Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
  • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
  • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
  • H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
  • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
  • H02M1/0025—Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
  • H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
  • H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0061—Details of apparatus for conversion using discharge tubes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
  • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
  • H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
  • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Definitions

• the field of the present invention is that of switching power supplies. More particularly, the invention relates to a non-isolated DC-DC voltage converter (DC / DC) quasi-resonant, in particular for point of charge regulator applications.
• DC voltage conversion is used in many technological fields ranging from the need to convert the supply voltage of devices, such as converting the voltage delivered by a laptop battery to a processor; applications that evolve in much more critical environments such as space.
• Figure 1 represents a buck converter according to the prior art.
• This converter comprises two voltage-controlled Qhs and Qls switches of the MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) type, a control circuit in current control mode which makes it possible to regulate the output voltage level Vout of the converter according to the current signal Mes. I flowing in the first switch Qhs.
• This regulation circuit comprises:
• control circuit 107 which may be in the form of a programmed or wired logic circuit, such as with flip-flops and which makes it possible to control the opening or the closing of the switches;
• an error amplifier MEA which generates a setpoint signal Icons proportional to a difference between the output voltage level of the converter and a reference voltage; a comparator Comp making it possible to compare the signal of the current flowing in the first switch and the reference signal.
• the converter also comprises at the output a low-pass filter constituted by an output inductance Lout and an output capacitance Cout.
• An oscillator Ose connected to the input of the control circuit makes it possible, on the rising edge of its pulses, to control the first switch.
• the buck converter has two distinct regimes in its operating period. Each regime is characterized by the first switch state Qhs. An "ON" regime is obtained for a closed state of the first switch Qhs, while a regime called “OFF" corresponds to an open state of the first switch.
• the oscillator is connected to the ON input of the control circuit 107 and makes it possible to start a period of operation, on the rising edges of its pulses, by generating the closing command of the first switch HS_Cmd. This close command starts the ON state of the converter.
• the oscillator can be realized by means of an analog circuit or a resonator or a quartz and sets the operating frequency of the converter.
• a first phase (“ON" mode)
• the first switch Qhs is closed.
• the current increases rapidly to the value of the one flowing in the output inductor, then increases more slowly until it reaches its maximum value at the end of this first phase.
• the current in the output inductance increases and is equal to the current in Qhs.
• the second switch Qls is open (the opening command was made just before closing the switch Qhs).
• the Qhs close command and the Qls open command are done with losses that increase with the frequency of operation of the converter.
• the switch Qhs receives an opening command and the switch Qls receives a closing command.
• the current in the output inductor is equal to the current in Qls and decreases.
• the opening command of Qhs and, to a lesser extent, the closing command of Qls is done with losses and increases with the operating frequency of the converter.
• the regulation of the converted output voltage is linear and includes two nested servo loops.
• the first loop is external and realized with the error amplifier MEA which makes it possible to generate a reference signal Icons image of a current function of (for example at) the difference between a reference voltage Vref, connected to its first input , and the converted voltage level connected to its second input.
• This first loop controls the average value of the converted voltage level.
• the second loop is internal and performed with the comparator Comp whose first input is presented to the Icons setpoint signal and whose second input is presented to the signal Imes image of the current flowing in the first switch. This second loop allows a control on the maximum value of the current.
• the opening command of Qhs occurs when the image signal of the current Mes. I reaches the value of the image signal Icons.
• a known solution to reduce the bulk of the reactive elements, and therefore that of the converter, is to increase the frequency switching switches. Nevertheless, this increase of the switching frequency increases the switching losses and causes problems of electromagnetic incompatibilities.
• the speed of the regulation of the voltage level is an important factor for this type of converter because it allows to deliver a constant voltage to the load whatever the current calls that it imposes (high and fast call for digital loads last generation). With the control principle implemented with the current state of the art, the speed of regulation is limited by the speed of the error amplifier and by the respect of the margins of stability to have a control of the voltage of stable output. This stability can also be called into question by the nature of the output load (user choice).
• the aim of the invention is to obtain a fast regulation of the output voltage level of the converter, which makes it possible to work at high frequency in order to miniaturize the reactive components without the need to oversize them and to leave the possibility to the user of further improve dynamic performance through the addition of output filtering solutions.
• the regulation of the output voltage level is performed by means of a non-linear circuit thus having a fast dynamic behavior.
• This type of regulation is particularly well suited to a converter having transistors having closed switching phases of constant duration COT (English, "Constant On Time”).
