WO2018074526A1 - 排気ガス浄化用触媒、および排気ガスの浄化方法 - Google Patents
排気ガス浄化用触媒、および排気ガスの浄化方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018074526A1 WO2018074526A1 PCT/JP2017/037735 JP2017037735W WO2018074526A1 WO 2018074526 A1 WO2018074526 A1 WO 2018074526A1 JP 2017037735 W JP2017037735 W JP 2017037735W WO 2018074526 A1 WO2018074526 A1 WO 2018074526A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- catalyst
- pdo
- praseodymium
- present
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 215
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 154
- HBEQXAKJSGXAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxopalladium Chemical compound [Pd]=O HBEQXAKJSGXAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
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- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KGRJUMGAEQQVFK-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum(2+);dibromide Chemical compound Br[Pt]Br KGRJUMGAEQQVFK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Pt+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDCUNMWWJBHRSC-UHFFFAOYSA-K praseodymium(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Pr+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O KDCUNMWWJBHRSC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Rh+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005211 surface analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000347 yttrium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAYJOCWVUTQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-H yttrium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Y+3].[Y+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RTAYJOCWVUTQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1021—Platinum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1023—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1025—Rhodium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
- B01D2255/2066—Praseodymium
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D2255/40—Mixed oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/902—Multilayered catalyst
- B01D2255/9022—Two layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/908—O2-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/92—Dimensions
- B01D2255/9207—Specific surface
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst for purifying exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine and an exhaust gas purification method using the exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a catalyst containing palladium and praseodymium oxide as a catalyst that can maintain and exhibit excellent oxygen storage ability even in a high-temperature atmosphere of 900 ° C. or higher.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a catalyst in which palladium oxide (PdO) particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 50 nm and rare earth oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 50 nm are supported on a carrier. ing. As a result, the temperature at which Pd is deposited by decomposition of PdO is increased, and the grain growth of Pd is suppressed even under a high temperature environment of 900 ° C., thereby preventing a decrease in catalytic activity.
- PdO palladium oxide
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed in Patent Document 2 has a problem in that PdO is not detected in the XRD diffraction pattern and the catalytic activity is not sufficient.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and a main object of the present invention is an exhaust gas purifying catalyst capable of maintaining high catalytic activity even after being exposed to exhaust gas at a high temperature for a long period of time. And an exhaust gas purification method using the exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- an exhaust gas purification catalyst capable of maintaining high catalytic activity over a long period of time, and an exhaust gas purification method using the exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- 6 is a graph showing the Pd particle diameter after heat-resistant treatment of the catalysts in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 with respect to the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention. 6 is a graph showing the results of catalyst performance evaluation tests on the catalysts in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 regarding the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention.
- a to B means “A or more and B or less”, and is described in the specification as “1% by mass to 30% by mass” or “1 to 30% by mass”, for example. "1 mass% or more and 30 mass% or less”.
- C and / or D in the present specification means to include one or both of C and D.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention contains at least palladium (Pd) and praseodymium (Pr) as catalyst components, and at least a part of palladium forms a complex (Pd—Pr complex) with praseodymium. Further, it is characterized by containing palladium oxide (PdO).
- Pd—Pr composites are formed even after being exposed to the exhaust gas at a high temperature for a long period of time, so that aggregation of Pd is suppressed.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention can adsorb the exhaust gas on Pd even after being exposed to the exhaust gas at a high temperature for a long period of time (that is, maintaining the gas adsorption amount on Pd at a high value).
- High catalytic activity can be maintained over a long period of time.
- “exposing a catalyst to a gas” refers to bringing the catalyst into contact with a gas, and not only bringing the entire surface of the catalyst into contact with the gas but also bringing a portion of the catalyst surface into contact with the gas. Cases are also included.
- exposure of the catalyst to a high temperature of 800 ° C. to 1200 ° C. is also referred to as “heat-resistant treatment”.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst in one embodiment of the present invention includes an oxygen storage material, a refractory inorganic oxide, and an alkaline earth metal compound in addition to the Pd—Pr composite and PdO. Accordingly, it is preferable that noble metal is contained and these components are supported (coated) on the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure.
- Pd—Pr composite, oxygen storage material, refractory inorganic oxide, alkaline earth metal compound, palladium oxide (PdO), and noble metal are collectively referred to as “catalyst component” (or “each catalyst In some cases, the components are collectively referred to as “components”).
- the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure is a structure for supporting each of the above catalyst components.
- the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure used in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a structure used in a conventional exhaust gas purification catalyst can be appropriately employed.
- a honeycomb carrier is preferable. Examples of the honeycomb carrier include a monolith honeycomb carrier, a metal honeycomb carrier, a plug honeycomb carrier such as a particulate filter, and the like.
- the honeycomb carrier can be formed of a heat resistant metal such as cordierite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, a heat resistant metal such as Fe—Cr—Al alloy, or a fire resistant material such as stainless steel.
- honeycomb carriers can be manufactured by an extrusion molding method or a method of winding and hardening a sheet-like element.
- the shape (cell shape) of the gas passage port of the honeycomb carrier may be any of a hexagon, a quadrangle, a triangle, and a corrugation.
- a honeycomb carrier having a cell density (that is, the number of cells per unit cross-sectional area) of 100 to 1200 cells / square inch (15.5 to 186 cells / cm 2 ) can be used sufficiently, and preferably 200 to 900. Cells / in 2 (31 to 139.5 cells / cm 2 ).
- the total length of the refractory three-dimensional structure is preferably 10 to 1000 mm, more preferably 15 to 300 mm, and further preferably 30 to 200 mm.
- Pd-Pr complex The complex of palladium (Pd) and praseodymium (Pr) in the present invention (Pd-Pr complex) is composed of a compound containing at least two of palladium (Pd), praseodymium (Pr), and oxygen (O). It is a complex. However, the above compound does not include palladium oxide (PdO) and palladium dioxide (PdO 2 ).
- the Pd—Pr complex may be composed of one kind of the above-mentioned compound or may be composed of two or more kinds of the above-mentioned compounds.
- a 3
- it is not preferable because expensive praseodymium is used.
- c is larger than 6, the reduction performance of nitric oxide is not preferable. Since it falls, it is not preferable.
