WO2018010405A1 - 基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法 - Google Patents

基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法 Download PDF

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WO2018010405A1
WO2018010405A1 PCT/CN2017/070613 CN2017070613W WO2018010405A1 WO 2018010405 A1 WO2018010405 A1 WO 2018010405A1 CN 2017070613 W CN2017070613 W CN 2017070613W WO 2018010405 A1 WO2018010405 A1 WO 2018010405A1
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standard chamber
upstream
control valve
core
pressure
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PCT/CN2017/070613
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English (en)
French (fr)
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李相臣
杨斌
闫霄鹏
康毅力
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西南石油大学
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
    • G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change

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  • the invention relates to the field of tight oil and gas reservoir damage and working fluid performance evaluation, and is a device and a method for simulating a dynamic intrusion and damage process of a shale base by simulating a completion and a working fluid of a shale gas reservoir.
  • shale gas reservoirs are densely lithological, and shale blocks (invisible micro-cracks) are mainly nano-scale pores.
  • reservoirs have high clay mineral content and ultra-low water saturation. feature.
  • the working fluid (drilling fluid, cementing fluid and fracturing fluid, etc.) invades the shale base under the pressure difference and capillary force, which is easy to cause reservoir damage. Therefore, simulating the drilling completion and fracturing process, the dynamic damage test of the working fluid to the shale block is of great significance for evaluating the protection performance of the working fluid reservoir and optimizing the working fluid formulation.
  • the damage assessment method for shale reservoirs still mainly follows the working fluid damage evaluation experimental method of the People's Republic of China oil and gas industry standard (SY/T 6540-2002 drilling fluid completion fluid damage oil layer indoor evaluation method). Based on the Darcy formula, the method tests the core permeability before and after damage using the conventional steady-state displacement method.
  • the shale block permeability is extremely low, even if the liquid permeability is generally less than 0.01 mD under undamaged conditions, conventional The steady-state displacement test of the block liquid permeability requires a large differential pressure, is extremely time consuming, and is even difficult to succeed.
  • the existing damage test method is usually to test the core flooding experiment under the condition of differential pressure, and the damage process of the working fluid flowing to the base block while flowing along the wellbore/crack during the actual drilling and fracturing process. There are certain differences.
  • the present invention provides a dynamic damage evaluation requirement for a test core working fluid that can meet the liquid permeability low to the level of Nadassi (10 -6 to 10 -2 mD), and effectively simulates the reservoir temperature pressure. And liquid pressure pulse-based shale block dynamic damage evaluation device and method for dynamic intrusion process of working fluid.
  • the invention relates to a shale base dynamic damage evaluation device based on a liquid pressure pulse, comprising: a core holder, an upstream standard chamber disposed above the rock holder, a downstream standard chamber disposed under the rock holder, and The inlet port of the upstream standard chamber is connected to the intermediate container connected by the constant pressure constant flow pump, wherein the core holder is connected with a pressure pump that controls the clamping force of the core holder, the upstream standard chamber
  • the upper liquid outlet is connected to the liquid inlet of the intermediate container through an upstream standard chamber outlet control valve, and the upstream standard chamber is further provided with a lower spray liquid outlet for discharging the working fluid to the core held by the holder
  • the downstream standard chamber is provided with a liquid inlet for receiving the working fluid leaked from the core, and the inlet of the downstream standard chamber is connected to the vacuum pump through a vacuum control valve, and the liquid outlet of the downstream standard chamber is connected with a liquid discharge a control valve, a balance control valve for controlling connectivity between the upstream
  • the upstream standard chamber, the downstream standard chamber, the core holder, the vacuum control valve, and the drain control valve are all placed in the constant temperature system;
  • the balance control valve is a fluid pressure/connectivity control valve. When the balance control valve is opened, the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber are directly connected. When the balance control valve is closed, the upstream standard chamber fluid can only flow downstream through the core. Indirectly connected to the downstream standard room;
  • an end face of the core in the core holder is in direct contact with the upstream standard chamber and is in hydraulic communication.
  • the pressure sensor adopts a pressure sensor with a precision of one thousandth;
  • the constant temperature system adopts a constant temperature system with a temperature control accuracy of ⁇ 0.2 °C.
