WO2018149994A1 - High-rise building having a core - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a high-rise building having at least a generally rectangular core and a plurality of levels that can be reached via a plurality of lifts and via two separate, preferably force-ventilated staircases. On the one side of the core interior the staircases are arranged interleaved with one another, on the opposite side of the core the lifts are provided with access to the interior of the core and a corridor is provided between the lifts and the staircases that leads out from the interior of the core.

Description

 High-rise with core

The present invention relates to the term claimed above and thus relates to high-rise buildings.

Buildings used by people for residential, office or business purposes are subject to a variety of restrictions to ensure the safety of use. Thus, a safe evacuation of the building must be possible for the case of fire, which can be easily ensured at low buildings on fire ladders. However, if buildings exceed a certain height, evacuation by fire ladder is no longer possible. Already this has implications for the prescribed by building regulations design, for example, escape staircases. Depending on national or in part regional or local regulations, this can be done at altitudes above z. B. 22 m, which are barely reached with conventional fire ladders, be the case. The building regulations are often exacerbated when the houses are significantly higher, for example, 60 m still exceed and then a second, independent escape stairwell is required as a security staircase space.

In addition to the pure building regulations also increase the design requirements, because the static load increases, sufficient security against the dynamic forces of a wind attack must be given and so on. In addition, the height often also increases the architectural demands of the users.

This initially makes skyscrapers more expensive, because the corresponding, absolutely necessary structural measures mean that part of the space available on the respective floors can not be rented or sold; in other words, the so-called area efficiency, which indicates what proportion of a floor area is still available after deduction of access corridors, load-bearing and / or stiffening components, elevator shafts, building service shafts, which are required to supply the floors with water, electricity, etc. stands. It is clear that high area efficiency is economically desirable.

If NIA designates the "Net Internal Area", NLA the "Net Letable Area", GIA the Gross Internal Area, then in the state of the art NIA / GIA areaefficiencies of 0.60 to 0.70 according to CTBUH (Council of Tall Building and Urban Habitat), Quarterly Journal III / 2010, page 44 are mentioned. This results in NLA / GLA efficiencies of around 0.52 to 0.62. Lt. However, according to the inventor's analysis, these literature values may be too low in comparison to actual structures, and NLA / GIA efficiencies of 0.65 to 0.70 can be found in the market, even in residential high-rise buildings with lease spans in the range of only 7m to 10m and in houses in altitude ranges from 100m to 200m.

It is common to arrange elevators, staircases, etc. in a core and to arrange around this the usable surfaces. The area efficiency could easily be increased by increasing the distance between the outer wall and the core, also referred to as the so-called Lease Span. However, this leads reasonably to the fact that with very large distances between outer wall and core in the nuclear nearer space areas only little light penetrates, so they are darker. The attractiveness of the object thus decreases for both office and residential purposes. This applies a fortiori, if the enlargement of the distances between the outer wall and the core as offices or living areas makes usable areas so large that they have to be subdivided into a large number of smaller, often narrower units, which only reduce over a long time, and in turn lower the area efficiency , the attractiveness of further reducing corridors can be tapped. However, with the reduction of the attractiveness of the property, increasing the span between the outer wall and the core for an investor or developer increases the risk that a local real estate market will not be able to accommodate the entire area, i.e. with the same number of floors. in particular in advance sales and / or sufficiently short term to Baufigig position to record. A compact design also increases the attractiveness of the property, as it increases the number of more desirable apartments with corner views. It is desirable to increase the attractiveness of an object while minimizing the economic risk to an investor or developer.

This is especially the case when not only the living spaces themselves are attractive, but also the building itself is perceived as visually appealing. This is important precisely where few skyscrapers exist at the moment and skyscrapers are judged very critically per se as urban planning.

A high-rise building that has been used for some time now is the so-called twisted high-rise, as it was, for example, designed by Calatrava under the name "Torso" in Malmö in 2005 or the "Evolution Tower" in Moscow. Even these examples show that there are a variety of design options for twisted high-rise buildings.

It is now desirable to ensure high efficiency, regardless of the external design for a variety of buildings. Accordingly, the present invention is generally applicable to skyscrapers having a generally quadrangular core and a plurality of floors.

Cores in skyscrapers are completely common and there are accordingly a variety of rights relating to skyscrapers with cores. By way of example, DE 20 2005 015 902 U1, which includes a skyscraper with outer shell, inner core and working area, may be mentioned by way of example, wherein the inner core should have core walls which separate escape routes from other areas of the skyscraper.

In this case, a part of the floors should first be divided by firewalls into several separate fire sections and extend the firewalls or fire sections with the proviso in the inner core that the inner cores is divided into several separate fire sections.

A high-rise building for residential purposes is known from JP 2003 184331, wherein in a core, a single elevator and a staircase is provided and several units belonging to different units unit baths.

From WO 2009/097415 a twisted high-rise building is known, which has a square core, the use of which is not described in detail. A skyscraper, in which successive floors are offset from each other by 45 °, is known from US 4 098 039. However, this high-rise does not give a twisted impression due to the repeated repeated alignment every two floors.

With regard to the highest possible proportion of usable space, DE 24 18 623 A1 proposes that a high-rise central skeleton should not consist of a single core with a square or rectangular cross-section, but of two distinct cores, each of which has a substantially rectangular prism shape, the large side surfaces of the cores and the large side surfaces of the house being parallel, the cores being said to be separated from a transverse aisle provided approximately in the middle of each floor. This is to divide the functions of the Zentralskeletts cheaper. On different core cells then elevators and stairs are distributed with smoke-resistant locks as access and there are circulating around the core and guided along the core outer walls corridors available.

JP 2002 097 806 A points to the importance of smoke-free security for high-rise buildings. It is therefore proposed a core in the escape stairs and a Safety elevator are arranged. A corridor surrounding the core is intended to improve the means of escape for the residents with high living comfort.

Against this background, it would be advantageous to create secure high-rise buildings with low economic risk.

The object of the present invention is to provide new products for commercial use.

The solution to this problem is claimed in an independent form. It is therefore proposed a skyscraper with at least generally square core and a plurality of floors, which are accessible via a variety of elevators and two separate, preferably separately ventilated staircases, the staircases are arranged interleaved with each other on the one inner core side, on the opposite Core side of the elevators are arranged with passage into the interior of the core and provided between elevators and staircases leading out of the core interior corridor.

A first basic idea of the present invention lies in the recognition that a core constructed as proposed, despite the compact dimensions allowed, satisfies a large number of requirements simultaneously.

Depending on national or regional standards, fire protection requirements may vary. This ensures a high level of fire protection. The core allows adaptation to a three-level security concept, in which all apartments lead to a corridor, which in turn leads to the anterooms, which in turn allow escape via selectable stairwells. The staircase vestibules can be separately ventilated separately, where necessary. Where this is not required, otherwise required for the antechamber shafts otherwise, for example for MEP technology,

Corridor smoke, etc. be provided. Where no three-stage security concept is required because, for example, staircase antechambers or separate staircase antechambers are considered to be expendable, the core can be made correspondingly more compact without otherwise requiring major adjustments. This has the advantage of a particularly easy transferability of existing planning to countries with other standard pre scriptures.

The corridor leading from the inside of the core can be accessed from both the elevators and the stairwells, or from the vestibules of elevators or vestibules of staircases. Of the elevators, at least one will typically be a firefighter elevator.

As firefighters lifts in the present case are particularly secure lifts to understand that allow the fire department in case of fire, a direct reaching the fire or at least an approach to it without exhausting stair climbing. Fire brigade lifts are particularly secure, with the appropriate measures such as the controller, emergency power supply, etc. are not discussed here, but the skilled person readily known, and can be used here for the present purposes. In the present case, it is easily possible to use firefighting elevators for approximately 1.5-2.0 t, which require shaft dimensions of typically 2.5 m × 3.0 m in each case. Where lower loads are required and / or tolerances can be kept smaller, firefighting elevators range from 1.1 t - 2.0 t with shaft dimensions of only 2.0 mx 2.7 m, which is still sufficient for a 2 m long stretcher with the specified dimensions inside cabins of at least 1.1 mx 2.1 m are readily feasible. Fire brigade elevators of, for example, only even smaller dimensions would also be usable, but are rather the exception due to their lower transport capacity, if they must be regarded as critical with regard to building regulations. However, that elevators with lower capacity and the 800 - 1000 kg are sufficient, if typically only a small number of people per floor uses the lifts and also possibly the number of stops can be kept low, it should be mentioned. A low number of people per floor will have to be transported, especially in compact residential buildings, ie residential buildings in which only about 8 - 20 people live on one floor due to the low rentable net space per floor (net leasable area). Typically, this will be the case for residential areas between 400 m ² - 700 m ² .

The two preferred elevators in the core can extend without problems in the core up to the highest floor, which ensures redundancy in case of failure of a lift and allows compliance with regulations such as the Musterhochhausrichtlinie (MHHR) or comparable international regulations.

The preferred arrangement proposed here preferably with no more than four, often for example up to three lifts also makes it possible to transport a large number of people quickly even at peak times. This is advantageous because waiting for an elevator is critical to feeling high comfort or lack thereof. Waiting-time calculations are internationally recognized according to the simulation methods of the CIBSE Guide D of 2015 (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London). According to this, average waiting times of less than 45 seconds are considered acceptable in the living area, less than 40 seconds as "good" and less than 30 seconds as "excellent". For a high degree of comfort, it is essential that a fast transport is guaranteed even in times of peak loads. For high-rise residential buildings, this is the morning rush hour prevail. The transport capacity, referred to as the handling capacity HC5, indicates how many percent of the population of the high-rise building can be transported on average within 5 minutes. This should preferably be in the range "good" between 6% and 8%, depending on the desired degree of luxury of use.

Now the waiting times for a lift at peak times can not be shortened arbitrarily by increasing the lift speed and ergo the lift acceleration, because this is considered uncomfortable and the increase in lift speed primarily affects when the lift can cover long distances without stopping in between to have to allow more people to get in or out; in case of frequent stopovers, the maximum acceleration or its change, ie. H. the so-called "JERK factor" relevant. In height ranges of 100 - 200 m are lift speeds of 4m / sec. - 5m / sec. common. However, simulations show that speeds around 7m / sec. can lead to significantly lower waiting times, without the need for the core must be significantly increased or another elevator is provided close to the core. Rather, the speed of the lift can be increased already problem-free, if the shaft is only increased by 10cm in each direction. This is already sufficient so that at higher speeds of the lift, especially when driving past his counterweight, resulting turbulence can be effectively counteracted and thus settlement-related oblique positions of the shaft does not adversely affect. It should also be noted that the lift travel times extend virtually linearly with increasing ceiling height. The core according to the invention can be used with several elevators. Without problems, two elevators can be installed in the core, for example, three, four, or possibly even five to six elevators directly at the core, which together allow longer distances to be covered before a next stop. Thus, more floors can be served with the same comfort, especially when a zoning is made. The speeds increase with the number of elevators without increasing the JERK factor.

It is understood from the pre-existing that with up to two elevators in the core without further elevators in the building preferably not more than 45 floors, or 350 people, particularly preferably not more than 40 floors, or 300 people, more preferably not more than 35 floors , or 250 people are served. It should be mentioned, moreover, that the number of people per floor can be dependent on the culture, that is, where necessary, where individual family members within an apartment less space is allowed to live on a given size more people. In addition, if necessary, the number of people who together use a lift of a given size without viewing it as overcrowded, depending on the culture circle. The numbers mentioned In this respect, they are relevant for typical cultures such as Europe or the USA. It is also the case that with the provision of a third core-close elevator, the values mentioned can be increased by 40-60%, while where even a fourth elevator is provided 80-140% higher values can be achieved. Thus, when providing a third core-near elevator, preferably not more than 55, in particular preferably not more than 50, particularly preferably not more than 45, floors are served. The third and possibly fourth core-near elevator - if provided - does not necessarily have to serve the entire building height; zoning is preferred. With three elevators, the third elevator is typically provided at a maximum of half the height. With four elevators, the third elevator is advantageously used only below two thirds of the building height and the fourth below one third of the building height. It should be mentioned that, where from the outset certain lifts are only to drive up to a certain building height, possibly structurally the area can be used differently, ie no elevator shafts above the corresponding height more must be provided. Incidentally, where there is zoning, so that individual lifts hold less often, so they drive past certain floors, it is possible in certain situations such as the failure of individual lifts due to necessary revisions, defects, etc., the zoning short term cancel and / or to change.

The nesting of staircases with each other to a so-called scissor staircase and the separation of the staircases from the elevators through the corridor allowed despite the up to three or four, preferably at least six elevators the design of the core with only a small area, although by the arrangement with separately Ventilated areas a high level of safety can be guaranteed and a variety of, nationally partly different rules, can be met. In particular for the German standard for fire protection requirements and the like, which is used verbatim or in its essential characteristics in other countries, cf. for example the high-rise pattern guideline with its three-stage escape and security room concept, the proposed arrangement can achieve special area-efficient cores. For countries such as USA and GB, which require only a two-stage escape and security room concept, so in particular no vestibules in front of the escape staircases, an adjustment is easily possible. Since the staircase antechambers are arranged parallel to the corridor and parallel to the nested staircases or staircases in a three-level security concept, the addition or omission of the vestibules requires only minor changes in the layout. This is true even where a provided between two staircase entrances shaft can not be used for their forced ventilation, but for parts of the MEP supply such as the nuclear power supply, since such shafts may possibly be located outside the core easily. Even with only two-stage escape, security, spatial concept then the remaining core is still static enough stable; so that the usable area Further increases may be mentioned. It is thus ensured by the nesting of the stairwells with the arrangement of a corridor, which leads out of the core inside - the typical and preferably rectilinear and at least on most floors on both sides and on diametrically opposite sides of the core, not only a small core per se already leads to increased area efficiency and thus low cost, but it is also achieved a core that can be designed in statically particularly advantageous manner. Thus, for a given dynamic or static load, less reinforcement and / or thinner walls can be used, which in turn reduces costs and increases area efficiency. This means that skyscrapers can be built more economically even where stringent safety regulations previously precluded economic use. This concerns in particular smaller floor plans.

Where forced ventilation is required, for example for fire brigade elevators, staircases and / or staircase vestibules, this will in many cases - and depending on the relevant local, regional and / or national safety regulations - typically be realized as overpressure ventilation, ie by blowing in fresh respiratory air Overpressure in the corresponding staircases, vestibules, etc. It is also claimed protection, if required in some countries, the forced ventilation is not realized as a positive pressure air supply, but additionally and / or alternatively a smoke extraction takes place, for example by sucking off smoke air, in which case fresh, unused air, e.g. can be tightened by sufficiently large shafts. For this purpose, vertical shafts for stairwells and / or their anterooms and / or the elevator anterooms or other rooms may also be provided; The forced ventilation shafts can thus be used for positive pressure air supply, smoke extraction and / or (pressure-free) fresh air afterflow. Where permitted, forced ventilation may be used for certain areas, such as e.g. Staircase vestibules are omitted and the designated space otherwise, e.g. be used for the MEP installation. It should be noted that often only after discussions of special permits by the relevant authorities, such forced ventilation measures will be qualified as expendable.

The core is present also particularly stable and inexpensive, because only a few openings must be provided therein. In addition to the direct passageways for the corridor and possibly individual lines for the home-technical supply of consumers provided in the core or the adjacent corridors, etc., a forced ventilation opening for the fire brigade lift must occasionally be provided after several uninterrupted floors. This can in fact be supplied from a shaft outside the core, which requires a large wall breakthrough about every four floors. By contrast, the three-stage security concept required Stairwell antechambers are supplied by a separate shaft, or a common shaft, which is located between the two staircase anterooms, or, depending on the permit, by overflow from the stairwells. The staircases themselves may have shafts, from which they are supplied with forced air. These shafts are arranged at both ends of the inner core wall-side flight of stairs at the existing intermediate platforms there. It should be mentioned, moreover, that where staircase vestibules necessarily have to be forced ventilated, because of the possibility of providing forced air shafts between the two staircase leading rooms, there is a favorable possibility of feeding forced air on each floor without requiring a passage through the core wall. The number of passages through the massive outer core wall and thus the static disturbances of the core wall thus remain low, which on the one hand reduces the required wall thickness or their reinforcement and on the other hand reduces construction costs. This is especially true where the passageways, which are present anyway, are used for the corridor to provide pipelines for the home automation of consumers present in or adjacent to the core. Such lines are typically guided by the fall. Depending on the corridor width can be provided by the fall a plurality of spaced apart openings of, for example, a maximum of 200mm, preferably only up to 150mm, particularly preferably 100mm, which on the one hand allows to provide a MEP shaft on one side of the core and from this through the corridor along the ceiling also to supply the apartments opposite, and on the other hand allows to set lines in precisely defined locations. This is just as advantageous for building maintenance as it is for planning the building. It is understood that the specified upper limits each purchase a slightly worse statics against better feasibility of lines.

