Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/73—Rosaceae (Rose family), e.g. strawberry, chokeberry, blackberry, pear or firethorn
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
  • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
  • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/46—Ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. skin, bone, milk, cotton fibre, eggshell, oxgall or plant extracts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
  • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/08—Solutions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
  • A61P25/32—Alcohol-abuse
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/02—Antidotes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an oral liquid composition
• ⁇ -escin beta- escin
• chokeberry fruit extract for use in treatment and prevention of conditions related to the increased acetaldehyde toxicity, such as veisalgia, alcohol poisoning, esophageal cancer, oropharyngolaryngeal cancer or a condition resulting from insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity.
• Administration of the composition of the invention to a subject results in an increased metabolism of aldehydic substrates, in particular those originating from catabolism of alcohol and representing a hazard to humans due to their toxicity.
• composition of the invention is also useful in removing aldehydic substrates resulting from metabolism of other xenobiotics, including methanol.
• the composition of the invention both increases alcohol tolerance and reduces sensitivity to alcohol and is effective in prevention and treatment of veisalgia, in which unpleasant physiological and psychological effects are experienced following the excessive consumption of alcohol.
• Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism. Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations. Xenobiotics include pesticides, occupational chemicals, environmental contaminants, clinical drugs, drugs of abuse, deployment-related chemicals, foreign chemicals created by other organisms, etc.
• the consumption of alcoholic beverages, containing ethanol, even in relative moderation, may cause one or more of immediate and delayed alcohol -related effects, which are associated with decreased occupational, cognitive, visual -spatial skill performance, concentration problems and impaired self-regulatory control of behaviour.
• Continuing normal routine whilst experiencing the effects associated therewith may compromise normal daily activities, such as driving, undertaking labour or operating machinery.
• Alcohol consumption is a considerable problem since many people will continue with normal activities after said consumption even though their symptoms render normally routine operations dangerous or, at the very least, difficult.
• the adverse, short and long-term effects of ethanol have been well documented and are linked to its toxicity. Alcohol exerts its effects by altering the function of membrane proteins in many different cell types. Most strongly affected are cells of the gastrointestinal, urinary, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.
• acetaldehyde is also formed from ethanol by microbial alcohol dehydrogenase (see, for example, High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Homann N, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Sep; 18(9): 1739-43), which extends the increased exposure to this carcinogen to the whole digestive tract, i.e. where the bacteria of normal human microbiome is found.
• Acetaldehyde and oxidants are highly reactive molecules that can damage DNA, proteins and lipids. Changes in hepatic respiration and lipid metabolism lead to tissue hypoxia and impairment in the mitochondrial function. Secondary effects include disruption of signalling pathways and ion channel function, unfolded-protein response and oxidative stress, as well as activation of adaptive immune response largely triggered by acetaldehyde- protein adducts.
• acetaldehyde in The MAK-Collection Part I, MAK Value Documentations 2013, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
• acetaldehyde is a proven group 1 carcinogen (Baan R, et al.; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group (2007) Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 8(4):292-293) and the duration and extent of exposure influences its toxicity, increasing the rate of acetaldehyde clearance may reduce important health risks.
• the primary pathway of ethanol involves conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).
• ADH alcohol dehydrogenase
• Acetaldehyde is oxidized further to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).
• KR20140090453 discloses a hepatoprotective composition for preventing and treatment of hangover comprising a chokeberry fruit extract as an active ingredient.
• the alcohol is rapidly decomposed and acetaldehyde, which is generated by the intake of alcohol, is rapidly metabolized, taking advantage of antioxidant activity of the chokeberry fruit extract.
• acetaldehyde which is generated by the intake of alcohol, is rapidly metabolized, taking advantage of antioxidant activity of the chokeberry fruit extract.
• saponins any other active ingredients, including saponins.
• Patent publication US8137712 discloses the use of ginseng (some saponin content) in a formulation for the relief of hangover symptoms wherein Aronia (chokeberry) may be used as one of a list of colouring agents in a minute amount (0.1% max).
• Aronia chokeberry
• this publication does not concern formulations devised to include these two specifically selected components in amounts useful to provide a relevant technical effect or that their combination is useful in this regard.
• escins la, lb, Ila and lib have an inhibitory effect on ethanol absorption in rats that is also related to their chemical structure.