- a smaller than 1, b is smaller than 1, or c is smaller than 1, the heat resistance is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention has a mass ratio of praseodymium to palladium of 0.05 to 2.0 when the mass ratio of praseodymium and palladium contained in the catalyst is calculated in terms of Pr 6 O 11 and Pd, respectively.
- it is 0.05 to 1.9, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5, and most preferably 0.2 to 1.0.
- the mass ratio of praseodymium to palladium is less than 0.05, it is difficult to form a Pd-Pr complex, and when the mass ratio of praseodymium to palladium is larger than 2.0, a large amount of expensive praseodymium is used. Therefore, it is not preferable.
- the confirmation of the formation of the Pd—Pr complex and the identification of the Pd—Pr complex can be performed by a known method, and in this specification, is performed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- the XRD X-ray source is described as CuK ⁇ rays.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention contains PdO together with the Pd—Pr complex.
- the confirmation of the formation of PdO can also be performed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
- the abundance ratio of the Pd—Pr complex to PdO is preferably within a predetermined range. Therefore, in this specification, the abundance ratio of the Pd—Pr complex to PdO is expressed as the intensity at a specific diffraction angle of the Pd—Pr complex with respect to the intensity at a specific diffraction angle of PdO in X-ray diffraction analysis (I PdO 2 ) I PrPdO ) ratio C compo (defined by the following formula (1)).
- C compo I PrPdO / I PdO (1)
- the specific diffraction angle of PdO and the specific diffraction angle of the Pd—Pr complex used when calculating C compo are such that the diffraction angles of PdO and Pd—Pr complex do not overlap with each other in the X-ray diffraction pattern. Of the diffraction angles, the diffraction angles have the highest intensity. For example, when the Pd—Pr complex is composed only of Pr 2 Pd 5 O 2 , C compo is calculated as follows: Pr 2 Pd 5 O 2 vs.
- C compo is preferably in the range of 0.04 to 1.1, more preferably in the range of 0.07 to 0.8, and most preferably 0.1 to The range is 0.6.
- C compo is lower than 0.04, the ratio of Pd—Pr complex is low, and the effect of Pd—Pr complex cannot be sufficiently exhibited, which is not preferable.
- C compo is higher than 1.1, the ratio of PdO is not preferable. Since it is low, the catalyst performance is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention contains PdO together with the Pd—Pr complex.
- “Contains PdO together with Pd—Pr complex” means that PdO is formed on the surface of Pd—Pr complex particles, and PdO particles exist independently of Pd—Pr complex particles.
- the PdO particles may be present in a state where PdO is formed on the surface of the Pd—Pr composite particles and the PdO particles are present independently of the Pd—Pr composite particles.
- PdO particles exist independently of Pr composite particles, or PdO is formed on the surface of Pd-Pr composite particles and PdO particles exist independently of Pd-Pr composite particles More preferably, PdO is formed on the surface of the Pd—Pr composite particles, and PdO particles are present independently of the Pd—Pr composite particles.
- the locations where the Pd-Pr composite particles and the PdO particles exist are, for example, energy such as TEM-EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum-transmission electron microscope), TEM-EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopic-transmission electron microscope). It can be examined by observation with an electron microscope equipped with a distributed X-ray detector. Specifically, in the surface analysis in the electron microscope observation provided with the energy dispersive X-ray detector, Pr and oxygen (O) are detected at the same location as the particles from which Pd is detected, and the Pd and Pr are When Pr is not detected in particles different from the particles detected together, and Pd and O are detected, PdO particles are present independently of the Pd—Pr complex particles.
- TEM-EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectrum-transmission electron microscope
- TEM-EDS energy dispersive spectroscopic-transmission electron microscope
- the O strength of the outer peripheral portion of the Pd—Pr composite particles is higher than the O strength of the central portion of the Pd—Pr composite particles, and When the Pr strength at the outer peripheral portion is lower than the Pr strength at the central portion, PdO is formed on the surface of the Pd—Pr composite particles.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention suppresses the aggregation of Pd due to the formation of the Pd—Pr complex, and as a result, even after being exposed to the exhaust gas at a high temperature for a long time, Gas can be adsorbed.
- the amount of gas adsorbed on Pd can be measured by the O 2 —CO 2 —H 2 —CO pulse adsorption method (reference: Applied Catalysis A, 2005, vol. 293).
- the Pd particle size can be calculated from the amount of CO adsorption obtained by the O 2 —CO 2 —H 2 —CO pulse adsorption method (reference: catalyst, 1986, Vol. 28, No. 1). .
- the palladium starting material (palladium source) in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purifying catalysts can be used. Specifically, palladium as a source of palladium; halides such as palladium chloride; nitrates, sulfates, acetates, ammonium salts, amine salts, tetraammine salts, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrites, oxalates, etc. Inorganic salts; carboxylates such as formates; hydroxides; alkoxides; oxides.
- nitrates, acetates, ammonium salts, amine salts, tetraammine salts and carbonates are preferable, and nitrates (palladium nitrate), chlorides (palladium chloride), acetates (palladium acetate), A tetraammine salt (tetraamminepalladium), more preferably palladium nitrate.
- the amount of palladium supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is preferably 0.1 to 15 g, more preferably 0.2 to 10 g, and still more preferably 0.5 to 10 g in terms of Pd.
- a palladium source is used so that the amount of palladium supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is the above amount.
- the palladium source one kind of palladium source may be used, or two or more kinds of palladium sources may be used in combination.
- the starting material (praseodymium source) of praseodymium in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purifying catalysts can be used.
- examples of the praseodymium source include praseodymium nitrate, praseodymium carbonate, praseodymium acetate, praseodymium phosphate, and praseodymium sol.
- praseodymium nitrate, praseodymium carbonate, praseodymium acetate, and praseodymium sol are preferable, praseodymium nitrate, praseodymium carbonate, and praseodymium sol are more preferable, and praseodymium nitrate and praseodymium sol are more preferable.
- the praseodymium sol is a sol obtained by dispersing praseodymium oxide in a solvent such as water or ethanol containing an acid such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid, preferably acetic acid.
- the praseodymium sol preferably has a pH in the range of 7-10.
- a praseodymium source is used so that the amount of praseodymium supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is the above amount.
- a praseodymium source one kind of praseodymium source may be used, or two or more kinds of praseodymium sources may be used in combination.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention preferably contains other noble metal in addition to palladium (palladium oxide).