It is therefore also preferred if the lintels of the corridor core wall passages are not more than 20 cm away from the clear door heights, particularly preferably not more than 15 cm, in particular not more than 10 cm. In this way, breakthroughs in the door lintels (Lintel teams), which are subject to particularly high loads due to shear forces, are reduced in size, which must, as it were, hold together the core parts separated by corridors. By bringing these lintels as close as possible to the clear door heights and connecting them to the upper ceiling panel above the corridor openings, the cross-sectional area of the lintel is kept large, which helps to avoid or minimize shear steel components or wall thickening there. It is particularly preferred, however, because of the possibly large bending moments of the door, the wall areas next to these doors of breakthroughs free fall; In particular, 0.5 - 1.0 door widths or passage widths should remain free to the right and left of the corridor or the corridor door. There is typically provided a reinforced reinforcement. Nevertheless, it is possible, especially in the corridor area near the lintel still lines for the supply of the core from the core outside, such as at the Core outside mounted MEP supply to lead into the corridor to the core. The corridor can be redistributed to the interior of the core or to the units of use. The relevant lines may include, for example, control and sensor lines, power lines and wet risers for extinguishing and sprinkler water. The passage through the lintel preferably takes place with cross-sections of, for example, preferably not more than about 100 mm in diameter and ensures that the necessary lines are located in the generally accessible, typically community-owned area.

Moreover, since the corridor can be designed in a straight line or substantially rectilinear and can remain short, no significant space consumption is otherwise required for the floor development. The development is overall, both for the user clearer and, for example, for the fire department. In addition, the rectilinear corridor can be kept narrower due to its clarity. It will be obvious, however, that a minimum width of 1.20 m as an escape route and 1.50 m is recommended where people with disabilities, such as wheelchair users, have to be reckoned with. In any case, this has a positive effect that a short corridor is made possible by the invention, which is already generous even with small widths. Typically, such a corridor will therefore be in residential buildings not wider than 2 m, particularly preferred for residential buildings widths between 1.5 m - 1.8 m. Koridore a width of 1.5m are already very generous with the short straight-lined corridors. Corridors in office buildings can be made wider because of the larger number of people.

It should also be mentioned that where the elevator capacity is critical, the size of the elevator antechambers is often critical and a somewhat wider corridor can increase the space available to elevator users. This affects especially in ground floors and skylobbys.

The forced ventilation can and will usually provide for an overpressure in the anterooms or in the fire service hoistway and in the stairwells, so that in case of fire smoke can be kept away from the escape routes by overpressure. For example, according to the standard design guideline, the shaft dimensioning is such that - in the case of forced ventilation by compressed air supply - on the one hand a high volume flow is already achieved through an open door, typically 2 m / s flow velocity out of the stairs to push away otherwise penetrating smoke, but on the other hand a thus adjusting contact pressure on the doors opening as desired in the direction of escape need not be excessively large; from about 50 Pascal contact pressure would make it difficult to open the closed door in case of flight. These opposing principles can be met despite the challenges, as simulation and sizing show. In a preferred variant, the high-rise is a high-rise residential building with a plurality of apartments, in particular and preferably a compact residential high-rise, ie a residential tower with no more than 700m ² rentable space per floor, preferably between 400m ² - 700m ² rentable Area per floor. Even with a short uniaxial corridor, six flats can be supplied without any problems, with possibly even eight flats if the corridor has been extended to a minimum, so that excellent access is guaranteed with the described core with minimal corridor areas. The corridor only needs to extend slightly beyond the core walls. In a preferred variant are outside the core still certain, intended for the supply of core and housing facilities such as fire brigade forced ventilation duct, vent shaft for the corridor and mechanics and

Electrical shafts provided. Even then, it is not necessary for the core to extend over more than 1.2 meters to about 2.7 meters from the core outer wall to the nearest door sill to supply seven homes.

It is preferred for higher buildings, if not only the two elevators to be readily provided in the core, but at least one other elevator is provided outside the core, preferably, if necessary, several more elevators, for example, two more elevators. These are typically arranged on a core outer wall in such a way that his / her door (s) opens into the antechamber provided between the fire brigade elevator and the second elevator. Providing the fire brigade lift inside the core will be the preferred rule. Thus, three or four elevators can share a single elevator anteroom; this consumes also with typically around 6m ² (according to MHHR) or over 5m ² (according to CIBSE-D) only a small area, although it gives even with several people waiting already a spacious impression, especially in connection with the adjacent corridor.

Advantageous and preferred for the comfortable functioning of this anteroom is when crowds, primarily in the ground floor entrance, Skylobbys, on the roof, or access to restaurants, which are expected in the building, is counteracted Here is the open connection to Corridor particularly advantageous. Because a person typically requires quiet even a minimum space, theoretically of about 60 x 40 cm and practically of even about Im ² , it may be necessary to separate entry and exit of each other by providing a second door in the elevator to the second door to allow appropriate routing, for example, on the ground floor outside the core. It should be mentioned, moreover, that where the distance of the Feuerwehraufzugs- exit door to other elevator doors or the elevator anteroom door must be respected and where this measure is critical, such as with regard to the handling of stretchers before firefighters, etc. the door in particular the Fireman's lift can be arranged eccentrically at most far away from the corridor door. This measure helps to keep the core compact while respecting building regulations.

It should be noted that, theoretically, another elevator, in particular a third elevator, which can be arranged close to the core outside the core, could be a fire-fighter elevator, alternatively and / or in addition to a fire elevator in the core. However, such a fire-brigade lift, which was intended outside the core, would be the only fire-brigade lift to be carried to the top floors. However, it is particularly preferred if a lift arranged on the outer side of the core does not extend over the entire building height. Rather, it may be provided that the third or fourth and / or fifth to possibly even the sixth elevator extends only up to a certain height. This makes it possible to connect above these elevators, ie in floors which are no longer served by these elevators, to the elevator lobby via an intermediate door a stub corridor from which further, preferably one or two doors pay, so - rather small - residential units to use. Thus, up to ten units per floor can be served from the core without further measures. Since these are rather small, it will be useful to provide them in the - typically not particularly coveted - medium to low height in the skyscraper, in such a way that at least one provided outside the core elevator below the floors will end with such small use units.

The preferred staggering of the third and / or fourth elevator in such a way that they only service lower levels also counteracts the usual zoning of elevators in groups of floors, which is usually used in high-rise construction. A third elevator may e.g. well serve the maximum lower third of the people in the entire building. Simulations show that it tends to lead to longer waiting times when all elevators serve all floors.

It should be noted that regardless of the good development possibilities can certainly be floors where larger units are available, for example, because only 2 - 3 apartments per floor intended for more demanding users or even housing units are created, the style of a duplex apartment over for example extend two floors and are provided with its own, arranged within its own apartment small staircase. However, in view of the typical needs of the housing market, a plurality of floors will have at least three, preferably at least four and not more than six apartments, all of which will be serviced from a uniaxial corridor leading out of the core. It will be appreciated that in typical residential high-rise buildings, at least 20% of such floors will be present with between 4 - 6 apartments serviced from the uniaxial corridor, preferably even 40% floors, more preferably over 50% floors.

In a preferred variant, the skyscraper will not have a fifth elevator with entrance to the core. The skyscraper is preferably at least 35 floors, in particular at least 45 floors, alternatively and / or additionally not more than 55 and preferably not more than 60 floors, which are accessed via the core. It should be mentioned that possibly additional arrangements such as more elevators additional cores floors below the floor number mentioned could be arranged, for example, to provide a - possibly wider - base with office space in mixed use such as retail or hotel below the residential floors. The core could then be reserved for the development and supply of upper floors. This is advantageous insofar as the total number of floors that can be easily served, even at peak times when the waiting time is still tolerated, will depend on the density of the persons accommodated on the floors. In office floors, however, typically less space is given to the individual. For example, 10 to 12 m ² net (NLA) per person is to be used for office use and ancillary areas, while a high - quality 100 m ² net (NLA) apartment in western countries is typically used by one to four persons. This in turn means that the core in the living area can easily supply the said floor numbers, in particular without the perceived comfort suffers.

For office use, however, up to six elevators are preferred under certain conditions. Also biplane, twin lifts and / or Skylobbys to change gain advantage in office use. It should be mentioned that more people have to be transported in the office in case of use. A HC5 according to CIBSE-D with typically 15 - 20% and 25 seconds waiting time ("good" range) in the office building is by far a more critical load criterion.

In typical cases, clear room heights of 2.7 m - 3 m are used in the floors plus typical in the living area 40 cm to 60 cm for the static-constructive ceiling packages including floor construction. This results in overall heights of typically over 60 m, preferably at least 100 m, particularly preferably 150 m and in particular more preferably up to 240 m height of the skyscraper. As for the room heights, it should be noted that the larger storey heights increase the number of steps, which leads to an extension of the stairs and thus to an undesirable broadening of the core. Only where an office is being considered, a larger ceiling height can be planned, in which case where intermediate platforms are required in stairways from the eighteenth stage for safety reasons, such Zwischenpodeste be arranged in the rectilinear region of the staircase. In office buildings this is uncritical insofar as the broadening of the core, which goes along with it, at the same time an enlargement of the elevator svorräume conditioned, which can be clearly given the higher density of people on office floors and the associated demands on the transportability of the lifts.

The core must have a sufficiently high fire resistance and needs for this a certain wall thickness. At the above heights of more than 100 m, this wall thickness is greater, for static reasons, than it would have to be to achieve a sufficient fire resistance of F 120 or F 180. However, the described core can be designed so that the wall thickness remains acceptable regardless of the static requirements at the said heights and the area efficiency does not decrease significantly. This is especially true for a slenderness of at least 10, especially at least 15, and most preferably at least 17. The preferred skyscrapers to be constructed with the proposed core are thus very slim. Slimming refers here to the ratio of the smaller core width (including walls) to the total height of the core. From a slenderness of over 12, especially from a slenderness of 15, the use of an outrigger is preferred.

The high area efficiency means that it can be built economically, even if the extension of high-rise floors from edge to edge of the façade through the core is no more than 32 m; preferably it will not be more than 28 m, more preferably not more than 27.5 m and in a particularly preferred variant it will be between 23 m and 26 m. This ensures particularly desireable rooms, which are illuminated deep into the room by daylight, without these rooms having to be too high. It should be noted that the core would be suitable for office buildings due to the elevator capacity then usually lower skyscrapers, where larger room depths such as 10 m-12 m are common. Due to the core, which is slightly rectangular through the shafts, an aspect ratio of 1.05 to 1.15 is particularly preferred and area-efficient with approximately the same lease span on all sides. It should be noted, however, that the core is not only suitable for such buildings, but that possibly even elongated buildings can be built with centrally arranged, efficient core and possibly parallel to this provided disc-like reinforcements with outriggers. In principle, it would be possible to provide a high-rise building with several, more or less independent cores. However, it is preferred if only one core is provided and this is also largely square, since in most applications it must be assumed that the wind loads to be taken into account during the high-rise service life are approximately the same from all directions. In addition, just where torsion plays a significant role, as in the "Twisted Towers" mentioned above, the torsional stress at the same material thickness is smaller in square cross-sections than in non-square rectangles, as can be seen from the Bredtian thrust formula However, the reinforcement is significantly simplified if the outer core walls, which are mainly bear, are kept straight in the ground plan, and the formwork technique is also simplified, especially when climbing, with only two stages Safety concept can, as mentioned, the anterooms omitted, which will not only the area efficiency, but a correspondingly rectangular core will result.

A square or at least approximately square core is therefore preferred in particular for twisted high-rise buildings. In this case, the core, in particular for a three-stage security concept, is considered approximately square, if neither of the sides is longer than the next shorter side by more than 20%, preferably not more than 15% deviation, in particular preferably not more than 10% deviation consist. It will be appreciated that deviations from a square or nearly square or rectangular shape are already deviated by varying the corridor width. Even with square or almost square cores, however, a corridor width can be left that is typically perceived by users as pleasant already, for example in a range of 1.30 m to 1.80 m, and thus exceed the safety requirements of 1.20 m. It should be noted that even a square core as possible not necessarily by corners with exactly rectangular angle must be realized, even if this is already preferred for static reasons. Thus, it would be conceivable to build the core in cross section generally trapezoidal with deviations of the four corners from the right angle of not more than 15 °, preferably not more than 5 °, in particular not more than 3 °. It is understood, however, that rectangular angles are highly preferred. It should also be noted that, where appropriate, the corners, in particular the outer corners of the core can be chamfered, especially in the stairwell area.

In the three-stage safety concept, core sizes of less than 110 m ^{2 are} preferred, more preferably less than 95 m ² and especially less than 79.5 m ² corresponding to 8.9 mx 8.9 m, preferably sizes between 8.6 mx 8.6 m correspondingly 74 m ² or not more than 76 m ² corresponding to 8.8 mx 8.8 m; taking into account that the core can not be exactly square even with smaller elevators and escape doors of less than 1.20 m in the light, only preferred values of 72 m ² core size, 8.7 mx 8.3 m, preferably 8.4 mx 7.0, result m corresponding to 76 m ² . How these dimensions can be achieved results from the mass chains discussed below. This shows that the area consumption is also minimal through the core and thus the rentable net area per floor can be considerably larger than in the prior art with the same lease span. It should also be pointed out again that the additional wall thickness will typically be greater than the wall thickness required for fire resistance to achieve a fire resistance of at least F 120, more preferably greater than the wall thickness required for fire resistance to achieve fire resistance of F 180 and / or or larger than the minimum thickness of firewalls. This can be realized well even for houses over 130 m high.

However, it will be appreciated that the wall thickness typically need not exceed 100% of the thickness required to achieve a fire resistance. However, for reasons of safe concrete installation, thicknesses of the core outer walls of more than 25 cm are recommended. It may be possible to provide an assembly according to the present invention with a reinforcement of less than 1, preferably of 0.6% (ie 0.6: 0.15% minimum reinforcement per side and direction).

In the described skyscraper, as in the most preferred, but not necessarily always, in particular not always provided in combination dimensions of, for example 52 floors, 170 m height and a core size of 8.4 mx 7.9 m at a span between 23 - 27.5 m, compared to buildings with comparable leaflets but other cores, area efficiency can be obtained that is several percent greater. Compared to seven other similar objects, the area efficiency is 15 - 25% higher. It is to be estimated that this directly affects the revenue that can be achieved with a building, or the costs per square meter of rentable space or office space that can be leased.

In a particularly preferred variant ventilation shafts, in particular compressed air shafts, are provided for the forced ventilation in the staircases. The staircases are accessible from the anterooms near the core wall, while the vestibules themselves can be accessed through doors from the corridor, which are closer to the core center than the doors to the staircases from the vestibule. This, ie with the arranged in corners ventilation ducts, in turn is achieved that less of the large ventilation openings through the core wall are required, which in turn leads to the advantages already described in terms of static and building construction. The Arrangement according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to avoid such large breakthroughs falling close to the sensitive door. Preference is given to overflow openings from the stairwell in order to supply the anterooms.

It is preferred if a double door leads to the elevator svorraum. Such a double door opens an advantageously generous spatial impression. By an automatic control but a door half, in particular those closer to the fire brigade, automatically locked in case of fire, so that according to certain standards prescribed distances between escape door and fire service lift door can be realized.

The elevators themselves can be easily realized for loads between 1200 and 1800 kg; for residential use, the elevators can be even smaller, here can be 600 - 1300 kg load weight sufficient; For office use, typical loads can range from 1200kg to 2t. Irrespective of this, the distance rule from the fire-brigade elevator door to the corridor door given for the separation and protection of escaping persons and fire brigades is respected for the indicated or preferred dimensions given compliance with the teaching of the invention for the arrangement of functional elements in the core.

It is possible and advantageous if the building services shafts and the third elevator or possibly fourth elevator not only lie outside the core, but also within the perimeter, in which the core cross-section including wall thicknesses is inscribed. However, where the lifts piggybacking on the core are particularly large, for instance because an increased transport capacity is to be created for office use, this does not necessarily have to be adhered to, although even the basic rules disclosed there are complied with However, even with a third elevator this is at least largely possible despite its typical minimum internal shaft mass of 2.00 x 2.00 m plus wall thicknesses This applies in particular to exactly square cores as well as to generally square cores, as defined above with respect to the deviations from exactly square shape or cores with the advantageous dimensions as stated Haustechnikschächt e or - lines include in particular a shaft for the corridor ventilation and a forced air shaft for the forced air supply of the fire brigade elevator. The typically provided for compressed air shaft for the forced air supply of the fire brigade hoistway may be provided on the core outer wall opposite the fire brigade elevator, so that the inflow of compressed air into the fire brigade sluftschacht is readily ensured. From the firefighter elevator shaft can the common elevator vestibule be flowed through an overflow. It is preferred that all compressed air and domestic service wells are located outside the core so that the length of the corridor remains small. In addition, it is preferred if mechanical and electrical shafts are accessible and accessible from public areas, in particular from corridors.

Also preferably arranged directly on the core outer wall are the mechanics and electrical shafts. As a rule, the electric shaft requires less space than the lines for cold and hot water, gray water, waste water from Baikononen etc. as well as ventilation, etc. comprehensive mechanics. In a preferred option, the ventilation and also the heating are arranged decentrally. This means that the particularly large vertical ventilation ducts in the ducts can be omitted or significantly reduced. It can be seen that through such shafts of the corridor is extended outside the core, which is why the facade side parallel to the corridor, preferably also extended accordingly. Preferably, this facade side is formed about 10% longer than the shorter side. Especially where the house is not twisted, there are advantages in the design of the apartments.