• this publication does also not describe or even suggest escin related effect on ALDH activity in human and animal cells to aid the metabolism of alcohol and thereby reducing the effects associated therewith.
• inhibitory effect on ethanol absorption of saponin was demonstrated in case of oral administration of very high dosages of 200 mg of the saponin fraction of horse chestnut per kg of body weight. In case of the lower dosages, especially in case of dosage amounting 50 mg/kg such inhibitory effect was not so potent.
• saponin compositions are known in the prior art, there is no teaching related to effective masking of saponin bitter taste, resulting in a very unpleasant sensation when the saponin containing composition is taken in orally by a subject.
• an oral saponin composition wherein the bitter taste would be well-masked and convenient in oral administration. This problem is evident especially when high doses of saponins are used. Therefore, there exists a need for a composition, wherein the saponin taste is well-masked.
• any particular remedies exist that would be simultaneously safe during oral administration for subjects, including humans, and effective for preventing acetaldehyde toxicity resulting in alcohol poisoning or treating veisalgia.
• the subject of invention provides a novel liquid composition for oral administration that enhances metabolism of a toxic acetaldehyde, for example, after excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) or in subjects who have an impaired ability to detoxify the given substance.
• a novel liquid composition for oral administration that enhances metabolism of a toxic acetaldehyde, for example, after excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) or in subjects who have an impaired ability to detoxify the given substance.
• alcohol ethanol
• alcohol poisoning is defined as a condition resulting from consumption of toxic amounts of alcohol, very often manifested by veisalgia symptoms caused by highly toxic aldehydic substrates that originate from catabolism of alcohol.
• the present invention relates to a liquid composition for oral administration comprising saponin and chokeberry fruit extract, characterized in that saponin is ⁇ -escin, which is present in the composition at a concentration between 20 to 80 mg/1, preferably between 50 mg/1 to 75 mg/1, and more preferably ⁇ -escin is present at a concentration of 62.5 mg/1, and the chokeberry fruits extract is present in the amount sufficient to mask the taste of ⁇ -escin for use in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic conditions related to the increased acetaldehyde toxicity.
• saponin is ⁇ -escin, which is present in the composition at a concentration between 20 to 80 mg/1, preferably between 50 mg/1 to 75 mg/1, and more preferably ⁇ -escin is present at a concentration of 62.5 mg/1
• the chokeberry fruits extract is present in the amount sufficient to mask the taste of ⁇ -escin for use in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic conditions related to the increased acetaldehyde toxicity.
• the chokeberry fruit extract is present in the composition of the invention at the concentration between 50 to 200 g/1, preferably between 100 g/1 to 150 g/1, more preferably between 115 g/1 to 135 g/1, and most preferably the chokeberry fruit extract concentration amounts to 125 g/1.
• the chokeberry fruit extract in the composition of the invention is chokeb erry fruit j ui ce concentrate .
• the composition of the invention comprises ⁇ -escin at a concentration of 62.5 mg/1 and the chokeberry fruits juice concentrate at the concentration of 125 g/1.
• composition of the invention further comprises a solvent, preferably water or ethanol, and most preferably water.
• composition of the invention is a further preferred embodiment comprises one or more additives selected from flavourings, preservatives, vitamins, sweeteners, anti- foaming agents, antioxidants, C02 and minerals.
• the total volume of the composition of the invention is between 50 ml to 500 ml, preferably betweenlOO ml to 330 ml, more preferably is between 220 to 300 ml, and most preferably amounts to 275 ml.
• composition of the invention is preferably for use in the treatment of the metabolic condition selected from a group comprising veisalgia, alcohol poisoning esophageal cancer, oropharyngolaryngeal cancer or a condition resulting from insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity.
• the said condition is in a subject with a genetic mutation ALDH2*2 and more preferably is selected from alcohol-flash reaction and alcohol-induced respiratory reaction.
• a method of treatment and/or prevention of metabolic conditions related to the increased acetaldehyde toxicity resulting from insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity in a subject comprises oral administration of a liquid composition comprising ⁇ -escin and chokeberry fruit extract to the said subject, wherein a concentration of ⁇ -escin is between 20 to 80 mg/1 and the chokeberry fruits extract is present in the amount sufficient to mask the taste of ⁇ - escin.