  • the invention discloses a dynamic damage evaluation method for a shale base block based on a liquid pressure pulse, and the above-mentioned fluid pressure pulse-based shale base dynamic damage evaluation device is carried out according to the following method:
  • S2 loads the test core into the test core holder and passes the helium gas to calibrate the volume of the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber;
  • S3 applies a confining pressure of 15 MPa through a confining pressure pump, sets the system temperature to 80 ° C through a constant temperature system, and evacuates the test core, the upstream standard chamber, and the downstream standard chamber for 24 h;
  • S4 closes the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve, vacuum control valve and drain control valve, opens the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve and balance control valve, and pumps the standard brine in the intermediate container through the constant pressure mode of the constant pressure constant current pump.
  • the equilibrium time is 24h, so that the test core can fully saturate the standard brine;
  • S5 closes the balance control valve, opens the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve, adjusts the constant pressure constant current pump, adds a balanced pressure value of 5%-10% to the upstream standard chamber based on the equilibrium pressure, and closes the upstream standard
  • the chamber inlet control valve under the pressure difference, the standard brine will flow into the downstream standard chamber through the test core, and the pressure change of the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber will be detected by the pressure sensor and the pressure sensor, respectively, and the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard will be calculated.
  • ⁇ is the standard salt water viscosity, mPa ⁇ s
  • L is the rock sample thickness, mm
  • A is the test core cross-sectional area, mm 2
  • S 1 , S 2 and f 1 are respectively the standard chamber volume and liquid compressibility
  • the parameter, A 1 satisfies the following formula:
  • ⁇ P 1 [t] is the pressure difference between the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber of the core connection before the dynamic damage, at the time t, KPa;
  • a 0 and A 1 are the intercept and slope of the fitted straight line of ln( ⁇ P 1 [t] / ⁇ P 1 [0]) and time t, respectively;
  • S7 replaces the standard brine in the intermediate vessel with the working fluid to be evaluated, opens the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve and the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve, and the working fluid is driven into the upstream standard chamber by the pressure value of the constant pressure constant flow pump, the pressure
  • the value needs to be higher than the pore fluid pressure of the test core to form a positive pressure difference between the upstream standard chamber and the test core; at the same time, the working fluid dynamics at the outlet end of the intermediate vessel and the constant pressure constant flow pump, the upstream standard chamber and the inlet end of the intermediate vessel are maintained.
  • the circulation loop is opened; in the upstream standard chamber, the working fluid penetrates the test core through the contact surface with the test core under the positive pressure difference, thereby simulating the dynamic damage process of the working fluid in the actual drilling completion and fracturing;
  • the time is 12h;
  • the instantaneous pressure difference between the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber, KPa; A 0 ' and A 2 are the intercept and slope of the fitted line of ln( ⁇ P 2 [t]/ ⁇ P 2 [0]) and time t, respectively. ;
  • S9 uses the following formula to calculate the dynamic damage rate of the working fluid to the test core:
  • D is the dynamic damage rate of the working fluid to the test core
  • the standard brine is a 3% KCl solution.
  • a shale base core having a diameter of 38.0 mm ⁇ 0.2 mm and a thickness of 10.0 mm ⁇ 0.2 mm was taken as a test core.
  • the damage experiment was carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, and the dynamic damage process of the working fluid to the shale base during the drilling and fracturing process was simulated.
  • the liquid pressure pulse method was used to calculate the permeability of the tested core fluid before and after the dynamic damage.
  • the dynamic damage degree of the working fluid-induced shale base block is evaluated.
  • the experimental instrument is simple in operation and high in method reliability, which can effectively solve the current problem.
  • the conventional steady-state method is used to test the shale base block and other low permeability.
  • the difficulty of evaluating the working fluid damage of the core is helpful to improve the working fluid damage evaluation method system for shale gas drilling completion and fracturing process. It provides technical support for the optimization and optimization of working fluid formula, and has certain promotion prospects.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a shale base dynamic damage evaluation device based on a liquid pressure pulse according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between ln( ⁇ P2[t]/ ⁇ P2[0]) and time t of core L-1 after dynamic damage of fracturing fluid based on liquid pressure pulse-based shale block dynamic damage evaluation method according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention; curve.
  • the present invention introduces a liquid permeability non-steady-state test method based on liquid pressure pulse, and designs a simulated reservoir according to the physical characteristics of the shale block and the actual engineering operation.
  • the damage evaluation device of temperature and pressure and dynamic intrusion of working fluid meets the needs of dynamic damage evaluation experiment of shale base working fluid.
  • the embodiment discloses a shale base dynamic damage evaluation device based on a liquid pressure pulse, which is used for evaluating a shale base with a liquid permeability of 10 -6 to 10 -2 mD.