• One element of this regulation is the addition of a ripple of voltage on the output voltage level of the converter. This additional voltage ripple, increasing or decreasing depending on the state of closure or opening of the first switch, ensures stable operation of the control face voltage disturbances or the nature of the load.
• Transistors that allow a high working frequency can in particular be HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors) on a GaN substrate (gallium nitride).
• the converter has an overload protection circuit which makes it possible to stop the next iteration of charge transfer when the current flowing in the transistor reaches a predetermined critical value.
• An object of the invention is a quasi-resonant Buck type DC voltage converter comprising an input gate having a first terminal adapted to receive a voltage level to be converted, an output gate having a first terminal adapted to provide a converted voltage level, a ground line connecting a second terminal of said input gate to a second terminal of said output gate, a first switch connected in series to said first gate of the gate and a control circuit having an input terminal connected to said first terminal of the converter output port and an output terminal connected to a control terminal of said first switch, said control circuit being configured to:
• Vcons setpoint signal
• control circuit may further comprise: a control circuit having an output adapted to deliver said activation signal; and a comparator circuit having an output adapted to output said result of said comparison, said output being connected to a first input of said control circuit.
• Said control circuit may further comprise: a ripple adding circuit configured to output said converted voltage level to which said voltage ripple has been added, the ripple adding circuit having a first input connected to said ripple circuit; first terminal of the output port of said converter, a second input connected to an output of said control circuit, and an output connected to a first input of said comparator circuit; and an error amplifier adapted to output said setpoint signal, said amplifier having a first input connected to said first terminal of the output port of said converter, a second input configured to receive said reference voltage, and an output connected to a second input of said comparator circuit.
• control circuit may be further configured to control: closing or opening said first switch; generating, on said second input of said ripple adding circuit, said increasing or decreasing voltage.
• Said converter may further comprise: a resonance inductor connected in series with said first switch, having a first and a second terminal, said first terminal being connected to said first switch; a resonance ability, having a first and a second terminal, said first terminal being connected to the second terminal of the resonance inductor; a second switch connected firstly to said first terminal of the resonance capacitor and secondly to said second terminal of the resonance capacitance.
• - Said converter may also include an output low-pass filter.
• Said regulating circuit may comprise an overcharge protection circuit comprising a circuit for measuring a current flowing in said second switch; and a comparator circuit having: a first input for a signal of a predetermined limiting current; a second input connected to said measuring circuit of the current flowing in said second switch; said overload protection circuit further having an output connected to a second input of said control circuit; said control circuit being configured to deliver, at its output, a signal dependent on a comparison between said first input and said second input and controlling the opening of said first switch as long as said signal representative of the current flowing in said second switch is at minimum equal to said predetermined limiting current signal.
• said current measuring circuit may comprise a resistor connected between the second terminal of the resonance capacitance and said ground line.
• Said converter may also comprise a free-wheel diode connected in parallel with said first switch, having a cathode connected to the first terminal of the first gate, said predetermined duration being chosen to open said first switch when the current flowing through said first switch circulates in said first switch; said freewheel diode.
• - Said control circuit may be configured to open said first switch for a predetermined minimum duration.
• - Said first switch and said second switch may have a switching time less than or equal to 100 ns and preferably less than or equal to 10 ns. More particularly, said first switch and said second switch can be made of GaN technology.
• Another object of the invention is a method of converting a voltage by means of a quasi-resonant Buck type DC voltage converter, the voltage converter comprising an input gate having a first terminal adapted to receive a voltage level to be converted, an output gate having a first terminal adapted to provide a converted voltage level, a ground line connecting a second terminal of said input gate to a second terminal of said output port, a first switch serially connected to said first terminal of the input gate and a control circuit having an input terminal connected to said first terminal of the converter output port and an output terminal connected to a control terminal of said first switch the method comprising the steps of:
• said quasi-resonant Buck type DC voltage converter also comprises a resonance inductor connected in series with said first switch having first and second terminals, said first terminal being connected to said first switch; a resonance capacitance, having a first and a second terminal, said first terminal being connected to the second terminal of the resonance inductor; a second switch connected on the one hand to said first terminal of the resonance capacitor and on the other hand to said second terminal of the resonance capacitance; the method further comprising steps of: generating a closing signal of the second switch when the voltage between the second terminal (MP) of the resonance inductance and the ground line becomes negative; and generating an opening signal of the second switch in correspondence with the generation of the activation signal controlling the closing of said first switch.