It is possible and preferred to arrange the mechanics-electric shafts accessible, wherein preferably one of both can be entered from the corridor and the other can be reached by the first one. As a rule, it is preferable to be able to enter the mechanics shaft from the corridor and to reach the electrical shaft through the mechanics shaft. According to local knowledge, a walk-through MEP combination shaft is not known, in particular not with a separation as required by a door.

The MEP shaft is typical, preferably as well as a corridor ventilation shaft, lying on that core half, on which also the stairwell with its staircase antechambers lies. This is due to the fact that in a preferred variant the core is not divided in the middle of the corridor and the staircase in the core with its anterooms occupies more space than the elevators with vestibule. The correspondingly smaller wall surfaces on the elevator side can then be used for other lines such as wastewater collection pipes, rainwater drainage, which are led out of the apartments on the core outer wall down and usually not walk-a.

Arranging the various building services shafts outside the core not only reduces the number of required core breakthroughs but also ensures easier re-planability during later stages of planning. This, in turn, makes it unnecessary to provide more space than is absolutely necessary for the shafts from the very outset, as is regularly the case there, where the building services shafts are to be led overall or largely at their core. Such rescheduling of the Kerns in later stages are particularly undesirable because of the static consequences and the complex geometries to follow from the fire safety regulations. Not only the total area of the building services shafts can remain small, but with arrangement outside of the core also the reduction of the shaft size over the height becomes more flexible and area-efficient possible. Likewise, later enlargements of domestic engineering shafts may be simplified. The invention is to be seen as particularly advantageous for the skilled person if he sees that a nuclear redesign will remain unnecessary despite the small size. In addition, the planning is also simplified insofar as at least partial decoupling of the individual planner committees is simplified. The problems of cooperation which otherwise arise between specialist planners, architects, investors and marketing experts, which are common on the market, can also be minimized by resorting to the core of the invention.

The arrangement of the building services shafts, in particular at least some or all of the mentioned building engineering shafts, on the outside of the core is therefore also advantageous because the design of a high-rise is simplified, late planning changes are allowed without problems and nevertheless the area consumption for the core and or for the Shafts themselves can be kept low.

Preference for such shafts with respect to the core kleinteiliger wall geometry are flexibly usable building materials such as masonry or fire-resistant lightweight. This is known per se as a so-called "soft core" in high-rise construction.

By the domestic engineering shafts lie within the circumference around the core, or are largely within the perimeter of the core, so with not more than about 15% of the required for said building engineering shafts area, in particular not more than 10, preferably not more than 5, Particularly preferably not more than 3% of the area for the specified building engineering shafts lie outside the perimeter, the layout floor plan is simplified, even where the building has torsion in itself. Thus, even for twisted high-rise buildings, the use of a generally quadrangular core, in particular as square as possible, so at least as described above approximately square core possible. Here, floors are easily accessible even if the usual use of a core circulating corridor and / or on L- or U-shaped developments up to or around the core corners around completely or predominantly omitted. It should be noted, however, that even where very small, inexpensive units are to be supplied, regardless of the described possibility of opening up to six or eight apartments from a uniaxial corridor leading out of the nucleus on both sides, it is possible on some Floors many smaller dwellings from a circulating corridor. However, this will be the case in typical high-rise buildings at most on a few floors, so typically not more than 10 floors, preferably not more than 5, especially not more than 3 residential floors. The fact that it is advantageous in individual special floors such as a basement, in which a large number of small and large functional spaces are required for the building services and their particularly large connecting lines there is advantageous to provide a bypass corridor, is also mentioned. However, typically at least two-thirds of all floors, preferably greater than 90% of all floors, are bypass corridor-free.

It is also possible, in floors up to which the third or a fourth elevator is not guided, to provide a further short corridor with access in the wall between the first and the second elevator outside the elevator antechamber via a core wall opening. This can be separated from the elevator vestibule by a door. In addition, several residential units can be easily supplied via such a short corridor without the need for an angled corridor. Overall, in a floor without a circulating corridor and therefore directly out of the core, e.g. up to 8 units can be opened. It is also possible to arrange a corresponding short corridor in the gap of the fourth, corresponding zoned elevator.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the skyscraper will have at least 30 floors, preferably over 40 floors, but typically even more, namely at least 50 floors. At the same time, it is preferred if not more than 70, preferably not more than 60, living days are accessed via the core. As already mentioned, the perceived living comfort depends, among other things, on the fact that the waiting times for the elevator do not become too great even at peak times. Depending on the number of people in the apartments, the size of 3 elevators is limited by more than 40 floors compared to the optimal average waiting time of <25 seconds according to CIBSE. A further upper limit can also result for the height from the statics. In particular, the H / 500 peak deformation, which results essentially under wind loads, can have a critical effect here. It should be noted, however, that such a core with outriggers instead of the wind load-carrying facades normally used in high dwellings offers the residents the advantageous opportunity to enjoy through the façade a large-scale and undisturbed view of façade supports. The peak deformation limit is set for building heights above preferably 220m, more preferably already provided from building heights above 190 m two outrigger; at building heights above 130 m, at least one outrigger is recommended, particularly preferably this is already provided from 100m. From which height exactly an outrigger must be provided, can depend on it, whether by special facade constructions and skyscraper forms by wind rather load-reducing Turbulence occur or by corresponding building dimensions larger wind loads are to be expected.

It should also be emphasized in this regard that the core described herein with the same number of floors also allows the economic construction of comfortable buildings lesser height. The number of floors that can be accessed with the lifts, without giving an uncomfortable living feeling, namely as described depends on the height of the floors and the floor space, as reasonably more floors mean on the one hand longer routes of the elevator, but on the other hand, what is relevant at peak times, more people can request the elevator simultaneously or in quick succession. Simulations have surprisingly shown that increases the room height by 80cm (at 5m / s ceteris paribus), the simulated average waiting time due to the few stops from 52 seconds to 58 seconds, which is quite significant. As already discussed, however, the smaller core now enables the construction of smaller floor areas and thus smaller lease spans when demanding the same area efficiency. Because with small lease spans of preferably 7.00m to 8.50m smaller room heights of less than 3.00m are possible, without the rooms appearing dark, so the small core reduces the height of the building ergo, which in turn reduces the price of the building.

It should also be mentioned that, especially at peak times, the achievable ve- locity (end) speed and the height of the storey and thus the distance to be covered by the lift are no longer the sole determinants of expected waiting times. For more than 60 floors, the simulated waiting times increase to a level that is often no longer acceptable, for example, over 1 minute waiting time. It is therefore particularly preferred when elevators are used in the core at 5 m / s, with even elevators up to 7 m / s being easily usable, and the particularly fast elevators being able to be fully deployed especially at zoning and high altitudes. If an elevator serves only the lower third of the height, on the other hand speeds of 3m / s to 4m / s can suffice; when two thirds of the height of e.g. 200 m are served, 4m / s to 5m / s are an advantageous in current elevator technology optimum. It will be appreciated that possibly progress in elevator technology will allow higher speeds of travel.

It will be appreciated that the core presented for a high-rise building would possibly also be usable in office buildings, but the maximum size of elevators conveniently operated by elevators or maximally operable floors is significantly lower, because in office buildings depending on the country a density of about 8 m ² to 12 m ² per person instead of about 30 m ² per person in western residential buildings is to be set, so at the same floor size in office buildings more people need to be transported. in addition The leasing margin in office space is usually much larger, because not entirely bright daylighting in offices is more acceptable. Also, the waiting times that are accepted as comfortable in office mode are much shorter at 25 seconds, which tends to require more elevators. Therefore, compact floor plans for offices here more than 1300 m ² GLA area are preferred amount.

Where mixed use is planned, office space may therefore be arranged on lower levels, which could be accessed via additional elevators from the ground floor. Further, where office space is needed, the use of so-called.

Twinlifts and / or biplane lifts be beneficial. In Twinlifts two independently controlled cabins are arranged in the same shaft, in double-decker lifts two directly stacked lift cabins are provided, which are always moved together and can be accessed from directly superimposed floors. Each Twinlift or each double-decker elevator can be understood as an elevator in the sense of the invention, unless explicitly stated otherwise. An elevator, a twin lift or a double-decker lift can be counted as an elevator. It is reserved, however, to claim protection only in so far as each of the elevators referred to either a single lift or a twin lift or a double-decker lift is understood. The benefits of each lift, such as ease of control, reduced costs and reduced waiting times, are obvious. That the elevators a suitable, intelligent control z. B. targeting control can be assigned, may be mentioned. Simulations for living areas now show that biplanes bring at best little improvement in waiting times. Using three elevators as described herein as advantageous for certain embodiments, the use of a single twin lift does not bring significant improvement unless it is at least two-thirds height and only when using two twin elevators results in the critical morning Rush hour a reduction of 46 seconds without twin lift on then only 36 seconds. The use of biplanes, however, prohibits intuitively with too few people per floor and the required many individual stops. For particularly high-rise buildings, the design of at least one elevator is therefore particularly preferred in each case as Twinlift.

 The situation is different in the office sector. Here, more than one elevator per bay may be regularly preferred, as well as a shuttle service with biplanes to Skylobbys.

It should be noted that especially in office use in the lower floors a preferred variant is also outside of the actual floor plan to arrange an elevator outside, the exit of which opens onto balconies, preferably on safety-related advantageous circumferential balconies. Preference may be given to the typically more frequented To arrange roetagen in the lower half and more preferably in the lower third of the building and then fully or partially use these office floors by outside elevators, which requires only short brackets when driving open or only short shafts when driving closed.

It should be further noted that exterior lifts, d. H. elevators not opening into the core or its corridor, but running on or near a building exterior edge, can be provided separately, in particular exclusively for the typically more solvent inhabitants of the (more expensive) upper floors. That especially an outside elevator will only start a limited number of floors due to the expense for a floor exit or for the required according to the requirement of shafts, or for reasons of simple construction only load and / or waste need transport, it should be mentioned. Incidentally, during the construction phase in the notch advantageously a construction crane can be arranged, which simplifies its otherwise complex anchoring to the building.

A further preferred embodiment results if, as often desired architecturally, the outer contour is profiled by a slightly inclined or - more preferably - vertical notch, in particular such that the profiling notches only in the preferably circumferential Bal- kone, rather than in the static deflection-sensitive Edge areas in the facade area. In such a building design, an external elevator, which is guided in or on the profiling or notching, the optical effect of this notch still increase.

With the specified floor numbers, as they are preferred for residential buildings and at typical clear room heights, minimum of 2.50 m and preferably from 2.7 m - 3 m (measured from the top edge of the floor to the bottom edge of the concrete structure), as in residential construction for upscale Claims are popular, results in a height of at least 100 m, preferably 150 m for a high-rise according to the invention. In particular, the height may be at least 160 m or even preferably at least 170 m.

While there is no lower limit to the height of the skyscraper with this level of fire safety in which the core makes sense, it is understood that there are particular benefits where the nearly square core shape provided provides particular static benefits, ie the building becomes particularly high or has a particularly large slenderness. This will be the case if the slenderness is at least 10, preferably at least 15, whereby a slenderness of 17 and still more preferably 18 can be realized with a core whose walls are thicker than required for mere fire protection purposes but which Nevertheless, with a low reinforcement and still requires comparatively low wall thicknesses in lower floors. It should be pointed out Sen that, where appropriate, in addition to the core supports can be provided with which loads are removed. This will be done in more detail. Thus, the core wall thickness of the load-bearing walls can also be kept low. The achievable spans will typically be under 32 m. This is especially true where high-quality living space is desired cost. Even more preferred is a span of not more than 28 m, in particular not more than 27 m. It can be seen that spans, above all between 23 m and 26 m, can lead to particularly attractive living spaces that can still be provided inexpensively. In this case, the core will be generally quadrangular, namely, in the case of a three-stage security concept, preferably exactly one quadrangular core will be present which, in particular, is as square as possible, ie in which no more than 15% deviation of the edge lengths will occur from one another. In addition, the angles preferably correspond to +/- 10, preferably +/- 5%, exactly right angles. The core inner wall length is preferably not more than 8.9 m corresponding to a base area of not more than 80 m ² . It is even preferable to keep the core dimension at 8.40 mx 7.90 m to 8.70 mx 8.30 m clear core dimensions. Larger dimensions are not functional for common Usage unit dimensions meaningful, significantly smaller dimensions than specified are structurally possibly problematic feasible. However, an inner surface area of less than 110 m ² and further less than 95 m ² is already preferred. This is readily sufficient to provide forced ventilation for the escape staircases and their vestibules and two elevators with a corridor between the staircase and the elevators. An only two-stage safety concept reduces the short side (eg 7.90 m again by about 1.40 m corresponding to 1.20 m vestibule width plus 20 cm wall thickness.

It should be mentioned, moreover, that there are also countries with regulations without a three-stage security concept, in which then the staircase antechambers with their forced ventilation must be completely eliminated. In countries that do not require an anterooms to the stairs, it is preferred that the 1.20 m wide anterooms and their forced ventilation shafts, including the approximately 20 cm thick wall to the corridor, be omitted without substitution. The short inner core length specified as preferred is thus reduced by 1.40 m. e.g. from 8.20 m to 6.80 m. The core thus modified will still have a considerable torsional rigidity, at least for twisted high-rise buildings provided with supports of a not yet disclosed application of the present inventor, since the core may be formed at least approximately square.

The tower heights, from which outrigger becomes necessary due to the wind loads, sink however approximately linearly (by the factor 6,8 / 8,2m = approx. 17%) if the staircase antechamber disappears. Outrigger already above about 83 m - 107 m can be recommended for such buildings. For the rest, the 8.63 m core side length mentioned here by way of example is composed together

1,90m for the shaft depth of a fire-brigade lift with 5m / s lift and 1,10 m deep cabin,

 2 x 20cm corridor walls,

 1.50 m wide corridor,

 20 + 25cm vestibule walls,

 1.20 m antechamber depth and

 2.85 m staircase depth.

The staircases consist of two staircases with a width of 1.20 m, including space for 2x10 cm handrails, as well as 25 cm intermediate wall.

In the transverse direction, mass chains must be adhered to in three areas, namely staircase, the staircase anterooms and the distance between the fire brigade and the access door to the corridor door.

The shortest possible inner inner wall length in the longitudinal direction of the corridor is preferably achieved if the longest of the three following mass chains is optimized to the extent that it approximately reaches the second longest chain and, ideally, also corresponds to the longest 3rd mass chain. The mass chains run (1) longitudinally through the scissor staircase, (2) parallel to it through vestibules and core elevators and optionally (3) through the stairwell vestibules.

As far as the flight of stairs is concerned, its length is determined by the length of the access of 26.4 cm and the number of steps, which gives 4.48 m in the typical and preferred 17 steps. In addition there are 2 x 10 cm for the circulation of the handrail and 1.20 m for the escape platform width at the beginning and end of each straight flight of stairs and - on one of the flights of stairs - a surcharge for the escape door radius and the other of the stairs runs a surcharge for the forced air shaft.

When providing a staircase vestibule are provided without special measures such as sliding doors and the like, door widths of at least 90 cm, which is why considering the width of the door frame and the width, which results geometrically from the required minimum door distance of 3 m, each vestibule in light altogether at least , 66 m are to be kept. Because the separate vestibules in turn should be separated by an intermediate wall, and space for a MEP or forced ventilation shaft is taken into account, turn at least approximately the mentioned 8.40 m. It may be mentioned by way of example that with core masses of 8.7 mx 8.7 m, side lengths of 24 m × 24 m without balconies, 12 × m ² supports and 1 × 5 MEP levels of 51 levels in the MEP shafts as described, an outstanding NIA / GIA efficiency of 79% results, which already rises to 82% with 25mx26m floor plan.

For the elevators, the core width of about 8.40 m also enough, because so easily a fire brigade elevator with a shaft depth of 2.7 m in the light, a 20cm thick wall, 3.10 m vestibule, another 20 cm thick wall and another shaft with a depth of 2.20 m can be provided in the light. The resulting 3.10m antechamber width are sufficient for compliance with the standards. This is enough at 8.40m all three critical mass chains. It is now also clear how changes will affect and where, depending on usage and culture and technology tolerances can be planned or exploited.

It is desirable and preferred if the forced ventilation ducts for the staircases are arranged surface efficient in the corner of the nucleus, because then the - typically by compressed air feed - forced ventilation takes place from the duct to the staircase only by comparatively thin walls and not the core wall itself must be performed , This improves the statics and lowers the construction costs. The same applies to the provided as compressed air separate forced ventilation for the stairwell vestibules, if they are required, for example because the per se preferred overflow opening from the staircase itself should not be allowed. Additional fans or the like may be provided to ensure adequate air supply, regardless of the low-sized antechamber ventilation. For all compressed air ducts, the supply of floors other than the per se smokeless ground floor outside area through inlet openings on the roof in question. Depending on the regulation, spatially widely distributed intake openings have to be provided in order to avoid aspiration of flue gases from the outside. Particularly in the case of antechambers, an additional feed can be advantageous, for example, in the middle of the building; this makes it possible to make better use of the cross section, which otherwise might be regarded as critically small. The stairwells are typically each entered through a close to the core wall, an opening transverse to the nearest core wall releasing door, while the stairwell antechambers are offset only by the width of the Treppenvorraumlüftungsschächte from the core center to the outside, if these shafts are absolutely necessary.