  • the dynamic damage degree of the working fluid of the dense core mainly includes the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14, the core holder 5, the confining pump 4, the vacuum pump 12, the constant pressure constant current pump 2, the intermediate container 1, the pressure sensor 7 And 11, the constant temperature system 6.
  • the inlet end of the core holder 5 is connected to the upstream standard chamber 9, and the outlet end is connected to the downstream standard chamber 14.
  • the upstream standard chamber 9 and the constant pressure constant current pump 2 are provided with an upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3, and the middle An upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8 is disposed between the containers 1, while the upstream standard chamber 9 is connected to the pressure sensor 7; the downstream standard chamber 14 is simultaneously connected to the core holder outlet end, the vacuum pump 12, the pressure sensor 11, and the drain control valve 15 Connected; a vacuum control valve 13 is disposed between the downstream standard chamber 14 and the vacuum pump 12; a balance control valve 16 is disposed between the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14; the pressure pump 4 is connected to the core holder 5;
  • the pressure constant flow pump 2 is respectively connected to the outlet end of the intermediate container 1 and the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3; the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14, the core holder 5, the vacuum control valve 13, and the drain control valve 15 Both are placed in the thermostat system 6.
  • a balance control valve for controlling the connectivity between the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber is connected between the upstream standard chamber and the downstream standard chamber.
  • the balance control valve is a fluid pressure/connectivity control valve.
  • the balance control valve here controls the upstream and downstream connectivity. When the valve is opened, the upper and lower standard chambers are directly connected. At this time, it is mainly used for initial saturated brine.
  • the upstream and downstream pressures are balanced; when the valve is closed, the upstream standard chamber fluid can only flow downstream through the core and indirectly communicate with the downstream standard chamber.
  • the balance control valve 16 When the balance control valve 16 is opened, and the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8 is closed, the pumping is true.
  • the air control valve 13 and the liquid discharge control valve 15 are used, the standard brine in the intermediate vessel 1 can be injected into the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14, and the core holder 5 by the constant pressure constant flow pump 2, thereby realizing the standard brine. Fully saturate the purpose of the core 10 .
  • the balance control valve 16 is closed, and a pulse pressure of 5%-10% of the equilibrium pressure value is applied to the upstream standard chamber 9 through the constant pressure constant flow pump 2, so that the standard brine in the upstream standard chamber 9 is passed through the core 10 to the downstream standard chamber.
  • the pulse decay process in 14 further achieves a liquid pressure pulse permeability test of the core 10 before and after damage.
  • the outlet end of the intermediate container 1 is sequentially connected with the constant pressure constant flow pump 2, the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3, the upstream standard chamber 9, the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8, and the inlet end of the intermediate container 1. And constitute a loop.
  • the constant pressure constant flow pump 2 can suck the working fluid in the intermediate container 1 and pump the working fluid into the upstream standard chamber 9 through the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3, and then return to the intermediate container through the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8. , complete the working fluid cycle.
  • the inlet end of the core holder 5 is connected to the upstream standard chamber 9 in such a way that the end face of the core 10 in the core holder 5 is in direct contact with the upstream standard chamber and is in fluid communication.
  • the pressure sensors 7 and 11 have an accuracy of one thousandth and are connected to the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14, respectively, for detecting changes in fluid pressure in the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14.
  • the temperature control accuracy of the constant temperature system 6 is ⁇ 0.2 ° C, the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14 and the core holder 5, the vacuum control valve 13, and the drain control valve 15 and the corresponding connecting pipeline to provide constant temperature conditions.
  • the vacuum pump 12 is connected to the downstream standard chamber 14 through the vacuum control valve 13, and is connected to the upstream standard chamber 9 and the core holder 5 through the evaluation control valve 16, and the vacuum pump 12 pairs the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14, and the core clamp.
  • the holder 5 is evacuated.
  • the method for evaluating the dynamic damage of the shale base block based on the liquid pressure pulse is used to evaluate the dynamic damage degree of the working fluid on the shale base block, and the method is used for evaluating the liquid permeability of the liquid to be 10 -6 ⁇ 10.