- a noble metal used in a conventional exhaust gas purification catalyst can be used, but it is preferable that the noble metal further contains at least one kind of noble metal of rhodium (Rh) and platinum (Pt).
- Rh rhodium
- Pt platinum
- a single noble metal may be used as another noble metal, or a plurality of different noble metals may be used in combination.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst is composed of a plurality of catalyst layers, the same noble metal may be used in each catalyst layer, or different noble metals may be used depending on the catalyst layer.
- the amount of rhodium used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001 to 1 g, more preferably 0.1 to 1 g in terms of Rh per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure. 0.5 g.
- the amount of platinum used in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 5 g, more preferably 0.2 to 4 g, and most preferably 0.5 to 3 g in terms of Pt.
- the starting material (rhodium source) of rhodium in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purification catalysts can be used.
- rhodium as a source of rhodium halides such as rhodium chloride; nitrates, sulfates, acetates, ammonium salts, amine salts, hexammine salts, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrites, oxalates, etc.
- nitrates ammonium salts, amine salts, and carbonates are preferable, and nitrates (rhodium nitrate), chlorides (rhodium chloride), acetates (rhodium acetate), hexammine salts (hexa). Ammine rhodium), more preferably rhodium nitrate.
- a rhodium source is used so that the amount of rhodium supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is the above amount.
- the rhodium source one kind of rhodium source may be used, or two or more kinds of rhodium sources may be used in combination.
- platinum starting material (platinum source) in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purification catalysts can be used.
- platinum source platinum; halides such as platinum bromide and platinum chloride; nitrate, dinitrodiammine salt, tetraammine salt, sulfate, ammonium salt, amine salt, bisethanolamine salt, bisacetylacetonate salt
- Inorganic salts such as carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrite and oxalate; carboxylates such as formate; hydroxides; alkoxides; oxides and the like.
- nitrate platinum nitrate
- dinitrodiammine salt dinitrodiammine platinum
- chloride platinum chloride
- tetraammine salt tetraammine platinum
- bisethanolamine salt bisethanolamine platinum
- bisacetylacetate A narate salt platinum bisacetylacetonate
- a platinum source is used so that the amount of platinum supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is the above amount.
- a platinum source one type of platinum source may be used, or two or more types of platinum sources may be used in combination.
- a cerium-zirconium composite oxide can be used as an oxygen storage material in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention.
- the cerium-zirconium composite oxide can include lanthanum, yttrium, neodymium, and praseodymium other than Pd—Pr composite oxide, preferably cerium-zirconium composite oxide, cerium-zirconium-lanthanum composite oxide, A cerium-zirconium-lanthanum-yttrium composite oxide, more preferably a cerium-zirconium-lanthanum composite oxide or a cerium-zirconium-lanthanum-yttrium composite oxide.
- the amount of the oxygen storage material added per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of oxide (CeO 2 , ZrO 2 , La 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 5 , or Pr 6 O 11 )
- the amount is preferably 5 to 200 g, more preferably 5 to 100 g, and still more preferably 5 to 50 g.
- cerium starting material (cerium raw material) used as the oxygen storage material in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the raw material used in the conventional exhaust gas purification catalyst may be used. it can.
- cerium raw materials include nitrates such as cerium nitrate, carbonates, sulfates, and the like. Of these, nitrate is preferable.
- a cerium raw material 1 type of cerium raw material may be used, and 2 or more types of cerium raw materials may be used in combination.
- the addition amount of the cerium raw material is preferably 5 to 200 g, more preferably 5 to 100 g, and further preferably 5 to 50 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ). .
- zirconium raw material used as the oxygen storage material in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the raw material used in the conventional exhaust gas purification catalyst may be used. it can.
- zirconium raw materials include zirconium oxynitrate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium nitrate, basic zirconium sulfate and the like. Of these, zirconium oxynitrate or zirconium nitrate is preferable.
- a zirconium raw material one type of zirconium raw material may be used, or two or more types of zirconium raw materials may be used in combination.
- the addition amount of the zirconium raw material is preferably 5 to 200 g, more preferably 10 to 150 g, and still more preferably 20 to 100 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ). .
- the starting material (lanthanum raw material) of lanthanum in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purification catalysts can be used.
- the lanthanum raw material include lanthanum hydroxide, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum acetate, and lanthanum oxide. Of these, lanthanum nitrate or lanthanum hydroxide is preferable.
- the lanthanum raw material one kind of lanthanum raw material may be used, or two or more kinds of lanthanum raw materials may be used in combination.
- the addition amount of the lanthanum raw material is preferably 1 to 50 g, more preferably 1 to 35 g, and further preferably 1 to 20 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ). It is.
- the starting material (yttrium raw material) of yttrium in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purifying catalysts can be used.
- examples of the yttrium raw material include yttrium hydroxide, yttrium nitrate, yttrium oxalate, and yttrium sulfate. Of these, yttrium hydroxide or yttrium nitrate is preferable.
- a yttrium raw material one type of yttrium raw material may be used, or two or more types of yttrium raw materials may be used in combination.
- the amount of the yttrium raw material added is preferably 0 to 50 g, more preferably 0 to 35 g, and further preferably 0 to 20 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ). It is.
- the starting material of neodymium (neodymium raw material) in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the raw materials used in conventional exhaust gas purifying catalysts can be used.
- the neodymium raw material include neodymium hydroxide, neodymium nitrate, neodymium oxalate, and neodymium sulfate. Of these, neodymium hydroxide or neodymium nitrate is preferable.
- a neodymium raw material one type of neodymium raw material may be used, or two or more types of neodymium raw materials may be used in combination.
- the addition amount of the neodymium raw material is preferably 0 to 50 g, more preferably 0 to 35 g, still more preferably 0 to 20 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 5 ). It is.
- the crystal structure of the oxygen storage material described above includes cubic, tetragonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, etc., preferably cubic, tetragonal, monoclinic, more preferably cubic, Tetragonal.
- the refractory inorganic oxide has a high specific surface area, and supports other catalyst components (Pd—Pr complex, noble metal, oxygen storage material, alkaline earth metal compound) and the above catalyst components and gas. Is a support for increasing the contact area with the refractory three-dimensional structure.
- the refractory inorganic oxide used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention preferably has a small change in specific surface area at 700 ° C. or higher, preferably 1000 ° C. or higher.