In a preferred variant, the elevator svorraum is separated by a double door or sliding door from the corridor, in which the fire brigade closer door half is provided with a control that locks in case of fire and thus can not be opened. Thus, the minimum distance provided in various regulations between the fire service lift door and Corridor also ensured a visually appealing, wide passage in the corridor. By this open connection in normal use relaxes in front of the elevator doors normally otherwise possibly forming crowding and traffic jam.

It should be emphasized that it is often necessary due to safety regulations that elevators initially lead to a corridor via an entrance hall and only then can access from these into the apartments, just as apartments often can not lead directly to escalator anterooms, but rather over a corridor. Such necessary corridors are realized with the invention.

In a particularly preferred variant, the building services shafts and the third and fourth elevator are located within a circumference around the core, wherein the core, as stated above, may be generally square or exactly square, but need not necessarily be. This makes it possible to guarantee a sensible use of the floor even where the high-rise building is to be constructed as a twisted high-rise building.

By "meaningful floor space use" are meant layouts, with which for sale and use particularly valuable (adjoining the facade) outside rooms predominantly a minimum room depth starting from facade of at least 4 m and preferably of over 4.50m have Rather, more than 70%, in particular more than 80% and particularly preferably at least 90% of these near-facade spaces are preferably referred to as the minimum depth of 4 m, preferably 4.5 m exhibit.

The specified minimum depth not only facilitates the installation of large, especially rectangular furniture such as beds, sofas, etc., especially for living room and bedroom, but it is also overheating avoided, which are expected in less deep rooms and the desired room high open glass facades otherwise in summer , As mentioned, such room-high open glass facades are made very easy by the Outriggersystemen.

It is particularly preferred if the corridor ventilation shaft is arranged on a core outer wall, on the inside of a stairway anteroom or the staircase is located, and if the mechanical power supply is arranged on the other, adjacent to the stairwell vestibule and stairwell outer core wall so that he also accessible from the uniaxial corridor. If the mechanics or electrical shafts are accessible, it is advantageous to arrange them one behind the other so that one can pass through the one manhole to the other, and to arrange a separation between the shafts as required, fireproof. It is possible and preferable to fire the electrical cables of the rear shaft through the preferably vertically open (first) mechanical shaft and not through foreign residential units.

The use of a passable first shaft to reach the second shortens the required corridor distance from which the MEP devices are to be achieved, which in turn leads to more visually appealing designs, even if the corridor width is chosen to be so large that problem-free wheelchair passage respectively the use of stretchers is readily possible. The standard width for wheelchair access is around 1.50 m. The fire brigade air duct can be arranged on the outside of the fire brigade close to the shaft.

The sound-emitting rainwater and / or sewage pipes can be laid around the core and preferably directly adjacent to one another, which makes the drainage of the individual residential units, especially due to the low shaft wall surfaces, inexpensive overall.

It has already been pointed out that, if appropriate, individual of the said building engineering shafts can slightly exceed the perimeter around the core, but that typically no more than 15% of the area of all building engineering shafts lie outside the perimeter, preferably not more than 5% to 10 %, wherein it is particularly preferred if none of the building engineering shafts with more than 20%, in particular not more than 10% of its surface protrudes beyond the perimeter, at least as far as a plurality of lifts "piggyback" close to the core, in particular with in the elevator vestibule provided therein leading doors are provided.

The close to the core arranged Haustechnikschachtflächen are particularly preferred where the skyscraper has a twist, ie floor-level floor space are offset by, for example, the core axis against each other by an angle between 0.5 ° to about 5 °. An angle greater than 3 ° results in the use of supports to a considerable space consumption within the apartments, a too small torsion is visually hardly noticeable. The higher the torsion angle, the greater the load on the core. In the case of vertical inner columns, the torsion of the corner supports already starts at 1.2 ° and, for 50 floors, 80% of the torsional stress in the core base. This must be taken into account if necessary. But it is reasonable that where possibly lower skyscrapers are desired, the torsion, so that it is easily recognizable, may be larger.

Where there is a torsion in the specified low angle range between 0.5 ° and about 3 °, and possibly also up to 5 ° from floor to floor, but the floor plans of the individual apartments will differ from floor to floor even in the proposed core if equal numbers of flats are accommodated on the floors to be compared. The reason for this is that the access to the individual residential units will vary. All the same, these apartments are all easy to reach via straight corridors out of the core. The core is thus well suited for twisted houses, because even with these the straight-line corridor guidance is completely unproblematic. For the rest, it can be estimated from the dimensional chains given that the corridor center line does not necessarily have to pass through the center of the core. Rather, there will typically be an offset between the centerline of the corridor and the intersection of the diagonals from the corner of the nucleus to the corner of the nucleus.

Nevertheless, a good use of living space in all floors of a twisted high-rise building without the use of per se intuitively obvious round core, but can accommodate the rectangular elevators and stairwells only with high loss of area, and to allow this wholly or partially surrounding development corridor, and the present To use proposed core advantageous, a distinction is preferably made between large and small areas in the housing units. As necessary large-scale housing units are considered those in which to provide typically large furniture, such as double beds, sofa groups, large wardrobes, single beds and long dining tables. The differences are rooms in residential units, which allow typical small-scale furniture such as guest toilets, storage rooms, pantries and wardrobes. Where appropriate, this includes kitchens, if the use of continuous work surfaces is considered at least partially unnecessary and / or continuous kitchen cupboard lines from standard cabinets are not considered mandatory. It is, provided that this proposed that in a twisted high-rise building with the proposed core those room units that require a large-scale furniture, are arranged close to the facade and the walls separating the room units are guided vertically away from the facade. The walls may preferably over 3 m, more preferably over 3.5 m, typically over 4 m to max. 5 to 7 m inside, so that large spaces with vertical walls are created near the façade. It goes without saying that it would be possible to deviate from an exactly right angle of the room walls to the facade, if this is desired architecturally, but this is not mandatory. In the interior, corridors can then be connected and the small-area rooms such as cloakrooms, guest toilets, store and pantry rooms, etc. can be connected to the core. shut down. This ensures good usability of the overall floor plan without necessitating a development corridor on the residential floors around the core.

It is preferable to provide supports for core relieving within the apartment in the case of twisted high-rise buildings. Reference is made to a further application of the present applicant, in which the torsion and the support arrangement is described in detail. Please refer to this application for special features. It should also be noted, however, that where the skyscraper is twisted, the floor surfaces are evidently non-circular, preferably at least generally square, but corners chamfered or rounded, and that the outer contour of the floor space including any balconies and the like may be generally quadrangular but may have incisions, protuberances and the like at each edge, preferably with an area in relation to the total area of the floor of less than 10%, preferably and 5%, more preferably less than 3%, in particular not more than one incision or one protuberance per edge , which allows architecturally more interesting designs, without negatively affecting the overall facade shape and / or outer contour.

The floor area will therefore be generally rectangular with an angle of 90 ° +/- 10 °, in particular often generally square, preferably for cores with a particularly narrow square shape cores one edge can be about 10% longer than it is the next long Edge is. It should be noted, however, that deviations are possible and, for example, in many cases a deviation of 10% or more than 10% between the long edge and the next long edge is possible and preferred. It is possible to provide a skyscraper of the invention with outside of the glazing extending Baikon and a disturbance of the quadrangular contour only in the balcony areas. The floors are immovable against each other, but are preferably against each other from floor to floor in the same direction and preferably rotated with the same pitch about a vertical axis, in particular at an angle below 5 °, in particular at an angle less than 2.5 °, in particular an angle between 1 ° and 2 °, preferably between 1.1 ° - 1.3 ° (in each case based on 360 ° full circle). As far as the supports are concerned, these will preferably be inside the apartments, which in a preferred variant will result in a skyscraper with floor surfaces rotated against one another about a core axis and supports therebetween, the columns forming at least two groups, the supports of the columns first group are arranged from floor to floor in a first rotation around the core axis and the supports of the second group are arranged from floor to floor in a first counter-rotating direction about the core axis, preferably such that the supports are each about the core axis wind around and preferred, but not mandatory, also the supports of the second group squirm. A winch is also assumed, if within a storey height the support per se is straight and is perpendicular to the ceiling and / or floor, but preferably a turn following reinforcement by each of the corresponding supports runs. In a preferred variant with a square floor plan of the floors, the supports of the first group will lie on a first circle and the supports of the second group on a second circle, wherein the first and second circle have different diameters. It will be appreciated that the previously described arrangement of small and large spaces, the wall guide perpendicular to the facade with arrangement of small functional spaces near the core even in a high-rise with such supports is readily feasible. The larger circle will correspond to that in which the sense of rotation of the supports corresponds to that of the direction of the floor, ie the outer supports will follow the rotation of the floor, while the inner supports will be twisted in opposite directions. Preferably, the outer pillars will run close to the corners within the building, so that they follow the outer circle with the corners, but each offset a small distance inwards, while preferably the pillars of the second group on an inner circle to the same from floor to floor or in general remain the same floor contour. It is also possible and preferred that the average

Cross-sectional area of the outer columns is greater than the average cross-sectional area of the inner columns and more columns will be located on the inner circle with a smaller diameter. It is particularly preferred if there is at least one floor in which the supports of the inner circle lie on the intersection of the core wall edges with the inner circle of the floor surface, while the outer supports, that is, lying on the larger circle supports in extension of the corners of the core seen from the core center. Thus, in a preferred variant, four outer supports and eight inner supports are provided.

It should be noted that the arrangement of the column groups for twisted towers around the core axis offers particular advantages, but it is not mandatory that the twisted high-rise is twisted around the very core axis, although this offers advantages and it is generally preferred the core axis and the torsion axis have at most a slight offset from one another. Also, the axes about which the supports of the first and second group are each rotated, have a slight offset from each other and / or the core axis, even if they additionally rotate together at a generally identical angle from floor to floor on. That in a most general form the angle does not have to be absolutely exactly identical for all supports of a group, but small variations are possible, but which for example from support to support of a group will typically be less than 10% of the angle, preferably less than 5% of the angle. be mentioned. This, too, may possibly still be understood (in a broad sense to that extent) as a common rotation. It should be mentioned that with still good improvement of the statics by rotation angle change and varying lateral offset, where appropriate, the layout on certain floors can be significantly improved.

It will be appreciated that, inter alia, advantageous is a skyscraper with floor surfaces which are rotated against each other about an axis, and supports therebetween, wherein the supports comprise two groups, the supports of the first group from floor to floor in a first rotational sense against each other are arranged offset around the axis, wherein the mutually offset supports still have a sufficient for the load transfer overlap, and wherein the supports of the second group are arranged from floor to floor in a first counter-rotating sense of rotation against each other about the axis, said mutually offset supports of the second group also have an overlap. Such a skyscraper can be realized particularly well with the compact core of the present invention, but this would not be mandatory.

Depending on the floor contour result in a twisted high-rise, which is feasible with the high-rise core of the invention, from a mental connection of the solder points of the counter-rotating from floor to floor columns to an imaginary line way different tracks. In twisted buildings with square floor plans, these lines will be circles or circular arcs. That the requirement of a sufficient overlap can also - albeit less preferred - be met by the fact that the respective column center is not exactly on a circle line, ellipse line, etc., but from floor to floor next to the progression along this line a lighter, possibly even from column to column of one group and / or from floor to floor varying offset across it may be mentioned. This too can still be understood as an arrangement in a sense of rotation. However, it should be mentioned that such variations are not preferred because of the fact that this complicates the arrangement. Incidentally, overlap is not complete insofar as there is not a complete overlap on the floor and ceiling of a floor, as is typically the same size and equally large column cross-sections from floor to floor. So it is realized by the rotation from floor to floor only partial overlap. The use of the core according to the invention is possible on a regular basis.

It should be noted that in particularly high or particularly slim skyscrapers at least one level is a diagonal of one of the inner supports or one of the not completely outboard supports to the core wall out. If a diagonal, in particular over several floors, such as for example 3 floors, is led from the inner support to the core of each of the inner supports, this stiffens the building quite massively even under dynamic wind loads, without the need for particularly thick outrigger walls. are necessary. In this respect, it should first be pointed out that due to the geometric form of wind-blown buildings, wind loads are typically even less pronounced than in non-twisted buildings. Outrigger are thus also and especially in conventional, not twisted high-rise buildings required.

The outriggers also provide for non-twisted skyscrapers also for a significant reduction of induced by wind loads in the core and for a reduction of deformations of the spire and accelerations occurring there.

Outrigger are known per se, but not as a single diagonal and especially not more than two floors. Due to the construction proposed here, initially one of the elaborate lower or upper girths of an otherwise required outrigger truss is eliminated. It turns out that, surprisingly, even with the small core described as preferred, the outrigger diagonal and its remaining strap can remain unexpectedly narrow. The same applies to the core walls in the floor area of the diagonal. This, in turn, saves considerable construction costs and deadlines. Instead of the usual 1 m to 1.5 m truss widths are now sufficient by 0.5 m. This is not only advantageous for the simplification of the construction preparation, but also allows undisturbed elevation guidance close to the core outside the core of guided elevators with smaller surface losses to the core. For thick outrigger walls, shafts of the elevators outside the core have to move slightly away from the core, creating corresponding loss surfaces across all floors.

The Outrigger arrangement needs only with a thickness of only about 45 cm over three floors diagonally down to the core down. It should be noted that per se shorter diagonals, for example, could be implemented over only two floors, but at least in the high-rise here exemplified by the "outrigger" walls should be up to about 1 m thick Walls, however, remain thin with only 45cm.It is regarded as particularly advantageous in high-rise buildings, which are provided in the face of expected wind loads or the like with "outriggers" and are twisted and in which several columns groups with at least two mutually rotating, ie opposite direction are provided around the building winding props to withdraw a diagonal construction over more than two floors, preferably not more than five floors, in particular three floors to the core. A preferred variant with a square core, square base floors, a span of 27.5 m and eight inner columns allow for diagonals extending over three floors to provide an extremely small and slender core with a reinforcement above the outrigger and over many floors below it 0.6% minimum reinforcement as core wall surface reinforcement, in the case of core perimeter wall thicknesses, which are otherwise practically indispensable in high-rise building construction. This is extremely low for skyscrapers with twisted geometry. The achievable tower peak deflections are at a size of "height / 850" and thus well below the value "height / 500", which must be maintained according to international standards at least. Thus, an outstanding stiffening is achieved by the preferred outrigger arrangements, which nevertheless are statically light and surface-efficient, even if it should at the same time be stressed that conventional "outrigger" constructions could also be used in prestressed concrete or steel , Comparative calculations show that the wall thicknesses at the core base would have to approximately double without the arrangement of outriggers, mainly for reasons of exceeding the voltage. With Outrigger, significant changes can also be achieved at the core foot. In addition, as the Outrigger is able to absorb torsional moments at the height of the outriggers, it significantly increases the robustness and safety of this very slender structure.

The special combination of core orientation and floor dimensions thus results in the outrigger diagonals, as preferred, running directly into the columns in extension of the core walls. Because with square core while the eight inner supports can be selected at the same angle every 45 degrees at the same angle around the center of the core, nevertheless a good relief of the ceiling construction remains possible. In the above example, about 27cm thin flat slabs can be used, reinforced at the edge purely static reinforced to 31cm. Elaborate formwork constructions of the ceiling are omitted, especially when using Filigranplattendecken thus. At the edge of the ceiling there is a maximum of 15mm long-term deformation after stripping, which is important for the deformation-sensitive façade.

It should be noted, however, that outrigger not necessarily tied to twisted buildings, but can also be used otherwise to remove wind loads. Often, even in non-twisted buildings additional supports are required, from which outrigger diagonally to the core can be performed. It is advantageous, but not mandatory, if these columns are in extension of the core walls. Incidentally, there is the possibility for very long buildings with, for example, over 40 m long edge, which are to be accessed via straight corridors from the still very small core out, provide stabilizing disks parallel to the core wall between the long sides. Again, stabilization with outriggers can be done and be beneficial. For such rectangular buildings, floor plans of, for example, 60 x 25 m are readily given regardless of the use of the small core. Possibly. In view of the then somewhat longer corridors, a slightly larger width can be provided. For office buildings, it may be advantageous to work with ground floor dimensions of, for example, 60 mx 30 m, whereby, in view of the required The larger elevator capacities and the larger elevator antechambers necessarily to be provided for this purpose, a corridor widening and / or an elevator antechamber extension may be advantageous. That for such large floor areas (with, for example, 140 people per floor), for example, up to six elevators, which are also operated in particular zoned using biplanes, Twinlifts and Skylobbys, are advantageous, may be mentioned.

