efficacy of the stabilizing additive towards protecting the chlorpyrifos from the degradation. As shown in the FIG. 7 and in Table 4, all additives showed good performance in keeping the remnant pesticide for longer period of time over blank polymer composition, with antioxidants retaining higher amounts of pesticide as compared to the control coating sample without any antioxidant. In comparison, the citric acid containing polymer composition shows better performance than the remaining additives (FIG. 7).
  • the second coating contained polyvinyl acetate (VINAVIL® glue).
  • the second coating can block or absorb ultraviolet light by itself or may optionally contain light absorbing additives.
  • the coatings were tested for their ability to protect the chlorpyrifos or from photodegradation.
  • a coating mixture was produced by mixing the required amount of polyvinyl acetate (VINAVIL® glue) and water in a plastic vial by vortexing for 5 min and then shaking for 1 h. Zelig (pesticide master-batch, 0.2% of tefluthrin, particle size 53 to 120 micron) or master-batch of chlorpyrifos was mixed in the coating mixture by shaking for 2 h and vortexing to achieve uniform mixing. The additive and the master-batch tefluthrin or chlorpyrifos appeared to be uniformly dispersed within the mixtures.
  • the mixtures were then spread on to glass plates (75 mm long x 25 mm width x 1 mm thick) to produce a first layer of a polymeric film by using an automatic film applicator with a doctor blade.
  • the prepared polymeric film was air dried for two days or until all the water evaporated.
  • the coated samples visually appeared uniform after the complete evaporation of water.
  • the dried coatings were uniform with a thickness of about 120 microns.
  • the second layer was applied on the top of the dry first layer using a wire-bar setup and dried for another 2 days.
  • the thickness of the overcoat was about 30 microns.
  • the greater thickness of the first layer can be attributed to the higher loading of VINAVIL® glue (70%) and the presence of master-batch of chlorpyrifos.
  • the second layer formulation used a relatively diluted aqueous dispersion (loading of VINAVIL® glue about 50%). No visual disintegration of first layer was evident when aqueous dispersion of VINAVIL® glue was applied on the top.
  • the coated samples appeared uniform after complete evaporation of water.
  • FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show the amount of degradation of a higher concentration of chlorpyrifos (-2.6%) and a lower concentration of chlorpyrifos (-1.6%) at each tested time period for up to 200 hours.
  • the starting concentration of the pesticide (chlorpyrifos or tefluthrin) in the overcoated samples was less than the starting concentration in the non-overcoated samples, as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG.
  • the first layer coating contained the same amount of pesticide. There was no evidence that the addition of the overcoating itself decreased the amount of pesticide in the first layer coating.
  • the results demonstrate that the bilayer coating samples retained a higher percent of the starting amount of pesticide after exposure to accelerated weather conditions than the control coating samples, which did not contain an overcoat. Not to be bound be theory, it is believed that the filtering effect of the overcoat layer to sunlight provided protection for the pesticide.
  • Polyvinyl acetate has an absorption in the UV region (Liu et al., Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications 2013; 21(4): 668-675) and an overcoating containing PVAc, or other UV blocking or absorbing components, will cut off some amount of UV light which can reduce the degradation of the pesticide.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un revêtement protecteur qui peut contenir un revêtement insecticide apte à protéger des palmiers contre des organismes nuisibles et/ou une surcouche apte à réduire la dégradation d'un revêtement insecticide pendant l'utilisation, et un procédé d'utilisation et de fabrication du revêtement insecticide et/ou de la surcouche. Le revêtement insecticide peut contenir un insecticide, un agent photoprotecteur ou un additif de durcissement de surface, et un matériau adhésif polymère dispersé aqueux. La surcouche peut contenir un agent photoprotecteur ou un additif de durcissement de surface et un matériau adhésif polymère dispersé aqueux.
PCT/IB2018/052379 2017-04-07 2018-04-05 Revêtement ou surcouche de surface durci, durable, destiné à protéger des plantes contre des organismes nuisibles WO2018185710A1 (fr)

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