WO2018170381A1

WO2018170381A1 - Macrocyclic compounds as ros1 kinase inhibitors

Info

Publication number: WO2018170381A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/022833
Authority: WO
Inventors: Steven W. Andrews; James F. Blake; Julia Haas; Gabrielle R. KOLAKOWSKI
Original assignee: Andrews Steven W; Blake James F; Julia Haas; Kolakowski Gabrielle R
Priority date: 2017-03-16
Filing date: 2018-03-16
Publication date: 2018-09-20
Also published as: JOP20190213A1; JP2020514356A; US20190151322A1; US10688100B2; CA3056754A1; BR112019019101A2; KR20190126003A; PH12019502069A1; RU2019132666A; US20190076436A1; US20190076437A1; CN110769820A; TW201838631A; CL2019002612A1; MA49888A; EP3595651A1; AU2018234726A1; MX2019010988A; TN2019000263A1; US10966985B2

Abstract

Methods for inhibiting a ROS1 kinase with compounds of Formula I: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein ring A, ring B, W, m, D, R2, R2a, R3, R3a, and Z are as defined herein. The compounds and methods provided herein are useful in the treatment of cancer (e.g., ROS1-associated cancers as defined herein).

Description

Macrocyclic Compounds as ROS 1 Kinase Inhibitors

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/472, 185, filed March 16, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and the use of the compounds in therapy. More particularly, provided herein are certain macrocyclic compounds which exhibit ROSl protein kinase inhibition, and which are useful in the treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND

[0003] ROSl is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is closely related to ALK, and, like ALK, it undergoes genomic rearrangement that creates fusion proteins in various

cancers (Davies KD and Doebele RC (2013) Clin Cancer Res 19: 4040^045). It is well established that these fusion proteins act as oncogenic drivers and that ROSl inhibition is anti-proliferative in cells that express ROSl fusions (Davies KD, Le AT, Theodoro MF, Skokan MC, Aisner DL, et al. (2012) Clin Cancer Res 18: 4570-4579). Thus, it appears that ROSl targeted therapy will likely soon be the standard of care for this patient population. However, based on the experiences with other kinase inhibitors in various cancers, it is fully expected that acquired resistance to ROSl inhibition will occur, and this will ultimately limit the treatment options for patients.

SUMMARY

[0004] It has now been found that macrocyclic compounds are inhibitors of ROSl kinase, and are useful for treating various cancers. Compounds which are inhibitors of ROSl may be useful in the treatment of multiple types of cancer including cancers exhibiting resistance to ROSl inhibition. [0005] Accordingly, in one aspect of the present disclosure, the methods provided include administration of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A, ring B, W, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a, and Z are as defined herein.

[0006] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I has the general formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A, W, m, R², R^2a, R³, and Z are as defined herein.

[0007] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the compounds of Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0008] Provided herein is a method for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

(a) determining if the cancer is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and

(b) if the cancer is determined to be associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0009] Provided herein is a method for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

(a) detecting that the cancer is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and

(b) administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0010] Also provided herein is a method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0011] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof is provided. The method comprising:

(a) determining if the cancer in a patient is a ROSl -associated cancer; and

(b) administering to the patient determined to have a ROSl -associated cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0012] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof is provided. The method comprising:

(a) detecting that a cancer in a patient is a ROSl -associated cancer; and

[0013] Further provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises: (a) administering a first ROSl inhibitor to the subject;

(b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

(c) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

(d) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0014] Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

(a) administering a first ALK inhibitor to the subject;

(c) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

(d) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0015] In some embodiments, a method of treating a subject having a cancer is provided herein, wherein the method comprises:

(a) administering a first TRK inhibitor to the subject;

(d) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0016] Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject; and

(b) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject; or

(c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject.

[0017] Further provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ALK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

(b) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

(c) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0018] In some embodiments, a method of treating a subject having a cancer is provided herein, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first TRK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

(c) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0019] Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject; and

(b) administering a second ROSl inhibitor to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject; or

(c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject.

[0020] Further provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered an ALK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

(b) administering a ROSl inhibitor to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

(c) administering additional doses of the ALK inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0021] In some embodiments, a method of treating a subject having a cancer is provided, wherein the method comprises:

(a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a TRK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

(c) administering additional doses of the TRK inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0022] Also provided herein is a method of treating a patient, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has a dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS 1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. [0023] Further provided herein is a method of selecting a treatment for a patient, the method comprising selecting a treatment comprising administration of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1 -associated cancer.

[0024] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of selecting a treatment for a patient having a cancer, the method comprising:

(a) determining if the cancer in the patient is a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

(b) selecting a treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for a patient determined to have a ROS1 -associated cancer.

[0025] Also provided herein is a method of selecting a patient for treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, the method comprising:

(a) identifying a patient having a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

(b) selecting the patient for treatment including administration of a

therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0026] Further provided herein is a method of selecting a patient having cancer for treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, the method comprising:

(a) determining if the cancer in the patient is a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

(b) selecting a patient determined to have a ROS1 -associated cancer for treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0027] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

[0028] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Provided herein are methods for using compounds of the general Formula I containing a pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidinyl ring and having the structure:

I

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

A-1 A-2 A-3 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-l and B-2 having the structures:

B-1 B-2

wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine ring of Formula I;

W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

D is carbon;

R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH;

R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

or D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, A^QO)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, HO2CCH2- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl.

[0030] In some embodiments of Formula I, ring B is ring B-2 having the structure:

3

B-2

D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently (1-3 Qalkyl, and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms.

[0031] In some embodiments of Formula I, ring A is ring A-1 having the structure

A-1

wherein X, Y and R¹ are as defined for Formula I. In some embodiments of Formula I, X is CH. In some embodiments, X is N. In some embodiments of Formula I, Y is F. In some embodiments, Y is H. In some embodiments of Formula I, R¹ is H. In some embodiments, R¹ is (l-3C)alkoxy. A particular example is methoxy. In some embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is F.

[0032] Particular examples of ring A when represented by structure A-1 include the structures:

[0033] In some embodiments, ring A is ring A-2 having the structure

A-2

wherein Y is H or F. In some embodiments, Y is F. In some embodiments, Y is H. In some embodiments, R¹ is H. In some embodiments, R¹ is (l-3C)alkoxy. A particular example is methoxy. In some embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is F.

[0034] Particular examples of ring A when represented by ring A-2 are the structures:

[0035] In some embodiments of Formula I, ring A is ring A-3 having the structure

A-3

wherein Y and R¹ is as defined for Formula I. In some embodiments, Y is F. In some embodiments, Y is H. In some embodiments, R¹ is H. In some embodiments, R¹ is (l-3C)alkoxy. A particular example is methoxy. In some embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is F.

[0036] Particular examples of ring A when represented by ring A-3 are the structures:

[0037] In some embodiments of Formula I, W is O. [0038] In some embodiments, W is H.

[0039] In some embodiments, W is CH2.

[0040] In some embodiments of Formula I, D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl.

[0041] In some embodiments, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, methyl or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH.

[0042] In some embodiments, R² and R^2a are both H.

[0043] In some embodiments, R² is H and R^2a is F.

[0044] In some embodiments, R² and R^2a are both F.

[0045] In some embodiments, R² is H and R^2a is OH.

[0046] In some embodiments, R² is H and R^2a is methyl.

[0047] In some embodiments, R² and R^2a are both methyl.

[0048] In some embodiments, R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l- 3 Qalkyl.

[0049] In some embodiments, R^3a is H. In some embodiments, R³ is H. In some embodiments, both R³ and R^3a are H.

[0050] In some embodiments, R^3a is (l-3C)alkyl. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is (l-3C)alkyl. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl.

[0051] In some embodiments, R^3a is (l-3C)alkyl and R³ is H. In some embodiments, R^3a is methyl and R³ is H.

[0052] In some embodiments, both R^3a and R³ are (l-3C)alkyl. In some embodiments, R^3a and R^3a are both methyl.

[0053] In some embodiments, R³ is hydroxy( 1-3 Qalkyl. Examples include hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 3-hydroxypropyl. In some embodiments, R³ is hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, or 3- hydroxypropyl and R^3a is H.

[0054] In some embodiments of Formula I, D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms. In some embodiments, R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1- 2 ring nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl rings include pyridyl and pyrazolyl rings. Specific examples of heteroaryl rings include the structures:

[0055] In some embodiments, Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-.

[0056] In some embodiments, R^4a is H.

[0057] In some embodiments, R^4a is (l-6C)alkyl. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl.

[0058] In some embodiments, R^4a is fluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Examples include fluoromethyl and 2-fluoroethyl.

[0059] In some embodiments, R^4a is difluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Example include difluorom ethyl and 2,2-difluoroethyl.

[0060] In some embodiments, R^4a is trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Examples include trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.

[0061] In some embodiments, R^4a is hydroxy(l-6C alkyl). Examples include hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and 3-hydroxypropyl.

[0062] In some embodiments, R^4a is dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl). An example includes 2,3- dihydroxypropyl.

[0063] In some embodiments, R^4a is H or (l-6C)alkyl. In some embodiments, R^4a is H or Me.

[0064] An example of Z when represented by *- R^4aC(=0)- is *-O HC(=0)-.

[0065] In some embodiments, Z is *- R^4bCH₂-.

[0066] In some embodiments, R^4b is H.

[0067] In some embodiments, R^4b is selected from (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, and trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl.

[0068] In some embodiments, R^4b is (l-6C)alkyl. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^4b is methyl. [0069] In some embodiments, R is fluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Examples include fluoromethyl and 2-fluoroethyl.

[0070] In some embodiments, R^4B is difluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Example include difluoromethyl and 2,2-difluoroethyl.

[0071] In some embodiments, R^4B is trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl. Examples include trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.

[0072] In some embodiments, R^4B is selected from (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓ^(Ο)- and HOCH₂C(0)-.

[0073] In some embodiments, R^4B is (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-. Examples include CH₃C(0)-, CH₃CH₂C(0)-, CH₃CH₂CH₂C(0)-, and (CH₃)₂CHC(0)-. In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃C(0)-.

[0074] In some embodiments, R^4B is (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-. Examples include cyclopropylC(O)-, cyclobutylC(O)-, cyclopentylC(O)- and cyclohexylC(O)-.

[0075] In some embodiments, R^4B is ΑΓ^(Ο)-. An example is phenylC(O)-.

[0076] In some embodiments, R^4B is HOCH₂C(0)-.

[0077] In some embodiments, R^4B is selected from (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, and Ar²(S0₂)-.

[0078] In some embodiments, R^4B is (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl. Examples include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl and propyl sulfonyl.

[0079] In some embodiments, R^4B is (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl. Examples include cyclopropylsulfonyl, cyclobutylsulfonyl, cyclopentylsulfonyl and cyclohexylsulfonyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is methylsulfonyl.

[0080] In some embodiments, R^4B is Ar²(S0₂)-. An example is phenyl sulfonyl.

[0081] In some embodiments, R^4B is H0₂CCH₂-.

[0082] In some embodiments, R^4B is (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-. Examples include CH₃ HC(0)-, CH₃CH₂ HC(0)-, CH₃CH₂CH₂ HC(0)-, and (CH₃)₂CHNHC(0)-. In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃ HC(0)-.

[0083] In some embodiments, R^4B is selected from H, methyl, -C(0)CH₃, methylsulfonyl, -C(0)CH₂OH, -CH₂COOH and -C(0)NHCH₂CH₃.

[0084] In some embodiments, Z is *-OC(=0)-. [0085] In some embodiments of Formula I, ring B is ring B-1 :

3

B-1

where R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l- 6C)alkyl.

[0086] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, F, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is H and R⁶ is H, F, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l -6C)alkyl.

[0087] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, F, OH, (l-3C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-3C)alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is H, F, OH, (1- 3C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-3C)alkyl.

[0088] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, F, OH, methyl, ethyl, HOCH2- or HOCH2CH2-. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is H, F, OH, methyl, ethyl, HOCH2- or HOCH2CH2-.

[0089] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, F, or methyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is H and R⁶ is H, F, or methyl.

[0090] In some embodiments, R⁵ is H and R⁶ is F.

[0091] In some embodiments, R⁵ is H and R⁶ is methyl.

[0092] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are both H.

[0093] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are both F.

[0094] In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ are both methyl.

[0095] In some embodiments, ring B is ring B-1 which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from OH and F, provided that two OH substituents are not on the same ring carbon atom.

[0096] Particular examples of ring B when represented by ring B-1 include the structures:

[0097] In some embodiments of Formula I, ring B is ring B-2 having the formula:

3

B-2

[0098] In some embodiments, m is 0.

[0099] In some embodiments, m is 1.

[0100] In some embodiments, m is 2.

[0101] Provided herein are compounds of the general Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein:

ring B is ring B-

B-1

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

A-1 A-2 A-3 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to the pyrrolidine ring of Formula I and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

W is O, H or CH₂, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH₂;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

D is carbon;

R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

or R² and R³ are absent and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a bivalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms;

cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, HO2CCH2- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl.

[0102] Also provided herein are compounds of the general Formula IA

IA

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

W is O, H or CH₂, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH₂;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R² and R^2a are independently H, F, or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both

OH;

R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl); R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l -6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l -6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

[0103] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-1 represented by the structure

A-1

wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to the pyrrolidine ring of Formula I and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkyl, (l -3C)alkoxy or halogen;

W is O or H;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

OH;

R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the carbon bearing R³; R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl); and

[0104] In some embodiments of Formula IA, X is N. In some embodiments, X is CH.

[0105] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-2 represented by the structure

A-2

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkyl, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

W is CH₂;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

OH;

R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl); and

[0106] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-3 represented by the structure

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkyl, (l -3C)alkoxy or halogen;

W is O;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

OH;

R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

Z is *-OC(=0)- or *- R^4aC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l -6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ- 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l -6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl); and

[0107] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-1 represented by the structure

A-1 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to the pyrrolidine ring of Formula I and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkyl, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

W is O;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

OH;

R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

Z is *- R^4bCH₂-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C

alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, HO2CCH2- or (1-6C

alkyl) H(CO)-;

[0108] In some embodiments of general Formula IA,

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H;

W is O or CH₂, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH₂;

m is 0 or 1 ;

R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl, or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH;

R³ is H or (1-3 Qalkyl;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4a is H;

R^4b is (l-6C alkyl)C(O)-; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H or halogen.

[0109] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-l represented by the structure

A-1

wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A pyrrolidine ring of Formula I and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H;

W is O or CH₂; m is 0 or 1;

R³ is H or (1-3 Qalkyl;

R^4a is H; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H or halogen.

[0110] In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, X is N. In some such embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, W is O. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, W is CH2. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, R² and R^2a are H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, R² and R^2a are independently F, (1-3 Qalkyl, or OH. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, R³ is (1-3 Qalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, R³ is H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring Ais ring A-1, Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-1, R⁵ and R⁶ are H.

[0111] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-2 represented by the structure

A-2

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H; W is CH₂;

m is 0 or 1;

R³ is H or (1-3 Qalkyl;

R^4a is H; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H or halogen.

[0112] In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, Y is F. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, R² and R^2a are H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, R² and R^2a are independently H or (1-3 Qalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, R³ is (1-3 Qalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, R³ is H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-2, R⁵ and R⁶ are H.

[0113] In some embodiments, Formula IA includes compounds wherein:

ring A is ring A-3 represented by the structure

A-3

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H;

W is O;

m is 0 or 1; R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl, or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH;

R³ is H or (1-3 Qalkyl;

R^4a is H; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H or halogen.

[0114] In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, Y is F. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, Y is H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, R² and R^2a are H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, R² and R^2a are independently H or (1-3 Qalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, R³ is (1-3 Qalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, R³ is H. In some embodiments of Formula IA where ring A is ring A-3, R⁵ and R⁶ are H.

[0115] It will be appreciated that certain compounds as provided herein may contain one or more centers of asymmetry and may therefore be prepared and isolated as a mixture of isomers such as a racemic or diastereomeric mixture, or in an enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure form. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds provided herein, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present disclosure.

[0116] In some embodiments, compounds of the general Formula I wherein Ring B is ring B-l have the absolute configuration of Formula 1-a:

1-a

[0117] In some embodiments, compounds of the general Formula I wherein Ring B ring B-l have the absolute configuration of Formula 1-b:

1-b

[0118] In the structures shown herein, where the stereochemistry of any particular chiral atom is not specified, then all stereoisomers are contemplated and included as the compounds of the disclosure. Where stereochemistry is specified by a solid wedge or dashed line representing a particular configuration, then that stereoisomer is so specified and defined.

[0119] The terms "(l-3C)alkyl" and "(l-6C)alkyl" as used herein refer to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to three carbon atoms and one to six carbon atoms, respectively. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1 -propyl, isopropyl, 1 -butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0120] The term "fluoro(l-6C)alkyl" as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to six carbon atoms as defined herein, wherein one of the hydrogens is replaced by a fluorine atom.

[0121] The term "difluoro(l-6C)alkyl" as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to six carbon atoms as defined herein, wherein two of the hydrogens are replaced by fluorine atoms.

[0122] The term "trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl" as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to six carbon atoms as defined herein, wherein three of the hydrogens are replaced by fluorine atoms.

[0123] The term "hydroxy(l-6Calkyl) as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to six carbon atoms, wherein one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy (OH) group. [0124] The term "dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl) as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of two to six carbon atoms as defined herein, wherein two of the hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy (OH) groups, provided the hydroxy groups are not on the same carbon atom.

[0125] The term "(1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl" as used herein refers to a (1-6C alkyl)S0₂- group, wherein the radical is on the sulfur atom and the (1-6C alkyl) portion is as defined above. Examples include methyl sulfonyl (CH₃S0₂-) and ethylsulfonyl (CH₃CH₂S0₂-).

[0126] The term "(3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl" as used herein refers to a (3-6C cycloalkyl)S0₂- group, wherein the radical is on the sulfur atom. An example is cyclopropylsulfonyl.

[0127] The terms "(l-3C)alkoxy" and "(l-6C)alkoxy", as used herein refer to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent alkoxy radicals of one to three carbon atoms or one to six carbon atoms, respectively, wherein the radical is on the oxygen atom. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy.

[0128] The term "halogen" includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

[0129] Non-limiting examples of the compounds of Formula I include those in Table 1.

Table 1.

dione

heptaen-18-one

[0130] It will also be appreciated that certain compounds of Formula I may be used as intermediates for the preparation of further compounds of Formula I. [0131] The compounds of Formula I include salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the salts are pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In addition, the compounds of Formula I include other salts of such compounds which are not necessarily pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and which may be useful as intermediates for preparing and/or purifying compounds of Formula I and/or for separating enantiomers of compounds of Formula I.

[0132] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith.