It is possible to take the diagonal at the preferred dimensions of, for example, 150 m dwelling height, internal core dimension of 8.6 mx 8.6 m to 8.7 mx 8.7 m and diagonal stiffening over three floors in walls of thickness not exceeding 45 cm , wherein the diagonal then extends over three floors of the support down to the core and from the core to the upper point of a stiffening, additional reinforcement or upper chord is performed. In such a case, a stiffening, additional reinforcement or a top flange will be performed on the core to the upper diagonal point, but which can be included within a typical floor thickness, so that even with very tall, slender buildings, the additional space requirement is at most low.

As far as the building materials are concerned, there are no special requirements. Even in heavily loaded outrigger, lintel-beams - or column areas, the concrete strength C80 / 95 need not exceed and the reinforcement can be done exclusively by structural steel.

If, according to the invention, quite slim skyscrapers are constructed which preferably have a slenderness of at least 10, especially 15, more preferably at least 17, most preferably at least 18 (slenderness is defined herein as the ratio of height of the entire core to minimum core diameter). For example, such skyscrapers can be well developed with the described small core, with up to e.g. three elevators with entrances to the core can be used, without having to accept disadvantages of living comfort and / or economically by renting or selling usable living space on a larger scale. Such skyscrapers will preferably have between 30 and 60 floors.

The outriggers used and proposed for these (or other buildings) are statically sensible above 30% of the typical building height for typical high-rise buildings between 40 and 60 storeys and common storey heights between 2.7 m and 3 m clear room height and associated floor heights Floors, preferably provided above 40% of all floors. In the preferred core dimensions of less than 80m ² to about 100m ² outrigger in high-rise buildings are typically useful in over 35 to 40 floors, as they also limit the stresses on the core foot in particular. Typically, the arrangement takes place Outriggers are typically provided so that supports of the interior of the two groups are connected horizontally to the core, with reinforcement preferably parallel to the core walls and preferably whole or At the same time, the strut engages the strut diagonally downwards near the corner of the core.The reinforcement, which runs as parallel as possible to the core walls, particularly preferably meets the core wall near the core corner in the middle. So that this arrangement is at the correct height and the horizontal connection can be performed as desired parallel to the core walls of the core corners to the struts, the initial orientation of the floor surface to the core and the respective floor rotation angle is chosen accordingly so that in the desired height of z B. the 26th floor and / or half Height the stiffening comes to rest. It is surprisingly found that outrigger in conjunction with inclined supports also cause an increase in the torsional stiffness in the Outriggerebene and consequently at the same time a reduction of the torsional stresses in the core below the Outriggerebene. This torsional stiffness increases with inclination of the supports or with their offset. The overall system below the outriggers level is thus statically indeterminate in terms of torsion.

This is particularly advantageous if cores of said compact size are provided and the total extension of the floor surfaces edge to edge is not more than 32 m, preferably not more than 28 m, in particular not more than 26m and more preferably between 23 m and 25.5 m. It should be noted that the said very large spans of e.g. 32 m lead to the fact that possibly less daylight is present near the core, but at the same time the area accessible for commercial exploitation initially increases. The provision of an "outrigger", ie a reinforcement which leads from the supports to the core, generally requires thick walls which may also extend over several floors, but this obviously reduces the economically utilizable, for example rentable or sellable space such as living space and is structurally complex.

Conventional outrigger trusses with multiple struts between a pillar and the core can often be poorly utilized due to geometric constraints; A residential or office use is usually eliminated, which is why in the prior art, the use of MEP panels is typical. Even then, the surfaces are often inefficient to use. The high-rise Chicago Wolf Point, which does not require an outrigger, has an area requirement of 4% for MEP control centers. In contrast, the Moscow Neva Towers skyscraper requires 12% area loss for 6 outrigger levels and 2 basement levels for MEP panels for very similar air conditioning and ventilation concepts. This is in the first Incidentally, NLA / GIA analyzes cited above have not yet been considered.

In a preferred variant, it is therefore proposed to provide a corresponding stiffening in the form of a diagonal, which is led away from a support to the core at the bottom at a lower level. Typically, one diagonal of each pillar of the inner group is guided to a deeper area on the core wall. It is typical and preferred if the diagonal is guided over three floors from the support down to the core. At the core, a corresponding anchoring will be provided for the diagonal. Further, typically, reinforcement is performed horizontally from the core to the upper diagonal engagement point on the strut. This may be the case as additional reinforcement within the floor slab or biased to limit the tower tip deflection. For the diagonal struts, it is possible to include these in walls, the thicknesses must not exceed 45 cm. Thus, very thin "outrigger" walls are made possible, typically, the diagonal is guided so that it starts on a floor, where the supports of the inner group lie as exactly as possible an extension of the core wall edges.The diagonal struts are then correspondingly also to the corners of the core brought so that run away from each corner of the core two diagonal struts upwards, particularly preferably of running in the core ring collar, which serve to distribute strut forces of the framework Thus, the inclusion of lateral loads is particularly favored.

The high-rise building according to the invention can be designed more easily, in particular in an electronically-automatically supported manner.

Thus, protection is also claimed to iteratively execute the design of a skyscraper subject to plan changes during the planning phase, such that a skyscraper is planned with a square core, a plurality of floors accessible via a plurality of elevators and two separate, preferably separately forced staircases are, the high-rise is designed with structural design, required building services and supply lines that are guided in the shafts in the floors, first a first version of an electronic plan is generated with a core on one core inside the staircases are arranged nested with each other , preferably with forced ventilation shafts in the core, and on the opposite side of the core elevators are provided with passage into the interior of the interior, between elevators and staircases, a corridor leading from the interior of the core is provided, wherein in the first electronic plan Fl For example, at least half, preferably even three quarters - in any case a significant part outside the core but close to the core - of the first version of the first electronic plan, and at least those relating to the outer core of the core, are reserved Data is protected in it, and then, at least either repeatedly increasing the detailing of the building services and / or modifying the domestic engineering design and adapting the areas reserved for the building services shafts in response thereto, and creating a successor version of the electronic plan with the building services shafts modified from the previous version, without the protection the data relating to the core outer mass is thereby canceled or without a change in the core outer mass data is allowed, and the follow-up version is stored so that therein the core outer mass data are still protected or the elevator planning is changed and the number and / or the size of the areas reserved for the elevators is changed in response thereto without altering the data relating to the core outer mass, the number of elevator manholes changing without changing the core outer mass A Passenger shafts are provided with passage into the core, but outside the same, and a follow-up version of the electronic plan is created with respect to the previous version modified elevator shafts, without the protection of the core outer mass related data is canceled or without a change in the the core external mass is allowed,

At the same time, the protection of the outer core mass means that at most slight structural changes are necessary with regard to the reinforcement, but the core itself no longer needs to be changed in size. This leads to the fact that the individual specialist planners are not forced to claim large areas already at core design in order to enable later changes. This helps to make the core small.

The invention will be described in the following by way of example only, with reference to the drawing, in which is shown by

1 shows a twisted high-rise building according to the present invention with a notch incising the circumferential balconies;

 Figure 2a is a floor area in the lower part of the building, which is developed by 3 elevators in the core;

 Figure 2b shows a floor area of the building in the upper area, which is so high that it is only accessible from two elevators, the floors are twisted so far that the core walls run parallel to the facade surfaces and parallel to the floor edges;

Figure 2c is a floor above the highest, still served by the third elevator floor, in which the floor surface is rotated relative to Figure 2B, by an angle which is reached only after several floors; the floor of Fig. 2c, wherein additionally a circle around the core is shown in dashed lines, to show that various relevant for the supply of the building elements are arranged close to the core in this radius;

enlarged views of the core on different floors with dashed circumferential circle;

a detailed view of Figure 2a;

a detailed view of Figure 4;

a further detail view of Figure 4;

 Views illustrating the domestic engineering shafts within the core perimeter;

an advantageous MEP shaft arrangement with only 1.20m long stub corridor;

a less preferred, but nevertheless feasible arrangement with separate shafts for mechanics and electrical supply, with a 2.70 m long stub corridor;

an illustration of a connected to the vestibule of the two inside guided elevators third elevator or an alternative stub corridor variant (below for the development of two residential units with a separate corridor ventilation);

a variant of the cross section with a guided in a notch additional elevator;

a section of a core variant with a shorter staircase vestibule;

a core without staircase vestibules;

another variant without staircase vestibules;

 Variants of a core arranged with a different number

Elevators, partly with only a partial representation of the total core; various variants of development of residential units via the corridor led out of the core;

 Examples of the use of core entrances in the elevator anteroom;

various sections through the core to illustrate the reinforcement, and indeed show

the cross-section according to floor plan,

the view in a floor ceiling and

the view across,

an illustration of one here at level 26 from the core outward on the inner columns guided "Outriggers";

 Fig. 17 outrigger with diagonal (top) and reinforcement guide thereto (below), the reinforcement guide is shown within the diagonal and its connection to the column and core and it is recognizable where a passage is possible, so no wall needs to be arranged;

FIG. 18 is a plan view of a floor of a rectangular building with a core according to the invention;

 Figure 19 is a more detailed drawing for a core with two additionally arranged outside the core, opening into the elevator vestibule lifts; Figure 20 is a ground floor plan view of a core of Figure 19 using

 Buildings with the additional outside of the core arranged, in the elevator svorraum opening elevators;

 Figure 21 shows a lateral offset of elevator doors relative to the elevator car center;

 Fig. 22 is a floor plan view of a twisted high-rise building employing a core according to the present invention but with balconies arranged on only two sides and the building interior covered by the facade forming a general rectangle with uneven sides;

 FIG. 23 shows a further floor plan of a twisted high-rise building which uses a core according to the invention, but only on two sides are balconies arranged, and the building inner surface covered by the facade forms a general rectangle with uneven sides, but the length differences of the sides of the rectangle of the facade inner surface rectangle encompassed by the facade are more pronounced than in the plan of FIG. 22.

Figure 1 shows a twisted high-rise building as a special architectural form which, as will be explained, has a generally quadrangular core and a plurality of floors. As shown by the cross section through one of the lower levels according to FIG. 2a, one floor can be reached via here up to three elevators 2a, 2b, 2c and via two separate staircases 3a, 3b, to each of which a forced ventilation system 3al or 3b1 is assigned and each have separate vestibules 3a2, 3b2, each with separate forced ventilation 3a3, 3b3. As can be seen from FIG. 2 a, an elevator 2 a, 2 b including the fire brigade elevator 2 b is arranged on the two corners 5 a 1, a 2 bordering on a first core inner side 5 a of the core 5, and on the opposite inner side of 5 b of the core 5 are the two staircases 3 a , 3b provided as spatially and fire protection technically completely separate interleaved scissor staircases, with their associated staircase pre-3a2, 3b2 separated by these associated forced ventilation shafts 3a3, 3b3 and wherein a corridor 6 between the staircase antechambers 3a2, 3b2 on the one hand and on the other hand the elevators 2a, 2b is guided. This corridor is depressurized via shaft 9c.

As can be seen from FIG. 2a, six residential units without a core circulating around the core 5 can be opened up to here from the uniaxial corridor. It can be seen particularly well in FIG. 2b that four supports 4a 1, 4a2, 4a3 and 4a4 are provided in the individual housing units, which are arranged near the facades in the interior enclosed by the facade surface 7 at the corners and indeed in the illustrated floor in FIG Extension of the center 5z of the core 5, while a second group supports 4b 1-4b8 in this floor in extension of the core walls 5a (core outer walls connecting the lifts), 5b (staircase core outer wall) and 5c (core outer wall adjacent to the firing elevator shaft rear) and 5d (core outer wall adjacent to the shaft rear of the second elevator). The corners of the core 5 are referred to in the counterclockwise direction, beginning in the corner of the edges 5a / 5d as 5a 1, 5a2, 5a3 and 5a4. To designate that part of the core wall 5d which is in the elevators, a large A is readjusted, i. this part is called 5dA. The part of the wall on the opposite side of the stairwell is called 5dT. Likewise, the wall 5c in Figs. 5cA and 5cT is referred to the firefighter elevator side part.

Diagram struts 7al, 7a2, 7a3, 7a4, 7a5, 7a6, 7a7 and 7a8, which lead from the supports 4b 1 - 4b8 as part of an outtrigger construction to the core walls, as part of a via several floors extending Outtrigger construction, the details of which are in the parallel application mentioned here as well as to the arrangement of the supports (one near the corners and thus close to the outer circle of the floor space and the other near the inner circle in the floor surfaces) and to their winding in the opposite direction in two groups around the skyscraper to achieve greater stability. It should be mentioned that, where no turf high-rise is desired, it may be possible to work with a series of supports close to the outer surface, in order to achieve high mechanical stability even with large spans, without reducing the thickness of the walls 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d of the core becomes particularly large.

The comparison of the floor cross-sections 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d shows that in any of the floors shown regardless of the torsion of the skyscraper and regardless of a generally square shape of the core 5, only a proportionate corridor is required.

The figures, in particular Figures 2c and 2d, and 2a also show that in the housing units exemplified large spatial units can be formed by that From the facade to the inside walls are first led away vertically and then closer to the core on the one hand corridors, and preferably parallel to the facade are provided, and otherwise close to the core small room units such as guest toilets, storage rooms, pantries and rooms that no regular Require cross-section, because they are intended for use with small-area furniture or are equipped with small facilities such as shower baths, toilets, etc. As an "vertical" leading away from the facade, an inner wall is also considered if, for example, as shown in Fig. 10a, 10b, 10c or 10d, smaller sprawling adjoining rooms, such as for a façade near Haustechnik- equipment room includes.

Incidentally, it should be noted that the floor surfaces have balconies, as they are exemplified for the four residential units of Figure 2b as 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d. At these balconies, the edges of the floor surfaces are not rectilinear, as shown at 8dl and 8b, respectively, but have an inwardly leading corner as notch K to give a more architecturally pleasing view in the rotated skyscraper of Figure 1. The point k is in the plan over all floors in the same place, i. its position relative to the core is vertically unchanged across all floors. It is thus suitable as an elevator, especially as a simpler than goods lift, that during the construction phase, the notch can be used as a near-core location of a construction crane with short anchor struts to the crane shaft, may be mentioned. Such shaft anchors are shorter by about 7m than outside the notch K. Both Figure 1 and Figures 2a - 2d can be seen that the disturbance of the straight balcony outer edges from floor to floor can be designed differently, but in particular with different sizes, but advantageously only comes close to the room facade, so that always a square overall space can be included with the facade, which allows to use only straight, here perpendicular abutting facade elements. By using the near-residential areas of the residential units as small-scale rooms, the building services shafts provided on the outer walls 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d of the core are also not critical for the use and planning. These lie, as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b, at least substantially within one about the center 5z, i. As will be explained, only a few building services shafts, for example those of the third elevator and of the MEP (= Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) shortened MEP double shaft project beyond the perimeter, and this only slightly.

The core 5 of the skyscraper 1 shown in Figure 1 is described below with reference to Figure 4 in its expression for the lower levels of a particularly high-rise building and thus with attached to the core third elevator 9. Insofar as fire protection requirements, static requirements, safety requirements and so on are specified and / or insofar reference is made to dimensions, it should be noted that these are correspondingly stated may vary from country to country, with consequences for wall thicknesses, reinforcement and the like and / or because other distances from exits to anterooms etc. are required. Nevertheless, it will be clear that the skilled person will nonetheless easily be able to adapt corresponding information, as given by way of example with regard to the German model high-rise guideline, which easily facilitates the basic nature of the core proposed here. In particular, it will be appreciated that the core can be easily adapted if stairwell forecourt forced ventilation is not required and / or stairwell vestibules are considered to be expendable altogether.

In this context, it should be noted that although certain countries for fire protection devices instead of pressurized air smoke extraction may be required, but according to the invention here used for Druckluftzufuhrschächte space for entrauchende forced ventilation slots can be used and thus at most Nachström openings in accordance with the Be provided in accordance with national legislation. Incidentally, where no separate forecourt forecourt forced ventilation is required, the corresponding ducts could be used for MEP supply, especially for electrical installations.

According to Figure 4, the core 5 is provided with the two staircases 3a, 3b, which are interleaved, but the staircases are completely separated from each other. The fire resistance of the walls, floors, etc. provided between the stairwells is designed so that the stairwells withstand at least 2 hours of fire. The stairs run parallel to the wall 5b with 1.20m sufficiently wide pedestals 3a5, 3b5, which also allow a larger group of people to flee from higher floors without mutual disabilities. In the outer corners 5a3, 5a4 compressed air supply shafts are here with 1 m ² large outflow openings in the staircases. One of the staircases is supplied from the shaft 9a, the other stairway 3b from the shaft 9b. For this purpose, outlet openings are provided on the shaft walls facing the stairway. It is injected so high a pressure in the shafts that in case of fire, smoke from one floor can not even from the corridor on the vestibule into the stairwell, if both doors of the vestibule are open at the same time, and that sufficient for the required number of people with air supply useful breathing air is ensured. Through an open door from the vestibule to the corridor, overpressure air flows at a speed of 2 m / sec from the stairwell into the corridor. The same applies if, in addition, a door of the stairwell opens to the vestibule. NEN: also for this door results then an air flow from the stairwell in the stairwell.