- the BET specific surface area of the refractory inorganic oxide is not particularly limited, but is preferably 50 to 750 m 2 / g, more preferably 150 to 750 m 2 / g from the viewpoint of supporting the catalyst component.
- Examples of the refractory inorganic oxide used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention include any of granular, fine particle, powder, cylindrical, conical, prismatic, cubic, pyramid, and indefinite shape. Although a shape can also be taken, it is preferably granular, fine particle, or powder, and more preferably powder.
- the average primary particle size of the refractory inorganic oxide is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 5 nm to 20 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 10 nm. Range. If it is such a range, a catalyst component can be carry
- the shape or average primary particle diameter of the refractory inorganic oxide in the present invention can be measured by a known method such as a method using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the refractory inorganic oxide used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention preferably has a melting point of 1000 ° C. or higher, more preferably 1000 to 3000 ° C., and further preferably 1500 ° C. to 3000 ° C. is there.
- Preferred refractory inorganic oxides as described above include, for example, activated alumina such as ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , lanthanum-containing alumina (lanthanum-alumina), silica, zeolite, titania, zirconia, titania, Examples thereof include silicon oxide. Of these, activated alumina is preferable.
- the refractory inorganic oxide one kind of refractory inorganic oxide may be used, or two or more kinds of refractory inorganic oxides may be used in combination. Examples of combinations of two or more refractory inorganic oxides include alumina-titania, alumina-zirconia, and titania-zirconia.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention may be in the form of a refractory inorganic oxide carrying other catalyst components.
- the refractory inorganic oxide carrying other catalyst components may be converted into the above refractory inorganic oxide.
- the three-dimensional structure is supported on the surface.
- the amount of the refractory inorganic oxide used when the refractory inorganic oxide is supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is not particularly limited, but is 10 to 300 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure. Is more preferable, and 50 to 200 g is more preferable.
- the amount of the refractory inorganic oxide used per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure is less than 10 g, the noble metal cannot be sufficiently dispersed and the durability may not be sufficient.
- the amount of the refractory inorganic oxide used per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure exceeds 300 g, the contact state between the noble metal and the exhaust gas is deteriorated, and the catalyst performance may not be sufficiently exhibited.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst As an example of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst, an example in which a refractory inorganic oxide supporting other catalyst components is supported on the refractory three-dimensional structure is given as an example.
- the form of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst in one embodiment of the present invention is a form in which the fire-resistant inorganic oxide after forming a honeycomb structure is formed by molding a fire-resistant inorganic oxide carrying other catalyst components. It may be.
- the alkaline earth metal compound is used for suppressing reduction of palladium oxide to metal palladium at a high temperature.
- the alkaline earth metal compound used in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is in the form of an alkaline earth metal (magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, etc.) oxide, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, etc.
- a compound that becomes an oxide, sulfate, or carbonate after calcination in the production of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst can be mentioned.
- barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) as barium sulfate is preferable.
- alkaline earth metal compound one type of alkaline earth metal compound may be used, or two or more types of alkaline earth metal compounds may be used in combination.
- the amount of BaSO 4 used is preferably 0 to 50 g, more preferably 0.5 to 30 g per liter of the refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of BaSO 4. More preferably 0.5 to 20 g.
- the method for producing the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained, and a known method can be used, and (a) slurry preparation step, which will be described later, (b) It is preferable to use a method including a slurry application step and (c) a drying and firing step.
- a method including a slurry application step and (c) a drying and firing step will be described in detail.
- the slurry preparation process includes the above-described catalyst components (Pr—Pd composite, PdO, noble metal, refractory inorganic oxide, oxygen storage material, and alkaline earth metal compound) after the drying and firing process described later. This is a step of producing a slurry containing the substance to be.
- the slurry is made by mixing the starting materials for each catalyst component in an aqueous medium and wet milling.
- water pure water
- a lower alcohol such as ethanol or 2-propanol
- an organic alkaline aqueous solution can be used as the aqueous medium, but water or a lower alcohol is preferably used. More preferably, water is used.
- the slurry is prepared so that the amount of solid matter in the slurry is preferably 5 to 60% by mass, more preferably 10 to 50% by mass.
- the wet pulverization is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. Examples of wet pulverization include pulverization using a ball mill.
- the palladium starting material and the praseodymium starting material are mixed in advance before mixing with the aqueous medium, and then the above mixed palladium starting material and the aqueous medium in which the composite forming material described below is dispersed
- the praseodymium starting material is added and stirred.
- a precursor of the Pd—Pr complex can be formed in the aqueous medium.
- Pd—Pr composite can be formed by heat treatment in the drying and firing step, and PdO can be formed on the surface of the Pd—Pr composite particles.
- PdO particles can be formed independently of the Pd—Pr composite particles during the heat treatment.
- the complex forming material a forming material exhibiting reducibility is preferable, and reducing saccharides such as acetic acid, hydrazine, sodium borohydride, and glucose are preferable.
- the solution containing the precursor of the Pd—Pr complex is heat-treated at 100 ° C. to 1000 ° C., preferably 120 ° C. to 900 ° C., more preferably 120 ° C. to 600 ° C., most preferably 120 ° C. to 550 ° C., By removing solution components such as an aqueous medium, a Pd—Pr complex can be formed.
- the Pd raw material and praseodymium sol are mixed and stirred for 5 minutes to 24 hours, so that the Pd—Pr complex is added without adding a complex forming agent.
- Body precursors can be formed.
- an oxygen storage material a refractory inorganic oxide, and an alkaline earth metal compound can be further added.
- wet pulverization can be performed.
- a wet pulverization When the pH of the slurry immediately before the wet pulverization changes ⁇ 5 or more, preferably ⁇ 3 or more with respect to the pH of the slurry when the precursor is formed, an acid such as acetic acid or nitric acid, ammonia or the like After returning the pH to less than ⁇ 5, preferably less than ⁇ 3 with respect to the pH at the time of precursor formation, a wet pulverization can be performed.
- the refractory inorganic oxide is added to the aqueous medium and stirred for 5 minutes to 24 hours, and then the Pd—Pr composite formed in advance in the aqueous medium is added for 5 minutes to After stirring for 24 hours, an oxygen storage material and an alkaline earth compound can be added. Thereafter, wet pulverization can be similarly performed.
