WO2018149900A1 - Procédé de génération d'un rayonnement électromagnétique présentant un spectre de fréquence comprenant une pluralité de fréquences utiles dans la plage thz ainsi que laser à cascade quantique - Google Patents

Procédé de génération d'un rayonnement électromagnétique présentant un spectre de fréquence comprenant une pluralité de fréquences utiles dans la plage thz ainsi que laser à cascade quantique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018149900A1
WO2018149900A1 PCT/EP2018/053732 EP2018053732W WO2018149900A1 WO 2018149900 A1 WO2018149900 A1 WO 2018149900A1 EP 2018053732 W EP2018053732 W EP 2018053732W WO 2018149900 A1 WO2018149900 A1 WO 2018149900A1
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waves
trigger
frequency
frequencies
cascade laser
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PCT/EP2018/053732
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German (de)
English (en)
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Tobias Fobbe
Nathan Jukam
Sergej Markmann
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Tobias Fobbe
Nathan Jukam
Sergej Markmann
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Publication of WO2018149900A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018149900A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
    • H01S5/1021—Coupled cavities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
    • H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
    • H01S5/1092—Multi-wavelength lasing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for generating an electromagnetic radiation having a plurality of narrow-band useful frequencies having frequency spectrum in the terahertz range (THz range) with a quantum cascade laser in which method simultaneously two narrow-band trigger waves of high intensity in the active medium of the quantum cascade laser are generated the spacing of the frequencies of the trigger waves is chosen so that narrow-band resultant waves with a frequency different from the frequencies of the trigger waves are generated by interaction of the photons of one trigger wave with those of the other trigger wave.
  • the invention further relates to a quantum cascade laser for carrying out this method.
  • Electromagnetic radiation in the THz range is needed for imaging, materials science, pharmaceutical and spectroscopic applications.
  • the frequency range is between 0.1 and 10 - 20 THz.
  • This radiation can, for example, excite the low-frequency modes and is therefore sensitive to rotations of gaseous molecules and to collective vibrations of molecules with large mass and weak bonds.
  • crystalline substances have a substance-specific THz frequency spectrum with discrete frequency bands, so that this radiation is particularly suitable for spectroscopic applications.
  • Such a substance-specific THz frequency spectrum is characterized by an absorption of the THz radiation in certain frequencies. If one wishes to use this for spectroscopic applications, it is necessary to generate an electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency range, which has a sufficient intensity over the frequency range in which a radiation absorption in the substance or mixture to be investigated is to be expected.
  • THz radiation can be generated with quantum cascade lasers. These are compact and can produce THz radiation with a sufficiently high intensity for the above purposes.
  • the disadvantage is that the THz radiation generated by such a laser is only very narrow band, so that only a correspondingly narrowband range of the THz frequency spectrum can be covered with such a laser.
  • Such a laser typically only a single useful frequency or only a few 100 GHz wide frequency range can be provided.
  • Quantum cascade lasers are semiconductor lasers constructed of thin stacked semiconductor layers, called quantum wells, that form electronic quantum wells within the conduction band. Depending on the material properties and the thickness of these semiconductor layers, electromagnetic radiation at the desired frequency can be generated. To achieve the desired intensity, it is necessary to provide a plurality of quantum wells designed to emit at the desired frequency. Typically, a number of tens of quantum wells is needed to achieve the desired intensity.
  • US 2016/0156153 A1 discloses a system or a method for producing THz radiation.
  • the generation of THz radiation based on the difference frequency generation of frequencies from the middle infrared in a quantum cascade laser.
  • this process is not capable of producing intense THz radiation, since non-linear mixing from the mid-infrared region to the THz region is not efficient (Manley-Rowe Relation).
  • the efficiency of generating THz radiation by the above difference frequency generation is limited by that the electromagnetic waves of the middle infrared and the THz range have different propagation velocities; therefore not in phase because of different group velocity dispersions.
  • DE 10 2016 106 757 A1 discloses a metal-metal waveguide for a quantum cascade laser, in which an improved coupling-out power for a specific frequency is achieved by modifying the waveguide.
  • an improved coupling out of THz radiation from the quantum cascade laser does not lead to an emission of broadband radiation, so that although intensive radiation in a narrow frequency range, but not an intensive broadband radiation can be provided.
  • the object of the invention to propose a method for generating an electromagnetic radiation in the THz range, with which in a broadband range frequencies with sufficient intensity can be generated without disadvantages in terms of the complexity of the structure of the laser and resulting error sources in the Production would have to be accepted.