If at high levels of as 54 levels here the supply of fresh air from the entrance area is not considered sufficient to control the volume flow over the entire line length unerring, additional roof suction can be provided on opposite sides of the building, of which at least one can be accepted smoke-free. This results in shaft lengths of 2 x 27 floors. If this too is still considered to be too long, which could be the case depending on the national regulations, a double intake with feed per se can be arranged as if on a roof in the middle of the building, which even with the 2 x 0.6 m ² small-sized ventilation shafts of the antechambers will result in completely sufficient air flows. This means that all systems can be dimensioned such that the overpressure is limited to a maximum of 50 Pascals in the case of fire when the escape doors are closed, so that the doors can be opened sufficiently well by hand.

From the staircases lead near the wall areas 5dT and 5cT doors 3a6, 3b6 in the stairwell anterooms. These doors are provided with a locking mechanism to automatically close the door after use. The closed doors are parallel to the inner core wall 5b and openly abut against their inner core walls 5dT and 5cT, respectively, at the sides of which they are hinged. The width of the doors is in the illustrated embodiment 90 cm; however, depending on approval practice, e.g. 120 cm in the light required.

Depending on the approval practice, the staircase antechambers 3a2, 3b2 can be separated from one another by two forced ventilation shafts 3a3, 3b3. Where, however, the recoverable for forced ventilation of the stairwell vestibules air volume is not readily sufficient for accurate control, in turn kellerseitig, roof side and / or in the middle of the building a compressed air feed into the forced ventilation ducts 3a3 and 3b3 done.

Immediately adjacent to the forced ventilation ducts lead in the stairwell vestibule on both sides of the center of the core access doors 3a7, 3b7. FIG. 5 now shows that in such an arrangement, the distance from the center of the stairwell door to the intermediate door, ie from 3a7 to 3a6 or from 3b7 to 3b6, has a considerable length. This is required in terms of fire protection, in order to prevent one and the same person of good will, but technically low expertise in the event of fire, both doors for subsequent stay simultaneously, which could endanger the smoke removal of the escape routes. According to the pattern high-rise guideline, this distance should be 3 m; the Swiss regulations require only 2.30 m, while the USA and GB completely do without the vestibules. If staircase vestibules are to be force-ventilated from separate shafts, the approximately 0.5 ² large openings that are led out of the antechamber bleeding channels into the staircase antechambers are advantageously arranged within the core, so that core wall openings are not required on each floor and no horizontal ducts on each floor. This allows a structurally simple design without having to run through the thick core outer walls in addition possibly static critical manner.

Also guided within the core and provided with openings to the staircase and thus only within the core are the staircase forced ventilation ducts or shafts 9a, 9b, via which the compressed air is pressed into the stairwells.

On the outside 5cT, the corridor ventilation shaft is provided in the present example, which allows venting of the over-pressure air fed in via the staircase and / or the staircase antechambers. This can be smashed out any smoky air from the antechambers of the stairwells or the vestibule of the fire brigade and pushed back into a corridor ventilation shaft or even in the fire. It should be noted that in the present embodiment on the side 5cA on the back of the fire brigade elevator 2b, a compressed air supply s shaft is provided for supplying compressed air into the fire shaft and, via this, in the elevator vestibules. While per se, the arrangement of the corridor ventilation duct 9c would not have to be on the same side as the compressed air supply s 9d for the fire brigade 2b, but instead the corridor vent could be arranged on the side 5dT, it is preferred corridor vent s shaft and Feuerwehraufzug- compressed air supply shaft on the same core wall outside, so 5c, to install.

The walls of the fire brigade air supply duct 9 d and the corridor ventilation duct 9 c are formed in the wall thickness REI90 required for the required fire safety and can be bricked. The walls of the core are fire walls and for static reasons 60cm to 80cm thick.

The two Treppenvorraumtüren 3a7 and 3b7 lead to the corridor and are located closer to the center, so that they are again in the closed state parallel to the walls 5b and 5a and open against the shaft wall of the forced ventilation ducts 3a3, 3b3 strike.

The corridor extends uniaxially through the core walls 5c and 5d, the corridor need not extend far beyond the core, but only on one side, namely the corridor ventilation / firefighters ventilation side so far that in addition to the width of the ventilation s shafts 9c / 9d still a flat entrance door 10A or 10T can be accommodated. For example, the width is only slightly larger than required for a residential entrance door. Thus, on the 5cT side, the corridor has a length outside the core of only 1.80 m at 50 cm clear depth for the pressure relief shaft and 20 cm for the thickness of its wall.

At the other end of the corridor are in the illustrated embodiment, but what, as is apparent from the above, is not mandatory, also three apartment entrance doors 11A, 1 IE, 1 IT provided. If the door does not have 1 IT, the corridor can be reduced by about 1,50m to point U. The entrance door 11 A is located directly next to the core outer wall 5dA. The corner 5al thus belongs to the corresponding residential unit, but although the elevator 2a drives along this corner, the thicker core wall at the same time ensures good soundproofing.

The room entrance door 1 IT is not immediately adjacent to the portion 5dT of the core, but is separated therefrom by a MEP tray assembly 9e, 9f. In the duct 9e, electric wires such as power, antenna cables, data, telecommunication and so forth are routed. In the shaft 9f are lines for hot water, cold water, gray water, rainwater from Baikon and roof, sprinklers and so on. Preferably, conditioned room air is generated decentrally and therefore does not require a vertical supply line.

The two supply shafts 9e, 9f are arranged one behind the other, so that the shaft 9e can be reached through the shaft 9f. It will be appreciated that the training as a walk-in shaft can be configured so that a conventional fireproof ceiling is provided in the shaft 9 e and through this the corresponding lines are routed fire-cut in released areas. The separation between the shafts 9f / 9e can be ensured by a sufficiently fire-resistant wall or sufficiently fire-resistant door as required. The series arrangement of the two shafts with

The walk-through, nearer-to-the-corrugated shaft has the advantage that only one side of the corridor, here 5dT, has to be provided with a shaft, which minimizes the disruption of residential units through engineering shafts and long access corridors. On the whole, this makes it possible to reduce the area required for the general supply and to strike a larger proportion of the floor area into the residential units. At the same time, the corridor can be shortened, at least in those floors where on the side 5d of the MEP double shaft arrangement only two units have to be reached from the corridor. This is advantageous because it avoids visually unpleasant, elongated corridors. From the corridor leads opposite the stairwell entrance doors a double door assembly 12 of 2 doors 12a, 12b, cf. Figure 6, in the elevator svorraum 12c, from the section shown all three elevators are accessible, see. It can be seen that the third elevator 2c is arranged closer to the first elevator 2a than to the fire brigade elevator 2b. The reason for this, in turn, is to increase the distances from the firefighter access door to other entrances. This is useful if a national standard stipulates that these distances should be kept to a certain minimum. The distances indicated in Fig. 6, but not required to be complied with by all national or regional building standards, do not result in corresponding restrictions in other countries. Where the corresponding restriction is uncritical or different or dispensed with, there are further possibilities. These will be described with reference to further figures. As mentioned above, according to MHHR 3m are required (see arrow PI). The same applies to the distance according to arrow P2. The doors 12a, 12b are both open in normal operation, for which they can strike the corresponding corridor wall. A closing control ensures that in case of fire, the door 12b is moved to its closed position, so that there are the necessary distances from the door to the firefighters lift.

The elevator antechamber 12c is flowed over the compressed air shaft 9d and the shaft of the fire brigade elevator 2b via suitable passage openings. The compressed air thus supplied can also flow out via the corridor ventilation and the associated shaft 9c in the event of a possibly open door 12a.

As can be seen from the figures and in particular from FIGS. 7a and 7b, large parts of the described domestic engineering arrangements are located so close to the shaft that they lie around the center 5z within the outer circle of the core shaft. This is advantageous because on the one hand the planning of the residential units is at most slightly impaired, which is particularly important in twisted high-rise buildings, in which the core is different relative to the outer facade from floor to floor, of importance; On the other hand, the planning is variable enough to be able to re-plan without changing the static properties. This avoids the otherwise according to local knowledge in all of the approximately 20 worldwide previously built twisted high-rise buildings arranged uneconomic, because round cores with their mostly also also fully encircling development corridors.

The supply of dwelling units with electricity and water, conditioned air, etc. takes place from outside the core, so that the number of core breaks and other disturbances of the core is reduced; the core must have openings only for the air supply of the fire shaft every few floors, as well as for the corridor passages and for the MEP supply of the core interior and the opposite floor side. But there are at most six breakthroughs in the high thrust loaded Lintel Beams required and these are also regularly limited to 100mm. Thus, regardless of the compact form, a particularly favorable, easily changed core shape design is proposed during planning. The examination of the necessary dimensions shows that the core can be realized as a square core on a base area of approximately 8.7 mx 8.7 m. The stability of the core is, even by the low disturbances, so high that at the given high-rise heights of z. B. 170 m and additional load-bearing columns with little effort Outrigger- wall thicknesses for the core of only 45 cm at least low reinforcement are necessary. Although this is more than necessary for the fire resistance of 3 hours, but given the buildings in the said height and preferred spans of z. B. 24 mx 24 m given loads very low. The accordingly achievable area efficiency is high. The building efficiency is, as already stated, among others, characterized by the number of available elevators and the comfort requirements, in particular with regard to waiting times during load peaks depending on comfort expectations in the upper tower area. By only 3 elevators are used in the three shafts, one of which is preferably not up to the highest floors, but typically serves about only the lower floor third, an additional vestibule is unnecessary and the useful overall height increased. Despite short corridors, up to 6 residential units can be accessed from a single-axis corridor, whereby, as shown, additional residential units can be accessed via the elevator vestibule.

As far as the actual dimensions are concerned, although in many cases only 1.20 m width is required per flight of stairs and vestibule, it is readily possible and desirable for reasons of design and to facilitate the use of buildings by the disabled, for the corridor a width of 1, Provide 50 m, which is possible in the present case. It is assumed that the disabled will be rescued via the fire brigade elevator and not via the staircase. Wider stairs to the Disability Rescue but are feasible. Incidentally, it is possible to provide a positive pressure fan in the building, which, for comparatively small ducts, can supply air to e.g. can suck in from opposite façade sides and feed into the vertical shaft. It can be assumed that at least one façade side remains smoke-free in case of fire.

The firefighter's hoist can be chosen with a capacity between 1.0 t - 2 t and can be provided for speeds between 4 - 7 m / s. Typical are about 1.5 t and 5 m / sec. Thus, the manhole dimensions are typically around 2.5 mx 3 m, or 2.0 mx 2.70 m, for inner wall thicknesses typically around 25 cm, the thickness of which must be at least partially resisted by the fire resistance of 90-120 minutes , is determined. At 50 residential floors and 3.20m from ceiling to ceiling, the described 3 elevators reach their comfort limits with an average of 2.3 persons per apartment and 4 apartments per floor with 52 seconds average waiting time and an HC5 of 8% in the prevailing morning rush hour (85 % outgoing traffic, 2 to 3 apartments per floor in the upper third, 4 apartments in the middle third and 6 apartments in the lower third). It can be shown that with only 2 people per floor, the expected waiting time drops to an already more comfortable 46 seconds, if a firefighting lift with 1,600 kg and 5 m / sec is used, a second elevator is provided, which is also in the core up to the very top traveling with and carrying up to 1,000 kg at 5 m / sec, and a third elevator with 2 m / sec and 1,000 kg for the lower 11 residential floors is provided and if these elevators destination dispatching (Destination Dispatch) is provided. It should be mentioned that a learning control software can lead to further reductions of about 3-4 seconds. In addition, it should be noted that for the simulation, an acceleration of only 1 m / sec 2 is not chosen very high and thus there is further potential of 1 to 2 seconds for the shortening of the waiting time. The elevators are single elevators. It can be seen, however, that the 40-45 seconds classified as "satisfactory" by CIBSE Guide B 2015 are in any case already achieved with single elevators and the range "good" can be reached at least marginally with 30-40 seconds.

The described arrangement uses optimal nesting, and in particular the arrangement of parts of the building services on the outside core optimally available core area, although both in the elevator lobby, as to pass through the corridor as well as in terms of corridor length results in a visually appealing design and the area efficiency is particularly high.

Since MEP shafts do not have to have openings through the solid core walls to supply the individual floors, there is both dimensional optimization, which does not have to take any account of static repercussions on the main supporting core, and easy re-planability even in late planning phases allows.

The decentralized ventilation concept described is particularly advantageous insofar as it is necessary to work with only one mechanic shaft and at the same time the breakthroughs in the door lintels can be limited to 100 mm. This leads to door lintels without push-bearing massive steel components and without thickening the width compared to the already thin walls. However, since the essential elements of the building services are accessible from the corridor, the maintenance is particularly simplified and thus the maintenance cheaper. To reach the core only from the apartments through inspection openings are still some of the sewers and / or rainwater pipes form.

It should be mentioned that variants are readily possible. Thus, e.g. at notched skyscrapers as shown in Fig. 1, optionally provided along the notch additional elevator or a hoist winch are provided and during the construction phase, a construction crane. Namely, the notch will typically be generally perpendicular and thus also fixed relative to the core. With one or more elevators along the notch, either lower floors, e.g. for office use, to be developed and / or express lifts, for instance to premium apartments on the top floors. It should be noted that the elevators may possibly even be arranged within a shaft, which in turn runs along the notch; but guiding in shafts is not mandatory.

The core shown has the advantage that on its basis adjustments can be made quickly and easily not only during later phases of a building design, but also once designed buildings can be modified with little effort to build in other countries. It can be responded to local variations of safety regulations particularly well.

Thus, Fig. 11 shows that in a country such as Switzerland, where the lock-like staircase vestibule may be made shorter than in Germany, the space won, for example, can be used to pass a portion of the MEP supply lines through the core, as exemplified for electrical lines and for depressurizing the corridor (center).

In addition, there are countries in which escape staircases do not have to have anterooms. The planned in the above-described core line forecourt forced ventilation - anteroom deleted there. The core can thereby be made smaller overall; In order to achieve greater stability in the lower part of higher buildings, if required according to a selected building height, the wall thickness of the core outer walls could be increased.

However, the modifications of the above core variant are easy and quick to carry out. Fig. 12a shows such a modification for Anglo-Saxon countries in which the escape staircases need not have antechambers. The planned in the above-described core line forecourt forced ventilation antechamber deleted there. The core can be trained together with smaller; In order to achieve greater stability in the lower part of higher buildings, if required according to a selected building height, the wall thickness of the core outer walls could be increased.

That for cores advantageous and preferably stiffening measures - massive walls for the third (and possibly also one or more other) elevator shaft, possibly in conjunction with continuation of the guided perpendicular to the core outer wall walls of the third elevator shaft to the inside through reinforced in-situ concrete walls of the two other shafts - even with slightly larger cores, which have Treppenhausvoräume are possible, should be mentioned.

In addition, where the building is quite high, the considerable forces that occur just near the building fuss near the high buildings can easily be taken into account even in the case of the modification. This is shown in Fig. 12b. FIG. 12b shows a reduced core with a third elevator opening into the core. This third elevator night is, what can be realized problem-free, formed in the shaft cross-section so that it carries static. Likewise, in those floors up to which the third elevator is provided, the inner walls for the other two elevator shafts are also formed in in-situ concrete. These core inner walls are here in extension of the shaft walls of the third elevator shaft.

FIG. 13a shows a detail of a core, as shown in cross-section in FIG. 2b by way of example. In this variant, a larger fire brigade elevator and a small passenger elevator with a common vestibule, which is separated by a double door from the corridor, provided on a core side.

FIG. 13b shows a corresponding core, wherein "piggyback" is arranged at the core with a third elevator in the same elevator vestibule, which does not otherwise have to serve the entire height of the high-rise.

Figure 13c shows a comparable detail of a core on which "piggyback" two elevators are provided, both having passages to the elevator lobby provided for the firefighter elevator and the core elevator for both elevator doors are typically reinforced at the elevator doors each by a reinforced, rigid crashes between and / or arranged parallel to the passage reinforcements to avoid excessive weakening of the core at the Lintel-beams of the openings.

The rigid support D should be> 80 cm wide and preferably> 1 m. Figure 13d shows the arrangement of three elevators side by side, which open together from a core outside in the same antechamber. The individual passages are separated from each other, the intermediate rigid support D and the falls are heavily reinforced. In order to make room for these three juxtaposed and opening into the vestibule lifts, previously provided in the interior of the core, still the still inner core arranged firefighter elevator opposite smaller elevator is also moved to the outside of the core. The passage of this elevator in the elevator vestibule takes place if possible a little offset away from the corridor, so that there is no significant structural weakening, so that the entire core regardless of the plurality in the common antechamber opening, but arranged outside the actual core elevator shafts not structurally is significantly weakened.

This also applies if, as in FIG. 13e, the fire-fighter elevator is displaced into a separate shaft outside the core and, in turn, via a passage leading into the core, opens into an entrance hall common to all elevators. Due to the higher degree of detailing, it is easier to see how the core wall for the elevator development is broken through for this construction.