- two catalyst layers may be formed on the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure. it can.
- a first slurry for forming the lower catalyst layer and a second slurry for forming the upper catalyst layer are prepared.
- Each of the first slurry and the second slurry may include different noble metals.
- the first slurry and the second slurry are prepared so that one of the first slurry and the second slurry contains palladium (palladium oxide) and the other contains rhodium or platinum.
- a slurry application process is a process of apply
- the specific method for applying the slurry to the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- the amount of slurry applied is not particularly limited as long as it is set according to the amount of solid matter in the slurry and the thickness of the catalyst layer to be formed.
- the drying and firing step is a step of drying and firing the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure to which the slurry is applied in the slurry application step, and drying to dry the slurry applied to the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure. And a firing step of firing the slurry dried in the drying step.
- the drying step and the firing step are not distinguished as separate steps, and may be performed by a single heat treatment step. Good.
- the slurry is dried in air at a temperature of preferably 50 to 300 ° C., more preferably 80 to 200 ° C., for 5 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 8 hours.
- the slurry dried in the drying step is fired in air at a temperature of 300 to 1200 ° C., preferably 400 to 700 ° C., for 10 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 5 hours.
- the first slurry is applied to the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure, and after the drying and firing step, the second slurry is further fire-resistant. This is applied to a conductive three-dimensional structure and a drying and firing step is performed. Thereby, an exhaust gas purifying catalyst in which two layers of the lower catalyst layer and the upper catalyst layer are formed on the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure can be manufactured. Further, when the catalyst layer is formed thick on the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure, the above steps (a) to (c) may be repeated.
- the present invention provides an exhaust gas purification method characterized by purifying nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in exhaust gas in a high temperature region of an internal combustion engine using the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention, Also provided is a method for purifying exhaust gas in a high temperature region.
- the method of exposing the exhaust gas purification catalyst to the exhaust gas is not particularly limited.
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst is installed in the exhaust passage of the exhaust port of the internal combustion engine. However, it can be performed by flowing the exhaust gas into the exhaust passage.
- the exhaust gas in the exhaust gas purification method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine.
- nitrogen oxide for example, NO, NO 2 , N 2 O
- carbon monoxide for example, a gas containing carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, ammonia, water, sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons in any proportion.
- the internal combustion engine to which the exhaust gas purification method of the present invention is applied is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a gasoline engine, a hybrid engine, an engine using natural gas, ethanol, dimethyl ether and the like as fuel. Of these, a gasoline engine is preferred.
- the time for which the exhaust gas purification catalyst is exposed to the exhaust gas is not particularly limited, and it is ensured that at least a part of the exhaust gas purification catalyst can come into contact with the exhaust gas. It only has to be done.
- the temperature of the exhaust gas is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 ° C. to 800 ° C., that is, within the temperature range of exhaust gas during normal internal combustion engine operation.
- the air-fuel ratio in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine whose temperature is 0 ° C. to 800 ° C. is 10 to 30, and preferably 11 to 14.7.
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst may be exposed to a high temperature region exhaust gas having a temperature of 800 to 1200 ° C.
- the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas having a temperature of 800 to 1200 ° C. is preferably 10 to 18.6.
- the time for which the exhaust gas purifying catalyst is exposed to the exhaust gas having a temperature of 800 ° C. to 1200 ° C. is not particularly limited, and may be exposed to, for example, 5 to 500 hours.
- the exhaust gas temperature is the exhaust gas temperature at the catalyst inlet.
- the “catalyst inlet” refers to a portion from the catalyst end surface on the exhaust gas inflow side to the internal combustion engine side in the exhaust pipe where the exhaust gas purification catalyst is installed, up to 20 cm, and the exhaust pipe. It refers to the location of the central portion in the longitudinal direction (axial direction).
- the “catalyst bed portion” in the present specification is a central portion between the exhaust gas inflow side catalyst end surface and the exhaust gas outflow side catalyst end surface in the exhaust pipe, and is a cross-sectional view of the exhaust pipe. It refers to the location of the central portion (the location of the center of gravity of the cross section of the exhaust pipe when the cross section of the exhaust pipe is not circular).
- the weighed lantana-alumina was dispersed in pure water (amount corresponding to twice the mass of lantana-alumina). An amount of acetic acid corresponding to 0.3 times the mass of palladium was added to the dispersion as a composite-forming material. Next, a mixture of a palladium nitrate aqueous solution and praseodymium nitrate mixed in advance was added to the dispersion and stirred for 10 minutes. Next, weighed ceria-zirconia and barium sulfate were added to this solution, and wet pulverized with a ball mill. Thereby, the first slurry a1 was produced.
- An aqueous rhodium nitrate solution was added to the dispersion and stirred for 10 minutes, followed by wet pulverization with a ball mill. Thus, a second slurry a2 was produced.
- a cylindrical cordierite carrier (diameter 105.7 mm, length 91 mm, 0.8 liter, 900 cells per square inch (139.5 cells / cm 2 ) as a fire-resistant three-dimensional structure, cell wall
- the total supported amount of the catalyst components after calcination is Pd, Pr 6 O 11 , La 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , ZrO 2 , and BaSO 4 with a thickness of 2.5 mil (0.0635 mm).
- the first slurry a1 was applied so as to be 115.2 g per liter of the fire-resistant three-dimensional structure in terms of the above, dried at 150 ° C. for 15 minutes, and then fired at 550 ° C. for 30 minutes. As a result, a cordierite carrier on which the lower catalyst layer A1 was formed was obtained.
- the total supported amount of the catalyst component after firing is 1 liter of refractory three-dimensional structure in terms of Rh, La 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , and ZrO 2.
- the second slurry a2 was applied so as to be 81 g, dried and fired under the same conditions.
- an exhaust gas purification catalyst hereinafter referred to as catalyst A
- the lower catalyst layer A1 and the upper catalyst layer A2 were formed on the cordierite carrier was obtained.
- Example 5 the method for producing the first slurry f1 is different from that in the first embodiment.
- an aqueous palladium nitrate solution, praseodymium sol (containing 20 mass% Pr in terms of Pr 6 O 11 in the sol, and 180 ppm acetic acid and 1390 ppm sulfuric acid in the sol).