  • the invention is also based on the object of proposing a quantum cascade laser with which the above problem can be solved.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention by a method for generating an electromagnetic radiation having a plurality of narrowband useful frequencies having frequency spectrum using a THz quantum cascade laser, which method simultaneously two narrow-band trigger waves of high intensity in the active medium of the quantum cascade laser are generated, wherein the distance the frequencies of the trigger waves is selected such that by interaction of the photons of one trigger wave with those of the other trigger wave narrowband resultant waves are generated at a different frequency to the frequencies of the trigger waves, wherein by the interaction of the photons of the resultant waves with the waves adjacent to their frequency order of magnitude more resultant waves are generated and this process continues between each two adjacent with respect to their frequency resultant waves, so there ss from the generated trigger waves cascading resultant waves are generated in a plurality of subordinate orders, wherein the position of the frequencies in the spectrum is symmetrical with respect to the position of the average frequency of the trigger waves.
  • a quantum cascade laser having the features of claim 10.
  • the provision of the plurality or also of the multiplicity of frequencies in the desired band is produced by a cascading generation of frequencies, starting from two trigger frequencies introduced into the active medium.
  • the trigger frequencies may differ in frequency depending on the system design. Are different frequencies with respect to the narrow band provided trigger waves, they are typically close to each other, so that the distance between the frequencies of the trigger waves is quite low.
  • the distance of the frequency of the trigger waves is, for example, in the range between 0.01 and 0.25 THz.
  • the spacing of these trigger frequencies from one another defines the spacing of the frequencies of the resultant waves generated from the trigger waves from the frequency of the trigger waves.
  • the generation of the resultant waves is based on the fact that photons from one trigger wave interact with photons of the other trigger wave and then oscillate them at a new frequency, which is naturally dependent on the frequency of the two trigger waves.
  • two photons of one trigger wave interact with one photon of the other trigger wave.
  • the interaction of the photons of one trigger wave with those of the other trigger wave is also dependent on the distance of the frequencies of the trigger waves from each other.
  • Such a resultant wave is also narrowband.
  • the intensity of such a resultant wave is typically less than that ge the trigger waves.
  • the photons of the resultant wave interact again with those of the higher order wave adjacent to their frequency, such as the trigger wave, and produce another resultant wave, which is then a second order resultant wave.
  • This method primarily generates only two high-intensity trigger waves.
  • the frequency of these trigger waves is greater than the frequency at which heat is generated in the active medium by the laser to a particular degree.
  • the above-described cascading resulting wave generation generates high-intensity frequency band waves which are otherwise unavailable for the formation of a broadband THz radiation or accessible only with respect to individual narrowband frequencies.
  • the cascading generation of electromagnetic radiation with progressively lower frequency is used in a skilful manner in order to obtain a sufficient resolution in this frequency range, which is also of interest for spectroscopy.
  • intensity also means the intensity contrast that the electromagnetic field has net radiation at a certain frequency to the background noise.
  • the trigger waves can be generated in different ways. It is possible, for example, to generate the trigger waves in an active medium which is equipped with a plurality of quantum wells with two different characteristics.
  • the amplification of the desired frequency of the respective trigger wave takes place by constructive interference in the active medium, for example by the implementation of one or more corresponding frequency selectors, which can be realized for example by grating structures or photonic crystals, by a modulation of the refractive index - for example by periodic partial absence of Metallic waveguide layers - and a resulting constructive interference is brought about.
  • the frequency selectors used may have any desired configuration as long as the selection of the desired frequency is achieved. In the following, the frequency selection is described by lattice structures - the same applies to the use of photonic crystals.
  • two trigger waves are to be generated, which should be the rule, two grating structures arranged offset from one another according to the respective frequency are provided in order to provide the desired constructive interference for each frequency.
  • this property can comprise all of the active medium consisting of quantum films, and in particular depends on the applied voltage.
  • the active medium can be designed by selecting suitable semiconductor materials and layer thicknesses to maximize the third order susceptibility.
  • the electrons make a transition from an upper to a lower energy level and emit photons, which is the classic laser transition, on the efficiency of which the material properties of the active medium are optimized.
  • the active medium has only the same quantum wells.
  • the two edge modes of the useful frequency are amplified by only slightly offset from each other arranged grating structures.
  • the frequency spacing of the trigger waves derived therefrom corresponds to the distance of the outer modes of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the laser irradiation of the quantum wells in the range of the desired frequency.
  • the active medium being equipped with only a single kind of quantum wells, is simple in construction.