FIG. 13f provides an even larger waiting room with an arrangement that is expanded by two elevators compared to FIG. 13e. This is particularly advantageous in office buildings, where particularly large flows of people can be expected. It should be noted that with such a large number of elevators, a destination code is particularly advantageous. For this purpose, one or more elevators - in FIG. 13f: two - elevators are now arranged on the staircase side corridor side. Incidentally, instead of the arrangement according to FIGS. 13-e, an arrangement according to FIGS. 13 a to 1 d can also be chosen in any combination as a basis.

It is advantageous in the described arrangements that regardless of the number of elevators all elevators use the same elevator lobby, so that the elevators are together in the field of view of the waiting and thus are very clear to use. Incidentally, where zoning is to take place, it is possible that a core wall opening is not provided on each floor for each elevator. This increases the core stability.

It is also advantageous for all variants shown that in the area of the elevator vestibule a wide opening via double doors, sliding doors or the like between the elevator vestibule and the corridor is possible, which not only visually enlarges the elevator vestibule, but also offers more space in real terms. This is particularly advantageous on the ground floor, where particularly large flows of people are to be expected, as in Skylobbys if necessary. It is otherwise mentions that possibly (with a different arrangement of the counterweights than drawn) just in Skylobbys or on the ground floor two-sided opening elevators may be advantageous to separate the streams of passengers ascent from the passengers alighting. That in addition to the double wing doors shown other wide-opening doors are used, for example, sliding doors should be mentioned. In addition, just in the ground floor, the space of the vestibule can be further enlarged by the space of the two staircase antechambers, since no staircase anterooms are needed on the ground floor smoke-free escape routes, and thus exist on the ground floor other ways of stair access design.

The resulting by the outsourcing of the fire brigade elevator, or in the two-seat variant in the core opposite passenger elevator from within the core to the outside of the core with still in the same vestibule opening resulting extension of the corridor will be incidentally regularly uncritical, especially for office buildings and / or buildings with a significantly longer edge, in particular not twisted buildings, since larger corridors are regularly recommended for the larger number of people, so that the longer corridor is also generous.

It should be noted that the layouts with different elevators with minimal loss of rental space in still compact skyscrapers make a variety of use units of all kinds explicable. Figure 14a shows how four residential units can be developed on a corridor side and it will be appreciated that given the core dimensions given, the corresponding associated, especially near-core, apartments will still be of sufficient size, particularly where shown between the two Doors on a corridor side provided wall is not performed in direct continuation straight on the facade.

Fig. 14b shows how on a corridor end with the least additional space required also four apartments can be developed with a substantially straight-line corridor.

Fig. 14c shows, as in the four-elevation variant of Fig. 13c, above the area in which the fourth elevator (ie the second "piggyback" on the core outer wall guided elevator ends), a short corridor opening two apartments or units of use can be arranged with pressure relief E It is possible to protect this short corridor with a door against the elevator svorraum, which may be necessary for fire protection reasons. This reinforcement by the third elevator shaft and the associated (inner) walls is advantageous. On the one hand, torsional moments of direct load are critical in a high-rise building, on the other hand, the forces caused by wind on the building must be taken into account. The moments of torsional momentum increase linearly downwards, ie to the base of the building, while the forces increase quadratically due to wind downwards. The respective absolute values of the forces also increase in each case depending on the tower height.

Given the increase in torsional and wind forces downwards, particularly large forces thus appear in the lower building area, ie where a third elevator makes sense in high buildings anyway. Thus, exactly where the particularly high loads occur, starting from the initially proposed above core concept, a particularly high stability can be achieved. If at least a third elevator - which is then preferred - leads approximately to the level of the lower quarter, then about ³ Å of the torsional and V2 wind-related forces are taken into account.

Incidentally, in such further downsized staircase vestibule-free cores, it is preferable to further lower the lease span, i. the floor sizes by e.g. It is important to mention that it is about half a meter to reduce the financing volume at comparable space efficiency. As can be seen from the above, this leads to well-usable floor plans even in tattered skyscrapers.

That the stiffening vorraumfreie cores advantageous and preferred stiffening measure massive walls for the third elevator shaft, possibly in conjunction with continuation of the guided perpendicular to the core outer wall walls of the third elevator shaft to the inside by reinforced in-situ concrete walls of the other two shafts - even with slightly larger cores, the staircase trees have, is possible, should be mentioned.

The additional costs due to the additional stiffening are also low, because on the one hand, the additional material costs are low and on the other hand, only a little time is additionally required to concretise the stiffening structures.

It should be noted, moreover, in this context, that even a high-rise building with at least one generally quadrangular core and a multiplicity of floors accessible via three elevators with entrance to the core including a fire-fighter elevator and two separate forced-ventilated staircases is considered separately protectable is, if it is characterized in that at two, adjacent to a first inner core inside corners inside the core each one elevator is arranged including the fire brigade elevator, long of the opposite core inside the staircases are nested together and between stairwells and elevators a corridor runs.

It is also considered to be particularly protectable if at least a third elevator is provided for at least a part of the floors, whereby at least three elevators preferably lead into the same vestibule on certain floors and this third elevator has a shaft which adjoins one Core outer wall borders, which is broken for the elevator access. It is particularly preferred if at least part of the height, in particular to at least a quarter of the height of the building, at least the shaft walls are concreted, particularly preferably in continuation of the then likewise preferably concreted elevator door side shaft walls of the other two elevator shafts, so as one To achieve stiffening and / or reinforcement of the building, which is particularly preferred for buildings with heights over 110m, especially over 120m, and even greater benefits when the buildings are over 140m high, especially when the buildings are twisted.

The filing of divisional applications and / or the formulation of independent claims directed thereto remains reserved. It will be appreciated that advantageous embodiments are also defined for the advantageous advantageous "Anglo-Saxon" core as defined in the applicable subclaims and / or disclosed above.

Thus, inter alia, it may be provided that the skyscraper is a residential skyscraper, preferably a residential skyscraper with a uniaxial corridor for the main development of e.g. up to eight, preferring only up to six apartments on a variety of floors in extension of the, between the stairwell area and the elevators run, straight corridor.

It is also possible for the multiplicity of floors to comprise at least 35, particularly preferably at least 45, more preferably not more than 55, more preferably not more than 60 tiers above the core, preferably at least 40 tiers with a clearance between 2.55 m and 3.1 m, and / or wherein the skyscraper has a total height of at least 100 m, preferably at least 150 m, particularly preferably at least 160 m, and preferably not more than 200 m up to the upper edge of the highest living floor cover and / or a slenderness of at least 10, in particular at least 15, preferably at least 17, in particular at least 18, and / or wherein in a plurality of floors above 25 m above ground, the (minimum) extent of an outer surface through the core center on the opposite outer surface not more than 28 m, preferably not more than 27.5 m, particularly preferably between 25 m and 27.5 m, with even the tre penthouse antechamber-free core with shaft-wall-reinforced core, eg third ten, or fourth elevator up to at least 25% of the height is preferred in league spans even under the above, that is about from 24.5m to 26.5m; it is possible and preferred if the generally quadrangular core is at least approximately square, and / or that provided for the staircases ventilation s shafts in core inner corners, that the two inner side provided, arranged with facing doors facing a common vestibule is assigned and preferably between this and the corridor, a double door is arranged, of which the fire brigade closer, preferably automatically locked in case of fire.

Furthermore, in the separately claimable invention, a multiplicity of building services lines and / or shafts may be provided outside the core, which are preferably parallel to and along an outer core wall, more preferably at least substantially, preferably at least 75%, of the cross-sectional area. more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% of their

Cross-sectional area within a circumference around the entire core cross-section, preferably within the circumference around a core having a generally square cross-section, preferably the Haustechnikschächte comprise at least one and preferably all of vent bay for the smoke venting of the corridor, Feuerwehraufzug- air shaft, sewers, mechanics shaft and electric shaft, and / or wherein the core outer wall side a shaft arrangement for mechanical and electrical supply of the floors is provided, the mechanics shaft is opened from the beyond the core outer wall extending corridor and the electric shaft through the vertically open, preferably passable mechanics shaft accessible via a stage is.

It should also be mentioned that other variants are possible, which concerns in particular the arrangement of elevators. This will be described later. Even when it comes to a tattered skyscraper, with a corresponding core a multiplicity of bypass corridor-free floors can be developed, in particular at least 10, preferably 25, in particular preferably at least 30 floors, which are free from a corridor free of the core, whereby preferred Housing units are provided in a bypass corridor-free floor, which have a plurality of separate room units, some of which are provided for the installation of furniture with a minimum size of 2 x 1 m, preferably at least 2 x 2 m, and smaller utility areas are provided in in which no furniture of said size is required, in particular guest toilets, storage rooms, pantry and cloakrooms, and wherein the housing units are led to the facade, the room units provided for large furniture close to the façade with generally vertically away from the facade walls, preferably with walls, the with a length of at least 3 m, preferably at least 3.5 m, preferably 4 m, max. 5 m away from the facade, and where near the corridors and the large-scale furniture requiring room units are arranged. The number of accessible floors increases visibly with the number of serving elevators.

It should be noted that a twisted high-rise building, in particular when it is built with the third or fourth elevator shaft reinforced at least to about 25% of its height, may preferably have supports for relieving the core within the apartments, and in particular - as when using the other one Kerns with Treppenhausvorräumen also - the use in a twisted high-rise building is then particularly preferred if it has at least two groups of opposing columns, as described in the applicant's co-pending application. This parallel application is fully incorporated for disclosure purposes.

It has already been mentioned above that the structure of the core is not only compact, but also structurally simple. This should be done, with the view of the statics, to which the following is now revealed:

In Fig. 15 a is shown by way of example a reinforcement for a core wall, in a 175 m high twisted - and otherwise with opposing supports as disclosed in the not yet disclosed, pending application of the present inventor - dwelling house, near the corners and near the passage, the reinforcement rods are covered with brackets. Parallel to the corridor breakthrough, a zone of intensive reinforcement with 28 mm steel bars near the breakthrough and a little further 12 mm minimum reinforcement are planned. These run along the passage forming columns. It should be noted that primarily the thrust may be more static critical. Also reinforced is the passage lintel (Lintel-B eam), as shown in Fig. 15b can be seen. It can be 50 mm steel sheet (B) provided as a double-T-beam in the fall, which in the present example, however, just unnecessary and generally undesirable, because this is bauablaufbehindernd. That otherwise conventional sagging bending reinforcement Bew-B is provided in the ground and in addition, for example, several layers 28 mm rods can be provided above the lintel, it should be mentioned. Fig. 15c shows that the reinforcement in the fall can be arranged so that between groups of, for example, four rods with diameters of 12mm at a distance of 50mm, which serve for reinforcement, respectively

Passage openings of 100mm are provided. In turn, through these openings can be easily routed lines, both cables and pipes. The

Passage opening can already be provided during concrete pouring, so that their position is exactly defined. As far as the statics are concerned, outrigger have already been mentioned. FIG. 16 shows how an outrigger is provided approximately centrally in a skyscraper with 51 floors can. The bending reinforcement is determined by the offset of wind or torsional thrust and increases linearly with the size of the passage opening, as well as with the tower height, which act in the tower base the greater forces, the higher the tower. It will also be clear how the composite of the ceiling (deck) increases the load capacity. It is clear how critical the thrust-bearing capacity of the Lintel beam, which was cut down by domestic engineering breakthroughs per se, is. The supporting residual area still available for the shear capacity is marked hatched (Q-Sch).

According to FIG. 16, an outrigger is arranged at a medium height, the latter extending diagonally inwards toward the core from supports arranged further out in the building. In twisted high-rise buildings with several groups in opposite directions from floor to floor arranged circumferentially as known from the not yet disclosed property rights of the applicant, the Outrigger can e.g. from supports of the inner group to the core.

Generally, the preferred outrigger only travels down to the core, in particular to a corner of the core, with one diagonal per support; In particular, the diagonal runs in each case in a core wall plane. There is also an anchoring bar below the 3rd floor. In this case, from the point of application of the diagonal to the support, an upper-belt reinforcement in the floor slab leads to the core. The reinforcement of the diagonal preferably runs in the plane in which the core wall is located.

Within the diagonal strut, which is to extend over several floors, a sufficient reinforcement is provided, cf. FIG. 17. Due to the time-dependent differential deformations between supports and core (differential shortening), the statically indeterminate outrigger system in the concreting gap LU does not become late, eg closed at the end of construction.

At the impact point of the diagonal on the core and at the point of impact of the parallel to the core wall in the floor ceiling guided further reinforcement and on the supports suitable anchorages for the reinforcement are available. A corresponding anchor bar A-Balk is shown in FIG. 17 in the plane of the core wall.

Incidentally, passages 17Dul- 17Du4 remain free on the floors next to the diagonals, which may even allow the use of the floor space even to living space or office space.

Where there is a rotation of the floors, then the initial orientation of the floor area to the core and the rotation of the supports of the inner group relative to the core are chosen that at the desired height of the outriggers, the columns, from which the diagonals are to be guided onto the core, lie as exactly as possible in extension of the walls of the core, so that also arranged in the corresponding floor ceiling reinforcement from the core corners to the columns in extension of the core walls which increases the stability with otherwise identical design compared to other orientations. This is advantageous because otherwise already small deflection angle of Outriggerbewehrungen out of the Outriggerebene out at the many hundreds of tons or even thousands of tons of excessive forces and thus immediately to extremely complex structures, such as ring beams, around the core circumferential collar in the order of square meters component Cross sectional area, etc. lead.

The Outrigger arrangement needs to be guided diagonally down to the core with a thickness of only about 45 cm over three floors. It should be noted that per se shorter diagonals, for example, could be implemented over only two floors, but at least in the high-rise here exemplified by the "outrigger" walls should be up to about 1 m thick Walls, however, remain thin with only 45cm.It is regarded as particularly advantageous in high-rise buildings, which are provided in the face of expected wind loads or the like with "outriggers" and possibly even twisted and in which possibly even more columns groups with at least two rotating against each other, ie are provided in opposite directions around the building winding props to withdraw a diagonal construction over more than two floors, preferably not more than five floors, especially three floors to the core.

The preferred variant with a square core, square base floors, a span of up to 27.5 m and eight inner columns allow for diagonals extending over three floors to provide an extremely small and slender core with a reinforcement, which above the Outrigger and over many floors also below the same 0.6% minimum reinforcement as the core wall surface reinforcement must not exceed in the case of core wall thicknesses, which are otherwise virtually inferior in high-rise construction. These unusually low degrees of reinforcement are shown in FIG. 16. This is extremely low especially for skyscrapers with twisted and / or slender and / or compact geometry.

It is an excellent stiffening by the preferred to be outrigger - arrangements, which are still statically light and space efficient, achieved, even if it should be emphasized at the same time that conventional "outrigger" - constructions would also be used in prestressed concrete or steel. Comparative calculations show that the wall thicknesses at the core base without the arrangement of outriggers mainly for reasons of exceeding the voltage at about 130m tower height would have to double. With Outrigger, significant changes can also be achieved at the core foot. In addition, as the Outrigger is able to absorb torsional moments at the height of the outriggers, it significantly increases the robustness and safety of this very slender structure.

It should be mentioned, moreover, that such outrigger not only advantageous in square or nearly square building sections, but also in elongated buildings.

In these columns must be provided to further support the floor slabs in the rule, as indicated in Figure 18. Of these columns, diagonals can be guided onto the core, in particular the core corners, parallel to the core walls, again preferably over three projectiles and with suitable reinforcement.

The building shown in FIG. 18 may have, for example, a 55m x 25m footprint, which may be considered as a reasonable maximum for residential buildings or 60m x 35m footprint for office buildings, preferably providing stabilizing panes preferably parallel to the core such that the Corridors lead vertically through them and on which also outrigger diagonals are guided.

It should be noted that, despite the compact core, a stability is achieved with the illustrated outline, the system heights of 250-300 m, but possibly with additional effort, allows.

Elongated buildings can be made highly efficient by exploiting the principles described here for the core. Efficiencies of 87% for NLA / GLA (net leasable area / large leasable area) for office buildings with a floor area of 60m X 35m or 86% for residential buildings with floor areas of 55m X 25m can be realized.

In addition to the above variations of the various elevators, a more detailed drawing is shown for a core having two elevators arranged on the core and opening into the same elevator vestibule in FIG.

In the exemplary embodiment shown, it is assumed that staircase vestibules which do not require forced ventilation, so that the existing space between the staircase antechambers space can be used for a MEP slot. The elevators preferably have two doors opening in different directions. FIG. 20 shows a ground floor plan for the building, of which a higher floor with four elevators is shown in FIG. 19 (but in FIG. 19 the elevator counterweights would be arranged differently if access to the "piggyback lifts" It can be seen that such an arrangement, especially on the ground floor, allows different directions for access to and exit from the elevators, ie persons waiting for elevators from the persons exiting the elevators through more than one door in the elevator It should be noted that, although the arrows are drawn, which can take the streams of people, but that the corresponding wall openings, etc. are not shown for reasons of clarity.However, it can be seen that the elevator vestibule thus formed is much more spacious.