  • the rock sample of the example is the Longmaxi Formation shale base core L-1 (invisible micro crack)
  • the specific steps are as follows:
  • Step 1 Drill the core L-1 of the Longmaxi Formation shale base block, and measure the diameter of 38.1mm, the thickness is 10.2mm, and dry at 80 °C for 48h;
  • Step 2 A steel core having a diameter of 38.0 mm and a thickness of 10.0 mm (zero permeability) is loaded into the core holder 5, and the volume of the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14 for the helium calibration is 8.328 respectively. Cm 3 and 2.015 cm 3 ;
  • Step 3 Put the core L-1 to be tested into the core holder 5, apply a confining pressure of 15 MPa through the pressure-enhancing pump 4, set the system temperature to 80 ° C through the constant temperature system 6, and set the core L-1 and the upstream standard.
  • the chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14 are evacuated for 24 hours;
  • Step 4 Close the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8, the vacuum control valve 13 and the drain control valve 15, open the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3 and the balance control valve 16, and pass the constant
  • the constant pressure mode of the constant pressure pump 2 pumps the standard brine (3% KCl solution) in the intermediate vessel 1 into the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14 and the core L-1, and then closes the upstream standard chamber inlet.
  • Control valve 3 the core L-1 is fully saturated with brine, the saturation time is 24h, and the equilibrium pressure after saturation is 5334KPa;
  • Step 5 closing the balance control valve 16, opening the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3, adjusting the constant pressure constant current pump 2, adding a pulse pressure of 517 KPa to the upstream standard chamber 9 on the basis of the equilibrium pressure, and rapidly closing
  • the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3 under the pressure difference, the standard brine will flow into the downstream standard chamber 14 through the core, and the pressure sensor 7 and the pressure sensor 11 respectively detect the pressure changes of the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14 over time, and start The reading is recorded every 10s and recorded every 30s later; the change of the liquid pressure difference between the upstream standard chamber 9 and the downstream standard chamber 14 is calculated as time;
  • Step 6 For the relationship between ln( ⁇ P 1 [t]/ ⁇ P 1 [0]) and time t before the dynamic damage of the core working fluid, as shown in FIG. 2, the slope A 1 of the straight line obtained by linear regression is 0.00579, the standard The brine viscosity ⁇ is 0.9579 mPa ⁇ s, and the core L-1 has a thickness L and a cross-sectional area A of 10.2 mm and 1140.1 mm 2 , respectively, which are determined according to the volume of the upstream standard chamber 9, the downstream standard chamber 14, and the compressibility of the standard saline.
  • Step 7 Replace the standard brine in the intermediate vessel 1 with the fracturing fluid used for on-site construction of a shale gas well in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin, and open the upstream standard chamber inlet control valve 3 and the upstream standard chamber outlet control valve 8 to maintain Balance control valve 16 is closed, constant voltage constant
  • the flow pump 2 pumps the fracturing fluid under a certain pressure into the upstream standard chamber 9, and the pressure value needs to be higher than the pore fluid pressure at the core L-1 at this time, forming a positive pressure difference between the upstream standard chamber 9 and the core 10;
  • the working fluid dynamic circulation loop of the outlet end of the intermediate vessel 1 and the constant pressure constant flow pump 2 the upstream standard chamber 9 and the inlet end of the intermediate vessel 1 is kept open, and the upstream standard chamber 9 is maintained by adjusting the constant pressure constant flow pump 2 during the cycle.
  • the positive pressure difference between the downstream standard chambers 14 is 3 MPa; in the upstream standard chamber 9, under the action of the positive pressure difference, the fracturing fluid intrudes into the core through the contact surface with the core L-1 in the core holder 5, thereby Simulating the dynamic damage process of fracturing fluid in actual fracturing; the dynamic damage time of fracturing fluid cycle is 2h;
  • Step 8 Re-replace the fracturing fluid in the intermediate vessel 1 to the standard brine, and repeat steps 4-6 to draw the ln( ⁇ P 2 [t]/ ⁇ P 2 [0] after the dynamic damage of the core L-1 fracturing fluid. ) vs. time t, as shown in Fig. 3, the linear regression yields the slope A 2 of the straight line to be 0.00231, and other parameters such as the standard brine viscosity ⁇ , the core thickness L, the cross-sectional area A, S 1 , S 2 and f 1 the values remain the same; calculated according to equation (3) obtained after the fracturing fluid dynamic core permeability damage from L-1 to k L2 0.000316mD;
  • Step 9 Calculate the dynamic damage rate of the fracturing fluid to the core L-1:
  • the dynamic damage rate of the fracturing fluid on the site of the shale gas well of the Longmaxi Formation in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin measured by the apparatus and method of the present invention is 60.15%.