[0133] It will further be appreciated that the compounds of Formula I and their salts may be isolated in the form of solvates, and accordingly that any such solvate is included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0134] The compounds provided herein may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. That is, an atom, in particular when mentioned in relation to a compound according to Formula I, comprises all isotopes and isotopic mixtures of that atom, either naturally occurring or synthetically produced, either with natural abundance or in an isotopically enriched form. For example, when hydrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¾, ²H, ³H or mixtures thereof; when carbon is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ^UC, ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C or mixtures thereof; when nitrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹³N, ¹⁴N, ¹⁵N or mixtures thereof; when oxygen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹⁴0, ¹⁵0, ¹⁶0, ¹⁷0, ¹⁸0 or mixtures thereof; and when fluoro is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F or mixtures thereof. The compounds provided herein therefore also comprise compounds with one or more isotopes of one or more atom, and mixtures thereof, including radioactive compounds, wherein one or more non-radioactive atoms has been replaced by one of its radioactive enriched isotopes. Radiolabeled compounds are useful as therapeutic agents, e.g., cancer therapeutic agents, research reagents, e.g., assay reagents, and diagnostic agents, e.g., in vivo imaging agents. All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present disclosure, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0135] The compounds of Formula I or a salt thereof as defined herein can be prepared as described in US Patent No. 8,933,084, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. For example, a process for preparing a compound of Formula I or a salt thereof as defined herein can include:

(a) for a compound of Formula I wherein Z is *-NHC(=0)-, and ring A, ring B, W, D, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula II

II

where P¹ is H or a carboxyl protecting group, in the presence of a coupling reagent and a base; or

(b) for a compound of Formula I wherein W is O, ring A is formula A-l :

A-1

X is N, and ring B, D, Z, Y, R¹, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula III

III

where n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and L¹ is a leaving group or atom, in the presence of a base; or

(c) for a compound of Formula I wherein W is CFh, ring A is formula A-2:

A-2

and ring B, Z, D, Y, R¹, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula IV

IV

where L² is a leaving group or atom, in the presence of a base; or

(d) for a compound of Formula I wherein Z is *- HC(=0)-, and ring A, ring B,

W, D, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula V

in the presence of a base and a coupling reagent; or (e) for a compound of Formula I wherein Z is *- HCH2-, and ring A, ring B, D, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula VI

in the presence of a reducing agent; or

(f) for a compound of Formula I wherein Z is *- HCH2-, and ring A, ring B, D, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula VII

VII

in the presence of triphenylphosphine; or

(g) for a compound of Formula I wherein ring A, ring B, W, D, m, R², R^2a R³, and R^3a are as defined for Formula I, Z is *- R^4bCH₂-, and R^4b is (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3- 6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓ^(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3 -6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, or Ar²(S0₂)-, coupling a corresponding compound having the formula VIII

VIII

with a reagent having the formula (1-6C alkyl)C(0)-L³, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)- L³,

HOCH₂C(0)-L³, (1-6C alkyl)(S0₂)-L³, (3-6C cycloalkyl)(S0₂)-L³, or Ar²(S0₂)-L³, respectively, where L³ is a leaving atom, in the presence of a base; or

(h) for a compound of Formula I wherein ring A, ring B, W, D, R², R^2a, R³, R^3a and m are as defined for Formula I, Z is *- R^4bCH₂-, and R^4b is (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-, reacting a compound having the formula VIII

VIII

with a reagent having the formula (1-6C alkyl)N=C=0 in the presence of a base; or

(i) for a compound of Formula I wherein R² is F, R^2a is H, and ring A, ring B, Z, W, D, R³, R^3a, and m are as defined for Formula I, reacting a corresponding compound having the formula IX

IX

with a fluorination reagent;

(j) for a compound of Formula I wherein W is O, ring A is formula A-l,

A-1

X is CH, and Y, R¹, D, ring B, Z, R², R^2a, R³ and m are as defined for Formula I, cyclizing a corresponding compound having the formula X

X

where n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and L¹ is a leaving group or atom, in the presence of a base; and

optionally removing any protecting groups and optionally preparing a salt thereof.

[0136] In some embodiments of the above-described methods (a)-(j), ring B is ring B-1 having the structure:

3

B-1 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, and ring A, W, m, Z, Y, R^3a, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined for Formula I.

[0137] Referring to method (a), the cyclization may be performed using conventional amide bond formation conditions, for example by treating the carboxylic acid with an activating agent, followed by addition of the amine in the presence of a base. Suitable activating agents include EDCI, oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride, HATU, and HOBt. Suitable bases include amine bases, for example triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, or excess ammonia. Suitable solvents include DCM, DCE, THF and DMF.

[0138] Referring to methods (b) and (c), the leaving atoms L¹ and L² may be, for example a halogen atom such as Br, CI or I. Alternatively, L¹ and L² can be a leaving group, for example an arylsulfonyloxy group or an alkylsulfonyloxy group, such as a mesylate or a tosylate group. Suitable bases include alkali metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate. Convenient solvents include aprotic solvents such as ethers (for example tetrahydrofuran or p-dioxane), DMF, or acetone. The reaction can be conveniently performed at elevated temperatures, for example 50-150 °C, for example at 85 °C.

[0139] Referring to method (d), suitable coupling reagents include HATU, HBTU, TBTU, DCC, DIEC, and any other amide coupling reagents well known to persons skilled in the art. Suitable bases include tertiary amine bases such as DIEA and triethylamine. Convenient solvents include DMF, THF, DCM and DCE.

[0140] Referring to method (e), suitable reducing agents include Me4N(OAc)₃BH, Na(OAc)₃BH and NaCNBH₃. Suitable solvents include neutral solvents such as acetonitrile, THF and DCE. The reaction can be conveniently performed at ambient temperature.

[0141] Referring to method (f), in certain embodiments the triphenylphosphine reagent is used in the form of a polystyrene-bound PPh₃ resin (sold as PS-PPh₃ by Biotage Systems). The reaction is conveniently performed at ambient temperature. Suitable solvents include neutral solvents, for example DCM.

[0142] Referring to method (g), the leaving atom L³ may be a halogen, for example CI or Br. Suitable bases include tertiary amine bases such as diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine. The reaction is conveniently performed at ambient temperature.

[0143] Referring to method (h), suitable bases include tertiary amine bases such as DIEA and triethylamine. The reaction is conveniently performed at ambient temperature.

[0144] Referring to method (i), the fluorination reagent may be, for example, bis(2- methoxyethyl)amino-sulfur trifluoride (Deoxo-Fluor™) or diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). Suitable solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, and toluene. The reaction is conveniently performed at ambient temperature.

[0145] Referring to method (j), base may be, for example, an alkali metal carbonate, such as for example sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate. Convenient solvents include aprotic solvents such as ethers (for example tetrahydrofuran or p-dioxane) or toluene. The reaction can be conveniently performed at a temperature between ambient temperature and reflux, for example at 85 °C.

[0146] Amine groups in compounds described in any of the above methods may be protected with any convenient amine protecting group, for example as described in Greene & Wuts, eds., "Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2^nd ed. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. Examples of amine protecting groups include acyl and alkoxycarbonyl groups, such as t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), and [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl (SEM). Likewise, carboxyl groups may be protected with any convenient carboxyl protecting group, for example as described in Greene & Wuts, eds., "Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2^nd ed. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. Examples of carboxyl protecting groups include (l-6C)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl and t-butyl. Alcohol groups may be protected with any convenient alcohol protecting group, for example as described in Greene & Wuts, eds., "Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2^nd ed. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. Examples of alcohol protecting groups include benzyl, trityl, silyl ethers, and the like.

[0147] The ability of test compounds to act as ROSl inhibitors may be demonstrated by the assay described in Example A. ICso values are shown in Table 17.

[0148] In some embodiments, inhibition of L2026M is similar to, or better than, that observed for wild-type ROSl . For example, inhibition of L2026M is within about 2-fold (e.g., about 5-fold, about 7-fold, about 10-fold) of inhibition of wild-type ROSl (i.e. the compounds are similarly potent against wild-type ROSl and L2026M). In some embodiments, inhibition of L2026M is about the same as inhibition of wild-type ROS 1. In some embodiments, inhibition of L2026M is about 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7- fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or greater than inhibition of wild-type ROSl . In some embodiments, selectivity for a wildtype or L2026M ROSl kinase over another kinase is measured in an enzyme assay (e.g., an enzyme assay as provided herein). In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit selective cytotoxicity to ROS1- mutant cells.

[0149] In some embodiments, inhibition of D2033N is similar to, or better than, that observed for wild-type ROS 1. In some embodiments, inhibition of D2033N is within about 2-fold (e.g., about 5-fold, about 7-fold, about 10-fold) of inhibition of wild-type ROSl (i.e. the compounds are similarly potent against wild-type ROSl and D2033N). In some embodiments, inhibition of D2033N is about the same as inhibition of wild-type ROS 1. In some embodiments, inhibition of D2033N is about 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7- fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or greater than inhibition of wild-type ROSl . In some embodiments, selectivity for a wildtype or D2033N ROSl kinase over another kinase is measured in an enzyme assay (e.g., an enzyme assay as provided herein). In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit selective cytotoxicity to ROS1- mutant cells.

[0150] Compounds of Formula I are useful for treating diseases and disorders which can be treated with a ROSl kinase inhibitor, such as ROSl -associated diseases and disorders, e.g., proliferative disorders such as cancers, including hematological cancers and solid tumors.

[0151] As used herein, terms "treat" or "treatment" refer to therapeutic or palliative measures. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation, in whole or in part, of symptoms associated with a disease or disorder or condition, diminishment of the extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state (e.g., one or more symptoms of the disease), and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. "Treatment" can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

[0152] As used herein, the terms "subject," "individual," or "patient," are used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals such as mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, and humans. In some embodiments, the patient is a human. In some embodiments, the subject has experienced and/or exhibited at least one symptom of the disease or disorder to be treated and/or prevented. In some embodiments, the subject has been identified or diagnosed as having a cancer with a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (a ROS1 -associated cancer) (e.g., as determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit). In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the subject has a tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., as determined using a regulatory agency-approved assay or kit). The subj ect can be a subj ect with a tumor(s) that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., identified as positive using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit). In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. The subject can be a subject whose tumors have a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or a level of the same (e.g., where the tumor is identified as such using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit or assay). In some embodiments, the subject is suspected of having a ROS 1 -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has a clinical record indicating that the subject has a tumor that has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (and optionally the clinical record indicates that the subject should be treated with any of the compositions provided herein). In some embodiments, the patient is a pediatric patient.

[0153] The term "pediatric patient" as used herein refers to a patient under the age of 21 years at the time of diagnosis or treatment. The term "pediatric" can be further be divided into various subpopulations including: neonates (from birth through the first month of life); infants (1 month up to two years of age); children (two years of age up to 12 years of age); and adolescents (12 years of age through 21 years of age (up to, but not including, the twenty-second birthday)). Berhman RE, Kliegman R, Arvin AM, Nelson WE. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 15th Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1996; Rudolph AM, et al. Rudolph 's Pediatrics, 21st Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002; and Avery MD, First LR. Pediatric Medicine, 2nd Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994. In some embodiments, a pediatric patient is from birth through the first 28 days of life, from 29 days of age to less than two years of age, from two years of age to less than 12 years of age, or 12 years of age through 21 years of age (up to, but not including, the twenty-second birthday). In some embodiments, a pediatric patient is from birth through the first 28 days of life, from 29 days of age to less than 1 year of age, from one month of age to less than four months of age, from three months of age to less than seven months of age, from six months of age to less than 1 year of age, from 1 year of age to less than 2 years of age, from 2 years of age to less than 3 years of age, from 2 years of age to less than seven years of age, from 3 years of age to less than 5 years of age, from 5 years of age to less than 10 years of age, from 6 years of age to less than 13 years of age, from 10 years of age to less than 15 years of age, or from 15 years of age to less than 22 years of age.

[0154] In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula I are useful for preventing diseases and disorders as defined herein (for example, cancer). The term "preventing" as used herein means the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread, in whole or in part, of the disease or condition as described herein, or a symptom thereof.

[0155] The term "ROS1 -associated disease or disorder" as used herein refers to diseases or disorders associated with or having a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase (also called herein ROS1 kinase protein), or the expression or activity or level of any (e.g., one or more) of the same (e.g., any of the types of dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, a ROS1 kinase domain, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same described herein). A non-limiting example of a ROS1 -associated disease or disorder includes cancer.

[0156] The term "ROS1 -associated cancer" as used herein refers to cancers associated with or having a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase (also called herein ROS1 kinase protein), or expression or activity, or level of any of the same. Non-limiting examples of a ROSl -associated cancer are described herein.

[0157] The phrase "dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same" refers to a genetic mutation (e.g., a ROSl gene translocation that results in the expression of a fusion protein, a deletion in a ROSl gene that results in the expression of a ROSl protein that includes a deletion of at least one amino acid as compared to the wild-type ROSl protein, a mutation in a ROSl gene that results in the expression of a ROSl protein with one or more point mutations, or an alternative spliced version of a ROSl mRNA that results in a ROSl protein having a deletion of at least one amino acid in the ROSl protein as compared to the wild-type ROSl protein) or a ROSl gene amplification that results in overexpression of a ROSl protein or an autocrine activity resulting from the overexpression of a ROSl gene in a cell that results in a pathogenic increase in the activity of a kinase domain of a ROSl protein (e.g., a constitutively active kinase domain of a ROSl protein) in a cell. As another example, a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be a mutation in a ROSl gene that encodes a ROSl protein that is constitutively active or has increased activity as compared to a protein encoded by a ROSl gene that does not include the mutation. For example, a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be the result of a gene or chromosome translocation which results in the expression of a fusion protein that contains a first portion of ROSl that includes a functional kinase domain, and a second portion of a partner protein that is not ROSl . In some examples, dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a result of a gene translocation of one ROSl gene with another non-ROSl gene. Non-limiting examples of fusion proteins are described in Table 2. Non-limiting examples of ROSl kinase protein point mutations are described in Table 3 and Table 3a. Additional examples of ROSl kinase protein mutations (e.g., point mutations) are ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Non-limiting examples of ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations are described in Table 4.

[0158] The term "wildtype" or "wild-type" when referring to a ROSl nucleic acid or protein describes a nucleic acid (e.g., a ROSl gene or a ROSl mRNA) or protein (e.g., a ROS1 protein) that is found in a subject that does not have a ROS1 -associated disease, e.g., a ROS1 -associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a ROS1 -associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a ROS1 -associated disease), or is found in a cell or tissue from a subject that does not have a ROS1 -associated disease, e.g., a ROS1 -associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a ROS1 -associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a ROS1- associated disease).

[0159] The term "regulatory agency" refers to a country's agency for the approval of the medical use of pharmaceutical agents with the country. For example, a non-limiting example of a regulatory agency is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

[0160] Provided herein is a method of treating cancer (e.g., a ROS1 -associated cancer) in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. For example, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the patient; and b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more fusion proteins. Non-limiting examples of ROSlgene fusion proteins are described in Table 2. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is one of SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROSl, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4-ROS1. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROS1 kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions. Non-limiting examples of ROS1 kinase protein point mutations are described in Table 3 and Table 3a. In some embodiments, the ROS1 kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions are point mutations selected from the group consisting of A15G, Rl 18N, G1025R, T1735M, R1948H, and R2072N. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0161] In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., ROS1 -associated cancer) is a hematological cancer. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., ROS1 -associated cancer) is a solid tumor. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., ROS1 -associated cancer) is lung cancer (e.g., small cell lung carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), papillary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer, refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, bronchioles lung cell carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A or 2B (MEN2A or MEN2B, respectively), pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, breast cancer, colorectal cancer (e.g., metastatic colorectal cancer), papillary renal cell carcinoma, ganglioneuromatosis of the gastroenteric mucosa, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, or cervical cancer. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., ROS1 -associated cancer) is selected from the group of: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), cancer in adolescents, adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain stem glioma, brain tumor, breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, unknown primary carcinoma, cardiac tumors, cervical cancer, childhood cancers, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, bile duct cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ, embryonal tumors, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancer, fallopian tube cancer, fibrous histiocytoma of bone, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), germ cell tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, hairy cell tumor, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, heart cancer, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumors, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, osteocarcinoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer, midline tract carcinoma, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelogenous leukemia, myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative neoplasms, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer, oral cavity cancer, lip cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromosytoma, pituitary cancer, plasma cell neoplasm, pleuropulmonary blastoma, pregnancy and breast cancer, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary peritoneal cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, unknown primary carcinoma, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilms' tumor.

[0162] In some embodiments, a hematological cancer (e.g., hematological cancers that are ROS1 -associated cancers) is selected from the group consisting of leukemias, lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), Hodgkin's disease (also called Hodgkin's lymphoma), and myeloma, for instance, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (C L), acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PML), juvenile myelomonocyctic leukemia (JMML), adult T-cell ALL, AML with trilineage myelodysplasia (AML/TMDS), mixed lineage leukemia (MIX), myelodysplasia syndromes (MDSs), myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), and multiple myeloma (MM). Additional examples of hematological cancers include myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and idiopathic primary myelofibrosis (IMF/IPF/PMF). In some embodiments, the hematological cancer (e.g., the hematological cancer that is a RET-associated cancer) is AML or CMML.

[0163] In some embodiments, the cancer (e.g., the ROS1 -associated cancer) is a solid tumor. Examples of solid tumors (e.g., solid tumors that are ROS1 -associated cancers) include, for example, thyroid cancer (e.g., papillary thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma), lung cancer (e.g., lung adenocarcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma), pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck tumors, neuroblastoma, and melanoma. See, for example, Nature Reviews Cancer, 2014, 14, 173-186.

[0164] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer (including, e.g., non-small-cell lung cancer), colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, adenocarcinoma (including, e.g., small bowel adenocarcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, angiocarcinoma, congenital gliobastoma multiforme, papillary thyroid carcinoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, a spitzoid neoplasm, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia..

[0165] In some embodiments, the patient is a human.

[0166] Compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof are also useful for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer.

[0167] Accordingly, also provided herein is a method for treating a patient diagnosed with or identified as having a ROS1 -associated cancer, e.g., any of the exemplary ROS1- associated cancers disclosed herein, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

[0168] Dysregulation of a ROS1 kinase, a ROS1 gene, or the expression or activity or level of any (e.g., one or more) of the same can contribute to tumorigenesis. For example, a dysregulation of a ROS1 kinase, a ROS1 gene, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a translocation, overexpression, activation, amplification, or mutation of a ROS1 kinase, a ROS1 gene, or a ROS1 kinase domain. A translocation can include a translocation involving the ROS1 kinase domain, a mutation can include a mutation involving the ROS1 ligand-binding site, and an amplification can be of a ROS1 gene.