• the metabolic condition is selected from a group comprising veisalgia, alcohol poisoning, esophageal and oropharyngolaryngeal cancers.
• the metabolic condition is in a subject with a genetic mutation ALDH2*2.
• the present invention is also useful in ameliorating the effects of such xenobiotics in a subject.
• the present invention is also useful in ameliorating the metabolism of toxic aldehydes other than acetaldehyde (see, for example patent US9687481), such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2- nonenal (4-HNE), the most mutagenic and the most toxic product of lipid peroxidation, respectively ⁇ Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Ayala A., Munoz M.F., Argiielles S.
• MDA malondialdehyde
• 4-HNE 4-hydroxy-2- nonenal
• saturated e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and valeraldehyde
• unsaturated aldehydes e.g. acrolein, furancarboxaldehyde and cro
• lung edema, acute lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction and restoring ALDH activity may be z novel approach to prevent and treat acrolein-associated lung diseases, which may occur after smoke inhalation (Alda-1 Protects Against Acrolein- induced Acute Lung Injury and Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction. Lu Q, Mundy M, Rounds S, et al. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2017 Aug).
• ⁇ -escin like other saponins, has a characteristic bitter taste. Therefore, it results in a very unpleasant sensation when taken in by a subject orally.
• the present inventor has found that chokeberry fruit extract has an ability to conceal the taste of ⁇ -escin effectively.
• Figure 1 displays graphically the in-vitro results of ⁇ -escin induced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC);
• ADH aldehyde dehydrogenase
• Figure 2 displays graphically the in-vitro results of ⁇ -escin induced ALDH activity in mouse muscle cells (C2C 12);
• Figure 3 shows the ALDH activity in mouse muscle cells (C2C12) following the in-vitro treatment with ⁇ -escin and Quillaja saponaria saponin;
• Figure 4 displays graphically the in-vitro results of ⁇ -escin induced alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in mouse muscle cells (C2C12)
• Figure 5 displays graphically the in-vivo results of ⁇ -escin effect on ALDH activity in PBMC obtained from the subject;
• Figure 6 displays graphically the in-vivo results of ⁇ -escin effect on ethanol concentration in blood
• Figure 7 shows in vivo results of the antioxidant capacity of the subject's serum
• Figures 8 and 9 show the in-vivo results of ⁇ -escin effect on ethanol concentration in blood when the composition of the invention is ingested post-alcohol consumption.
• compositions and methods of the invention are useful the prevention and treatment of alcohol-induced symptoms by increasing alcohol tolerance/reducing sensitivity to alcohol.
• treating refers to retarding or reversing the progress of, or relieving or alleviating one or more alcohol -induced symptoms.
• treatment refers to the act of treating one or more alcohol-induced symptoms.
• preventing refers to preventing or delaying the onset of one or more alcohol -induced symptoms.
• prevention refers to the act of preventing, preventatively treating, or prophylactically treating one or more alcohol-induced symptoms.
• ⁇ -escin used in a composition of the invention is a mixture of triterpene saponins isolated from horse chestnut seeds Aesculus hippocastanum, L.).
• ethnopharmacological research provides evidence for its broad use to treat numerous diverse disorders, including bladder diseases, cough, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea and tinnitus, its current use is restricted mainly to venotonic and venoprotective indications.
• ⁇ -escin differs from other saponins in chemical structure and activity.
• camelliasaponins differs from the most commonly investigated camelliasaponins in the length and composition of carbohydrates (i.e. difference in sugar moiety composition).
• the presence of OH group in ⁇ -escin triterpene ring in C23 position enables ester formation. This OH group is absent from triterpene ring of camelliasoponin.
• ⁇ -escin OH group in C28 of the triterpene ring can be acetylated, whereas in camelliasaponin OH in the same position is always in non-estrified form. Therefore ⁇ -escin and camelliasoponins are both saponins, however they are chemically distinct.
• the composition of the invention has surprising effects in relation to the prevention and treatment of veisalgia, reducing the effects associated with the consumption of alcohol, in particular those associated with toxic aldehydic substrates that originate from alcohol catabolism.