• MP second terminal
• FIG. 1 already described, illustrates the circuit diagram of a Buck voltage converter according to the prior art
• FIG. 2 illustrates the electrical diagram of a quasi-resonant Buck converter according to one embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the ripple adding circuit of the converter of FIG. 2
• FIG. 4 illustrates the timing diagrams of the principle of the regulation of the converted output voltage of the converter of FIG. 2;
• FIG. 5 illustrates the timing diagrams of the principle of the overload protection of the converter of FIG. 2.
• FIG. 6 illustrates a circuit diagram of a quasi-resonant Buck converter according to a second embodiment of the invention
• switch and transistor are used interchangeably.
• the output voltage of the converter will sometimes be identified as Vout, sometimes as the converted voltage level.
• Figure 2 illustrates a buck voltage converter according to one embodiment of the invention.
• only the "ON" phase of the converter has a constant duration which is defined beforehand.
• the latter corresponds to the duration of closing of the first switch Qhs is calculated to obtain a smooth switching, that is to say, closing, a switching that occurs at zero current due to the presence of the self resonance Lr in series, at the opening, a switching that occurs when the current in the switch is negatf and, therefore, flows in the diode located in parallel.
• the converter has an input gate 201 adapted to receive a voltage level to be converted and an output port 206 for providing a converted voltage level.
• the input gate 201 includes a first and a second terminal, respectively 202 and 203.
• the output gate 206 also comprises a first and a second terminal, respectively 204 and 205.
• a ground line is connected between the second terminal 203 and the second terminal 205.
• a capacitor Cin allows to filter the voltage level to be converted.
• a first switch Qhs constituted by a HEMT is connected in series on the one hand to the first terminal 202 of the input gate and on the other hand to the first terminal 214 of a resonance inductance Lr.
• the switch Qhs is connected in parallel with a freewheeling diode whose cathode is connected to the terminal 202.
• the HEMT is according to a preferred embodiment in GaN technology.
• the transistor allows a switching time of a few ns to a few tens of ns, preferably less than or equal to 100 ns or even 10 ns.
• the second terminal of the resonance inductor Lr is connected to the first terminal of a resonance capacitor Cr and to the measurement point MP.
• a second switch Qls is connected between the first and the second terminal of the resonance capacitor Cr (an alternative solution is to connect the second terminal of the capacitance Cr to ground).
• a freewheeling diode whose cathode is connected to the measuring point MP is connected in parallel with the switch Qls.
• a resistor Rsh allows a measurement of the current flowing in the second switch Qls.
• the resistor is connected between the second terminal of the resonance capacitor Cr and the ground line.
• the low-pass output filter comprises an inductance Lout connected between the measurement point MP and the first terminal 204 and a Cout capacitance connected between the first terminal 204 and the second terminal 205.
• a control circuit 211 Connected to the output port of the converter, a control circuit 211 comprising a wave addition circuit Ond. Add., An error amplifier MEA, a comparator 210, and a control circuit 207 makes it possible: to generate a voltage ripple, increasing for a closed state of the first switch Qhs and decreasing for an open state of the first switch Qhs;
• the activation signal controls the closing of the first switch for a converted voltage level to which the undulation of voltage less than or equal to the set voltage.
• a first input of the wave addition circuit Ond.Add. is connected to the first terminal 204 of the output port 206 of the converter, while the second input is connected to the output of the control circuit 207 which is also able to deliver the activation signal of the first switch Qhs.
• the circuit diagram of the ripple addition circuit is represented in FIG. 3.
• the error amplifier MEA for generating the setpoint signal Vcons has a first input connected to the reference voltage Vref and a second input connected to the first terminal 204 of the output port 206 of the converter.
• the comparator 210 making it possible to perform the first comparison has a first input connected to the output of the error amplifier MEA and a second input connected to the output of the wave addition circuit Ond.
• the output of the comparator 210 connected to the first input of the control circuit 207, provides a binary signal representative of the result of the first comparison making it possible to generate the activation signal controlling the closing of the first switch when the decreasing signal representing the addition of the converted voltage level and the ripple becomes equal to the reference signal Vcons.
• the control circuit 207 is a programmable circuit such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gathe Array). This regulation makes it possible to control the output voltage very quickly because it is based on a comparator used in an unconditionally stable control mode. This maximum regulation speed makes it possible to produce a converter having very good dynamic performances. The static regulation performance is ensured by the MEA which modifies the setpoint applied to the comparator in order to have a perfectly regulated average output voltage.
• the overload protection of the control circuit 211 comprises a comparator 212 having a first input for a signal of a predetermined limiting current llim and a second input connected to the measurement circuit of the current flowing in the second switch Qls.