Abstract

一种基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法，该装置包括上游标准室（9）、下游标准室（14）、岩心夹持器（5）、围压泵（4）、真空泵（12）、恒压恒流泵（2）、中间容器（1）、压力传感器（7，11）以及恒温系统（6）。该装置实现了高温高压条件下开展损害实验，模拟了钻完井和压裂过程中工作液对页岩基块的动态损害过程；通过监测动态损害前后标准盐水通过待测岩心（10）的脉冲衰减曲线的差异，利用液体压力脉冲模型计算了动态损害前后的岩心液测渗透率，实现了工作液对页岩基块的动态损害程度评价，有助于完善页岩气钻完井和压裂过程的工作液损害评价方法体系，为工作液配方优选和优化提供技术支撑。

Description

基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法 技术领域
本发明涉及致密油气储层损害和工作液性能评价领域，是一种模拟页岩气藏钻完井和压裂环节工作液对页岩基块动态侵入和损害过程的评价装置与方法。
背景技术
为满足世界经济对能源，尤其是对清洁能源的需求，油气勘探开发逐渐向页岩气资源进军，并在近年取得了重大勘探开发突破。相比于常规天然气储层，页岩气储层岩性致密，页岩基块(肉眼不可见微裂缝)以纳米级孔隙为主，同时，储层具有粘土矿物含量高和超低含水饱和度特征。在钻完井和压裂过程中，工作液(钻井液、固井液和压裂液等)在压差和毛管力作用下侵入页岩基块，易造成储层损害。因此，模拟钻完井和压裂过程，开展工作液对页岩基块动态损害实验对于评价工作液储层保护性能，优化工作液配方具有重要意义。
目前针对页岩储层的损害评价方法仍然主要沿用中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准(SY/T 6540-2002钻井液完井液损害油层室内评价方法)的工作液损害评价实验方法。该方法以达西公式为基础，采用常规稳态驱替法测试损害前后测试岩心渗透率。然而，页岩基块渗透率极低，即使未损害条件下液测渗透率普遍小于0.01mD，常规 的稳态驱替法测试基块液体渗透率要求的压差极大、耗时极长，甚至难以成功。工作液损害后，测试岩心的渗透率进一步降低，稳态驱替法通常难以测得有效的渗透率值，从而导致损害评价无法顺利开展。并且，现有的损害测试方法通常是压差条件下测试岩心驱替实验，与实际钻完井和压裂过程中，工作液在沿井筒/裂缝流动的同时向基块滤失侵入的损害过程存在一定差异。
发明内容
针对上述问题，本发明提供一种能够满足液测渗透率低至纳达西(10-6～10-2mD)量级的测试岩心工作液损动态害评价需求，并有效模拟储层温度压力和工作液动态侵入过程的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法。
本发明基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置，包括：岩心夹持器，设置在所述岩石夹持器上方的上游标准室，设置在岩石夹持器下方的下游标准室以及与所述上游标准室的进液口通过恒压恒流泵连通的中间容器，其中，所述岩心夹持器与控制所述岩心夹持器夹持力度的围压泵连接，所述上游标准室的上部出液口通过上游标准室出口控制阀与中间容器的进液口相连，所述上游标准室还设有向夹持器夹持的岩心输出工作液的下部喷淋出液口，所述下游标准室上设有接收所述岩心渗出的工作液的进液口，所述下游标准室的进气口通过抽真空控制阀连接真空泵，所述下游标准室的出液口连接有排液 控制阀，所述的上游标准室、下游标准室之间连接有控制上游标准室和下游标准室之间连通性的平衡控制阀，所述的上游标准室、下游标准室分别连接有压力传感器；
所述的上游标准室、所述下游标准室、所述岩心夹持器、所述抽真空控制阀和所述排液控制阀均放置于所述恒温系统中；
所述平衡控制阀为流体压力/连通性控制阀，当该平衡控制阀开启时，上游标准室、下游标准室直接连通，当该平衡控制阀关闭时，上游标准室流体只能通过岩心流入下游，间接与下游标准室连通；
当所述平衡控制阀关闭时，所述中间容器的出口端与所述恒压恒流泵、所述上游标准室入口控制阀、所述上游标准室、所述上游标准室出口控制阀和所述中间容器进口端依次连接，并构成循环回路；所述恒压恒流泵将所述中间容器中的工作液吸入，并通过所述上游标准室入口控制阀将工作液泵入所述上游标准室中，再经过所述上游标准室出口控制阀返回所述中间容器，完成工作液循环；在工作液循环过程中，当所述上游标准室的流体压力大于所述下游标准室的流体压力时，工作液将在正压差的作用下侵入所述岩心，并流入所述下游标准室，进而模拟实际钻完井和压裂过程中的工作液动态损害评价。
进一步地，所述岩心夹持器中的所述岩心的端面直接与所述上游标准室接触并水力连通。