  • the two trigger waves are each generated in a separate active medium.
  • each active medium has quantum wells with the characteristics required to produce the desired frequency.
  • the frequency spacing of the trigger waves can be chosen virtually arbitrary.
  • the waveguides of the active media are combined in such a concept in a mixing section from which both trigger waves are coupled out on the same exit surface of the waveguide.
  • an active medium for generating the frequency of a trigger wave these can be generated with a particular intensity. With regard to the decrease in intensity with increasing order of the resultant waves, this can be useful.
  • each trigger wave in each case a separate active medium and the merging of the same in a mixing section is provided that the mixing section is electrically separated from the active media.
  • the mixing section in this embodiment is integrated into a circuit, wherein the applied voltage can be adjusted independently of the voltage applied to the active media.
  • the resultant waves arise within the mixing section.
  • the resultant wave generation can be further optimized by designing the mixing section in the region of the typically two adjacent trigger wave frequencies by introducing a frequency selector for producing a constructive interference, which can also be designed as partial constructive interference.
  • the parallel connection hereby implies both the parallel connection of several previously described embodiments of the quantum cascade lasers and the use of more than two frequency selectors in a quantum cascade laser. This can be used to increase the number of generated frequencies, as already mentioned. This can also be used to consciously select the frequency spacing of the trigger waves from each other and thus the frequency spacing of the resultant waves to be slightly larger in order to achieve the desired frequency response with a smaller number of resultant wave orders. to cover the area.
  • the frequencies are then provided by two or more such structures, the trigger waves and the resulting resultant waves having a particular frequency offset from those of the first structure. In this way, the absolute intensity in the resultant in the edge region of the desired frequency spectrum resultant waves is still very high.
  • 1 is a schematic representation of a metal-to-metal waveguide as part of a quantum cascade laser
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the two frequencies of trigger waves generated by the quantum cascade laser of the preceding figures
  • FIG. 4a, 4b a schematic representation of a generation of resultant waves by two trigger waves generated by the quantum cascade laser of FIG. 1 after a first resulting wave generating step (FIG. 4a) and after a subsequent step (FIG. 4b), FIG.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are diagrams showing the frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the quantum cascade laser of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematized plan view of the waveguide of a further embodiment of a quantum cascade laser
  • FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of the waveguide of the quantum cascade laser to the embodiment according to FIG. 6.
  • a quantum cascade laser shown only schematically in FIG. 1 1 includes a metal-to-metal waveguide 2.
  • the waveguide 2 is disposed on a dielectric support substrate 3.
  • the quantum cascade laser 1 has a DC voltage source 4.
  • the voltage source 4 is connected with its positive pole to the upper cover layer of the waveguide 2 designed as an electrode 5.
  • the negative pole is connected to an electrode 6 arranged on the substrate 3.
  • the electrode 6 is arranged continuously on the surface of the substrate 3.
  • the structure of the waveguide 2 is shown in the cross-sectional view of Figure 2.
  • the waveguide 2 comprises an active medium 7, on which the already mentioned electrode 5 is applied as a metallic cover layer with the interposition of a highly doped conductive layer 5.1.
  • the layer thickness of the electrode 5 and the highly doped layer 5.1 is approximately equal.
  • the highly doped layer 5.1 has grown on the active medium 7.
  • the electrode 5 opposite side of the active medium is bounded by the electrode 6 with the interposition of a highly doped, electrically conductive layer 8.
  • the layer thicknesses of the electrode 6 and the heavily doped layer 8 are approximately equal.
  • the quantum cascade laser 1 or its active medium 7 is designed to generate electromagnetic radiation in the range of 2.5 THz.
  • the representation of the waveguide 2 is not to scale in the figures.
  • the metal layers 5, 8 are shown exaggerated in the illustration.
  • the length of the waveguide 2 is 1.58 mm.
  • the front side of the active medium 7, which is opposite to the connection to the voltage source 4, is the decoupling surface 9 of the waveguide 2. From this occurs the electromagnetic radiation in the aforementioned frequency range.
  • the active medium has quantum wells that release photons when pulsed (pulsed or in continuous wave mode) that oscillate at the desired frequency.
  • the active medium 7 is equipped with a plurality of quantum wells to achieve the desired intensity of electromagnetic radiation.
  • the active medium 7 has two quantum well types with different characteristics. It is envisaged that a first group of quantum wells for generating an electromagnetic radiation in a first frequency and a second group of quantum wells for generating an electromagnetic radiation in a second frequency is provided. The number of quantum wells contained in the active medium are the same for the two frequencies to be generated.