[0169] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes overexpression of wild-type ROS1 kinase (e.g., leading to autocrine activation). In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes overexpression, activation, amplification, or mutation in a chromosomal segment comprising the ROS1 gene or a portion thereof, including, for example, the kinase domain portion, or a portion capable of exhibiting kinase activity.

[0170] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more chromosome translocations or inversions resulting in a ROS1 gene fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, is a result of genetic translocations in which the expressed protein is a fusion protein containing residues from a non-ROSl partner protein, and includes a minimum of a functional ROS1 kinase domain.

[0171] Non-limiting examples of ROS1 fusion proteins are shown in Table 2.

[0172] Table 2. Exemplary ROS1 Fusion Proteins

CD74 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

SLC34A2 including Non-small-cell lung cancer¹,

SLC34A2-ROS(S)²⁸, Colorectal cancer¹⁴, Gastric

SLC34A2-ROS(L)²⁸, cancer¹⁵, Lung adenocarcinoma²⁴ and SLC34A2- ROS(VS)²⁸,

SLC34A2-ROS (with

a breakpoint at

chr6: 117653720,

chr4:25678781)²⁴ TPM3 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

SDC4 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹,

Adenocarcinoma¹⁰

EZR Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

LRIG3 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

KDELR2 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

CCDC6 Non-small-cell lung cancer¹

FIG (GOPC, PIST) Non-small-cell lung cancer², including FIG- Cholangiocarcinoma⁵,

ROSl(L)²⁹, FIG- Glioblastoma⁸, Ovarian cancer¹⁶,

ROSl(S)²⁹, and FIG- Small bowel adenocarcinomas

ROSl(VL)²⁹, FIG- (SBAs)²², Acral lentiginous ROS1 (XL)³⁰ melanoma (ALM)²⁵

TPD52L1 Non-small-cell lung cancer³

CEP85L Angiosarcoma⁴

Pediatric gliomas³¹

ZCCHC8 Congenital gliobastoma

multiforme⁶

CCDC30 Papillary thyroid carcinoma⁷

TFG Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour⁹, Sarcomas²⁶

TMEM106B Adenocarcinoma¹¹

YWHAE Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor¹²

MSN Lung cancer¹³

PWWP2A Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁷

FYN Non-small-cell lung cancer¹⁸

MKX Non-small-cell lung cancer¹⁸

PPFIBP1 Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

ERC1 Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

MY05A Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

CLIPl Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

HLA-A Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

KIAA1598 (SHTN1) Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

ZCCHC8 Spitzoid neoplasm¹⁹

CLTC Non-small-cell lung cancer²⁰

LIMA1 Non-small-cell lung cancer²⁰

NFkB2 Anaplastic Large Cell

Lymphoma²¹

NCOR2 Anaplastic Large Cell

Lymphoma²¹

KLC1 Pediatric low-grade glioma²⁴

TBL1XR1 Juvenile myelomonocytic

leukemia (JMML)²⁷ ¹ Davies and Dobele, Clin. Cancer Res, 19(15):4040-5, 2013.

2 Rimkunas et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 18:4449-58, 2012.

³ Zhu et al., Lung Cancer, 97:48-50, doi: 10.1016/j .lungcan.2016.04.013, 2012.

⁴ Giacomini et al., PLoS Gene.t, 9(4):el 003464, 2013.

⁵ Saborowski et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1 10(48): 19513-19518, 2013.

⁶ Cocce et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 55(9):677-87, 2016.

7 Ritterhouse et al., Thyroid, 26(6):794-7, 2016.

⁸ Das et al., Cancer Growth Metastasis, 8:51-60, doi: 10.4137/CGM.S32801, 2015.

⁹ Yamamoto et al., Histopathology, 69(l):72-83, 2016.

Fu et al., PLoS One, 10(4):e0124354, 2015.

¹¹ Ou et al., Lung Cancer, 88(3):352-4, 2015.

1² Hornick et al., Mod. Pathol., 28(5):732-9, 2015.

1³ Zheng et al., Nat Med, (12): 1479-84, 2014.

¹⁴ Aisner et al., Mol. Cancer Res., 12(1): 111-8, 2014.

¹⁵ Lee et al . , Cancer, 119(9) : 1627- 1635 , 2013.

¹⁶ Birch et al., PLoS One, 6(12):e28250, 2011.

¹⁷ Weisner et al., Nature Comm., 5:3116, doi: 10.1038/ncomms41 16, 2014.

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¹⁹ PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2014/130975A1.

²⁰ Australian Patent Application Publication No. AU 2015/101722A4

²¹ Crescenzo et al., Cancer Cell, 27 (4): 516-32, 2015.

²² Schrock et al., Annals of Oncology. Vol. 27, Suppl_6, 6130, 2016.

2⁴Nakano et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Vol. 64, S54-S55 Suppe. 4. 013-1-7,

2017.

²⁵ Couts et al. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. e61, 2017.

6 Ikeda et al. Annals of Oncology. Vol. 28 (suppl lO): xl-x6. 10.1093/annonc/mdx652, 2017.

2⁷ Murakami et al. Blood, blood-2017-07-798157; DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-

798157, 2018.

²⁸ EP Patent Application Publication No. EP3266795A1

²⁹ U.S. Patent Publication No. US9782400B2

0 PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2010/093928

1 Johnson et al., Oncologist. 22(12): 1478-1490, doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-

0242, 2017.

[0173] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROS l kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more deletions, insertions, or point mutation(s) in a ROS 1 kinase. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS l kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes a deletion of one or more residues from the ROSl kinase, resulting in constitutive activity of the ROSl kinase domain.

[0174] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a ROSl gene that results in the production of a ROSl kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions as compared to the wild-type ROSl kinase (see, for example, the point mutations listed in Table 3).

[0175] Table 3. Exemplary ROSl Point Mutations

¹ U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0032404A1.

² de Smith et al., Oncotarget, doi: 10.18632/oncotarget. l2238, 2016.

³ Qiu et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 35: 15_suppl, e22507-e22507, 2017.

⁴ PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2016/187508 A2

⁵ Gainor et al., JCO Precis Oncol. 10.1200/PO.17.00063, 2017.

⁶ The Cancer Genome Atlas: http://cancergenome.nih.gov/

⁷ Wang, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR (Thesis).

Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5659723.

[0176] Additional exemplary ROSl mutations are provided in Table 3a. Table 3a. Exemplary ROSl Mutations

Amino acid position 1186 (e.g., S1186F¹¹)

Amino acid position 1935 (e.g., E1935G6¹⁰)

Amino acid position 1945 (e.g., L1945Q⁷)

Amino acid position 1946 (e.g., T1946S⁷)

Amino acid position 1947 (e.g., L1947R⁶' ¹⁰, L1947M⁷)

Amino acid position 1948 (e.g., R1948S⁷)

Amino acid position 1951 (e.g., L1951R⁵, L1951V⁷)

Amino acid position 1958 (e.g., E1958V⁷)

Amino acid position 1959 (e.g., V1959E⁷)

Amino acid position 1961 (e.g., E1961K⁷)

Amino acid position 1962 (e.g., G1962E⁷)

Amino acid position 1971 (e.g., G1971E⁶' ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 1974 (e.g., E1974K⁹)

Amino acid position 1981 (e.g., T1981M⁷)

Amino acid position 1982 (e.g., L1982F⁵' ¹⁰, L1982R⁶)

Amino acid position 1986 (e.g., S1986Y¹, S1986F¹)

Amino acid position 1990 (e.g., E1990G⁵, E1990L⁷)

Amino acid position 1993 (e.g., E1993K⁷)

Amino acid position 1994 (e.g., F1994L⁵)

Amino acid position 2000 (e.g., L2000V⁷)

Amino acid position 2002 (e.g., S2002N⁷)

Amino acid position 2004 (e g-, F2004L⁷, F2004I⁹,

F2004V⁹, F2004C⁹)

Amino acid position 2008 (e.g., N2008H⁷)

Amino acid position 2009 (e.g., I2009L⁷)

Amino acid position 2010 (e.g., L2010M⁷)

Amino acid position 2011 (e.g., K2011N⁷)

Amino acid position 2016 (e.g., C2016G⁷)

Amino acid position 2019 (e.g., N2019D⁷, N2019Y⁷)

Amino acid position 2020 (e.g., E2020k⁹)

Amino acid position 2022 (e.g., Q2022H⁷)

Amino acid position 2026 (e.g., L2026M³)

Amino acid position 2028 (e.g., L2028M⁷)

Amino acid position 2029 (e.g., M2029K⁷)

Amino acid position 2030 (e.g., E2030K⁷)

Amino acid position 2032 (e.g., G2032R²)

Amino acid position 2033 (e.g., D2033G⁷, D2033N⁸)

Amino acid position 2035 (e.g., L2035I⁷)

Amino acid position 2036 (e.g., Τ2036Γ, T2036N⁷)

Amino acid position 2039 (e g-, R2039G⁷, R2039H⁷,

R2039M⁷, R2039N⁷, R2039S⁷)

Amino acid position 2040 (e.g., K2040E⁷, K2040Q⁷) Amino acid position 2052 (e.g. T2052S⁷)

Amino acid position 2059 (e.g. L2059P⁷)

Amino acid position 2060 (e.g. C2060G⁶' ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 2075 (e g- F2075C⁹, F2075I⁹,

F2075V⁹)

Amino acid position 2077 (e.g. H2077P⁷)

Amino acid position 2078 (e.g. R2078W⁷)

Amino acid position 2087 (e.g. V2087I⁷)

Amino acid position 2091 (e.g. D2091N⁷)

Amino acid position 2092 (e.g. Y2092N⁷)

Amino acid position 2094 (e.g. S2094N⁷)

Amino acid position 2098 (e.g. V2098I⁶' ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 2099 (e.g. K2099N⁷)

Amino acid position 2100 (e.g. I2100V⁷)

Amino acid position 2101 (e.g. G2101A⁷)

Amino acid position 2106 (e.g. A2106P⁷)

Amino acid position 2107 (e.g. R2107T⁷)

Amino acid position 2112 (e.g. N2112K⁹)

Amino acid position 2113 (e.g. D2113N⁹ D2113G⁹)

Amino acid position 2116 (e.g. R2116T⁷, R2116K⁹)

Amino acid position 2125 (e.g. V2125G⁷, V2125L⁷)

Amino acid position 2127 (e.g. W2127G⁷, W2127⁹)

Amino acid position 2128 (e.g. M2128T⁹)

Amino acid position 2131 (e.g. E2131D⁷, E2131K⁷)

Amino acid position 2134 (e.g. Μ2134 )

Amino acid position 2139 (e.g. T2139I⁷, T2139S⁷)

Amino acid position 2141 (e.g. Q2141H⁷)

Amino acid position 2142 (e.g. S2142Y⁷)

Amino acid position 2148 (e.g. G2148E⁷)

Amino acid position 2151 (e.g. 1215 IN⁷)

Amino acid position 2154 (e.g. I2154M⁷)

Amino acid position 2155 (e.g. L2155S⁴)

Amino acid position 2160 (e.g. Q2160H⁷)

Amino acid position 2165 (e.g. H2165D⁷)

Amino acid position 2181 (e.g. E2181D⁷)

Amino acid position 2184 (e.g. R2184T⁷)

Amino acid position 2201 (e.g. E2201D⁷)

Amino acid position 2205 (e.g. R2205I⁷)

Amino acid position 2207 (e.g. Τ2207 )

Amino acid position 2209 (e.g. H2209P⁷)

Amino acid position 2212 (e.g. Q2212H⁷, Q2212P⁷)

Amino acid position 2223 (e.g. L2223⁹)

Amino acid position 2224 (e.g. N2224K⁹) ^acchinetti et al., Clin. Cancer Res., DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0917,

2016.

² Awad et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 368(25):2395-401, 2013.

³ Zou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(11):3493-8, 2015.

⁴ Song et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 21(10):2379-87, 2015.

⁵ Katayama et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 21(1): 166-74, 2015.

⁶ PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2014/134096A1.

⁷ PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2014/152777A2.

⁸ Drilon et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 22(10):2351-8, 2016.

⁹ Davare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(39):E5381-90, 2015.

¹⁰ Davare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(48): 19519-24, 2013.

¹¹ Gainor et al., JCO Precis Oncol. 10.1200/PO.17.00063, 2017.

[0177] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes a splice variation in a ROSl mRNA which results in an expressed protein that is an alternatively spliced variant of ROSl having at least one residue deleted (as compared to the wild-type ROSl kinase) resulting in a constitutive activity of a ROSl kinase domain. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes a splice variation in a ROSl mRNA which results in an expressed protein that is an alternatively spliced variant of ROSl having at least one residue added (as compared to the wild-type ROSl kinase) resulting in a constitutive activity of a ROSl kinase domain.

[0178] A "ROSl kinase inhibitor" as defined herein includes any compound exhibiting ROSl inhibition activity. In some embodiments, a ROSl kinase inhibitor is selective for a wild type and/or mutant ROSl kinase. In some embodiments, ROSl kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a ROSl kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, a ROSl kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a ROSl kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as provided herein. In some embodiments, the ROSl kinase inhibitor is a compound of Formula I. [0179] As used herein, a "first ROSl kinase inhibitor" or "first ROSl inhibitor" is a ROSl kinase inhibitor as defined herein, but which does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. As used herein, a "second ROSl kinase inhibitor" or a "second ROSl inhibitor" is a ROSl kinase inhibitor as defined herein. In some embodiments, a second ROSl inhibitor does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. When more than one ROSl inhibitor is present in a method provided herein (e.g., both a first and a second ROSl inhibitor are present in a method provided herein), the two ROSl inhibitors are different (e.g., the first and second ROSl kinase inhibitor are different). As provided herein, different ROSl inhibitors are structurally distinct from one another.

[0180] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a ROSl gene that results in the production of a ROSl kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions or insertions or deletions as compared to the wild-type ROSl kinase. In some cases, the resulting ROSl kinase is more resistant to inhibition of its phosphotransferase activity by one or more first ROSl kinase inhibitor(s), as compared to a wildtype ROSl kinase or a ROSl kinase not including the same mutation. Such mutations, optionally, do not decrease the sensitivity of the cancer cell or tumor having the ROS 1 kinase to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof (e.g., as compared to a cancer cell or a tumor that does not include the particular ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation). In such embodiments, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can result in a ROSl kinase that has one or more of an increased Vmax, a decreased Kmfor ATP, and an increased KD for a first ROSl kinase inhibitor, when in the presence of a first ROSl kinase inhibitor, as compared to a wildtype ROSl kinase or a ROSl kinase not having the same mutation in the presence of the same first ROSl kinase inhibitor.

[0181] In other embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a ROSl gene that results in the production of a ROSl kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions as compared to the wild-type ROSl kinase, and which has increased resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as compared to a wildtype ROSl kinase or a ROSl kinase not including the same mutation. In such embodiments, a ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation can result in a ROS 1 kinase that has one or more of an increased Vmax, a decreased Km, and a decreased KD in the presence of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as compared to a wildtype ROSl kinase or a ROS l kinase not having the same mutation in the presence of the same compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0182] Examples of ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can, e.g., include point mutations, insertions, or deletions in and near the ATP binding site in the tertiary structure of ROSl kinase, including but not limited to the gatekeeper residue, P-loop residues, residues in or near the DFG motif, and ATP cleft solvent front amino acid residues. Additional examples of these types of mutations include changes in residues that may affect enzyme activity and/or drug binding including but are not limited to residues in the activation loop, residues near or interacting with the activation loop, residues contributing to active or inactive enzyme conformations, changes including mutations, deletions, and insertions in the loop proceeding the C-helix and in the C-helix. Specific residues or residue regions that may be changed (e.g., ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations) include but are not limited to those listed in Table 4 based on the human wildtype ROSl protein sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1). Changes to these residues may include single or multiple amino acid changes, insertions within or flanking the sequences, and deletions within or flanking the sequences.

[0183] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates are useful in treating patients that develop cancers with ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., that result in an increased resistance to a first ROSl inhibitor, e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 2032 (e.g., G2032R), amino acid position 2026 (e.g., L2026M), amino acid position 2033 (e.g., D2033N), and/or one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4) by either dosing in combination or as a follow-up therapy to existing drug treatments (e.g., ALK kinase inhibitors, TRK kinase inhibitors, other ROSl kinase inhibitors, e.g., first and/or second ROSl kinase inhibitors). Exemplary ALK kinase inhibitors are described herein. Exemplary TRK kinase inhibitors are described herein. Exemplary first and second ROSl kinase inhibitors are described herein. In some embodiments, a first or second ROSl kinase inhibitor can be selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib.

[0184] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof are useful for treating a cancer that has been identified as having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations (that result in an increased resistance to a first or second ROSl inhibitor, e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 2032 (e.g., G2032R), amino acid position 2026 (e.g., L2026M), amino acid position 2033 (e.g., D2033N)). Non-limiting examples of ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations are listed in Table 4.