进一步地，所述压力传感器的采用精度为千分之一的压力传感器；所述恒温系统采用温度控制精度为±0.2℃恒温系统。
本发明基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法，采用上述的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置按照下述方法进行：
S1取测试岩心，80℃下烘干48h；
S2将测试岩心装入测试岩心夹持器，并通入氦气标定上游标准室和下游标准室的体积；
S3通过围压泵施加15MPa的围压，通过恒温系统设置系统温度为80℃，并对测试岩心、上游标准室和下游标准室抽真空24h；
S4关闭上游标准室出口控制阀、抽真空控制阀和排液控制阀，打开上游标准室入口控制阀和平衡控制阀，通过恒压恒流泵的恒压模式将中间容器中的标准盐水泵入上游标准室、所述下游标准室和测试岩心中，平衡时间为24h，使测试岩心能充分饱和标准盐水；
S5关闭平衡控制阀，打开上游标准室入口控制阀，调节恒压恒流泵，在所述平衡压力基础上为上游标准室增加一个平衡压力值5％-10％的脉冲压力，并关闭上游标准室入口控制阀，在压差作用下标准盐水会通过测试岩心流入下游标准室，通过压力传感器和压力传感器分别检测上游标准室和下游标准室随时间的压力变化，并计算上游标准室和下游标准室之间液体压差随时间的变化；
S6根据下式计算工作液动态损害前的测试岩心基准渗透率kL1：
Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-000001
式中：μ为标准盐水粘度，mPa·s；L为岩样厚度，mm；A为测试岩心横截面积，mm2；S1、S2和f1分别为标准室体积和液体压缩性有关的参数，A1满足下式：
Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-000002
式中：ΔP1[t]为动态损害前t时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的压差，KPa；ΔP1[0]为动态损害前t＝0时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的瞬时压差，KPa；A0和A1分别为ln(ΔP1[t]/ΔP1[0])与时间t的拟合直线的截距和斜率；
S7将中间容器中的标准盐水替换为待评价的工作液，打开上游标准室入口控制阀和上游标准室出口控制阀，工作液通过恒压恒流泵的压力值驱动进入上游标准室，该压力值需高于测试岩心的孔隙流体压力，形成上游标准室与测试岩心之间的正压差；同时，保持中间容器出口端与恒压恒流泵、上游标准室和中间容器进口端的工作液动态循环回路开启；在上游标准室中，在正压差作用下工作液通过与测试岩心的接触面侵入测试岩心，进而模拟实际钻完井和压裂中的工作液动态损害过程；工作液循环损害时间为12h；
S8将中间容器中工作液重新替换为标准盐水，重复步骤4～6，按下式计算工作液动态损害后测试岩心的液测渗透率kL2：
Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-000003
其中A2同样满足下式：
Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-000004
式中：ΔP2[t]为动态损害后t时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的压差，KPa；ΔP2[0]为动态损害后t＝0时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的瞬时压差，KPa；A0’和A2分别为ln(ΔP2[t]/ΔP2[0])与时间t的拟合直线的截距和斜率；
S9采用下式计算工作液对测试岩心的动态损害率D：
Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-000005
式中：D为工作液对测试岩心的动态损害率；
其中，所述的标准盐水为3％KCl溶液。
进一步地，取直径为38.0mm±0.2mm，厚度为10.0mm±0.2mm的页岩基块岩心为测试岩心。
有益效果
本发明基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置与方法与现有技术具备如下有益效果：
实现了高温高压条件下开展损害实验，模拟了钻完井和压裂过程中工作液对页岩基块的动态损害过程，并利用液体压力脉冲法计算动态损害前后的测试岩心液测渗透率，实现了工作液致页岩基块的动态损害程度评价，实验仪器操作简洁，方法可靠性高，能有效解决目前 沿用的常规稳态法测试页岩基块等渗透率极低测试岩心的工作液损害评价所面临的困难，有助于完善页岩气钻完井和压裂过程的工作液损害评价方法体系，为工作液配方优选和优化提供技术支撑，具有一定的推广前景。