• the first switch Qhs can not be controlled as long as the current I Qls is greater than llim, thus limiting the maximum output current of the converter.
• the maximum output current of the converter is conveniently set to an Ipic value (greater than greater than llim) which depends on the constant tone.
• Figure 5 shows the operating chronograms of the overload protection.
• the control circuit 207 is configured to open the first switch Qhs for a predetermined minimum duration which limits the maximum operating frequency of the converter during the transient phases.
• FIG. 6 illustrates the electrical diagram of a quasi-resonant Buck converter according to a second embodiment of the invention.
• the control circuit 211 comprises a voltage comparator circuit 213 configured to generate an activation signal LS_cmd of the second switch Qls when the voltage between the second terminal MP of the resonance inductance and the ground line becomes negative, and to generate an opening signal of the second switch Qls corresponding to the generation of the activation signal HS_cmd controlling the closing of the first switch Qhs.
• the control circuit 207 thus comprises an additional input MPJow with respect to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2.
• FIG. 3 is shown the electrical diagram of a particular embodiment of the ripple adding circuit represented by Ond.Add. FIG. 2.
• the circuit for adding ripple makes it possible, on the one hand, to generate a voltage ripple, increasing or decreasing depending on the state of closing or opening the first switch Qhs, and secondly to add the ripple thus generated to the converted voltage level.
• a voltage divider bridge comprising the resistors Rs1 and Rs2.
• Rs2 has a first terminal representing its first input which is connected to the output voltage Vout and a second terminal connected to the first terminal of Rs1.
• the second terminal of Rs1 is connected to ground.
• the midpoint of the voltage divider bridge represents the output of the ripple adding circuit which is connected to the first input of the comparator circuit.
• the first terminal of the capacitor CM is also connected to the converted output voltage Vout and its second terminal is connected on the one hand to the first terminal of the capacitor C2 and on the other hand to a first terminal of a resistor RM.
• the second terminal of RM is connected to the output of the control circuit, while the second terminal of C2 is also connected to the midpoint of the voltage divider bridge.
• the ripple adding circuit can be integrated into a dedicated circuit with the control circuit.
• FIG. 4 represents timing diagrams illustrating the principle of regulating the converted voltage level Vout substantially constant. To avoid that the converted voltage level is too sensitive to disturbances, a minimum difference in variation between the maximum value and the minimum value of the converted voltage level is required.
• the signal Ond. represents the increasing or decreasing voltage ripple created by the ripple adding circuit, depending on the state of closure or opening of the first switch Qhs.
• the ripple is generated and then added to the voltage level converted by the circuit shown in FIG. 3.
• the result of the addition of the ripple Ond. at the converted voltage level is represented by the signal Vout + Ond.
• the latter represents a voltage increasing or decreasing as a function of the closing or opening state of the first switch Qhs which comprises a DC component equal to Vout.
• the signal Vout + Ond decreases and becomes equal to the reference signal 404.
• This equality between the signal Vout + Ond and the reference signal 404 generates the high state of the signal Vlow at the output of the comparator .
• the signal Vlow is transmitted on the first input of the control circuit to its internal control logic generating the activation signal HS_Cmd controlling the closing of the first switch.
• the activation signal HS_Cmd remains high for the duration Ton for which the signal Vout + Ond increases.
• HS_Cmd goes low and the signal Vout + Ond which is maximum begins to decrease.
• the converted signal Vout + Ond decreases until time 403 when it again becomes equal to the reference signal 404 which causes a new activation cycle of the first switch.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the timing diagrams showing the principle of the regulation of the overload protection according to the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2.
• the timing diagram of Vout represents the converted voltage level.
• the overload protection function is not effective. Indeed the current I Qls remains below the limit value allowed llim.
• the current I Qls briefly reaches the value llim, which results in the high state 502 short of l_high.
• Exceeding llim by I Qls at time 501 is not large enough in amplitude and time to prohibit the conduction of HS_Cmd at time 503.
• exceeding I Qls of the current llim is important in amplitude and time.
• the current measuring circuit comprises a Hall effect sensor.
• the GaN transistors are replaced by transistors developed with III-V materials and large gap preferences. All the functions of the control circuit can be realized and integrated in a dedicated circuit such as an ASIC (English "Application Specifies Integrated Circuit").
• ASIC Application Specifies Integrated Circuit
• the converters of the prior art typically offer a yield of the order of 90%. At such levels of performance the gains in output require a significant effort. Nevertheless, the converter of the subject of the invention offers a considerable improvement in performance with a yield of 95%.

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