• the composition permits increased alcohol tolerance and reduces fatigue owing to improved acetaldehyde elimination and reduced ethanol derived oxidative damage.
• the inventor has surprisingly found that the composition of the invention induces
• the invention therefore assists with upregulating the conversion from acetaldehyde to acetate thereby preventing acetaldehyde from either building up or reducing it quickly where there has already been a build-up negating the toxic effects associated with acetaldehyde.
• High levels of acetaldehyde in the blood can cause adverse reactions including flushing, nausea, and tachycardia.
• Milder affects manifested as a "hangover" may also include any of the following in combination: headaches, drowsiness, dry mouth, fatigue, sweating, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, anxiety and decreased cognitive or visual-spatial skills.
• ⁇ -escin amounts to 200 mg/1 providing to a subject a maximum volume of 500 ml.
• dose the relative amount (dose) of ⁇ -escin in the composition is significant since this chemical is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. High dosing can result in steatorrhea or at the very least undesirable abdominal pain. It is therefore important that the dose of this compound is sufficient to achieve the desired technical effect of preventing or reducing alcohol-induced symptoms and/or treating veisalgia without inherently causing unwanted side effects.
• the balanced dose of ⁇ -escin at the levels according to the invention can provide a useful anti-alcohol poisoning effect without associated unwanted side effects.
• combination of ⁇ -escin with the chokeberry fruit juice concentrate or chokeberry fruit extracts results in a composition for oral administration wherein the bitter taste of ⁇ -escin is very well-masked.
• the composition has a pleasant taste and can be administrated to a subject experiencing gastric symptoms of veisalgia, such as nausea and vomiting.
• the composition of the invention comprises chokeberry fruit extract.
• the term "chokeberry fruit extract” as used herein refers to any liquid formulation obtained from chokeberry fruits, especially chokeberry fruit juice.
• the composition of the invention comprises a chokeberry fruit juice concentrate.
• the chokeberry fruit extract, including fruit juice concentrate may be provided in any form readily known to the skilled person, for example it may be in a dried extract form. Such juice concentrates are readily available commercially and characterised by a Brix value of which extract typically comprise 65-68 °Bx. Any suitable alternative supply sufficient to provide the same concentrate of chokeberry concentrate or extract is envisaged.
• the combination of components used in the composition of the invention provides enhanced anti-alcohol poisoning effect, at the same time providing appropriate masking of ⁇ -escin taste.
• composition of the invention therefore provides a means to reduce the reactive species by increasing the antioxidant capacity.
• the studies conducted suggest that the present composition increases the antioxidant capacity of the subj ect thereby reducing or preventing ethanol derived oxidative damage.
• the solvent used in a liquid composition of the invention is preferably water. However, other suitable solvents, such as, for example, ethanol, might also be used.
• the compositions of the invention may comprise at least about 4% water, at least about 20% water, at least about 40% water, at least about 50% water, at least about 75% water, and at least about 80% water. The water included at these levels includes all added water and any water present in combination components, for example, fruit juice or fruit juice concentrate.
• the composition may additionally include one or more additives selected from flavourings, preservatives, vitamins, sweeteners, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, C0 2 and minerals. Some of these additives, such as vitamins, antioxidants and minerals aim to improve well-being of a subject. Other additives, such as flavourings, sweeteners and saturation with CO2 aim to improve taste of the composition of the invention. Finally, additives as anti-foaming agents and preservatives are added to improve composition quality. As ⁇ -escin is a surfactant an anti-foaming agents are especially important when the composition of the invention is formulated as a carbonated beverage.
• the present invention further extends to a food supplement comprising the above- described compositions.
• the oral liquid composition of the invention comprising ⁇ -escin, at a concentration of less than 200 mg/1 together with chokeberry fruit juice concentrate or extract of 50-200 g/1 is disclosed for the first time in use as a medicament.
• the composition is particularly useful in the treatment of symptoms of excess alcohol consumption and in the treatment of veisalgia.
• composition for use as a medicament, more particularly for in the treatment for treatment of veisalgia it may comprise a single dose or subsequent dosages including the concentration of each active within the definitions above.
• the composition may comprise a total volume of 275 ml in one single dose, comprising 12.5 mg of ⁇ -escin and 25 mg chokeberry fruit juice concentrate.
• composition is ingested before or during the consuming alcohol.