附图说明
图1是本发明基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置的结构示意图；
图2是本发明实施例3基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法的压裂液动态损害前测试岩心L-1的ln(ΔP1[t]/ΔP1[0])与时间t关系曲线；
图3是本发明实施例3基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法的压裂液动态损害后测试岩心L-1的ln(ΔP2[t]/ΔP2[0])与时间t关系曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步的描述。
为了解决页岩基块工作液动态损害评价难题，本发明引入了基于液体压力脉冲的液体渗透率非稳态测试方法，并根据页岩基块的物性特征和工程作业实际，设计了模拟储层温度压力和工作液动态侵入过程的损害评价装置，以满足页岩基块工作液动态损害评价实验需要。
实施例1
如图1所示，本实施例公开了一种基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置，该装置用于评价液测渗透率为10-6～10-2mD的页岩基块等致密岩心的工作液动态损害程度，主要包括上游标准室9、下游标准室14，岩心夹持器5、围压泵4、真空泵12、恒压恒流泵2、中间容器1、压力传感器7和11、恒温系统6。其中岩心夹持器5的进口端与上游标准室9连接，出口端与下游标准室14连接；上游标准室9与恒压恒流泵2之间设置有上游标准室入口控制阀3，与中间容器1之间设置有上游标准室出口控制阀8，同时上游标准室9与压力传感器7连接；下游标准室14同时与岩心夹持器出口端、真空泵12、压力传感器11和排液控制阀15连接；下游标准室14与真空泵12之间设置有抽真空控制阀13；上游标准室9与下游标准室14之间设置有平衡控制阀16；围压泵4与岩心夹持器5连接；恒压恒流泵2分别与中间容器1的出口端和上游标准室入口控制阀3连接；上游标准室9、下游标准室14、岩心夹持器5、抽真空控制阀13、排液控制阀15均放置于恒温系统6中。
所述的上游标准室、下游标准室之间连接有控制上游标准室和下游标准室之间连通性的平衡控制阀。平衡控制阀是流体压力/连通性控制阀，此处的平衡控制阀是控制上、下游连通性的，当该阀开启时，上、下标准室直接连通，此时主要用于初始饱和盐水时平衡上、下游压力；当该阀关闭时，上游标准室流体只能通过岩心流入下游，间接与下游标准室连通。
当平衡控制阀16开启，并关闭上游标准室出口控制阀8、抽真 空控制阀13和排液控制阀15时，可通过恒压恒流泵2将中间容器1中的标准盐水注入上游标准室9、下游标准室14和岩心夹持器5，从而实现用标准盐水充分饱和岩心10的目的。再关闭平衡控制阀16，通过恒压恒流泵2对上游标准室9施加一个为平衡压力值5％-10％的脉冲压力，实现上游标准室9中的标准盐水通过岩心10向下游标准室14中的脉冲衰减过程，进而实现损害前后岩心10的液体压力脉冲渗透率测试。
当平衡控制阀16关闭时，中间容器1的出口端与恒压恒流泵2、上游标准室入口控制阀3、上游标准室9、上游标准室出口控制阀8和中间容器1进口端依次连接，并构成循环回路。恒压恒流泵2可将中间容器1中的工作液吸入，并通过上游标准室入口控制阀3将工作液泵入上游标准室9中，再经过上游标准室出口控制阀8返回中间容器1，完成工作液循环。岩心夹持器5的进口端与上游标准室9的连接方式为岩心夹持器5中的岩心10的端面直接与上游标准室接触并水力连通。在工作液循环过程中，当上游标准室9的流体压力大于下游标准室14的流体压力时，工作液将在正压差的作用下侵入岩心10，并流入下游标准室14，进而模拟实际钻完井和压裂过程中的工作液动态损害评价。
压力传感器7和11的精度均为千分之一，分别连接在上游标准室9和下游标准室14上，用于检测上游标准室9和下游标准室14中的流体压力变化。恒温系统6的温度控制精度为±0.2℃，上游标准室9、下游标准室14和岩心夹持器5、抽真空控制阀13、排液控制阀 15及相应连接管线提供恒温条件。
真空泵12通过抽真空控制阀13与下游标准室14连接，进而通过评价控制阀16与上游标准室9和岩心夹持器5连接，真空泵12对可上游标准室9、下游标准室14和岩心夹持器5抽真空。
实施例2