In the elevator vestibule it comes so just on the critical ground floor, in which larger user flows are expected to less crowds. According to CIBSE-D, 85% of people arrive from the top every morning and 15% drive up from the ground floor. The ground floor is crowded with as many people as in the rest of the tower, 50 times as many as 50 floors. Separate flows of people can also be realized in skylobbies. In addition, just in the ground floor, the space of the vestibule be further enlarged by the space of the two staircase anterooms, since no more staircase anterooms are needed to smoke-free escape routes on the ground floor, and thus exist on the ground floor other ways of stair access design. Typically, the staircase anterooms on the ground floor then lead directly into the open.

Figure 21 shows, moreover, that the doors of the outside arranged along the core wall elevators need not be provided with centrally arranged to the cabin doors, but preferably the axes Kab and t are offset as shown in order to achieve the widest possible dimension St of the rigid center strut , For two elevator doors and the middle support, often no more than 3m will be available. With desired elevator treads of> = 90cm, the offset between the axes Kab and t shown is advantageous because it allows the statically desired flexural rigidity of the support to be more easily achieved by virtue of its width of over 80 cm and better around or over 100 cm width. It is also clear that the length V-total without the rigid support would represent a very weak Lintel beam, which is why usually also an additional reinforcement is provided here, typically up to the constructive still installable maximum reinforcement.

FIGS. 22 and 23 show floor plans of twisted high-rise buildings with a core designed according to the invention, but the facades do not comprise an exact square, but a rectangular shape deviating therefrom. It is understood that the illustrated floor above the Ground floor is arranged and shows the development of the floor space of a straight, running through the core corridor from. It will be appreciated that the useful area shown will be divided by suitable partitions in different housing units, which in turn must be accessible via separate entrance doors.

In this case, a floor plan of a twisted high-rise building is shown in Fig. 22, wherein according to floor plan an area within the facade of 25m x 30m is included and only along the two 30m long facade sides balconies are arranged. In these balconies, as shown, a notch which emphasizes the building torsion can be provided. It will be understood that the outer corner supports in the plan view of Fig. 22 are offset from floor to floor in the same sense of rotation as the building floor, while the inner columns forming a second group oppose for the reasons mentioned in the copending application This rotation will run, which will also lead to an arrangement generally on an ellipse at desired facade Faßadaher arrangement of these supports. A close to the facade arrangement of the supports and thus an ellipse instead of a circular shape of the inner supports ensures that the critical deformations of the facade line remain as low as possible. The facade is particularly sensitive to movement.

That - as shown - exactly twice as many inner supports as corner supports are provided, is advantageous, but not mandatory.

The plan view shown in Figure 23 corresponds to that of Figure 22 largely, but it will be slightly larger spans realized at the same balcony widths. Thus, the usability of the floor surfaces is improved insofar as the total area is divisible into a larger number of for residential purposes as sufficiently large and sensibly cut units. In addition, the distances between the façade and the inner walls, which are particularly far away from it, remain so short that a slightly reduced incidence of light compared with smaller-sized buildings remains easily acceptable.

The larger number of dwellings made possible by the two floor plan variants of FIGS. 22 and 23 is self-explanatory, even in relatively unfavorably rotated floors (as shown) with preferably short corridors out of a compact core exemplary arrangement of possible entrance doors shows. The arrangement of the doors illustrates that the plan requires only an area-efficient linear corridor that does not have to run around the core to access a variety of residential units. While retaining the many advantages of the core, another variant with fewer balconies is thus possible, in which, with only a slightly longer corridor, significantly more residential units can be developed, which makes it possible to offer smaller housing units. Thus, according to the number of indicated apartment doors with 25x30m floor plan 11 to 12 residential units would be well feasible, which corresponds to an average of 63 m2 per apartment. A rather square floor plan as shown in other embodiments has on 24mx24m ground plan advantage, however, if only 6 to 7 apartments per floor to be realized, so rather apartments with around 83m3 average size.

It should be pointed out that high net / gross area efficiency is also achieved by creating living space at the expense of the balconies. An appropriate floor plan will be particularly interesting for hotels or offices, as they usually do not want so many balconies. (That would be possible instead of residential units possibly also appropriate offices or hotel rooms, is therefore reasonable). It is also mentioned in this context that it is preferable for both apartments and hotels not to increase the lease span beyond about 9 to 10 meters. The residential units which can be developed with the corridor arrangement described even have dimensions for the floor plan with a larger area, which result in a very good illumination even in areas of the housing units remote from the façade.

In view of the high housing costs in the high-rise building, the possibilities according to FIGS. 22 and 23 of making apartments rather smaller are often preferred. Although here an increased net / gross area efficiency was achieved by the fact that living space was created almost at the expense of a balcony, remains the optically advantageous way to maintain a square outer contour, and it is even possible, if an optically effective notch in the yes always two more balconies is planned to realize a particularly impressive by this measure building. With the described core buildings can thus be realized in many variants.

It should be mentioned, moreover, that although the interpretation of the twisted building with square or rectangular floor plan with only about not more than 25% diverging side lengths of the rectangle is already advantageous because - especially with the preferred compact core - a particularly good and Usable with only small surface losses Nutzfläche results, but that the principles of the invention and the advantages of the compact core arise even in buildings with floors formed by polygons generally and / or in buildings where differently shaped from floor to floor and / or differently dimensioned Floor plans are used. It will be apparent from the foregoing that a parallel arrangement of elevator lobby, nested staircase and corridor opens up large variations in terms of building use and size despite space-saving core design and excellent static properties.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that the so-called nested Scherentreppenhäuser are zwewohnäufig, the access to the staircases to podiums between the staircases occurs close to the core and between the two nested staircases instead of a stair eye a staircase walls separating is provided, preferably in swing the staircase leading doors into staircases.

It will be clear from the above that in residential construction, the storey heights will be from about 2.8m, but a storey height preferably over 3m, more preferably between 3.2 m and max. 3.4 m. This is ideal in terms of the number of stages, the necessary length of the elevator vestibules, etc., especially in residential buildings, to adapt the corresponding mass chains to each other.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that according to certain safety regulations the vestibules will be associated with vestibules, in particular with on each floor above the ground floor a separate access for the separate development of each staircase.

It will be clear from the above that the skyscraper offers special advantages from a height of about 60 m, because typically from this height a second independent escape escape escalator is required, and that it is further preferred if the skyscraper from 100 m 130 m, because then further benefits are obtained by the combination with the Outrigger, the thin walls or the given possibilities for elevator sanitation. Preference will also skyscrapers below 240 m, more preferably below 200 m.

Disclosed thus, inter alia, but not limited to, is a skyscraper having at least one generally quadrangular core and a plurality of floors containing up to three elevators with entrance to the core including a firefighter elevator and two separate separately ventilated staircases with separate, preferably separate Ventilation ventilated anterooms are accessible, it being provided that at two, adjacent to a first inner side inside corners inside the core each one elevator including the fire brigade elevator is arranged along the opposite inner side of the staircases are nested together, their associated vestibules suftüftungs by their compulsion Manholes are separated, with staircase vestibules and preferably also Forced ventilation shafts are also in the core, and that between staircase anterooms and elevators a corridor is provided, which leads from the core to the floors.

Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, advantageously being further provided that it is a residential skyscraper, preferably a residential skyscraper with a uniaxial hallway of up to six major openings Apartments on a variety of floors in extension of the, between the staircase-anterooms and the elevators led, straight corridor.

Further disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, wherein it is advantageously provided that a third elevator is arranged outside the core, preferably with one in the antechamber for the im Inner inner guided fire-brigade lift and inside the second inner elevator guided second door, particularly preferably offset laterally away from the fire brigade door, and / or with a lying below the attic height, preferably with above the maximum height of the third elevator from the elevator lobby via an additional auxiliary corridor developed housing units , wherein in at least one floor at least one, preferably at least two housing units are opened from the auxiliary corridor and this auxiliary corridor is substantially rectilinear.

Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above as disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, wherein it is advantageously or further advantageously provided that the multiplicity of floors is at least 35, particularly preferably at least 45, more preferably not more than 55, more preferably not more than 60 has tapped over the core floors, preferably at least 40 floors with a clear room height between 2.55 m and 3.1 m, and / or wherein the high-rise building has a total height of at least 100 m, preferably at least 150 m , particularly preferably at least 160 m, and preferably not more than 200 m up to the upper edge of the highest living floor cover and / or has a slenderness of at least 10, in particular at least 15, preferably at least 17, in particular at least 18, and / or wherein in a plurality from floors above 25 m above ground, the (minimal) extent of an outer surface through the K center on the opposite outer surface not more than 28 m, preferably not more than 27.5 m, more preferably between 25 m and 27.5 m and / or wherein the generally square core is at least approximately square, preferably with an inner surface, the is covered by the core walls of less than 80 m ² , preferably between 74 m ² and 76 m ² , wherein the wall thicknesses are greater than the thickness required to achieve a prescribed fire resistance. Further disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above as disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, wherein it is advantageously provided further that the ventilation ducts provided for the staircases are arranged in core inner corners, wherein preferably the staircases close by Core wall from the antechambers into the stairwell leading doors are accessible and preferably the antechambers are guided by the core center along the corridor and enterable by doors, which lie next to the shaft for the arranged between the anterooms forecourt compulsion ventilation.

Further disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, wherein advantageous or further advantageous provided that the two inner side provided, arranged with facing doors facing a common vestibule is assigned and Preferably, between this and the corridor, a double door is arranged, of which the fire brigade closer, preferably automatically locked in case of fire.

Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed above as disclosed or disclosed, wherein it is advantageously provided that a plurality of building services lines and / or shafts are provided outside the core, which are preferred are guided parallel to and along a core outer wall are particularly preferably at least substantially, preferably at least 75% of the cross-sectional area, more preferably at least 80, more preferably at least 90% of its cross-sectional area within a radius around the entire core cross-section, preferably within the circumference around a core are arranged with generally square cross-section, wherein preferably the building services shafts comprise at least one and preferably all of ventilation duct for the smoke venting of the corridor, fire-fighters duct, sewers, mechanics shaft and electric shaft.

Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively a high-rise as disclosed above disclosed as disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, is advantageously provided or further advantageous that the core outer wall side a shaft arrangement for mechanical and electrical supply of the floors is provided, the mechanics shaft from above The core outer wall extending out corridor is opened from and the electric shaft through the vertically open, preferably passable mechanics shaft on a stage is entered. Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a twisted high-rise as disclosed above as disclosed, and advantageously provided that it is formed with a generally quadrangular, preferably square core and a plurality of bypass corridor-free floors , in particular at least 10, preferably 25, in particular preferably at least 30, of a corridor free of the core corridor.

Further, disclosed, inter alia, but not exclusively, is a skyscraper as disclosed in the preceding paragraph as disclosed or disclosed as advantageous, wherein it is further advantageously provided that in a corridor-free floor residential units are provided, which have a plurality of separate room units, of which Some are intended for the installation of furniture with a minimum size of 2 x 1 m, preferably at least 2 x 2 m, and wherein smaller utility areas are provided, in which no furniture of said size are needed, especially guest toilets, storage rooms, pantry and cloakrooms and wherein the housing units are led to the facade, wherein the room units provided for large furniture are close to the façade with walls generally perpendicularly away from the façade, preferably with walls having a length of at least 3 m, preferably at least 3.5 m, preferably 4 m, max. 5 m away from the facade, and where near the corridors and the large-scale furniture requiring room units are arranged.

Further, among other things, but not exclusively, a high-rise building according to the preceding claim has been disclosed with supports for core relief within the apartments.

It should also be noted that the mentioned parallel application of the present inventor, which has not yet been disclosed, bears the file number DE 10 2017 202 544.1. To this will be filed at the same time as the present application a priority receiving PCT application, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Claims

1. skyscraper with at least generally square core and a plurality of floors, which are accessible via a variety of elevators and two separate, preferably separately ventilated staircases, characterized in that arranged on one core inside the staircases are interleaved with each other, at the opposite Core side of the elevators are arranged with passage into the interior of the core and provided between elevators and staircases leading out of the core interior corridor.

2. skyscraper according to the preceding claim, characterized in that a lying inside the core, leading into the corridor elevator vestibule is provided, preferably one of several, preferably of all holding in a floor in normal operation lifts from reachable elevator lobby.

3. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stairwells are in pairs, the access to the staircases to podiums between the staircases occurs nuclearseitennah and between the two interlaced staircases instead of a stair eye a staircase walls separating is provided, preferably the in the stairwell leading doors into the stairwell into it.

4. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the floor height from ceiling to ceiling from 2.8 m, preferably between 3.0 m and max. 3.4 m, especially for residential buildings.

5. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the staircases are assigned vestibules, in particular with on each floor above the ground floor a separate access for the separate development of each stairwell.

6. skyscraper according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the access to the antechambers by doors near the center of the core along the corridor er- The doors are preferably separated by forced ventilation shafts for the staircase vestibules, the stairwells and / or the building services installation shafts (MEP shafts).

7. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has a height of from 60 m, preferably from 100 m - 130 m and / or preferably below 240 m, more preferably below 200 m.

8. High-rise building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the core is built without jumps for at least a portion of the floors, preferably at least for that part of the core below a top Outriggers, particularly preferably for at least a portion of the floors below the lowermost Outriggers, further particularly preferably built in the lower core quarter without jump.

9. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one, preferably up to six, in particular preferably two elevators are arranged close to the core outside of the core, preferably with at least one inner firing elevator provided inside.

10. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the corridor width <= 2 m, preferably <= 1.8 m, more preferably <1.7 m, more preferably <= equal to 1.5 m, more preferably in a width of> 0.5 x clear width of the corridor on preferably both of the core leading through openings reinforcements are installed, which are stronger than the minimum reinforcement, preferably the lintel has no supporting steel components and / or is not thicker than the surrounding walls and / or only flabby.

11. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that elevator szutritte for outside of the core near arranged elevators have a width not greater than the corridor width, with separate passages for more than one of the core near the core arranged elevators the next through edges at least 0.5 x the width of the wider passage are spaced, with penetration-through reinforcing rigid supports as reinforcements before supports are preferred> 80 m width, particularly preferably => Im.

12. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is at least on a plurality of floors, in particular more than ten floors, more preferably at least one-third, more preferably at least two-thirds of all floors a building intended for office purposes, preferably the Scherentreppenhaus has an intermediate platform within each flight of stairs in the office floors and / or the floor height is at least 340 cm and / or at least two elevator shafts are close to the core, but arranged outside the core, of which preferably at least one elevator is a twin elevator and / or at least some of Office floors have double floors and / or suspended ceilings and / or provided in planned staircase entrances at least part of the building services installation between respective entrances and / or a sky lobby and / or a ground floor is provided, in which one of at least two elevators on a r away from the core side opens.

13. Residential building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the staircases have up to 18 steps per flight of stairs, preferably not more than 16 steps per flight of stairs and that these flights are free of podium and / or that it is a residential tower with a uniaxial hall Main development of eight, preferably six apartments on a variety of floors in extension of the guided between the staircase vestibules and the elevators, straight corridor is.

14. High-rise building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ventilation ducts provided for the staircases are arranged in core inner corners, wherein preferably the staircases are accessible through near the core wall into the staircase leading doors and preferably guided by antechambers from the core center along the corridor and be entered by doors that lie next to the shaft for the arranged between the antechamber foreclosure forced ventilation and / MEP shaft.

15. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has a height of at least 100 m and is provided with outriggers, which are formed by diagonals extending over at least 2.5 floors, preferably at least three floors, preferably of facades closer struts diagonal to the core and / or parallel to the core arranged reinforcing discs.

16. Procedure for the iterative design of a high-rise building subject to plan changes during the planning phase.

 with square core, a plurality of floors accessible via a plurality of elevators and at least two separate, preferably separately forced-ventilated staircases,

 wherein the high-rise building with structural design, required building services and supply lines is planned for it, which are guided in shafts in the floors, characterized in that first a first version of an electronic plan is generated with a core, arranged on one core inside the staircases interleaved with each other are, preferably with forced ventilation shafts in the core,

 and on the opposite side of the core elevators are provided with passage into the core,

 between elevators and staircases a corridor leading from the interior of the core is provided,

wherein in the first electronic plan areas for MEP Haustechnikschächte (without forced ventilation) are reserved, of which at least a quarter, preferably half, more preferably at least three quarters outside the core, but close to the core, the first version of the first electronic plan stored and at least the data relating to the core outer mass are protected therein, and then at least repeated either

the detailing of the building services is increased and / or the building services planning is changed and the areas reserved for the building services shafts are adapted in response thereto, and a follow-up version of the electronic plan is created with respect to the previous version changed domestic engineering shafts, without the protection of the core outer mass data concerned is canceled or without any change in the outer core mass data is allowed, or

the elevator planning is changed and the number and / or size of the areas reserved for the elevators is changed in response thereto, without changing the data relating to the core outer mass,

wherein to change the number of elevator shafts without changing the core outer mass elevator shafts with passage into the core, but outside the same,

and a follow-up version of the electronic plan is created with respect to the previous version modified elevator shafts, without the protection of the core outer mass related data is canceled or without a change in the core outer mass data is allowed, and stored the follow-up version so stored that it will continue to protect the data relating to the core outer mass.