- barium sulfate in a mass ratio of Pd: Pr 6 O 11 : Lantana-alumina: ceria-zirconia: BaSO 4 6: 1.
- the weight ratio of Pr 6 O 11 and Pd becomes 0.2.
- the weighed lantana-alumina was dispersed in pure water (amount corresponding to twice the mass of lantana-alumina).
- a premixed palladium nitrate aqueous solution and praseodymium sol were added and stirred for 10 minutes.
- Weighed ceria-zirconia and barium sulfate were added to this solution, and wet pulverized with a ball mill. This produced the 1st slurry f1.
- an exhaust gas purifying catalyst hereinafter referred to as catalyst F in which the lower catalyst layer F1 and the upper catalyst layer A2 were formed on the cordierite carrier was obtained in the same manner as in the production method in Example 1.
- the weighed lantana-alumina was dispersed in pure water (amount corresponding to twice the mass of lantana-alumina). To this dispersion, weighed aqueous palladium nitrate, ceria-zirconia and barium sulfate were added and stirred for 1 hour. Next, praseodymium nitrate was added and wet pulverized with a ball mill, thereby preparing a first slurry g1. Thereafter, in the same manner as in the production method in Example 1, an exhaust gas purifying catalyst (hereinafter referred to as catalyst G) in which a lower catalyst layer G1 and an upper catalyst layer A2 were formed on a cordierite carrier was obtained.
- catalyst G exhaust gas purifying catalyst in which a lower catalyst layer G1 and an upper catalyst layer A2 were formed on a cordierite carrier was obtained.
- Each of the catalysts A to G was subjected to heat treatment.
- these catalysts were installed 25 cm downstream from the exhaust port of a V-6 cylinder, 3.0 liter engine. At this time, the temperature of the catalyst bed was set to 1000 ° C.
- the catalyst inlet A / F is set to 14.6, the engine is operated for 25 seconds, the fuel supply is stopped, the engine is operated for 2.5 seconds, and then the A / F is set to 12.0. Was repeated for a total of 40 hours.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the Pd particle size after heat resistance treatment in the catalysts A to G.
- the catalyst E containing no praseodymium has a Pd particle diameter of 40 nm after the heat treatment, whereas the catalysts A to D, F, and G containing praseodymium have a Pd particle diameter of after the heat treatment.
- the catalysts A to F other than the catalyst G are on the curve shown in FIG. 1).
- the catalysts A to D, F, and G of the present invention containing praseodymium can suppress the occurrence of sintering of PdO when exposed to high-temperature exhaust gas, and Pd particles after heat treatment The diameter was smaller than the Pd particle diameter of catalyst E.
- Catalyst performance evaluation test> A catalyst performance evaluation test was performed for each of the catalysts A to G.
- these catalysts were installed 30 cm downstream from the exhaust port of the in-line 6-cylinder, 2.4-liter engine.
- the A / F at the catalyst inlet is set to 14.6, the temperature at the catalyst inlet is raised from 100 ° C. to 500 ° C., the exhaust gas is exposed to the catalyst, and the gas discharged from the catalyst outlet is sampled.
- the respective purification rates of CO, HC and NOx were calculated.
- the catalytic ability of each catalyst was evaluated using T50, which is the temperature at which the purification rate of CO, HC and NOx reaches 50%.
- FIG. 2 is a graph in which T50 of the catalysts A to G is plotted against Pr 6 O 11 / Pd.
- T50 values for CO, HC and NOx were low in the catalysts A to C and F in which C compo was in the range of 0.04 to 1.1. That is, it can be seen that the catalysts A to C and F have high catalytic performance for purifying exhaust gas.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention can adsorb the exhaust gas to Pd even after being exposed to the exhaust gas at a high temperature for a long period of time, so that a high catalytic activity can be maintained for a long period of time. .
- the mass ratio of praseodymium to palladium contained in the exhaust gas purification catalyst is calculated in terms of Pr 6 O 11 and Pd, the mass ratio is 0.05 to 2.0. It is preferable that
- the ratio C compo of the intensity (I PrPdO 2 ) at a specific diffraction angle of the Pd—Pr complex to the intensity (I PdO 2 ) at a specific diffraction angle of PdO in X-ray diffraction analysis is 0 It is preferably 0.04 to 1.1.
- the Pd—Pr complex is preferably Pr 2 Pd 5 O 2 .
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention preferably further contains at least one of rhodium and platinum.
- An exhaust gas purification method is characterized in that exhaust gas containing exhaust gas in a high temperature region is purified using the exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- the exhaust gas purification rate can be maintained at a high value over a long period of time.
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention can be suitably used for an exhaust gas purification method of an internal combustion engine, particularly a gasoline engine.