[0185] Table 4. Exemplary ROSl Resistance Mutations

[0186] Amino acid position 1186 (e.g., S1186F¹¹)

Amino acid position 1935 (e.g., E1935G6¹⁰)

Amino acid position 1945 (e.g., L1945Q⁷)

Amino acid position 1946 (e.g., T1946S⁷)

Amino acid position 1947 (e.g., L1947R⁶- ¹⁰, L1947M⁷)

Amino acid position 1948 (e.g., R1948S⁷)

Amino acid position 1951 (e.g., L1951R⁵, L1951V⁷)

Amino acid position 1958 (e.g., E1958V⁷)

Amino acid position 1959 (e.g., V1959E⁷)

Amino acid position 1961 (e.g., E1961K⁷)

Amino acid position 1962 (e.g., G1962E⁷)

Amino acid position 1971 (e.g., G1971E⁶- ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 1974 (e.g., E1974K⁹)

Amino acid position 1981 (e.g., T1981M⁷)

Amino acid position 1982 (e.g., L1982F⁵- ¹⁰, L1982R⁶)

Amino acid position 1986 (e.g., S1986Y¹, S1986F¹)

Amino acid position 1990 (e.g., E1990G⁵, E1990L⁷)

Amino acid position 1993 (e.g., E1993K⁷)

Amino acid position 1994 (e.g., F1994L⁵)

Amino acid position 2000 (e.g., L2000V⁷)

Amino acid position 2002 (e.g., S2002N⁷)

Amino acid position 2004 (e.g., F2004L⁷, F2004I⁹,

F2004V⁹, F2004C⁹)

Amino acid position 2008 (e.g., N2008H⁷) Amino acid position 2009 (e.g., I2009L⁷)

Amino acid position 2010 (e.g., L2010M⁷)

Amino acid position 2011 (e.g., K2011N⁷)

Amino acid position 2016 (e.g., C2016G⁷)

Amino acid position 2019 (e.g., N2019D⁷, N2019Y⁷)

Amino acid position 2020 (e.g., E2020k⁹)

Amino acid position 2022 (e.g., Q2022H⁷)

Amino acid position 2026 (e.g., L2026M³)

Amino acid position 2028 (e.g., L2028M⁷)

Amino acid position 2029 (e.g., M2029K⁷)

Amino acid position 2030 (e.g., E2030K⁷)

Amino acid position 2032 (e.g., G2032R²)

Amino acid position 2033 (e.g., D2033G⁷, D2033N⁸)

Amino acid position 2035 (e.g., L2035I⁷)

Amino acid position 2036 (e.g., Τ2036Γ, T2036N⁷)

Amino acid position 2039 (e.g., R2039G⁷, R2039H⁷, R2039M⁷, R2039N⁷, R2039S⁷)

Amino acid position 2040 (e.g., K2040E⁷, K2040Q⁷)

Amino acid position 2052 (e.g., T2052S⁷)

Amino acid position 2059 (e.g., L2059P⁷)

Amino acid position 2060 (e.g., C2060G⁶' ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 2075 (e.g., F2075C⁹, F2075I⁹, F2075V⁹)

Amino acid position 2077 (e.g., H2077P⁷)

Amino acid position 2078 (e.g., R2078W⁷)

Amino acid position 2087 (e.g., V2087I⁷)

Amino acid position 2091 (e.g., D2091N⁷)

Amino acid position 2092 (e.g., Y2092N⁷)

Amino acid position 2094 (e.g., S2094N⁷)

Amino acid position 2098 (e.g., V2098I⁶' ¹⁰)

Amino acid position 2099 (e.g., K2099N⁷)

Amino acid position 2100 (e.g., I2100V⁷)

Amino acid position 2101 (e.g., G2101A⁷)

Amino acid position 2106 (e.g., A2106P⁷)

Amino acid position 2107 (e.g., R2107T⁷)

Amino acid position 2112 (e.g., N2112K⁹)

Amino acid position 2113 (e.g., D2113N⁹ D2113G⁹)

Amino acid position 2116 (e.g., R2116T⁷, R2116K⁹)

Amino acid position 2125 (e.g., V2125G⁷, V2125L⁷)

Amino acid position 2127 (e.g., W2127G⁷, W2127⁹)

Amino acid position 2128 (e.g., M2128T⁹)

Amino acid position 2131 (e.g., E2131D⁷, E2131K⁷)

Amino acid position 2134 (e.g., M2134I⁷) Amino acid position 2139 (e.g. Τ2139 , T2139S⁷)

Amino acid position 2141 (e.g. Q2141H⁷)

Amino acid position 2142 (e.g. S2142Y⁷)

Amino acid position 2148 (e.g. G2148E⁷)

Amino acid position 2151 (e.g. 1215 IN⁷)

Amino acid position 2154 (e.g. I2154M⁷)

Amino acid position 2155 (e.g. L2155S⁴)

Amino acid position 2160 (e.g. Q2160H⁷)

Amino acid position 2165 (e.g. H2165D⁷)

Amino acid position 2181 (e.g. E2181D⁷)

Amino acid position 2184 (e.g. R2184T⁷)

Amino acid position 2201 (e.g. E2201D⁷)

Amino acid position 2205 (e.g. R2205I⁷)

Amino acid position 2207 (e.g. Τ2207Γ)

Amino acid position 2209 (e.g. H2209P⁷)

Amino acid position 2212 (e.g. Q2212H⁷, Q2212P⁷)

Amino acid position 2223 (e.g. L2223⁹)

Amino acid position 2224 (e.g. N2224K⁹)

^acchinetti et al., Clin. Cancer Res., DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0917,

2016.

² Awad et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 368(25):2395-401, 2013.

³ Zou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(11):3493-8, 2015.

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⁶ PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2014/134096A1.

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⁸ Drilon et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 22(10):2351-8, 2016.

⁹ Davare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(39):E5381-90, 2015.

¹⁰ Davare et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(48): 19519-24, 2013.

¹¹ Gainor et al., JCO Precis Oncol. 10.1200/PO.17.00063, 2017.

[0187] The ROSl proto-oncogene is expressed in a variety of tumor types, and belongs to the sevenless subfamily of tyrosine kinase insulin receptor genes. The protein encoded by this gene is a type I integral membrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity. ROSl shares structural similarity with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. Gene rearrangements involving ROSl have been identified in a variety of cancers. The small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib, has been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors are ROSl -positive or ALK-positive. Although the most preclinical and clinical studies of ROS1 gene fusions have been performed in lung cancer, ROS1 fusions have been detected in multiple other tumor histologies, including ovarian carcinoma, sarcoma, cholangiocarcinomas and others.

[0188] ALK is a receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the insulin growth factor receptor superfamily. ALK is believed to play a role in the development of the nervous system. A variety of ALK gene fusions have been described, such as EML4, KIF5B, KLC1, and TRK-fused gene (TFG). Such fusion products result in kinase activation and oncogenesis. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) rearrangement is sensitive to the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib, which is an inhibitor of ALK and ROS 1.

[0189] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent(s) includes any one of the above listed therapies or therapeutic agents which are standards of care in cancers wherein the cancer has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent(s) includes any one of the above listed therapies or therapeutic agents which are standards of care in cancers wherein the cancer has a dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., an ALK-associated cancer). In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent(s) includes any one of the above listed therapies or therapeutic agents which are standards of care in cancers wherein the cancer has a dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., a TRK-associated cancer).

[0190] The term "ALK-associated cancer" as used herein refers to cancers associated with or having a dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same. Exemplary ALK-associated cancers are provided herein.

[0191] The phrase "dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same" refers to a genetic mutation (e.g., an ALK gene translocation that results in the expression of a fusion protein, a deletion in an ALK gene that results in the expression of an ALK protein that includes a deletion of at least one amino acid as compared to the wild-type ALK protein, a mutation in an ALK gene that results in the expression of an ALK protein with one or more point mutations, or an alternative spliced version of an ALK mRNA that results in an ALK protein having a deletion of at least one amino acid in the ALK protein as compared to the wild-type ALK protein) or an ALK gene amplification that results in overexpression of an ALK protein or an autocrine activity resulting from the overexpression of an ALK gene in a cell that results in a pathogenic increase in the activity of a kinase domain of an ALK protein (e.g., a constitutively active kinase domain of an ALK protein) in a cell. As another example, a dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be a mutation in an ALK gene that encodes an ALK protein that is constitutively active or has increased activity as compared to a protein encoded by an ALK gene that does not include the mutation. For example, a dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be the result of a gene or chromosome translocation which results in the expression of a fusion protein that contains a first portion of ALK that includes a functional kinase domain, and a second portion of a partner protein that is not ALK. In some examples, dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a result of a gene translocation of one ALK gene with another non-ALK gene. Non-limiting examples of fusion proteins are described in Table 5. Additional examples of ALK kinase protein mutations (e.g., point mutations) are ALK inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0192] The term "wildtype" or "wild-type" when referring to an ALK nucleic acid or protein describes a nucleic acid (e.g., an ALK gene or an ALK mRNA) or protein (e.g., an ALK protein) that is found in a subject that does not have an ALK-associated disease, e.g., an ALK-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing an ALK-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having an ALK- associated disease), or is found in a cell or tissue from a subject that does not have an ALK- associated disease, e.g., an ALK-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing an ALK-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having an ALK-associated disease).

[0193] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more chromosome translocations or inversions resulting in an ALK gene fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, is a result of genetic translocations in which the expressed protein is a fusion protein containing residues from a non-ALK partner protein, and includes a minimum of a functional ALK kinase domain.

[0194] Non-limiting examples of ALK fusion proteins are shown in Table 5.

[0195] Table 5. Exemplary ALK Fusion Proteins

carcinoma¹⁴, Lung

adenocarcinoma¹⁸, Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

KIF5B Non-small cell lung cancer¹

KLC1 Non-small cell lung cancer¹

PTPN3 Non-small cell lung cancer¹

HIP1 Non-small cell lung cancer¹

TPR Non-small cell lung cancer¹

STRN Non-small cell lung cancer¹,

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma¹, Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹, Renal Cell Carcinoma²⁰

SEC31 A/SEC31L1³⁸ Inflammatory myofibroblastic (e.g., type 1 and type tumour¹, Diffuse large B-cell 2)³⁸ lymphoma¹, Lung adenocarcinoma²¹

RANBP2 Inflammatory myofibroblastic

tumour¹, Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia¹¹

PPFIBP1 Inflammatory myofibroblastic

tumour¹

CARS Inflammatory myofibroblastic

tumour¹

SQSTM1 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma¹

VCL Renal medulla carcinoma/renal cell carcinoma¹

C2orf44 Colon cancer¹

FN1 Serous ovarian carcinoma¹,

Gastrointestinal leiomyoma³⁶

GFPT1 Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma¹

KIAA1618 Blood Cancer²

MEL4 Unspecified³

R0S1 Unspecified⁴

DCTN1 Spitzoid neoplasm⁵, Sarcoma²⁶

MDCF2 Lung adenocarcinoma⁶

STK32B Breast cancer⁶

TPM1 Unspecified⁷

PRKARIA Unspecified⁷

NCOA1 Unspecified⁷

GTF2IRD1 Unspecified⁷

CLTCL1 Neuroblastoma⁸

LMNA Neuroblastoma⁸ PRKAR1A Neuroblastoma⁸, Non-small cell

lung cancer¹⁵, Colorectal

Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

SPTBN1 Lung adenocarcinoma¹⁰

EIF2AK3 Lung adenocarincoma¹², Non-small

cell lung cancer¹⁵

EML4-EXOC6B Lung adenocarincoma¹³

PPM1B Non-small cell lung cancer¹⁵

MALATl (IncRNA Triple-negative breast cancer¹⁶

gene fusion)

HOOK1 Renal cell carcinoma¹⁷

CAD Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

PPP1T21 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

SENPF Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

MAPRE3 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma¹⁹

SPDYA Non-small cell lung cancer²²

ASXL2 Non-small cell lung cancer²²

IGL(¾ Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma²³

PPP1R21 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma²⁴

PRKAPIB Colorectal Adenocarcinoma²⁴

BIRC6 Non-small cell lung cancer²⁵

PICALM Non-small cell lung cancer²⁵

KCL Lung adenocarcinoma²⁷

CRIM1 Non-small cell lung cancer²⁸

EEF1G Anaplastic large cell lymphoma²⁹

DCTN1 Advanced Sarcoma³⁰, Inflammatory

myofibroblastic tumor³³, Spitzoid

tumors³³

GTF2IRD1 Pediatric, adolescent and young

adult (PAY A) thyroid carcinoma³¹

BEND 5 Neuroblastoma³²

PPP1CB Astrocytoma³²

CUX Non-small-cell Lung cancer³⁴

FAM179A Non-small-cell Lung cancer³⁵

COL25A1 Non-small-cell Lung cancer³⁵

BIRC6 Non-small-cell Lung Cancer³⁷

PICALM Non-small-cell Lung Cancer³⁷

GTF3C2 Spitz tumor³⁹

IGFBP5 Soft Tissue Sarcoma⁴⁰

MY018A Adenosarcoma⁴¹

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Abstract Number: 3190. 107^th Annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, AACR. New Orleans, LA. April 16-20 2016. [0196] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of an ALK gene, an ALK kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in an ALK gene that results in the production of an ALK kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions as compared to the wild-type ALK kinase.

[0197] In some embodiments, an ALK-associated cancer has been identified as having one or more ALK inhibitor resistance mutations (that result in an increased resistance to an ALK inhibitor.

[0198] Tropomyosin-related kinase (TRK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase family of neurotrophin receptors that are found in multiple tissues types. Three members of the TRK proto-oncogene family have been described: TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, encoded by the NTRKl, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes, respectively. The TRK receptor family is involved in neuronal development, including the growth and function of neuronal synapses, memory development, and maintenance, and the protection of neurons after ischemia or other types of injury (Nakagawara, Cancer Lett. 169: 107-114, 2001). [0199] TRK was originally identified from a colorectal cancer cell line as an oncogene fusion containing 5' sequences from tropomyosin-3 (TPM3) gene and the kinase domain encoded by the 3' region of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 gene (NTRK1) (Pulciani et al., Nature 300:539-542, 1982; Martin-Zanca et al., Nature 319:743- 748, 1986). TRK gene fusions follow the well-established paradigm of other oncogenic fusions, such as those involving ALK and ROS1, which have been shown to drive the growth of tumors and can be successfully inhibited in the clinic by targeted drugs (Shaw et al., New Engl. J. Med. 371 : 1963-1971, 2014; Shaw et al., New Engl. J. Med. 370: 1189- 1197, 2014). Oncogenic TRK fusions induce cancer cell proliferation and engage critical cancer-related downstream signaling pathways such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT (Vaishnavi et al., Cancer Discov. 5:25-34, 2015). Numerous oncogenic rearrangements involving NTRK1 and its related TRK family members NTRK2 and NTRK3 have been described (Vaishnavi et al., Cancer Disc. 5:25-34, 2015; Vaishnavi et al., Nature Med. 19: 1469-1472, 2013). Although there are numerous different 5' gene fusion partners identified, all share an in-frame, intact TRK kinase domain. A variety of different Trk inhibitors have been developed to treat cancer (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 62/080,374, International Application Publication Nos. WO 11/006074, WO 11/146336, WO 10/033941, and WO 10/048314, and U.S. Patent Nos. 8,933,084, 8,791,123, 8,637,516, 8,513,263, 8,450,322, 7,615,383, 7,384,632, 6, 153,189, 6,027,927, 6,025,166, 5,910,574, 5,877,016, and 5,844,092).

[0200] The term "TRK-associated cancer" as used herein refers to cancers associated with or having a dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same. Exemplary TRK-associated cancers are provided herein.

[0201] The phrase "dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same" refers to a genetic mutation (e.g., a TRK gene translocation that results in the expression of a fusion protein, a deletion in a TRK gene that results in the expression of a TRK protein that includes a deletion of at least one amino acid as compared to the wild-type TRK protein, a mutation in a TRK gene that results in the expression of a TRK protein with one or more point mutations, or an alternative spliced version of a TRK mRNA that results in a TRK protein having a deletion of at least one amino acid in the TRK protein as compared to the wild-type TRK protein) or a TRK gene amplification that results in overexpression of a TRK protein or an autocrine activity resulting from the overexpression of a TRK gene in a cell that results in a pathogenic increase in the activity of a kinase domain of a TRK protein (e.g., a constitutively active kinase domain of a TRK protein) in a cell. As another example, a dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be a mutation in a TRK gene that encodes a TRK protein that is constitutively active or has increased activity as compared to a protein encoded by a TRK gene that does not include the mutation. For example, a dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be the result of a gene or chromosome translocation which results in the expression of a fusion protein that contains a first portion of TRK that includes a functional kinase domain, and a second portion of a partner protein that is not TRK. In some examples, dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a result of a gene translocation of one TRK gene with another non- TRK gene. Non-limiting examples of fusion proteins are described in Tables 6-8. Additional examples of TRK kinase protein mutations (e.g., point mutations) are TRK inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0202] The term "wildtype" or "wild-type" when referring to a TRK nucleic acid or protein describes a nucleic acid (e.g., a TRK gene or a TRK mRNA) or protein (e.g., a TRK protein) that is found in a subject that does not have a TRK-associated disease, e.g., a TRK-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a TRK-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a TRK-associated disease), or is found in a cell or tissue from a subject that does not have a TRK-associated disease, e.g., a TRK-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a TRK-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a TRK-associated disease).

[0203] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more chromosome translocations or inversions resulting in a TRK gene fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, is a result of genetic translocations in which the expressed protein is a fusion protein containing residues from a non-TRK partner protein, and includes a minimum of a functional TRK kinase domain. See, for example, Tables 6-8.

[0204] Table 6. Exemplary TrkA Fusion Proteins and Cancers

Fusion Protein Non-TrkA Fusion Partner Non-limiting Exemplary Trk- and Synonyms of Associated

Cancer(s)

IRF2BP2-TrkA⁷ Interferon Regulatory Factor Thyroid Cancer; Thyroid Gland

2 Binding Protein 2 Carcinoma

SQSTMl-TrkA⁷ Sequestosome 1 Thyroid Cancer (e.g., Papillary

Thyroid Cancer), Thyroid Gland Carcinoma, Soft

TissueFibrosarcoma, Non-small- cell lung cancer¹

SSBP2-TrkA⁷ Single-Stranded DNA Thyroid Cancer (e.g., Papillary

Binding Protein 2 Thyroid Cancer); Thyroid Gland

Carcinoma

RABGAPIL- RAB GTPase Activating Intrahepatic Cholangicarcinoma TrkA⁸ Protein 1-Like (ICC)

C180RF8-TrkA⁹ Chromosome 18 Open Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

Reading Frame 8 (NSCLC)

RNF213-TrkA⁹ Ring Finger Protein 213 Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

(NSCLC)

TBC1D22A- TBC1 Domain Family, Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer TrkA⁹ Member 22A (NSCLC)

C20ORF112- Chromosome 20 Open Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer TrkA⁹ Reading Frame 112 (NSCLC)

D ER-TrkA⁹ Delta/Notch-Like EGF Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

Repeat Containing (NSCLC)

ARHGEF2- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Glioblastoma

TrkA¹³ Exchange Factor 2

CHTOP-TrkA¹³ Chromatin Target of PRMT1 Glioblastoma

PPL-TrkA¹³ Periplakin Thyroid Carcinoma

PLEKHA6-TrkA Pleckstrin Homology

Domain-Containing Family A

Member 6

PEARl-TrkA Platelet Endothelial

Aggregation Receptor 1

MRPL24-TrkA 39S Ribosomal Protein L24,

Mitochondrial

MDM4-TrkA Human Homolg of Mouse

Double Minute 4

LRRC71-TrkA Leucine Rich Repeat

Containing 71

GRIPAPl-TrkA GRIP1 Associated Protein 1

EPS15-TrkA Epidermal Growth Factor

Receptor Substrate 15 Fusion Protein Non-TrkA Fusion Partner Non-limiting Exemplary Trk- and Synonyms of Associated

Cancer(s)

DYNC2H1- Dynein, Cytoplasmic 2, Sarcoma

TrkA^B Heavy Chain 1

CEL-TrkA Carboxyl Ester Lipase Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

sample⁰

EPHB2-TrkA^B EPH Receptor B2 Lower Grade Glioma

TGF-TrkA^c Transforming Growth Factor Papillary Thyroid Cancer

NELLl-TrkA^F Cytoplasmic Protein That Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

Contains Epidermal Growth (NSCLC)

Factor (Egf)-Like Repeats

EPL4-TrkA^F EPH-Related Receptor Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

Tyrosine Kinase Ligand 4/ (NSCLC)

Ephrin-A4 Protein

CTNND2-TrkA^F Catenin (Cadherin-Associated Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer

Protein), Delta 2 (NSCLC)

TCEANC2- Transcription Elongation Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer TrkA^F Factor A (Sll) N-Terminal (NSCLC)

And Central Domain

^A Creancier et al., Cancer Lett. 365(1): 107-111, 2015.J

^B U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0315657.

c U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0283132.