• therapeutic benefit occurs from taking the composition after consumption.
• the invention provides a method of treating alcohol poisoning, or a method of preventing the onset of veisalgia symptom, in an individual, comprising administering a composition of the invention.
• the administering is prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to the consumption of alcohol by a subject in the need thereof.
• subject refers to mammals, in particular humans.
• ALDH2*2 a point mutation in ALDH enzyme family, which is crucial in the pathway processing acetaldehyde, occurs in at least 40% East Asians and 8% of the world population.
• This subset of the population have a severe deficiency of ALDH 2 and it has been shown that around 20 times more acetaldehyde is found in their blood after consuming alcohol (1-2 units) than those subjects that express normal levels of the same ALDH enzyme.
• Such a population subgroup has a genetic substitution where the glutamic acid is replaced by lysine at amino acid position 487 of human ALDH2 (to yield mutation E487K).
• the inactivating mutation is dominant; activity in ALDH2* l/*2 individuals is only 17-30% of the enzyme activity of ALDH2* 1/* 1 (normal) individuals.
• This effect has been for example described by David W. Crabb et al. (J Clin Invest. 1989 Jan; 83(1): 314-316, Genotypes for aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol sensitivity.) in the publication indicating that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) activity is responsible for the oxidation of acetaldehyde produced during ethanol metabolism.
• ALDH2 mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
• Asians suffer the alcohol-flush reaction, caused by acetaldehyde accumulation, when they drink alcoholic beverages.
• the abnormality in the inactive enzyme shown to be a substitution of lysine for glutamate at position 487.
• the invention provides a composition for use in prevention or treatment of conditions related to the increased acetaldehyde toxicity, such as veisalgia, alcohol poisoning, esophageal cancer, oropharyngolaryngeal cancer or a condition resulting from insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity in a subject having a point mutation known as ALDH2*2.
• ALDH2*2 aldehyde dehydrogenase
• Example 1 Global proteomic analysis of human endothelial cells treated with ⁇ -escin
• the endothelium is a fundamental functional component of the vasculature, and could be viewed as the largest human endocrine gland/organ, secreting multiple pro/antiangiogenic factors, cytokines and low-molecular-weight mediators controlling the vascular tone.
• the location of endothelium, at the interface between the circulation and the tissues, makes this epithelial layer particularly exposed to physical and chemical cues coming from the bloodstream. In response to such stimuli, the endothelium modulates its morphology and functions to maintain vascular homeostasis.
• Acetaldehyde that is released from the liver travels, reversibly bound, in plasma and erythrocytes and is then taken up by extrahepatic tissues, and in particular by the endothelial cells.
• the cellular metabolism of the endothelium is highly dynamic and can quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions.
• the endothelium indirectly supervises the body's metabolism and is a key intermediate between dietary habits and health consequences. It has been demonstrated that due to its wide distribution throughout the body, vascular endothelium is involved i.a. in the extrahepatic metabolism of acetaldehyde significantly contributing to its degradation (Metabolism of acetaldehyde by rat isolated aortic rings: Does endothelial tissue contribute to its extrahepatic metabolism? Tampier L., Cariz S., Quintanilla ME. Alcohol, 1993, May-June,10 (3): 203-206).
• acetaldehyde exerts a potent vascular effect, for example by its depressant action on vascular smooth muscle and induced vasodilation. It has been also well documented that it is the blood acetaldehyde, and not blood ethanol that underlie the pathogenesis of the alcohol flush (Alcohol ingestion and the cutaneous vasculature Wolf R., Tuzun B., Tuzun Y. Clinics in Dermatology, 1999, Jul-Aug, 17 (4): 395-403). Therefore, an increase in acetaldehyde degradation by endothelial cells could directly affect the rate of its clearance.
• ⁇ -escin significantly increased the abundance of at least two enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism and affecting human sensitivity to metabolic disorders related to acetaldehyde accumulation: aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member Al (ALDH18A1, accession number P54886, q-value 0.00644, fold-change 1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member Al (ALDHlAl, accession number P00352, q-value 0.0078, fold-change 1.1).