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Abstract
Description
耐火性三次元構造体は、上記の各触媒成分を担持するための構造体である。本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒において用いられる耐火性三次元構造体は、特に制限されるものではなく、従来の排気ガス浄化用触媒において使用されている構造体を適宜採用することができるが、好ましくは、ハニカム担体である。ハニカム担体としては、モノリスハニカム担体、メタルハニカム担体、パティキュレートフィルターなどのプラグハニカム担体などが挙げられる。ハニカム担体は、コージェライト、炭化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素、Fe-Cr-Al合金などの耐熱性金属などの耐熱性金属、ステンレス鋼などの耐火性の材料によって形成することができる。
本発明におけるパラジウム(Pd)およびプラセオジム(Pr)の複合体(Pd-Pr複合体)とは、パラジウム(Pd)、プラセオジム(Pr)、および酸素(O)のうち少なくとも2つを含む化合物からなる複合体のことである。ただし、上記化合物に、酸化パラジウム(PdO)および二酸化パラジウム(PdO2)は含まれないこととする。Pd-Pr複合体は、1種の上記化合物からなってもよいし、2種以上の上記化合物からなってもよい。Pd-Pr複合体は、PraPdbOcで表したとき、a=1~3、b=1~10、c=1~6であり、好ましくは、a=1~2、b=2~5、c=1~4であり、より好ましくは、a=2、b=3~5、c=1~2であり、さらに好ましくは、a=2、b=5、c=2(すなわち、Pr2Pd5O2)であり、最も好ましくは示性式でPr2Pd5O2である。aが3よりも大きいと高価なプラセオジムを多く使用するため好ましくなく、bが10よりも大きいと高価なパラジウムを多く使用するため好ましくなく、cが6よりも大きいと一酸化窒素の還元性能が低下するため好ましくない。一方、aが1よりも小さい、bが1よりも小さい、またはcが1よりも小さいと耐熱性が低下するため好ましくない。
ここで、Ccompoを算出するときに用いる、PdOの特定の回折角およびPd-Pr複合体の特定の回折角は、X線回折パターンにおいてPdOおよびPd-Pr複合体の回折角が互いに重ならない回折角のうち、それぞれ最も強度が高い回折角である。例えば、Pd-Pr複合体がPr2Pd5O2のみによって構成されている場合には、Ccompoは、PdOの2θ=33.29°における強度(IPdO)に対するPr2Pd5O2の2θ=31.49°における強度(IPrPdO)によって算出することができる。なお、X線回折分析における回折角には誤差が含まれているため、上記IPdOおよびIPrPdOにおける回折角は誤差を補正した回折角とすることができ、IPdOおよびIPrPdOは当該補正された回折角における強度とすることができる。
本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒は、パラジウム(酸化パラジウム)の他に、他の貴金属を含むことが好ましい。該他の貴金属は、従来の排気ガス浄化用触媒に用いられている貴金属を使用することができるが、ロジウム(Rh)および白金(Pt)のうち少なくとも1種の貴金属をさらに含むことが好ましい。本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒においては、他の貴金属として、単一の貴金属を使用してもよいし、複数の異なる貴金属を組み合わせて使用してもよい。また、排気ガス浄化用触媒が複数の触媒層によって構成される場合には、各触媒層において同一の貴金属を使用してもよいし、触媒層によって異なる貴金属を使用してもよい。
本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒における酸素貯蔵材として、セリウム-ジルコニウム複合酸化物を用いることができる。当該セリウム-ジルコニウム複合酸化物は、ランタン、イットリウム、ネオジム、およびPd-Pr複合酸化物以外のプラセオジムなどを含むことができ、好ましくはセリウム-ジルコニウム複合酸化物、セリウム-ジルコニウム-ランタン複合酸化物、セリウム-ジルコニウム-ランタン-イットリウム複合酸化物であり、より好ましくはセリウム-ジルコニウム-ランタン複合酸化物、セリウム-ジルコニウム-ランタン-イットリウム複合酸化物である。酸素貯蔵材の添加量は、酸化物(CeO2、ZrO2、La2O3、Y2O3、Nd2O5、またはPr6O11)換算で耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり、好ましくは5~200gであり、より好ましくは5~100gであり、さらに好ましくは5~50gである。
耐火性無機酸化物は、高い比表面積を有しており、他の触媒成分(Pd-Pr複合体、貴金属、酸素貯蔵材、アルカリ土類金属化合物)を担持することにより、上記触媒成分とガスとの接触面積を増加させるための担体であり、耐火性三次元構造体に担持(コート)される。
アルカリ土類金属化合物は、高温において酸化パラジウムが金属パラジウムに還元されることを抑制するために用いられる。本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒において使用されるアルカリ土類金属化合物は、アルカリ土類金属(マグネシウム、カルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウムなど)の酸化物、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、硝酸塩などの形態を用いることができ、好ましくは、排気ガス浄化用触媒の製造時において焼成した後に、酸化物、硫酸塩、または炭酸塩となる化合物などを挙げることができる。これらのうち、好ましくは、バリウム硫酸塩としての硫酸バリウム(BaSO4)である。なお、アルカリ土類金属化合物として、1種のアルカリ土類金属化合物を使用してもよいし、2種以上のアルカリ土類金属化合物を組み合わせて使用してもよい。アルカリ土類金属化合物としてBaSO4を用いる場合、BaSO4の使用量は、BaSO4換算で耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり、好ましくは0~50gであり、より好ましくは0.5~30gであり、さらに好ましくは0.5~20gである。
本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒の製造方法は、本発明の効果を得られるのであれば特に制限されず、公知の方法を用いることができるが、後述する(a)スラリー作製工程、(b)スラリー塗布工程、および(c)乾燥焼成工程を含む方法を用いることが好ましい。以下に、(a)~(c)の各工程について詳細に説明する。
スラリー作製工程は、後述する乾燥焼成工程後に上述した各触媒成分(Pr-Pd複合体、PdO、貴金属、耐火性無機酸化物、酸素貯蔵材、およびアルカリ土類金属化合物)となる物質を含むスラリーを作製する工程である。スラリーは、各触媒成分の出発材料を水性媒体中で混合し、湿式粉砕することにより作製される。
スラリー塗布工程は、スラリー作製工程において作製されたスラリーを耐火性三次元構造体に塗布する工程である。スラリーを耐火性三次元構造体に塗布する具体的な方法は、特に制限されるものでなく、公知の方法を用いることができる。また、スラリーの塗布量は、スラリー中の固体物の量、および形成する触媒層の厚さに応じて設定すればよく、特に制限されるものではない。
乾燥焼成工程は、スラリー塗布工程においてスラリーが塗布された耐火性三次元構造体を乾燥、焼成する工程であり、耐火性三次元構造体に塗布されたスラリーを乾燥する乾燥工程と、乾燥工程において乾燥されたスラリーを焼成する焼成工程とを含む。ただし、乾燥焼成工程では、耐火性三次元構造体に各触媒成分を担持することができるのであれば、乾燥工程と焼成工程とを別々の工程として区別せず、一度の熱処理工程により行ってもよい。
本発明は、本発明の排気ガス浄化用触媒を用いて内燃機関の高温領域の排気ガス中の窒素酸化物、一酸化炭素および炭化水素を浄化することを特徴とする排気ガスの浄化方法、すなわち、高温領域の排気ガスの浄化方法をも提供する。
本実施例における排気ガス浄化用触媒の作製では、まず、硝酸パラジウム水溶液、硝酸プラセオジム、ランタナ-アルミナ(ランタナ-アルミナ中にLa2O3として4質量%含む、以下同様)、セリア-ジルコニア(CeO2:ZrO2=45:55)、および硫酸バリウムを、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:1.2:56:40:12となるように秤量した。これにより、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、0.2となる。