^D Egren et al., Cancer Res. 75(15 Supplement): 4793, 2015.

^E U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0073036.

^F P.C.T. Patent Application Publication No. WO2015184443 Al .

^G Haller et al., The Journal of pathology 238.5 (2016): 700-710.

^H Wong et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108: djv307.

¹ Haller et al., J. Pathol. 238(5): 700-10.

³ Gang et al., Mod Pathol. 2016 Apr;29(4):359-69.

^KKonicek et al., Cancer research, Vol. 76, No. 14, Supp. Supplement. Abstract Number: 2647; 107^th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, AACR 2016. New Orleans,LA; 16-20 Apr 2016.

^L Dtilon et al., Cancer research, Vol. 76, No. 14, Supp. Supplement. Abstract Number: CT007; 107^th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, AACR 2016. New Orleans,LA; 16-20 Apr 2016. [0205] Table 7. Exemplary TrkB Fusion Proteins and Cancers

^A PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO 2015/183836A1

B Drilon et al., Ann Oncol. 2016 May;27(5):920-6.

c Yuzugullu et al., CellDiscov. 2: 16030, 2016.

D Ni et al., Neuro Oncol. 2017 Jan; 19(l):22-30.

^E Lin et al., Neuro-Oncol, Vol. 18, Supp. Supplement 3, pp. iii58, Abstract Number: HG-48; 17^th International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, ISPNO 2016. Liverpool, UK, 12 Jun 2016- 15 Jun 2016. [0206] Table 8. Exemplary TrkC Fusion Proteins and Cancers

Fusion Protein Non-TrkB Fusion Partner Non-limiting Exemplary Trk- and Synonyms of Associated

Cancer(s)

EML4-TrkC^A Echinoderm Microtubule- Fibrosarcoma (e.g., Pediatric

Associated Protein-Like 4 Fibrosarcoma^L)

HOMER2-TrkC Homer Protein Homolog 2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma

TFG-TrkC TRK-Fused Gene Soft Tissue Solitary Fibrous

Tumor

FATl-TrkC FAT Atypical Cadherin 1 Cervical Squamous Cell

Carcinoma³

MY05A-TrkC Myosin VA Spitz tumor^c

MYH9-TrkC Myosin Heavy Chain 9 Spitz tumor^c

^A Tannenbaum et al., Cold Spring Harb. Mol. Case Stud. 1 : a000471, 2015.

B U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0315657.

c Yeh et al., J Pathol. 240(3): 282-90, 2016

^D Montalli et al.. J Oral Pathol Med, doi: 10.1111/jop.12491, 2016

E Alassiri et al ., Am J Surs Pathol. 2016 Aug;40(8) : 1051 -61.

^F Nagasubramanian et al., Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016 Aug;63(8): 1468-70.

G Chintakuntlawar et al., Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016 May; 121(5):542-549.el .

^HU.S. Patent Application Publication No. US15030713A.

1 U.S Patent Application Publication No. US9447135B2.

³ Skalova et al., Modern Pathology 30, S27-S43, 2017.

^K Hyrcza et al., Vol. 469, Supp. Supplement 1, pp. S17. Abstract Number: OFP- 1997-7; 31^st International Congress of the International Academy of Pathology and the 28^th Congress of the European Society of Pathology, Cologne, Germany. 25-29

September 2016.

^L Sims et al., Journal of Immunotherapy of Cancer, Vol. 4, Supp. Supplement 1; Abstract Number: P280; 31^st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, SITC 2016. National Harbor, MD; 9-13 November 2016. [0207] In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a TRK gene, a TRK kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a TRK gene that results in the production of a TRK kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions as compared to the wild-type TRK kinase.

[0208] In some embodiments, a TRK-associated cancer has been identified as having one or more TRK inhibitor resistance mutations (that result in an increased resistance to a TRK inhibitor.

[0209] Accordingly, provided herein are methods for treating a patient diagnosed with (or identified as having) a cancer that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided herein are methods for treating a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the patient that has been identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1- associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved test or assay for identifying dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient or by performing any of the non-limiting examples of assays described herein. In some embodiments, the test or assay is provided as a kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROSl -associated cancer. For example, the ROSl -associated cancer can be a cancer that includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0210] Also provided are methods for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) determining if the cancer in the patient is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and (b) if the cancer is determined to be associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor). In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered before a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered after a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the subj ect was previously treated with a first ROS 1 inhibitor or previously treated with another anticancer treatment, e.g., treatment with another anticancer agent, resection of the tumor or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the subject was previously treated with an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or both. In some embodiments, the patient is determined to have a ROS 1 -associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved test or assay for identifying dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS 1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient or by performing any of the non-limiting examples of assays described herein. In some embodiments, the test or assay is provided as a kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROS 1 -associated cancer. For example, the ROS 1 -associated cancer can be a cancer that includes one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0211] Also provided are methods of treating a patient that include performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and administering (e.g., specifically or selectively administering) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the patient determined to have a dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS 1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROS 1 inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor). In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered before a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof), an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered after a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, one or more additional anticancer agents (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor) are administered with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments of these methods, the subject was previously treated with a first ROSl inhibitor or previously treated with another anticancer treatment, e.g., treatment with another anticancer agent, resection of a tumor or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the subject was previously treated with an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or both. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient suspected of having a ROS 1 -associated cancer, a patient presenting with one or more symptoms of a ROSl -associated cancer, or a patient having an elevated risk of developing a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the assay utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency- approved assay, e.g., FDA-approved kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. Additional, non-limiting assays that may be used in these methods are described herein. Additional assays are also known in the art. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0212] Also provided is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating a ROS1- associated cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer through a step of performing an assay (e.g., an in vitro assay) on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, where the presence of a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, identifies that the patient has a ROSl -associated cancer. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer through a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same where the presence of dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, identifies that the patient has a ROS1- associated cancer. Some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein further include recording in the patient' s clinical record (e.g., a computer readable medium) that the patient is determined to have a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, through the performance of the assay, should be administered a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the assay utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency - approved assay, e.g., FDA-approved kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0213] Also provided is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use in the treatment of a cancer in a patient in need thereof or a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROSl -associated cancer, for example, a ROSl -associated cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, a patient is identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA- approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the sample. As provided herein, a ROSl -associated cancer includes those described herein and known in the art.

[0214] In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has been identified or diagnosed as having a cancer with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has a tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient can be a patient with a tumor(s) that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient can be a patient whose tumors have a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient is suspected of having a ROSl -associated cancer (e.g., a cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the patient; and b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more fusion proteins. Non-limiting examples of ROSl gene fusion proteins are described in Table 2. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROSl, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4-ROS1. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions. Non-limiting examples of ROSl kinase protein point mutations are described in Table 3 and Table 3a. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Non-limiting examples of ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations are described in Table 4. In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation is selected from the group consisting of L2026M, G2032R, and D2033N. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency- approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROS 1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a tumor positive for one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the tumor with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy.

[0215] In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has a clinical record indicating that the patient has a tumor that has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., a tumor having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations). In some embodiments, the clinical record indicates that the patient should be treated with one or more of the compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof or compositions provided herein. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a tumor positive for one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the tumor with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy.

[0216] Also provided are methods of treating a patient that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer in a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Some embodiments of these methods and uses can further include: a step of performing an on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and recording the information in a patient's clinical file (e.g., a computer readable medium) that the patient has been identified to have a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency- approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0217] Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject. The method includes performing an assay on a sample obtained from the subject to determine whether the subject has a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or level of any of the same. The method also includes administering to a subject determined to have a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a ROS 1 gene, a ROS 1 kinase protein, or expression or activity of the same is a gene or chromosome translocation that results in the expression of a ROSl fusion protein (e.g., any of the ROS 1 fusion proteins described herein). In some embodiments, the ROSl fusion can be selected from a SLC34A2 fusion, a CD74 fusion, a EZR fusion, a TPM3 fusion, or a SDC4 fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is one or more point mutation in the ROSl gene (e.g., any of the one or more of the ROSl point mutations described herein). The one or more point mutations in a ROSl gene can result, e.g., in the translation of a ROS 1 protein having one or more of the following amino acid substitutions: A15G, R118N, G1025R, T1735M, R1948H, and R2072N. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., any combination of the one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations described herein). The one or more point mutations in a ROS 1 gene can result, e.g., in the translation of a ROS 1 protein having one or more of the following amino acid substitutions: L2026M, G2032R, and D2033N. Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, an ALK inhibitor, and/or a TRK inhibitor).

[0218] Also provided are methods (e.g., in vitro methods) of selecting a treatment for a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. Some embodiments can further include administering the selected treatment to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. For example, the selected treatment can include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Some embodiments can further include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and identifying and diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROSl -associated cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the patient has been identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1- associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the ROSl -associated cancers is a cancer described herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy.

[0219] Also provided herein are methods of selecting a treatment for a patient, wherein the methods include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations), and identifying or diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a ROSl -associated cancer. Some embodiments further include administering the selected treatment to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. For example, the selected treatment can include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1- associated cancer. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy.

[0220] Also provided are methods of selecting a patient for treatment, wherein the methods include selecting, identifying, or diagnosing a patient having a ROSl -associated cancer, and selecting the patient for treatment including administration of a therapeutically- effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, identifying or diagnosing a patient as having a ROSl -associated cancer can include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and identifying or diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the method of selecting a treatment can be used as a part of a clinical study that includes administration of various treatments of a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, a ROSl -associated cancer is a cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH). In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the assay is a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of the ROSl gene, the ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0221] In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, an assay used to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, or a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, using a sample from a patient can include, for example, next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (e.g., break apart FISH or dual-fusion FISH), fluorescence microscopy, Southern blotting, Western blotting, FACS analysis, Northern blotting, and PCR-based amplification (e.g., RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR). As is well- known in the art, the assays are typically performed, e.g., with at least one labelled nucleic acid probe or at least one labelled antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Assays can utilize other detection methods known in the art for detecting dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or levels of any of the same (see, e.g., the references cited herein). In some embodiments, the dysregulation of the ROSl gene, the ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the sample is a biological sample or a biopsy sample (e.g., a paraffin-embedded biopsy sample) from the patient. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient suspected of having a ROSl -associated cancer, a patient having one or more symptoms of a ROSl -associated cancer, and/or a patient that has an increased risk of developing a ROSl -associated cancer).

[0222] In some embodiments, dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same can be identified using a liquid biopsy (variously referred to as a fluid biopsy or fluid phase biopsy). See, e.g., Karachialiou et al., "Real-time liquid biopsies become a reality in cancer treatment", Ann. Transl. Med., 3(3):36, 2016. Liquid biopsy methods can be used to detect total tumor burden and/or the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same. Liquid biopsies can be performed on biological samples obtained relatively easily from a subject (e.g., via a simple blood draw) and are generally less invasive than traditional methods used to detect tumor burden and/or dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments, liquid biopsies can be used to detect the presence of dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same at an earlier stage than traditional methods. In some embodiments, the biological sample to be used in a liquid biopsy can include, blood, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage, bile, lymphatic fluid, cyst fluid, stool, ascites, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect cell-free DNA. In some embodiments, cell-free DNA detected using a liquid biopsy is circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) that is derived from tumor cells. Analysis of ctDNA (e.g., using sensitive detection techniques such as, without limitation, next-generation sequencing (NGS), traditional PCR, digital PCR, or microarray analysis) can be used to identify dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same.

[0001] In some embodiments, ctDNA derived from a single gene can be detected using a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, ctDNA derived from a plurality of genes (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100 or more, or any number of genes in between these numbers) can be detected using a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, ctDNA derived from a plurality of genes can be detected using any of a variety of commercially-available testing panels (e.g., commercially- available testing panels designed to detect dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same ). Liquid biopsies can be used to detect dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same including, without limitation, point mutations or single nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variants (CNVs), genetic fusions (e.g., translocations or rearrangements), insertions, deletions, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect a germline mutation. In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect a somatic mutation. In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect a primary genetic mutation (e.g., a primary mutation or a primary fusion that is associated with initial development of a disease, e.g., cancer). In some embodiments, a liquid biopsy can be used to detect a genetic mutation that develops after development of the primary genetic mutation (e.g., a resistance mutation that arises in response to a treatment administered to a subject). In some embodiments, a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same identified using a liquid biopsy is also present in a cancer cell that is present in the subject (e.g., in a tumor). In some embodiments, any of the types of dysregulation of a ROS 1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same described herein can be detected using a liquid biopsy. In some embodiments, a genetic mutation identified via a liquid biopsy can be used to identify the subject as a candidate for a particular treatment. For example, detection of dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in the subject can indicate that the subject will be responsive to a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0002] Liquid biopsies can be performed at multiple times during a course of diagnosis, a course of monitoring, and/or a course of treatment to determine one or more clinically relevant parameters including, without limitation, progression of the disease, efficacy of a treatment, or development of resistance mutations after administering a treatment to the subject. For example, a first liquid biopsy can be performed at a first time point and a second liquid biopsy can be performed at a second time point during a course of diagnosis, a course of monitoring, and/or a course of treatment. In some embodiments, the first time point can be a time point prior to diagnosing a subject with a disease (e.g., when the subject is healthy), and the second time point can be a time point after subject has developed the disease (e.g., the second time point can be used to diagnose the subject with the disease). In some embodiments, the first time point can be a time point prior to diagnosing a subject with a disease (e.g., when the subject is healthy), after which the subject is monitored, and the second time point can be a time point after monitoring the subject. In some embodiments, the first time point can be a time point after diagnosing a subject with a disease, after which a treatment is administered to the subject, and the second time point can be a time point after the treatment is administered; in such cases, the second time point can be used to assess the efficacy of the treatment (e.g., if the genetic mutation(s) detected at the first time point are reduced in abundance or are undetectable) or to determine the presence of a resistance mutation that has arisen as a result of the treatment. In some embodiments, a treatment to be administered to a subject can include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0223] In the field of medical oncology it is normal practice to use a combination of different forms of treatment to treat each patient with cancer. In medical oncology the other component(s) of such conjoint treatment or therapy in addition to compositions provided herein may be, for example, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapeutic agents, such as kinase inhibitors, signal transduction inhibitors and/or monoclonal antibodies. Compounds of Formula I therefore may also be useful as adjuvants to cancer treatment, that is, they can be used in combination with one or more additional therapies or therapeutic agents, for example a chemotherapeutic agent that works by the same or by a different mechanism of action.

[0224] In some embodiments of any the methods described herein, the compound of Formula I (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof) is administered in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more additional therapies or therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapeutic) agents.

[0225] Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents include: other ROS1- targeted therapeutic agents (i.e. a first or second ROSl kinase inhibitor), ALK-targeted therapeutic agents (e.g., ALK kinase inhibitors), receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted therapeutic agents (e.g., TRK kinase inhibitors), kinase targeted therapeutics, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, modulators of the apoptosis pathway (e.g. obataclax); cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, angiogenesis-targeted therapies, immune-targeted agents, including immunotherapy, and radiotherapy.

[0226] In some embodiments, the other ROSl -targeted therapeutic is a multikinase inhibitor exhibiting ROSl inhibition activity. In some embodiments, the other ROS1- targeted therapeutic inhibitor is selective for a ROSl kinase. Exemplary ROSl kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a ROSl kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, a ROSl kinase inhibitor can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a ROSl kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as provided herein.

[0227] Non-limiting examples of ROSl -targeted therapeutic agents include (E)-5-chloro- 2-(2-(l-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-N-(2-

(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidin-4-amine {Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 123, 80-89); alectinib; brigatinib; cabozantinib; ceritinib; crizotinib; entrectinib; foretinib; herbimycin A; lorlatinib; lorlatinib des-methyl analogs; merestinib; ASP3026 (NCT01284192; Astellas Pharma); AZD3634 (AstraZeneca); and ASP3026 (Astrellas Pharma). [0228] In some embodiments, an ALK-targeted therapeutic is a multikinase inhibitor exhibiting ALK inhibition activity. In some embodiments, the ALK-targeted therapeutic inhibitor is selective for an ALK kinase. Exemplary ALK kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against an ALK kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, an ALK kinase inhibitor can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against an ALK kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay.

[0229] Non-limiting examples of ALK-targeted therapeutic agents include "Amgen 36"; "Amgen 49"; "Cephalon 30"; "Chugai 13d"; 4-arylaminopyrimidine derivatives (see, e.g., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 123, 80-99); alectinib; anti-ALK monoclonal antibodies; brigatinib; ceritinib; crizotinib; dorsomorphin; ensartinib; entrectinib; ganetespib; lorlatinib; PF-02341066 (Pfizer); IPI-504 (Infinity); TSR-011 (Tesaro, Inc.); CT-707 (Centaurus Biopharma); AUY922; TEW-7197 (Medpacto); CEP-28122 (Teva Pharmaceuticals); CEP-37440 (Teva Pharmaceuticals); ASP3026 (Astellas Pharma); 17- AAG; IPI-504; GSK 1838705 (GlaxoSmithKline); KRCA 0008; AZD3463 (AstraZeneca); NVP-TAE684 (Novartis); "3-39" (Novartis); LDN193189; SB 525334; SB 505124; and TAE684.