  • the subject of this invention is an optimized design of the active medium with respect to the nonlinear properties, in particular the susceptibility of the third order. Although this can be achieved both by the material properties and by the thickness of the semiconductor layers, it is a new, not obvious approach for THz quantum cascade lasers to maximize the third order susceptibility through the appropriate design of the active medium and thus the intensity of the Set resultant waves.
  • the desired two frequencies are amplified in the illustrated embodiment by corresponding, applied to the active medium grating, so that make these frequencies in the frequency spectrum of the quantum cascade laser 1 thanks to the implemented constructive interference particularly noticeable.
  • the grating for the first frequency fi is identified by the reference symbol Gi and that for the second frequency fc by the reference symbol G2 in FIG.
  • the grids G1, G2 are indicated in the figure by different line thickness for better distinction.
  • the spacing of the grid lines in the two gratings G1, G2 differs according to the distance of the respective frequency fi or f2 to be amplified.
  • the frequency fi is 2.54 THz and that of the frequency fc is 2.68 THz.
  • FIG. 3 shows the two trigger waves whose intensity is significantly higher than the intensity of the remaining frequency spectrum, which is also referred to as background noise in the context of these explanations. This diagram is used to represent the trigger waves with their frequencies fi, fc and does not show the frequency spectrum forming during operation of the quantum cascade laser 1.
  • the spacing of the frequencies fi, fc of the two trigger waves from each other is sufficiently small that at the intensity generated, photons of the trigger wave of frequency fi interact with photons of the trigger wave of frequency fc and vice versa. This is used to generate photons that vibrate at a third and a fourth frequency h, U.
  • the resulting waves - resultant waves - have a frequency that is causally related to the frequencies f1, f2 of the trigger waves.
  • the intensities of the resultant waves in the frequencies h, U are less than the intensity of the trigger waves in the frequencies fi, fc.
  • the position of the frequencies in the spectrum is symmetrical with respect to the position of the average frequency of the trigger waves.
  • FIG. 5 shows the frequency spectrum during operation of the quantum cascade laser 1.
  • the intensity (normalized) is plotted logarithmically on the y-axis.
  • Clearly visible are the frequencies of the two trigger waves fi, f2 at their incisive intensity and above all the resulting in the lower THz frequency range resultant waves with the frequencies f3, fs, etc.
  • the frequency spectrum makes it clear that the intensities of the resultant waves, even the deeper orders are still sufficient, so that they can be used, for example, for spectroscopic applications.
  • the generation of frequencies is possible up to the frequency range of about 0.1 THz.
  • the total usable frequency range thus extends from about 0.1 THz to about 3.8 THz in the illustrated embodiment.
  • the frequency range between 0.1-0.2 THz and 2.7 THz is the most significant.
  • the trigger waves also develop toward the higher frequency side Resulting waves, resulting in the already mentioned frequency spectrum.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a relatively high number of intensive narrow-band useful frequencies, so that the entire desired frequency range is adequately covered for many applications.
  • two or more of such quantum cascade lasers can be arranged whose narrow-band useful frequencies are slightly offset from each other.
  • the number of frequencies provided can be doubled, with the two quantum cascade lasers then being typically offset by half the pitch of the frequency of the trigger waves.
  • FIG. 6 schematically shows a further exemplary embodiment of a waveguide 10 of a quantum cascade laser.
  • the waveguide 10 is formed forked and has two sections, which represent the respective active medium 1 1, 1 1 .1 for generating a trigger wave in each case a frequency.
  • the waveguide 10 is constructed in principle as described for the figures 1 and 2.
  • the active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 differ from those of the above-described embodiment in that each active medium 1 1, 1 1 .1 have only quantum wells with one and the same characteristic.
  • Each active medium 1 1, 1 1 .1 is thus designed for the generation of a trigger wave in each case a different frequency.
  • the two active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 also differ from each other by the grid structure G3, G4 applied thereto.
  • a trigger wave of the frequency fi and in the active medium 1 1 .1 a trigger wave of the frequency f 2 is generated. Via the waveguide 10, these trigger waves are conducted into a mixing section 12. This is limited in the propagation direction by a decoupling surface 13. Within the mixing section 12, the above-described interaction between the photons of the waves and the cascading generation of the resultant waves takes place. From the decoupling surface 13, the frequency spectrum shown in Figure 5 is then decoupled. In the embodiment of the waveguide 10 of Figure 6, both active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 and the mixing section are electrically connected together and thus driven with the same voltage. In this respect, both active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 and the mixing section 12 are subjected to the same voltage at the two cover electrodes.