• ALDH6A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH9A1, ALDHIBI, ALDH4A1, ALDH16A1, ALDH2 and ALDH7A1 did not reach statistical significance in this analysis.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• C2C12 mouse muscle cells
• PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• BIOMED-LUBLIN phosphate buffered saline
• RPMI 1640 medium containing 10 mM HEPES (Sigma), 10% fetal calf serum (BIOMED-LUBLIN) and antibiotic-antimycotic solution (streptomycin sulfate, sodium penicilate G, amphotericin B, PAA, Austria).
• Enzymatic activity of ALDH was assessed with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (Sigma Aldrich) according to manufacturer's instructions.
• ALDH activity is determined by a coupled enzyme assay in which acetaldehyde is oxidized by ALDH generating NADH, which reacts with a probe generating a colorimetric (450 nm) product proportional to the ALDH activity present.
• ⁇ -escin causes a potent increase in ALDH activity in both cell types.
• the inventor in parallel to ALDH activity assessment, the inventor assayed the influence of ⁇ - escin on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity using the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity Assay kit (Sigma Aldrich).
• ADH activity is determined using isopropanol as the substrate in an enzyme reaction, which results in a colorimetric (450 nm) product proportional to the enzymatic activity present.
• ⁇ -escin did not influence ADH activity in timeline corresponding to ALDH response and an increase in ADH activity was detected only after 48 hour-treatment
• Example 3 Formulation taste assays
• ⁇ -escin is characterized by a particularly strong bitterness. Blocking the unpleasant bitter taste in the assayed formulation presented a challenge, which had to be overcome to obtain its beneficial health effects.
• One of the aims of the invention was to provide compositions, in which the bitter taste of ⁇ -escin would be concealed.
• the chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpd) content provides considerable advantage also due to its one of the highest antioxidant activities among fruits. Its role in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases has been solidly documented. It is evident that antioxidant effects of chokeberry extends far beyond radical scavenging and includes suppression of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, inhibition of prooxidant enzymes, restoration of antioxidant enzymes, and cellular signaling to regulate the level of antioxidant compounds and enzymes (Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Polyphenols: in vitro and in vivo Evidences and Possible Mechanisms of Action: A Review. Denev, P. N., Kratchanov, C. G., Ciz, M., Lojek, A., Kratchanova, M. G. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2012 Aug; 11(5): 471-489).
• PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Enzymatic activity of ALDH in PBMC was assessed with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (Sigma Aldrich) as described above for the in vitro studies. Antioxidant capacity of the serum was measured with Antioxidant Assay Kit (Sigma Aldrich) strictly following the manufacturer's instructions.
• the antioxidant assay is based on the formation of a ferryl myoglobin radical from myoglobin and hydrogen peroxide, which oxidizes the ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) to produce a radical cation ABTS+, a soluble green color chromogen that can be determined at 405 nm. In the presence of antioxidants the radical cation is suppressed to an extent dependent on the activity of the antioxidant and the color intensity is decreased proportionally.
• Trolox a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, serves as a standard or a control antioxidant.
• the ALDH enzyme activity level increases dramatically from day 0 to day 1 and to day 2 following an intake of the tested beverage.
• the graph depicts the change in ALDH activity presented as a percentage of values obtained on day 0.
• the increase in ALDH activity was significant already on day 1 reaching 160% and even more enhanced on day 2 with the value of 437%.
• the rise in the serum antioxidant capacity is observed.
• the serum antioxidant potential achieved with the tested beverage is not lessened with alcohol consumed by the subject. 2. Study no 2
• Blood samples were obtained 1 and 2 hours after the alcohol (ethanol) consumption for ethanol concentration measurement.
• Ethanol concentration in blood was measured in Analyzer Dimension (Siemens) with the use of Reagent Dimension® Flex® Quantitative Measurement Ethyl Alcohol.
• the ETOH method is an in vitro diagnostic test for the quantitative measurement of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in human serum, plasma, and urine on the Dimension® clinical chemistry system. Ethyl alcohol test results may be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of ethyl alcohol intoxication and poisoning.
• compositions of the invention provides useful technical effects when administered to subjects, especially humans.
• the compositions can be used on a regular basis, for example once a day, providing a continuous effect and are therefore useful as medicaments, particularly useful in the prevention and/or treatment of alcohol-induced acetaldehyde toxicity and veisalgia symptoms.

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