[0230] In some embodiments, a receptor tyrosine kinase targeted therapeutic is a multikinase inhibitor (e.g., TRK-targeted therapeutic inhibitor) exhibiting TRK inhibition activity. In some embodiments, the TRK-targeted therapeutic inhibitor is selective for a TRK kinase. Exemplary TRK kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a TRK kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, a TRK kinase inhibitor can exhibit inhibition activity (ICso) against a TRK kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay. For example, a TRK inhibitor assay can be any of those provided in US Patent No. 8,933,084 (e.g., Example A or B). [0231] Non-limiting examples of receptor tyrosine kinase (e.g., Trk) targeted therapeutic agents, include afatinib, cabozantinib, cetuximab, crizotinib, dabrafenib, entrectinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lestaurtinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, panitumumab, pertuzumab, sunitinib, trastuzumab, l-((3S,4R)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-l-(2- methoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-methyl-3-(2- methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-l -phenyl- 1H- pyrazol-5-yl)urea, AG 879, AR-772, AR-786, AR-256, AR-618, AZ-23, AZ623, DS- 6051, Go 6976, GNF-5837, GTx-186, GW 441756, LOXO-101, MGCD516, PLX7486, RXDXIOI, TPX-0005, and TSR-011. Additional Trk targeted therapeutic agents include those described in U.S. Patent No. 8,450,322; 8,513,263; 8,933,084; 8,791,123; 8,946,226; 8,450,322; 8,299,057; and 8,912, 194; U.S. Publication No. 2016/0137654; 2015/0166564; 2015/0051222; 2015/0283132; and 2015/0306086; International Publication No. WO 2010/033941; WO 2010/048314; WO 2016/077841; WO 2011/146336; WO 2011/006074; WO 2010/033941; WO 2012/158413; WO 2014078454; WO 2014078417; WO 2014078408; WO 2014078378; WO 2014078372; WO 2014078331; WO 2014078328; WO 2014078325; WO 2014078323; WO 2014078322; WO 2015175788; WO 2009/013126; WO 2013/174876; WO 2015/124697; WO 2010/058006; WO 2015/017533; WO 2015/112806; WO 2013/183578; and WO 2013/074518, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0232] Further examples of Trk inhibitors can be found in U.S. Patent No. 8,637,516, International Publication No. WO 2012/034091, U.S. Patent No. 9, 102,671, International Publication No. WO 2012/116217, U.S. Publication No. 2010/0297115, International Publication No. WO 2009/053442, U.S. Patent No. 8,642,035, International Publication No. WO 2009092049, U.S. Patent No. 8,691,221, International Publication No. WO2006131952, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Exemplary Trk inhibitors include GNF-4256, described in Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 75(1): 131-141, 2015; and GNF-5837 (N-[3-[[2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-3-(lH-pyrrol-2- ylmethylene)-lH-indol-6-yl]amino]-4-methylphenyl]-N'-[2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-urea), described in ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 3(2): 140-145, 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0233] Additional examples of Trk inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0152219, U.S. Patent No. 8, 114,989, and International Publication No. WO 2006/123113, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Exemplary Trk inhibitors include AZ623, described in Cancer 117(6): 1321-1391, 2011; AZD6918, described in Cancer Biol. Ther. 16(3):477-483, 2015; AZ64, described in Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 70:477-486, 2012; AZ-23 ((S)-5-Chloro-N2-(l-(5- fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-N4-(5-isopropoxy-lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine), described in Mol. Cancer Ther. 8: 1818-1827, 2009; and AZD7451; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0234] A Trk inhibitor can include those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,615,383; 7,384,632; 6,153, 189; 6,027,927; 6,025,166; 5,910,574; 5,877,016; and 5,844,092, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0235] Further examples of Trk inhibitors include CEP-751, described in Int. J. Cancer 72:672-679, 1997; CT327, described in Acta Derm. Venereol. 95:542-548, 2015; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2012/034095; compounds described in U.S. Patent No. 8,673,347 and International Publication No. WO 2007/022999; compounds described in U.S. Patent No. 8,338,417; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2016/027754; compounds described in U.S. Patent No. 9,242,977; compounds described in U.S. Publication No. 2016/0000783; sunitinib (N- (2-diethylaminoethyl)-5-[(Z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-lH-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl- lH-pyrrole-3-carboxamide), as described in PLoS One 9:e95628, 2014; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2011/133637; compounds described in U.S. Patent No. 8,637,256; compounds described in Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 24(7): 731-744, 2014; compounds described in Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 19(3):305-319, 2009; (R)-2- phenylpyrrolidine substituted imidazopyridazines, e.g., GNF-8625, (R)-l-(6-(6-(2-(3- fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-l-yl)imidazo[l,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)-[2,4'-bipyridin]-2'- yl)piperidin-4-ol as described in ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 6(5):562-567, 2015; GTx-186 and others, as described in PLoS One 8(12):e83380, 2013; K252a ((9S-(9a,10p,12a))- 2,3,9, 10,11, 12-hexahydro- 10-hydroxy- 10-(methoxycarbonyl)-9-methyl-9, 12-epoxy- 1H- diindolo[l,2,3-fg:3',2', -kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][l,6]benzodiazocin-l-one), as described in Mol. Cell Biochem. 339(1-2):201-213, 2010; 4-aminopyrazolylpyrimidines, e.g., AZ-23 (((S)- 5 -chloro-N2-( 1 -(5 -fluoropyri din-2-yl)ethyl)-N4-(5 -i sopropoxy- 1 H-pyrazol-3 - yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine)), as described in J. Med. Chem. 51(15):4672-4684, 2008; PHA-739358 (danusertib), as described in Mol. Cancer Ther. 6:3158, 2007; Go 6976 (5,6,7, 13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12- propanenitrile), as described in J. Neurochem. 72:919-924, 1999; GW441756 ((3Z)-3-[(l- methylindol-3-yl)methylidene]-lH-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-one), as described in IJAE 115: 117, 2010; milciclib (PHA-848125AC), described in J. Carcinog. 12:22, 2013; AG- 879 ((2E)-3-[3,5-Bis(l, l-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-cyano-2- propenethioamide); altiratinib (N-(4-((2-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)pyridin-4-yl)oxy)- 2, 5-difluorophenyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane- 1 , 1 -dicarboxamide); cabozantinib (N-(4-((6,7-Dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-l,l- dicarboxamide); lestaurtinib ((5S,6S,8R)-6-Hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl- 7,8,14, 15-tetrahydro-5H-16-oxa-4b,8a, 14-triaza-5,8- methanodibenzo[b,h]cycloocta[jkl]cyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-13(6H)-one); dovatinib (4- amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)-lH-benzimidazol-2-yl]quinolin-2(lH)-one mono 2-hydroxypropanoate hydrate); sitravatinib (N-(3-fluoro-4-((2-(5-(((2- methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)oxy)phenyl)-N-(4- fluorophenyl)cyclopropane- 1, 1 -dicarboxamide); ONO-5390556; regorafenib (4-[4-({[4- Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]-N- methylpyridine-2-carboxamide hydrate); and VSR-902A; all of the references above are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

[0236] The ability of a Trk inhibitor to act as a TrkA, TrkB, and/or Trk C inhibitor may be tested using the assays described in Examples A and B in U. S. Patent No. 8,513,263, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0237] In some embodiments, signal transduction pathway inhibitors include Ras-Raf- MEK-ERK pathway inhibitors (e.g., binimetinib, selumetinib, encorafinib, sorafenib, trametinib, and vemurafenib), PI3K-Akt-mTOR-S6K pathway inhibitors (e.g. everolimus, rapamycin, perifosine, temsirolimus), and other kinase inhibitors, such as baricitinib, brigatinib, capmatinib, danusertib, ibrutinib, milciclib, quercetin, regorafenib, ruxolitinib, semaxanib, AP32788, BLU285, BLU554, INCB39110, INCB40093, INCB50465, INCB52793, INCB54828, MGCD265, MS-088, MS-1286937, PF 477736 ((R)-amino- N-[5,6-dihydro-2-(l-methyl-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-oxo-lHpyrrolo[4,3,2- ef][2,3]benzodiazepin-8-yl]-cyclohexaneacetamide), PLX3397, PLX7486, PLX8394, PLX9486, PRN1008, PRN1371, RXDX103, RXDX106, RXDX108, and TG101209 (N- tert-butyl-3-(5-methyl-2-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)phenylamino)pyrimidin-4- ylamino)benzenesulfonamide).

[0238] Non-limiting examples of checkpoint inhibitors include ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, pidilizumab, MPDL3208A, MEDI4736, MSB0010718C, BMS-936559, BMS-956559, BMS-935559 (MDX-1105), AMP-224, and pembrolizumab.

[0239] In some embodiments, cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are selected from arsenic trioxide, bleomycin, cabazitaxel, capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, irinotecan, lomustine, methotrexate, mitomycin C, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, temozolomide, and vincristine.

[0240] Non-limiting examples of angiogenesis-targeted therapies include aflibercept and bevacizumab.

[0241] The term "immunotherapy" refers to an agent that modulates the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can increase the expression and/or activity of a regulator of the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can decrease the expression and/or activity of a regulator of the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can recruit and/or enhance the activity of an immune cell.

[0242] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cellular immunotherapy (e.g., adoptive T-cell therapy, dendritic cell therapy, natural killer cell therapy). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy is sipuleucel-T (APC8015; Provenge™; Plosker (2011) Drugs 71(1): 101-108). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy includes cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy is a CAR-T cell therapy. In some embodiments, the CAR-T cell therapy is tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah™).

[0243] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an antibody therapy (e.g., a monoclonal antibody, a conjugated antibody). In some embodiments, the antibody therapy is bevacizumab (Mvasti™, Avastin®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), avelumab (Bavencio®), rituximab (MabThera™, Rituxan®), edrecolomab (Panorex), daratumuab (Darzalex®), olaratumab (Lartruvo™), ofatumumab (Arzerra®), alemtuzumab (Campath®), cetuximab (Erbitux®), oregovomab, pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), dinutiximab (Unituxin®), obinutuzumab (Gazyva®), tremelimumab (CP-675,206), ramucirumab (Cyramza®), ublituximab (TG-1101), panitumumab (Vectibix®), elotuzumab (Empliciti™), avelumab (Bavencio®), necitumumab (Portrazza™), cirmtuzumab (UC-961), ibritumomab (Zevalin®), isatuximab (SAR650984), nimotuzumab, fresolimumab (GC1008), lirilumab (INN), mogamulizumab (Poteligeo®), ficlatuzumab (AV-299), denosumab (Xgeva®), ganitumab, urelumab, pidilizumab or amatuximab.

[0244] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an antibody-drug conjugate. In some embodiments, the antibody-drug conjugate is gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg™), inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1; Kadcyla®), mirvetuximab soravtansine (IMGN853) or anetumab ravtansine

[0245] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes blinatumomab (AMG103; Blincyto®) or midostaurin (Rydapt).

[0246] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes a toxin. In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is denileukin diftitox (Ontak®).

[0247] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cytokine therapy. In some embodiments, the cytokine therapy is an interleukin 2 (IL-2) therapy, an interferon alpha (IFNa) therapy, a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy, an interleukin 12 (IL-12) therapy, an interleukin 15 (IL-15) therapy, an interleukin 7 (IL-7) therapy or an erythropoietin-alpha (EPO) therapy. In some embodiments, the IL-2 therapy is aldesleukin (Proleukin®). In some embodiments, the IFNa therapy is IntronA® (Roferon-A®). In some embodiments, the G-CSF therapy is filgrastim (Neupogen®).

[0248] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a CTLA-4 inhibitor, a PD-1 inhibitor or a PD-L1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the CTLA-4 inhibitor is ipilimumab (Yervoy®) or tremelimumab (CP-675,206). In some embodiments, the PD-1 inhibitor is pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) or nivolumab (Opdivo®). In some embodiments, the PD-Ll inhibitor is atezolizumab (Tecentriq®), avelumab (Bavencio®) or durvalumab (Imfinzi™).

[0249] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is mRNA-based immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the mRNA-based immunotherapy is CV9104 (see, e.g., Rausch et al. (2014) Human Vaccin Immunother 10(11): 3146-52; and Kubler et al. (2015) J. Immunother Cancer 3 :26).

[0250] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy.

[0251] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an oncolytic virus therapy. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus therapy is talimogene alherparepvec (T-VEC; Imlygic®).

[0252] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cancer vaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. In some embodiments, the HPV vaccine is Gardasil®, Gardasil9® or Cervarix®. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. In some embodiments, the HBV vaccine is Engerix-B®, Recombivax HB® or GI-13020 (Tarmogen®). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is Twinrix® or Pediarix®. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is BiovaxID®, Oncophage®, GVAX, ADXS11- 001, ALVAC-CEA, PROSTVAC®, Rindopepimut®, CimaVax-EGF, lapuleucel-T (APC8024; Neuvenge™), GRNVAC1, GRNVAC2, GRN-1201, hepcortespenlisimut-L (Hepko-V5), DC VAX®, SCIB1, BMT CTN 1401, PrCa VBIR, PANVAC, ProstAtak®, DPX-Survivac, or viagenpumatucel-L (HS-110).

[0253] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a peptide vaccine. In some embodiments, the peptide vaccine is nelipepimut-S (E75) (NeuVax™), IMA901, or SurVaxM (SVN53-67). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is an immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine (see, e.g., Ott et al. (2017) Nature 547: 217-221; Sahin et al. (2017) Nature 547: 222-226). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is RGSH4K, or NEO-PV-01. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a DNA-based vaccine. In some embodiments, the DNA-based vaccine is a mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine (see, e.g., Kim et al. (2016) Oncolmmunology 5(2): el069940).

[0254] In some embodiments, immune-targeted agents are selected from aldesleukin, interferon alfa-2b, ipilimumab, lambrolizumab, nivolumab, prednisone, and sipuleucel-T.

[0255] Non-limiting examples of radiotherapy include radioiodide therapy, external-beam radiation, and radium 223 therapy.

[0256] Additional kinase inhibitors include those described in, for example, U.S. Patent

No. 7,514,446; 7,863,289; 8,026,247; 8,501,756; 8,552,002; 8,815,901; 8,912,204;

9,260,437; 9,273,051; U.S. Publication No. US 2015/0018336; International Publication No. WO 2007/002325; WO 2007/002433; WO 2008/080001; WO 2008/079906; WO

2008/079903; WO 2008/079909; WO 2008/080015; WO 2009/007748; WO 2009/012283;

WO 2009/143018; WO 2009/143024; WO 2009/014637; 2009/152083; WO 2010/111527;

WO 2012/109075; WO 2014/194127; WO 2015/112806; WO 2007/110344; WO

2009/071480; WO 2009/1 18411; WO 2010/031816; WO 2010/145998; WO 2011/092120; WO 2012/101032; WO 2012/139930; WO 2012/143248; WO 2012/152763; WO

2013/014039; WO 2013/102059; WO 2013/050448; WO 2013/050446; WO 2014/019908;

WO 2014/072220; WO 2014/184069; and WO 2016/075224, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0257] Further examples of kinase inhibitors include those described in, for example, WO 2016/081450; WO 2016/022569; WO 2016/011141; WO 2016/011144; WO 2016/011147; WO 2015/191667; WO 2012/101029; WO 2012/113774; WO 2015/191666; WO 2015/161277; WO 2015/161274; WO 2015/108992; WO 2015/061572; WO 2015/058129; WO 2015/057873; WO 2015/017528; WO/2015/017533; WO 2014/160521; and WO 2014/011900, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0258] In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor as provided herein may have activity against more than one kinase (i.e. may be a multikinase inhibitor). When more than one mechanism of action is recited in a method herein (e.g., ROS1, ALK, or TRK kinase inhibition), each of the compounds recited are structurally distinct from one another (e.g., the ROS1 inhibitor and the TRK inhibitor are not the same compound). [0259] Accordingly, also provided herein is a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical combination for treating cancer which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer.

[0260] These additional therapeutic agents may be administered with one or more doses of the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, as part of the same or separate dosage forms, via the same or different routes of administration, and/or on the same or different administration schedules according to standard pharmaceutical practice known to one skilled in the art.

[0261] Also provided herein is (i) a pharmaceutical combination for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., any of the exemplary additional therapeutic agents described herein or known in the art), and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and of the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer; (ii) a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a combination; (iii) the use of such a combination for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer; and (iv) a commercial package or product comprising such a combination as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use; and to a method of treatment of cancer in a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments the patient is a human. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROS1 -associated cancer, e.g., a ROS1 -associated cancer having one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0262] The term "pharmaceutical combination", as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical therapy resulting from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term "fixed combination" means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent), are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single composition or dosage. The term "non-fixed combination" means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., chemotherapeutic agent) are formulated as separate compositions or dosages such that they may be administered to a patient in need thereof simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with variable intervening time limits (e.g., 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months), wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two or more compounds in the body of the patient. These also apply to cocktail therapies, e.g. the administration of three or more active ingredients

[0263] Accordingly, also provided herein is a method of treating a cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical combination for treating cancer which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as separate dosages. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered as separate dosages sequentially in any order, in jointly therapeutically effective amounts, e.g. in daily or intermittently dosages. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as a combined dosage. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROS l -associated cancer. For example, a ROSl -associated cancer having one or more ROSlinhibitor resistance mutations.

[0264] Also provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by ROSl in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder mediated by ROSl is a dysregulation of ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. For example, the dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. A disease or disorder mediated by ROSl can include any disease, disorder or condition that is directly or indirectly linked to expression or activity of ROSl, including overexpression and/or abnormal activity levels. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer (e.g., a ROSl -associated cancer). In some embodiments, the cancer is any of the cancers or ROSl -associated cancers described herein.

[0265] Although the genetic basis of tumorigenesis may vary between different cancer types, the cellular and molecular mechanisms required for metastasis appear to be similar for all solid tumor types. During a metastatic cascade, the cancer cells lose growth inhibitory responses, undergo alterations in adhesiveness and produce enzymes that can degrade extracellular matrix components. This leads to detachment of tumor cells from the original tumor, infiltration into the circulation through newly formed vasculature, migration and extravasation of the tumor cells at favorable distant sites where they may form colonies. A number of genes have been identified as being promoters or suppressors of metastasis.

[0266] Accordingly, also provided herein are methods for inhibiting, preventing, aiding in the prevention, or decreasing the symptoms of metastasis of a cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Such methods can be used in the treatment of one or more of the cancers described herein. See, e.g., US Publication No. 2013/0029925; International Publication No. WO 2014/083567; and US Patent No. 8,568,998. In some embodiments, the cancer is a ROSl -associated cancer. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is used in combination with an additional therapy or another therapeutic agent, including a chemotherapeutic agent, such as a kinase inhibitor, for example, a first or second ROSl kinase inhibitor.

[0267] The term "metastasis" is an art known term and means the formation of an additional tumor (e.g., a solid tumor) at a site distant from a primary tumor in a subject or patient, where the additional tumor includes the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor.

[0268] Also provided are methods of decreasing the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a ROSl -associated cancer that include: selecting, identifying, or diagnosing a patient as having a ROSl -associated cancer, and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to the patient selected, identified, or diagnosed as having a ROSl -associated cancer. Also provided are methods of decreasing the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a ROS1- associated cancer that includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvent thereof to a patient having a ROSl -associated cancer. The decrease in the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a ROSl -associated cancer can be compared to the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in the patient prior to treatment, or as compared to a patient or a population of patients having a similar or the same ROSl -associated cancer that has received no treatment or a different treatment. In some embodiments, the ROSl -associated cancer is a ROSl -associated cancer having one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0269] The phrase "risk of developing a metastasis" means the risk that a subject or patient having a primary tumor will develop an additional tumor (e.g., a solid tumor) at a site distant from a primary tumor in a subject or patient over a set period of time, where the additional tumor includes the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor. Methods for reducing the risk of developing a metastasis in a subject or patient having a cancer are described herein.

[0270] The phrase "risk of developing additional metastases" means the risk that a subject or patient having a primary tumor and one or more additional tumors at sites distant from the primary tumor (where the one or more additional tumors include the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor) will develop one or more further tumors distant from the primary tumor, where the further tumors include the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor. Methods for reducing the risk of developing additional metastasis are described herein.