  • FIG. 7 shows another waveguide 10.1, which is basically constructed as the waveguide 10 of Figure 6.
  • the waveguide 10.1 differs from that of FIG. 6 in that the mixing section 12.1 is electrically separated from the active media 11, 11 .1.
  • the electrical separation, indicated by the reference numeral 14, and the two active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 are electrically isolated from each other.
  • the electrical separation is disposed within the input of the mixing section and thus the two active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 are not electrically separated from each other, as this in the embodiment of the waveguide of Figure 6 is the case is.
  • the active media 1 1, 1 1 .1 can be connected to a common voltage source. It is also possible to connect the active media 1 1, 1 1. 1 to different voltage sources in order to apply different voltages to these active media 1 1, 1 1.
  • the mixing section 10 is also connected in the embodiment of the waveguide 10.1 of Figure 7 with its cover electrodes to a voltage source. This is adjustable so as to influence the photon interaction with respect to the desired resultant formation. As a result, an improvement can be achieved.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de génération d'un rayonnement électromagnétique présentant un spectre de fréquence comprenant une pluralité de fréquences utiles à bande étroite au moyen d'un laser à cascade quantique THz, selon lequel deux ondes de déclenchement à bande étroite d'intensité élevée sont générées simultanément dans le milieu actif (7 ; 11, 11.1) du laser à cascade quantique (1). L'espacement des fréquences (f1, f2) des ondes de déclenchement est sélectionné de telle manière que des ondes résultantes à bande étroite présentant une fréquence (f3, f4, f5, f6) différente des fréquences (f1, f2) des ondes de déclenchement sont générées par l'interaction des photons d'une onde de déclenchement avec ceux de l'autre onde de déclenchement. D'autres ondes résultantes sont générées par l'interaction des photons des ondes résultantes avec les ondes de rang supérieur voisines quant à leur fréquence. Ce processus entre respectivement deux ondes résultantes voisines quant à leur fréquence se poursuit, de sorte qu'à partir des ondes de déclenchement générées, des ondes résultantes en cascade sont générées dans une pluralité de rangs successifs, la position des fréquences dans le spectre étant symétrique par rapport à la position de la fréquence moyenne des ondes de déclenchement. L'invention concerne par ailleurs un laser à cascade quantique (1) permettant la mise en œuvre du procédé.
PCT/EP2018/053732 2017-02-16 2018-02-15 Procédé de génération d'un rayonnement électromagnétique présentant un spectre de fréquence comprenant une pluralité de fréquences utiles dans la plage thz ainsi que laser à cascade quantique WO2018149900A1 (fr)

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DE102017103163.4 2017-02-16
DE102017103163.4A DE102017103163A1 (de) 2017-02-16 2017-02-16 Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer elektromagnetischen Strahlung mit einem eine Vielzahl an Nutzfrequenzen aufweisenden Frequenzspektrum im THz-Bereich sowie Quantenkaskadenlaser

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160156153A1 (en) 2014-10-21 2016-06-02 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Generating Terahertz Frequency Combs from Quantum Cascade Lasers using Nonlinear Frequency Mixing
DE102016106757A1 (de) 2015-04-15 2016-10-20 Tobias Fobbe Metall-Metall-Wellenleiter für eine Strahlung im THz-Bereich sowie Quantenkaskadenlaser mit einem solchen Wellenleiter
US20160352072A1 (en) * 2014-02-04 2016-12-01 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Monolithic tunable terahertz radiation source using nonlinear frequency mixing in quantum cascade lasers

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160352072A1 (en) * 2014-02-04 2016-12-01 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Monolithic tunable terahertz radiation source using nonlinear frequency mixing in quantum cascade lasers
US20160156153A1 (en) 2014-10-21 2016-06-02 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Generating Terahertz Frequency Combs from Quantum Cascade Lasers using Nonlinear Frequency Mixing
DE102016106757A1 (de) 2015-04-15 2016-10-20 Tobias Fobbe Metall-Metall-Wellenleiter für eine Strahlung im THz-Bereich sowie Quantenkaskadenlaser mit einem solchen Wellenleiter

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
FRANZ KALE ET AL: "Evidence of cascaded emission in a dual-wavelength quantum cascade laser", APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, A I P PUBLISHING LLC, US, vol. 90, no. 9, 28 February 2007 (2007-02-28), pages 91104 - 091104, XP012096200, ISSN: 0003-6951, DOI: 10.1063/1.2709970 *

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