本実施例では、第1スラリーb1を作製するときに、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:3:56:40:12となるように秤量した以外は実施例1と同様にして、コージェライト担体に、耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり117gの下触媒層B1、および耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり81gの上触媒層A2が形成された排気ガス浄化用触媒(以下、触媒Bと称する)を得た。なお、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、0.5となる。
本実施例では、第1スラリーc1を作製するときに、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:6:56:40:12となるように秤量した以外は実施例1と同様にして、コージェライト担体に、耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり120gの下触媒層C1、および耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり81gの上触媒層A2が形成された排気ガス浄化用触媒(以下、触媒Cと称する)を得た。なお、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、1.0となる。
本実施例では、第1スラリーd1を作製するときに、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:12:56:40:12となるように秤量した以外は実施例1と同様にして、コージェライト担体に、耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり126gの下触媒層D1、および耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり81gの上触媒層A2が形成された排気ガス浄化用触媒(以下、触媒Dと称する)を得た。なお、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、2.0となる。
本実施例では、第1スラリーe1を作製するときに、硝酸プラセオジムを加えない以外は実施例1と同様にして、コージェライト担体に、耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり114gの下触媒層E1、および耐火性三次元構造体1リットルあたり81gの上触媒層A2が形成された排気ガス浄化用触媒(以下、触媒Eと称する)を得た。なお、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、0となる。
本実施例では、第1スラリーf1の作製方法が実施例1とは異なっている。具体的には、本実施例では、まず、硝酸パラジウム水溶液、プラセオジムゾル(ゾル中にPr6O11換算で20質量%のPrを含み、かつ、ゾル中に180ppmの酢酸および1390ppmの硫酸を含む)、ランタナ-アルミナ、セリア-ジルコニア(CeO2:ZrO2=45:55)、硫酸バリウムを、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:1.2:56:40:12となるように秤量した。これにより、本実施例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、0.2となる。
本比較例では、第1スラリーg1の作製方法が実施例1とは異なっている。具体的には、本比較例では、まず、硝酸パラジウム水溶液、硝酸プラセオジム、ランタナ-アルミナ、セリア-ジルコニア(CeO2:ZrO2=45:55)、硫酸バリウムを、質量比がPd:Pr6O11:ランタナ-アルミナ:セリア-ジルコニア:BaSO4=6:3:56:40:12となるように秤量した。これにより、本比較例では、Pr6O11とPdの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)は、0.5となる。
得られた触媒A~Gに対してX線回折分析を行い、PdOの2θ=33.29°における強度(IPdO)に対する示性式Pr2Pd5O2で表されるPd-Pr複合体の2θ=31.49°における強度(IPrPdO)の比Ccompoを算出した。算出した結果を表1に示す。なお、表1には、触媒に含まれるプラセオジムおよびパラジウムの質量比をPr6O11換算およびPd換算でそれぞれ算出した場合の、パラジウムに対するプラセオジムの質量比(Pr6O11/Pd)を併せて示した。
得られた触媒A~Gの触媒成分のみをコージェライト担体から剥がし取り、TEM-EDS分析を行った。触媒A~Dおよび触媒Fでは、同一粒子においてPd、PrおよびOが検出されるとともに、当該Pd、PrおよびOが検出された粒子とは異なる粒子においてPrが検出されずPdおよびOが検出された。すなわち、触媒A~Dおよび触媒Fでは、Pd-Pr複合体粒子とは独立してPdO粒子が存在していた。一方、触媒Eおよび触媒Gでは、PdとPrとがともに検出された粒子は観察されなかった。
上記触媒A~Gに対してそれぞれ耐熱処理を行った。耐熱処理では、まず、これら触媒をV型6気筒、3.0リットルエンジンの排気口から25cm下流側に設置した。このとき、触媒床部の温度を1000℃とした。
耐熱処理後の触媒A~Gについて、O2-CO2-H2-COパルス吸着法によってPd粒子径を調べた。その結果を図1に示す。図1は、触媒A~Gにおける耐熱処理後のPd粒子径を示すグラフである。図1に示すように、プラセオジムを含まない触媒Eでは耐熱処理後のPd粒子径が40nmであるのに対して、プラセオジムを含む触媒A~D、FおよびGでは耐熱処理後のPd粒子径が25~38nmであった(なお、図1では、触媒G以外の触媒A~Fは、図1に示される曲線上にある)。すなわち、プラセオジムを含む本発明の触媒A~D、F、およびGでは、高温の排気ガスに曝されたときにPdOのシンタリングが発生することを抑制することができ、耐熱処理後のPd粒子径が触媒EのPd粒子径よりも小さくなった。
上記触媒A~Gに対してそれぞれ触媒性能評価試験を行った。触媒性能評価試験では、まず、これら触媒を直列6気筒、2.4リットルエンジンの排気口から30cm下流側に設置した。次に、触媒入口部のA/Fを14.6として、触媒入口部の温度を100℃から500℃まで昇温させて触媒に排気ガスを曝し、触媒出口部から排出されるガスをサンプリングすることにより、CO、HCおよびNOxの各浄化率を算出した。そして、各触媒の触媒能を、CO、HCおよびNOxの浄化率が50%に達するときの温度であるT50を用いて評価した。図2は、触媒A~GのT50を、Pr6O11/Pdに対してプロットしたグラフである。
上記の課題を解決するために、本発明の一態様に係る排気ガス浄化用触媒は、PraPdbOcで表したとき、a=1~3、b=1~10、c=1~6であるPd-Pr複合体と、PdOとを含むことを特徴とする。
Claims (6)
- PraPdbOcで表したとき、a=1~3、b=1~10、c=1~6であるPd-Pr複合体と、
PdOとを含むことを特徴とする排気ガス浄化用触媒。 - 当該排気ガス浄化用触媒に含まれるパラジウムに対するプラセオジムの質量比をPr6O11換算およびPd換算で算出するとき、該質量比が0.05~2.0であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の排気ガス浄化用触媒。
- X線回折分析におけるPdOの特定の回折角における強度(IPdO)に対するPd-Pr複合体の特定の回折角における強度(IPrPdO)の比Ccompoが0.04~1.1であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の排気ガス浄化用触媒。
- 上記Pd-Pr複合体がPr2Pd5O2であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の排気ガス浄化用触媒。
- ロジウムおよび白金のうち少なくとも1種をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の排気ガス浄化用触媒。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の排気ガス浄化用触媒を用いて、高温領域の排気ガスを含む排気ガスを浄化することを特徴とする排気ガスの浄化方法。
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