[0271] In some embodiments, the presence of one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations in a tumor causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor. Methods useful when a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor are described below. For example, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and administering to the identified subject a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first ROSl inhibitor. Also provided are methods of treating a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that include administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0272] For example, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS 1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 2 and/or one or more ROSl kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (e.g., one or more point mutations of Table 3 or Table 3a) in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations of Table 4; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more of the fusion proteins SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROS1, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4-ROSlin a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subj ect a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROS 1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more of the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0273] For example, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS 1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor, wherein the first ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor, wherein the first ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 2 and/or one or more ROSl kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (e.g., one or more point mutations of Table 3 or Table 3a) in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROSl inhibitor, wherein the first ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations of Table 4; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more of the fusion proteins SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROS1, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4-ROSlin a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subj ect a therapeutically effective amount of a first ROS 1 inhibitor, wherein the first ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more of the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0274] As another example, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS 1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a second ROS1 inhibitor, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a second ROS1 inhibitor, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 2 and/or one or more ROS1 kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (e.g., one or more of the point mutations of Table 3 or Table 3a) in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations of Table 4; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more of the fusion proteins SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROS1, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4- ROS1 in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more of the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0275] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1- associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subj ect if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 2 and/or one or more ROSl kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (e.g., one or more of the point mutations of Table 3 or Table 3a) in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations of Table 4; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more of the fusion proteins SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROS1, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4- ROSl in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more of the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N; and (d) administering a second ROSl inhibitor, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0276] Also, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROSl -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subj ect has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0277] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1- associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more ROSl fusion proteins of Table 2 and/or one or more ROSl kinase protein point mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (e.g., one or more of the point mutations of Table 3 or Table 3a) in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula I selected from Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations of Table 4; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, a second ROS1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib is administered in step (d). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a ROS1 -associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more of the fusion proteins SLC34A2-ROS1, CD74-ROS1, EZR-ROS1, TPM3-ROS1, or SDC4-ROS1 in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 -A, 33-B, 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more of the ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, a second ROS1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of alectinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, entrectinib, foretinib, lorlatinib, and mesestinib is administered in step (d).

[0278] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first ROSl inhibitor. Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: selecting a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting the identified subject for a treatment that includes a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: selecting a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations for a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0279] Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROSl -associated cancer) will have a positive response to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations has a decreased likelihood of having a positive response (i.e. an increased likelihood of having a negative response) to treatment with a first ROS 1 inhibitor as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROSl -associated cancer) will have a positive response to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that a subject not having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations has an increased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a first ROS 1 inhibitor as a monotherapy as compared to a subj ect having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining that treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0280] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering a first ROSl inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2032, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0281] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering a first ALK inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor, a first ROSl inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ALK inhibitor (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent can be the first ALK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent can be another ROS l inhibitor. In some embodiments, the ROS l inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0282] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering a first TRK inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor, a first ROS l inhibitor, an ALK inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another TRK inhibitor (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent can be the first TRK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent can be another ROS l inhibitor. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a ROS l gene, a ROS 1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first TRK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROS l inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. [0283] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering a first ROSl inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) administering a second ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof).

[0284] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROS1- associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor, has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subj ect is administered additional doses of the first ROS 1 inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor, an ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROS1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROS1 inhibitor (e.g., a second ROS1 inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first ROS1 inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0285] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROS1- associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ALK inhibitor has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell having one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, a first ROS1 inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiment, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is can be another ALK inhibitor (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first ALK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor.

[0286] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROS1- associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first TRK inhibitor is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and (b) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor, an ALK inhibitor, a first ROSl inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is can be another TRK inhibitor (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first TRK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor.

[0287] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a second ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subj ect is administered additional doses of the first ROS 1 inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments of (b), another anticancer agent can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0288] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ALK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a ROS 1 inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be a ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments of (b), another anticancer agent can be the first ALK inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0289] Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first TRK inhibitor is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and (b) administering a ROS 1 inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where the subj ect is administered additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be a ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments of (b), another anticancer agent can be the first TRK inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0290] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering a first ROSl inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (c), another ROSl inhibitor can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0291] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering a first ALK inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent is the first ALK inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0292] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering one or more doses of a first TRK inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments of step (c), another anticancer agent is the first TRK inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0293] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering a first ROSl inhibitor to the subject for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year); (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) selecting a second ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, another ROSl can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0294] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof) for the subj ect. In some embodiments, the one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a second ROSl inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (c), another ROSl inhibitor can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0295] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROSl -associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ALK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor, a TRK inhibitor, a first ROSl inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is can be another ALK inhibitor (e.g., a second ALK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first ALK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor.

[0296] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer (e.g., a ROSl -associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first TRK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, where additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor, an ALK inhibitor, a first ROSl inhibitor, or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation includes one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is can be another TRK inhibitor (e.g., a second TRK inhibitor). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first TRK inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be another ROSl inhibitor.

[0297] Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) selecting a second ROSl inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof) for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N. In some embodiments, another anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, another anticancer agent is another ROSl inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, another ROSl can be the first ROSl inhibitor administered in step (a).

[0298] Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a first ROSl inhibitor that include: determining whether a cell in a sample obtained from the subj ect has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and identifying a subject having a cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to the first ROSl inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a first ROSl inhibitor that include: identifying a subj ect having a cell that has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to the first ROSl inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a first ROSl inhibitor that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that the subj ect having a cancer cell that has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor resistance mutations has a cancer that has some resistance to the first ROSl inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a first ROSl inhibitor in a subject that include: determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations has a cancer that has some resistance to the first ROS 1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4. For example, the one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N.

[0299] In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, a ROSl inhibitor resistance mutation that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a first ROSl inhibitor can be any of the ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 4 (e.g., a substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 2026, 2032, or 2033, e.g., L2026M, G2032R, or D2033N).

[0300] Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer will have a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that the subject having the cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations has an increased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having cancer will have a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy that include: determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations has an increased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subj ect has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy is likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining that treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy is likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations.

[0301] Methods of determining the level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor to a ROS l inhibitor (e.g., any of the ROS l inhibitors described herein or known in the art) can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, the level of resistance of a cancer cell to a ROS 1 inhibitor can be assessed by determining the ICso of a ROS 1 inhibitor (e.g., any of the ROSl inhibitors described herein or known in the art) on the viability of a cancer cell. In other examples, the level of resistance of a cancer cell to a ROSl inhibitor can be assessed by determining the growth rate of the cancer cell in the presence of a ROS 1 inhibitor (e.g., any of the ROSl inhibitors described herein). In other examples, the level of resistance of a tumor to a ROS l inhibitor can be assessed by determining the mass or size of one or more tumors in a subject over time during treatment with a ROS l inhibitor (e.g., any of the ROS l inhibitors described herein). In other examples, the level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor to a ROS l inhibitor can be indirectly assessed by determining the activity of a ROSl kinase including one or more of the ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations (i.e., the same ROS l kinase expressed in a cancer cell or a tumor in a subject). The level of resistance of a cancer cell or tumor having one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations to a ROSl inhibitor is relative to the level of resistance in a cancer cell or tumor that does not have one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., a cancer cell or tumor that does not have the same ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations, a cancer cell or a tumor that does not have any ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations, or a cancer cell or a tumor that expresses a wildtype ROS l protein). For example, the determined level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor having one or more ROS l inhibitor resistance mutations can be greater than about 1%, greater than about 2%, greater than about 3% ,greater than about 4%, greater than about 5%, greater than about 6%, greater than about 7%, greater than about 8%, greater than about 9%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 11%, greater than about 12%, greater than about 13%, greater than about 14%, greater than about 15%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%), greater than about 30%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 45%), greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 100%, greater than about 110%), greater than about 120%, greater than about 130%, greater than about 140%, greater than about 150%, greater than about 160%, greater than about 170%, greater than about 180%), greater than about 190%, greater than about 200%, greater than about 210%, greater than about 220%, greater than about 230%, greater than about 240%, greater than about 250%), greater than about 260%, greater than about 270%, greater than about 280%, greater than about 290%, or greater than about 300%> of the level of resistance in a cancer cell or tumor that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., a cancer cell or tumor that does not have the same ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations, a cancer cell or a tumor that does not have any ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations, or a cancer cell or a tumor that expresses a wildtype ROSl protein).

[0302] Also provided is a method for inhibiting ROSl kinase activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula I. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vitro. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vivo. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vivo, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a subject having a cell having ROSl kinase activity. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cancer cell is any cancer as described herein. In some embodiments, the cancer cell is a ROSl -associated cancer cell.

[0303] Also provided is a method for inhibiting ROSl kinase activity in a mammalian cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula I. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vitro. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vivo. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vivo, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a mammal having a cell having ROSlkinase activity. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a mammalian cancer cell. In some embodiments, the mammalian cancer cell is any cancer as described herein. In some embodiments, the mammalian cancer cell is a ROS1 -associated cancer cell.

[0304] As used herein, the term "contacting" refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, "contacting" a ROS1 kinase with a compound provided herein includes the administration of a compound provided herein to an individual or patient, such as a human, having a ROS1 kinase, as well as, for example, introducing a compound provided herein into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing the ROS1 kinase.

[0305] Also provided herein is a method of inhibiting cell proliferation, in vitro or in vivo, the method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein

[0306] The phrase "effective amount" means an amount of compound that, when administered to a patient in need of such treatment, is sufficient to (i) treat a ROS1 kinase- associated disease or disorder, (ii) attenuate, ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) delay the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein. The amount of a compound of Formula I that will correspond to such an amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight) of the patient in need of treatment, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by one skilled in the art.

[0307] When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of Formula I can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Oral administration can include a dosage form formulated for once-daily or twice-daily (BID) administration. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable

[0308] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. In making the compositions provided herein, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral administration. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated as a tablet or capsule.

[0309] The compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1,000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 mg to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. The term "unit dosage form" refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other patients, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material (i.e., a compound for Formula I as provided herein) calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

[0310] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 5 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about 15 mg, about 15 mg to about 20 mg, about 20 mg to about 25 mg, about 25 mg to about 30 mg, about 30 mg to about 35 mg, about 35 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, or about 45 mg to about 50 mg of the active ingredient.

[0311] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 200 mg, about 200 mg to about 250 mg, about 250 mg to about 300 mg, about 350 mg to about 400 mg, or about 450 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.

[0312] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 500 mg to about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 500 mg to about 550 mg, about 550 mg to about 600 mg, about 600 mg to about 650 mg, about 650 mg to about 700 mg, about 700 mg to about 750 mg, about 750 mg to about 800 mg, about 800 mg to about 850 mg, about 850 mg to about 900 mg, about 900 mg to about 950 mg, or about 950 mg to about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient.

[0313] The active compound may be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

[0314] Provided herein are pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment of RET-associated diseases or disorders, such as cancer or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

[0315] One skilled in the art will recognize that, both in vivo and in vitro trials using suitable, known and generally accepted cell and/or animal models are predictive of the ability of a test compound to treat or prevent a given disorder.

[0316] One skilled in the art will further recognize that human clinical trials including first-in-human, dose ranging and efficacy trials, in healthy patients and/or those suffering from a given disorder, may be completed according to methods well known in the clinical and medical arts.

EXAMPLES

[0317] Example A. Inhibition of ROS1 kinase

[0318] The potency of a compound inhibiting wild type and exemplary mutant ROS1 kinases was determined using CisBio's HTRF Kinease-TK assay technology. The assays contained 5 nM wild type ROS1 (SignalChem - Cat. No. R14-11G), 5 nM G2032R ROS1 (SignalChem - Cat. No. R14-12BG), 5 nM L2026M ROS1 (Array Biopharma, pl965), or 5 nM D2033N ROS1 (Array Biopharma, pl994). Each kinase is incubated with 250 nM TK-substrate biotin (CisBio, Cat.No. 62TK0PEC) and 1 mM ATP along with test compound in a buffer consisting of 25 mM MOPS [pH 7.4], 5 mM MgCh, 0.005% Triton X-100, and 2% DMSO in a volume of 8 μΐ.. Compounds were prepared in a four-fold serial dilution in DMSO and added to the assay to give the appropriate final concentration. After a 120-minute incubation at 22°C, the reaction was quenched by adding 8 μΙ_, of quench solution containing 31.3 nM Sa-XL665 and IX TK-Ab-Cryptate in HTRF detection buffer (CisBio, Cat.No. 62TK0PEC). After a 1 hour incubation at 22°C, the extent of reaction was determined using a PerkinElmer En Vision multimode plate reader via HTRF dual wavelength detection, and the percent of control (POC) was calculated using a ratiometric emission factor. 100 POC is determined using no test compound and 0 POC is determined in the absence of enzyme. The POC values are fit to a 4-paramater logistic curve and the ICso value is calculated based on the point at which the curve crosses 50 POC.

[0319] Table 9 provides averaged ICso values for compounds tested in this assay. [0320] TABLE 9

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

[0321] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

(a) detecting that the cancer in the patient is associated with a dysregulation of a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and

(b) administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl i of Formula I

I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

A-1 A-2 A-3

wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-l and B-2 having the structures:

B-1 B-2

W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms;

R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓΪ(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, HO2CCH2- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises administering a second ROSl inhibitor. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is administered before the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is administered after the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the second ROSl inhibitor is administered with the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the second ROSl inhibitor are administered simultaneously as separate dosages. 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the method further comprises administering an ALK inhibitor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the ALK inhibitor is administered before the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the ALK inhibitor is administered after the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the ALK inhibitor is administered with the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

72 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically

73 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the ALK inhibitor are administered simultaneously

74 as separate dosages.

75

76 12. The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the method further comprises

77 administering a TRK inhibitor.

78

79 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the TRK inhibitor is administered before the

80 compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

81

82 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the TRK inhibitor is administered after the

83 compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

84

85 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the TRK inhibitor is administered with the

86 compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

87

88 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically

89 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the TRK inhibitor are administered simultaneously

90 as separate dosages.

91

92 17. A method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising

93 administering to a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1 -associated cancer a

94 therapeutically effective amount of a ROS1 inhibitor, wherein the ROS1 inhibitor is a

95 compound of Formula I

97 I

98 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

99 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

100 A-1 A-2 A-3

101 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring B and

102 the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

103 XisNorCH;

104 YisHorF;

105 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

106 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

107 B-1 B-2

108 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the wavy

109 line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine ring of

I I o Formula I;

III W is O, H or CH₂, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH₂;

112 m is 0, 1 or 2;

113 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that

114 R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or

115 hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

116 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the

117 atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring

118 heteroatoms; Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓ^(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl. 18. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising:

(a) detecting that the cancer in the patient is a ROS 1 -associated cancer; and (b) administering to the patient determined to have a ROS 1 -associated cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a ROSl inhibitor, wherein the ROSl inhibitor is a compound of Formula I

I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from rings A-l, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

142 A-1 A-2 A-3

143 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring B and

144 the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

145 X is N or CH;

146 Y is H or F;

147 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

148 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

149 B-1 B-2

1 50 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the wavy

1 51 line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine ring of

1 52 Formula I;

1 53 W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

1 54 m is 0, 1 or 2;

1 55 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that

1 56 R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or

1 57 hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

1 58 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the

1 59 atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring

160 heteroatoms;

161 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the

162 asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³; 163 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difiuoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, 164 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

165 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, 166 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, 167 ΑΓ^(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, 168 H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

169 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently 170 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

171 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently 172 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

173 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl. 174

175 19. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

176 (a) administering a first ROS1 inhibitor to the subject;

177 (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the 178 subject has one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations; and

179 (c) administering a second ROS1 inhibitor, wherein the second ROS1 inhibitor is 180 a compound of Formula I

182 I

183 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

184 ring A is selected from rings A-l, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

A-1 A-2 A-3

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

B-1 B-2

W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2; m is 0, 1 or 2;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³; 206 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

207 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

208 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

209 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

210 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

21 1 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

212 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

213 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

214 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

215 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

216 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

217 6C)alkyl,

218 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

219 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

220 (d) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor of step (a) to the

221 subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor

222 resistance mutations.

223

224 20. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

225 (a) administering a first ALK inhibitor to the subject;

226 (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the

227 subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

228 (c) administering a compound of Formula I

229

230 I

231 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

A-1 A-2 A-3

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

B-1 B-2

W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2; m is 0, 1 or 2;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³; 254 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

255 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

256 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

257 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

258 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

259 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

260 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

261 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

262 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

263 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

264 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

265 6C)alkyl,

266 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

267 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

268 (d) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor of step (a) to the

269 subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor

270 resistance mutations.

271

272 21. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

273 (a) administering a first TRK inhibitor to the subject;

274 (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the

275 subject has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; and

276 (c) administering a compound of Formula I

277

278 I

279 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

A-1 A-2 A-3

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

B-1 B-2

W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2; m is 0, 1 or 2;

Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³; 302 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

303 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

304 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

305 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

306 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

307 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

308 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

309 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

310 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

31 1 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

312 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

313 6C)alkyl,

314 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

315 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

316 (d) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor of step (a) to the

317 subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor

318 resistance mutations.

319

320 22. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

321 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a

322 cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl

323 inhibitor resistance mutations that confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor

324 to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously administered to the

325 subject; and

326 (b) administering a compound of Formula I

327

328 I

329 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

330 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

331 A-1 A-2 A-3

332 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring

333 B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

334 X is N or CH;

335 Y is H or F;

336 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

337 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

338 B-1 B-2

339 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

340 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

341 ring of Formula I;

342 W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

343 m is 0, 1 or 2;

344 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

345 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

346 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

347 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

348 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

349 ring heteroatoms; 350 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

351 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

352 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

353 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

354 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

355 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

356 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, Ar^O)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

357 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

358 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

359 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

360 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

361 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

362 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

363 6C)alkyl,

364 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

365 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that

366 confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl

367 inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject; or

368 (c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor to the subject if the

369 subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance

370 mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with

371 the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject.

372

373 23. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

374 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a

375 cancer and previously administered a first ALK inhibitor has one or more ROSl

376 inhibitor resistance mutations; and

377 (b) administering a compound of Formula I

379 I

380 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

381 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1

382 A-1 A-2 A-3

383 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring

384 B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

385 X is N or CH;

386 Y is H or F;

387 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

388 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

389 B-1 B-2

390 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

391 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

392 ring of Formula I;

393 W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

394 m is 0, 1 or 2: 395 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

396 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

397 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

398 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

399 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

400 ring heteroatoms;

401 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

402 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

403 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

404 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

405 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

406 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

407 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, A^QO)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

408 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

409 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

410 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

41 1 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

412 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

413 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

414 6C)alkyl,

415 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

416 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

417 (c) administering additional doses of the first ALK inhibitor to the subject if the

418 subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance

419 mutations.

420

421 24. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

422 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a

423 cancer and previously administered a first TRK inhibitor has one or more ROSl

424 inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a compound of Formula I

426

427 I

428 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

429 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

A-1 A-2 A-3

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

B-1 B-2

W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

m is 0, 1 or 2; 443 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

444 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

445 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

446 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

447 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

448 ring heteroatoms;

449 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

450 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

451 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

452 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

453 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

454 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

455 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓΪ(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

456 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

457 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

458 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

459 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

460 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

461 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

462 6C)alkyl,

463 as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the

464 subject has a cancer cell that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

465 (c) administering additional doses of the first TRK inhibitor to the subject if the

466 subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance

467 mutations.

468

469 25. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

470 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having

471 a cancer and previously administered a first ROSl inhibitor has one or more ROSl

472 inhibitor resistance mutations that confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor 473 to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor previously administered to the subject; and

474 (b) administering a second ROSl inhibitor to the subject as a monotherapy or in

475 conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell

476 that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased

477 resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was

478 previously administered to the subject; or

479 (c) administering additional doses of the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously

480 administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or

481 more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations that confers increased resistance to a cancer

482 cell or tumor to treatment with the first ROSl inhibitor that was previously

483 administered to the subject.

484

485 26. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

486 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having

487 a cancer and previously administered an ALK inhibitor has one or more ROS 1 inhibitor

488 resistance mutations; and

489 (b) administering a ROSl inhibitor to the subject as a monotherapy or in

490 conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell

491 that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or

492 (c) administering additional doses of the ALK inhibitor that was previously

493 administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or

494 more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations.

495

496 27. A method of treating a subject having a cancer, wherein the method comprises:

497 (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having

498 a cancer and previously administered a TRK inhibitor has one or more ROSl inhibitor

499 resistance mutations; and

500 (b) administering a ROSl inhibitor to the subject as a monotherapy or in

501 conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell

502 that has one or more ROSl inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the TRK inhibitor that was previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have one or more ROS1 inhibitor resistance mutations.

28. A method of treating a patient, the method comprising administering a

therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I

I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

A-1 A-2 A-3

X is N or CH;

Y is H or F;

R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

B-1 B-2 521 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

522 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

523 ring of Formula I;

524 W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

525 m is 0, 1 or 2;

526 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

527 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

528 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

529 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

530 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

531 ring heteroatoms;

532 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

533 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

534 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

535 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

536 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

537 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

538 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, A^QO)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

539 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, HO2CCH2- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

540 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

541 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

542 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

543 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

544 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

545 6C)alkyl,

546 to a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has dysregulation of a

547 ROS1 gene, a ROS1 kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same.

548

549 29. A method of selecting a treatment for a patient, the method comprising selecting a

550 treatment comprising administration of a compound of Formula I

552 I

553 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

554 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

555 A-1 A-2 A-3

556 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring

557 B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

558 X is N or CH;

559 Y is H or F;

560 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

561 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

562 B-1 B-2

563 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

564 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

565 ring of Formula I;

566 W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

567 m is 0, 1 or 2: 568 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

569 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

570 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

571 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

572 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

573 ring heteroatoms;

574 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

575 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

576 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

577 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

578 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

579 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

580 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓΪ(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

581 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

582 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

583 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

584 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

585 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

586 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

587 6C)alkyl,

588 for a patient identified or diagnosed as having a ROS1 -associated cancer.

589

590 30. A method of selecting a treatment for a patient having a cancer, the method

591 comprising:

592 (a) determining if the cancer in the patient is a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

593 (a) selecting a treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective

594 amount of a compound of Formula I

596 I

597 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

598 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

599 A-1 A-2 A-3

600 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring

601 B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

602 X is N or CH;

603 Y is H or F;

604 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

605 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

606 B-1 B-2

607 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

608 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

609 ring of Formula I;

610 W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

61 1 m is 0, 1 or 2: 612 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 C)alkyl or OH

613 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

614 C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-3 C)alkyl, or

615 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

616 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

617 ring heteroatoms;

618 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

619 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

620 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

621 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

622 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

623 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

624 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓΪ(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

625 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

626 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

627 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

628 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

629 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

630 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

631 6C)alkyl,

632 for a patient determined to have a ROS1 -associated cancer.

633

634 31. A method of selecting a patient for treatment including administration of a

635 therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I

637 I

638 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

639 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1 1 1

640 A-1 A-2 A-3

641 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring

642 B and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

643 X is N or CH;

644 Y is H or F;

645 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

646 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

647 B-1 B-2

648 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the

649 wavy line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine

650 ring of Formula I;

651 W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

652 m is 0, 1 or 2;

653 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH

654 (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3

655 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

656 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with

657 the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2

658 ring heteroatoms; 659 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein

660 the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

661 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-

662 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

663 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoroQ-

664 6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C

665 cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓ^(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C

666 cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-, H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

667 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

668 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

669 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents

670 independently selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

671 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-

672 6C)alkyl,

673 the method comprising:

674 (c) identifying a patient having a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

675 (d) selecting the patient for treatment including administration of a

676 therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically

677 acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

678

679 32. A method of selecting a patient having cancer for treatment including administration

680 of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically

681 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, the method comprising:

682 (a) determining if the cancer in the patient is a ROS1 -associated cancer; and

683 (b) selecting a patient determined to have a ROS1 -associated cancer for

684 treatment including administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a

685 compound of Formula I

687 I

688 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

689 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

1

690 A-1 A-2 A-3

691 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to ring B and

692 the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to W;

693 X is N or CH;

694 Y is H or F;

695 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

696 ring B is selected from rings B-1 and B-2 having the structures:

3 3

697 B-1 B-2

698 wherein the wavy line labeled 3 indicates the point of attachment to ring A and the wavy

699 line labeled 4 indicates the point of attachment to the pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine ring of

700 Formula I;

701 W is O, H or CFh, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CFh;

702 m is 0, 1 or 2: 703 D is carbon, R² and R^2a are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that

704 R² and R^2a are not both OH), and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or

705 hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl, or

706 D is carbon or nitrogen, R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the

707 atoms to which they are attached form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring

708 heteroatoms;

709 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the 71 o asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

71 1 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl,

712 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

713 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl,

714 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-,

715 ΑΓΪ(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-,

716 H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-;

717 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently

718 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

719 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently

720 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

721 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl. 722

723 33. The method of any one of claims 1, 18, and 30-32, wherein the step of detecting that

724 or determining if the cancer in the patient is a ROSl -associated cancer includes

725 performing an assay to detect dysregulation in a ROSl gene, a ROSl kinase protein, or

726 expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the patient.

727

728 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising obtaining a sample from the patient. 729

730 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the sample is a biopsy sample.

731

732 36. The method of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the assay is selected from the group

733 consisting of sequencing, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,

734 and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

735

736 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the assay is break apart FISH.

737

738 38. The method of claim 36, wherein assay is dual fusion FISH.

739

740 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the sequencing is pyrosequencing or next

741 generation sequencing.

742

743 40. The method of any one of claims 33-39, wherein the dysregulation in a ROS1 gene, a

744 ROS1 kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is one or more

745 point mutations in the ROS 1 gene.

746

747 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the one or more point mutations in a ROS1 gene

748 results in the translation of a ROS1 protein having one or more amino acid substitutions

749 at one or more of the following amino acid positions: 15, 118, 1025, 1735, 1948 or 2072. 750

751 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the one or more point mutations in a ROS1 gene

752 results in the translation of a ROS1 protein having one or more of the following amino

753 acid substitutions: A15G, Rl 18N, G1025R, T1735M, R1948H, or R2072N.

754

755 43. The method of claim 40, wherein the one or more point mutations in a ROS1 gene

756 results in the translation of a ROS1 protein having one or more amino acid substitutions

757 at one or more of the following amino acid positions: 1935, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948,

758 1951, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2000,

759 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2026, 2028, 2029, 2030,

760 2032, 2033, 2035, 2036, 2039, 2040, 2052, 2059, 2060, 2075, 2077, 2078, 2087, 2091,

761 2092, 2094, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2106, 2107, 2112, 2113, 2116, 2125, 2127, 2128, 762 2131, 2134, 2139, 2141, 2142, 2148, 2151, 2154, 2155, 2160, 2165, 2181, 2184, 2201,

763 2202, 2205, 2207, 2209, 2212, 2223, or 2224.

764

765 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the one or more point mutations in a ROS1 gene

766 results in the translation of a ROS1 protein having one or more of the following amino

767 acid substitutions: E1935G, L1945Q, T1946S, L1947R, L1947M, R1948S, L1951R,

768 L1951V, E1958V, V1959E, E1961K, G1962E, G1971E, E1974K, T1981M, L1982F,

769 L1982R, S1986Y, S1986F, E1990G, E1990L, E1993K, F1994L, L2000V, S2002N,

770 F2004L, F2004I, F2004 V, F2004C, N2008H, I2009L, L2010M, K201 IN, C2016G,

771 N2019D, N2019Y, E2020k, Q2022H, L2026M, L2028M, M2029K, E2030K, G2032R,

772 D2033G, D2033N, L2035I, T2036I, T2036N, R2039G, R2039H, R2039M, R2039N,

773 R2039S, K2040E, K2040Q, T2052S, L2059P, C2060G, F2075C, F2075I, F2075V,

774 H2077P, R2078W, V2087I, D2091N, Y2092N, S2094N, V2098I, K2099N, I2100V,

775 G2101 A, A2106P, R2107T, N2112K, D2113G, R2116T, R2116K, V2125G, V2125L,

776 W2127G, W2127*, M2128T, E2131D, E2131K, M2134I, T2139I, T2139S, Q2141H,

777 S2142Y, G2148E, I2151N, I2154M, L2155S, Q2160H, H2165D, E2181D, R2184T,

778 E2201D, R2205I, T2207I, H2209P, Q2212H, Q2212P, L2223*, or N2224K.

779

780 45. The method of any one of claims 33-39, wherein the dysregulation in a ROS1 gene, a

781 ROS1 kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a ROS1 gene

782 fusion.

783

784 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the ROS1 gene fusion is selected from the group

785 consisting of: CD74, SLC34A2, TPM3, SDC4, EZR, LRIG3, KDELR2, CCDC6, FIG,

786 GOPC, PIST, TPD52L1, CEP85L, ZCCHC8, CCDC30, TFG, TMEM106B, YWHAE,

787 MSN, PWWP2A, FYN, MKX, PPFIBPl, ERCl, MY05A, CLIPl, HLA-A, KIAA1598,

788 CLTC, LIMA1, NFkB2, and NCOR2.

789

790 47. The method of any one of claims 1, 18, and 30-46, wherein the RO SI -associated

791 cancer is selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric 792 cancer, adenocarcinoma, small bowel adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma,

793 glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, angiocarcinoma, congenital gliobastoma multiforme,

794 papillary thyroid carcinoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, a spitzoid neoplasm,

795 anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and B-cell acute

796 lymphoblastic leukemia.

797

798 48. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the compound of Formula I or a

799 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is orally administered.

800

801 49. The method of any one of claims 1-48, further comprising administering an additional

802 therapy or therapeutic agent to the patient.

803

804 50. The method according to claim 49, wherein the additional therapy or therapeutic

805 agent is selected from radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, kinase targeted

806 therapeutics, apoptosis modulators, signal transduction inhibitors, immune-targeted

807 therapies and angiogenesis-targeted therapies.

808

809 51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is

81 o selected from one or more kinase targeted therapeutics.

81 1

812 52. The method according to any one of claims 49-51, wherein the compound of

813 Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional

814 therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as separate dosages.

815

816 53. The method according to any one of claims 49-51, wherein the compound of

817 Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional

818 therapeutic agent are administered as separate dosages sequentially in any order.

819

820 54. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein the compound of Formula

821 I is a compound of formula:

823 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

824 ring A is selected from rings A-1, A-2 and A-3 having the structures:

825 A-1 A-2 A-3

826 wherein the wavy line labeled 1 indicates the point of attachment of ring A to the

827 pyrrolidine ring of Formula I and the wavy line labeled 2 indicates the point of attachment

828 of ring A to W;

829 X is N or CH;

830 Y is H or F;

831 R¹ is H, (l-3C)alkoxy or halogen;

832 W is O, H or CH2, wherein when ring A is A-2, then W is CH2;

833 m is 0, 1 or 2;

834 R² and R^2a are independently H, F, or OH, provided that R² and R^2a are not both

835 OH;

836 R³ is H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 Qalkyl;

837 Z is *- R^4aC(=0)-, *-O HC(=0)-, *- R^4bCH₂- or *-OC(=0)-, wherein the

838 asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Z to the carbon bearing R³;

839 R^4a is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl,

840 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl);

841 R^4b is H, (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl,

842 hydroxy(l-6C alkyl), dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl), (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-, (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, 843 ΑΓ^(Ο)-, HOCH₂C(0)-, (1 -6C alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, Ar²(S0₂)-,

844 H0₂CCH₂- or (1-6C alkyl)NH(CO)-;

845 Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently

846 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy;

847 Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently

848 selected from halogen, (l-6C)alkyl, and (l-6C)alkoxy; and

849 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, halogen, OH, (l-6C)alkyl or hydroxy(l-6C)alkyl. 850

851 55. The method according to any one of claims 1-54, wherein ring A is ring A-1 having

852 the structure

1

853 A-1

854

855 56. The method according to any one of claims 1-55, wherein X is CH.

856

857 57. The method according to any one of claims 1-55, wherein X is N.

858

859 58. The method according to any one of claims 1-54, wherein ring A is ring A-3

860 having the structure

1

861 A-3

862

863 59. The method according to any one of claims 1-58, wherein W is O.

864

865 60. The method according to any one of claims 1-58, wherein W is NH. 866

867 61. The method according to any one of claims 1-58, wherein W is CH₂.

868

869 62. The method according to any one of claims 1-54, wherein ring A is ring A-2 having

870 the structure

1

871 A-2

872

873 63. The method according to any one of claims 1-62, wherein Y is F.

874

875 64. The method according to any one of claims 1-62, wherein Y is H.

876

877 65. The method according to any one of claims 1-64, wherein R¹ is H.

878

879 66. The method according to any one of claims 1-64, wherein R¹ is (1-3 Qalkyl or (1-

880 3C)alkoxy.

881

882 67. The method according to claim 66, wherein R¹ is methyl or methoxy.

883

884 68. The method according to any one of claims 1-64, wherein R¹ is halogen.

885

886 69. The method according to claim 68, wherein R¹ is fluoro.

887

888 70. The method according to any one of claims 1-69, wherein Z is *-NR^4aC(=0)-. 889

890 71. The method according to claim 70, wherein R^4a is hydrogen.

891

892 72. The method according to claim 70, wherein R^4a is (l-6C)alkyl, fluoro(l-6C)alkyl,

893 difluoro(l-6C)alkyl, trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl, hydroxy(l-6C alkyl) or dihydroxy(2-6C alkyl). 894

895 73. The method according to claim 72, wherein R^4a is (l-6C)alkyl.

896

897 74. The method according to any one of claims 1-69, wherein Z is *-O HC(=0)-. 898

899 75. The method according to any one of claims 1-69, wherein Z is *- R^4bCH₂-.

900

901 76. The method according to claim 75, wherein R^4b is H.

902

903 77. The method according to claim 75, wherein R^4b is selected from (l-6C)alkyl,

904 fluoro(l-6C)alkyl, difluoro(l-6C)alkyl and trifluoro(l-6C)alkyl.

905

906 78. The method according to claim 77, wherein R^4b is (l-6C)alkyl.

907

908 79. The method according to claim 77, wherein R^4b is selected from (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-

909 , (3-6C cycloalkyl)C(O)-, ΑΓ^(Ο)- and HOCH₂C(0)-.

910

91 1 80. The method according to claim 79, wherein R^4b is (1-6C alkyl)C(O)-.

912

913 81. The method according to claim 75, wherein R^4b is selected from (1-6C

914 alkyl)sulfonyl, (3-6C cycloalkyl)sulfonyl, and Ar²(S0₂)-.

915

916 82. The method according to claim 81, wherein R^4b is (1-6C alkyl)sulfonyl.

917

918 83. The method according to claim 75, wherein R^4b is H0₂CCH₂-.

919

920 84. The method according to claim 75, wherein R^4b is (1-6C alkyl) H(CO)-.

921

922 85. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein D is carbon, R² and R^2a

923 are independently H, F, (1-3 Qalkyl or OH (provided that R² and R^2a are not both OH),

924 and R³ and R^3a are independently H, (1-3 Qalkyl or hydroxy(l-3 C)alkyl.

925

926 86. The method according to any one of claims 1-85, wherein R² and R^2a are each

927 hydrogen.

928

929 87. The method according to any one of claims 1-85, wherein R² and R^2a are each

930 fluoro.

931

932 88. The method according to any one of claims 1-85, wherein R² is hydrogen and R^2a

933 is fluoro.

934

935 89. The method according to any one of claims 1-85, wherein R² is hydrogen and R^2a

936 is OH.

937

938 90. The method according to any one of claims 1-85, wherein R² is H and R^2a is methyl,

939 or R² and R^2a are both methyl.

940

941 91. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein:

942 R³ and R^3a are H; or

943 R^3a is methyl and R³ is H; or

944 R³ and R ^a are both methyl.

945

946 92. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein D is carbon or nitrogen,

947 R² and R³ are absent, and R^2a and R^3a together with the atoms to which they are attached

948 form a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms.

949

950 93. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein ring B is ring B-l :

3

951 B-1 ; and

952 R⁵ and R⁶ are independently H, F, OH, methyl, ethyl, HOCH2- or HOCH2CH2-.

953

954 94. The method according to any one of claims 1-93, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is

955 H, F, OH, methyl, ethyl, HOCH2- or HOCH2CH2-.

956

957 95. The method according to any one of claims 1-93, wherein R⁶ is H.

958

959 96. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein ring B is ring B-2:

3

960 B-2

961 97. The method according to any one of claims 1-96, wherein m is 0.

962 98. The method according to any one of claims 1-96, wherein m is 1.

963 99. The method according to any one of claims 1-96, wherein m is 2.

964 100. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein the compound has the

965 absolute configuration of Formula 1-a:

967

101. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein the compound has the absolute configuration of Formula 1-b

971 1-b

972 102. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein the compound is

973 selected from the compounds of Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate

974 thereof.

975

976 103. The method according to any one of claims 1-60, wherein the compound is

977 selected from the group consisting of Example No. 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33-A, 33-B,

978 35, 36, and 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.