本实施例基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法，利用上述装置评价工作液对页岩基块动态损害程度的评价方法，该方法用于评价液测渗透率为10-6～10-2mD的页岩基块等致密岩心的工作液动态损害程度，实施例的岩样为四川盆地龙马溪组页岩基块岩心L-1(肉眼不可见微裂缝)，其具体步骤如下：
步骤1、钻取龙马溪组页岩基块岩心L-1，测得其直径为38.1mm，厚度为10.2mm，80℃下烘干48h；
步骤2、将直径为38.0mm，厚度为10.0mm的钢岩心(渗透率为零)装入岩心夹持器5，并通入氦气标定上游标准室9和下游标准室14的体积分别为8.328cm3和2.015cm3；
步骤3、将待测岩心L-1放入岩心夹持器5中，通过围压泵4施加15MPa的围压，通过恒温系统6设置系统温度为80℃，并对岩心L-1、上游标准室9和下游标准室14抽真空24h；
步骤4、关闭上游标准室出口控制阀8、抽真空控制阀13和排液控制阀15，打开上游标准室入口控制阀3和平衡控制阀16，通过恒 压恒流泵2的恒压模式将中间容器1中的标准盐水(3％KCl溶液)泵入上游标准室9、所述下游标准室14和岩心L-1中，再关闭使上游标准室入口控制阀3，使岩心L-1充分饱和盐水，饱和时间为24h，饱和后的平衡压力为5334KPa；
步骤5、关闭平衡控制阀16，打开上游标准室入口控制阀3，调节恒压恒流泵2，在所述平衡压力基础上为上游标准室9增加一个压力值517KPa的脉冲压力，并迅速关闭上游标准室入口控制阀3，在压差作用下标准盐水会通过岩心流入下游标准室14，通过压力传感器7和压力传感器11分别检测上游标准室9和下游标准室14随时间的压力变化，开始时每隔10s读数并记录一次，后期每30s读数并记录一次；计算上游标准室9和下游标准室14之间液体压差随时间的变化；
步骤6、作岩心工作液动态损害前的ln(ΔP1[t]/ΔP1[0])与时间t关系曲线，如图2所示，线性回归求得直线的斜率A1为0.00579，标准盐水粘度μ为0.9579mPa·s，岩心L-1的厚度L和横截面积A分别为10.2mm和1140.1mm2，根据上游标准室9、下游标准室14的体积和标准盐水的压缩性确定的S1、S2和f1的值分别为和39.24mm3/KPa、26.07mm3/KPa和0.9802；根据方程(1)计算得到工作液动态损害前岩心L-1的基准渗透率kL1为0.000793mD；
步骤7、将中间容器1中的标准盐水替换为待评价四川盆地龙马溪组某页岩气井现场施工采用的压裂液，打开上游标准室入口控制阀3和上游标准室出口控制阀8，保持平衡控制阀16关闭，通过恒压恒 流泵2泵入一定压力下的压裂液进入上游标准室9，该压力值需高于岩心L-1此时的孔隙流体压力，形成上游标准室9与岩心10之间的正压差；同时，保持中间容器1出口端与恒压恒流泵2、上游标准室9和中间容器1进口端的工作液动态循环回路开启，循环过程中通过调节恒压恒流泵2保持上游标准室9与下游标准室14之间的正压差为3MPa；在上游标准室9中，在正压差作用下，压裂液通过与岩心夹持器5中的岩心L-1的接触面侵入岩心，进而模拟实际压裂中的压裂液动态损害过程；压裂液循环动态损害时间为2h；
步骤8、将中间容器1中压裂液重新替换为标准盐水，重复步骤4～6，绘制出的岩心L-1压裂液动态损害后的ln(ΔP2[t]/ΔP2[0])与时间t关系曲线，如图3所示，线性回归求得直线的斜率A2为0.00231，其他参数如标准盐水粘度μ、岩心厚度L、横截面积A、S1、S2和f1的值均保持不变；根据方程(3)计算得到压裂液动态损害后岩心L-1的渗透率kL2为0.000316mD；
步骤9、计算压裂液对岩心L-1的动态损害率D：
D＝[(0.000793-0.000316)/0.000793]＝60.15％
即采用本发明装置和方法测得的四川盆地龙马溪组某页岩气井现场施工压裂液对龙马溪组页岩基块岩心L-1的动态损害率为60.15％。
对本发明应当理解的是，以上所述的实施例，对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细的说明，以上仅为本发明的实 施例而已，并不用于限定本发明，凡是在本发明的精神原则之内，所作出的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内，本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求所界定的保护范围为准。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置，其特征在于，包括：岩心夹持器，设置在所述岩石夹持器上方的上游标准室，设置在岩石夹持器下方的下游标准室以及与所述上游标准室的进液口通过恒压恒流泵连通的中间容器，其中，所述岩心夹持器与控制所述岩心夹持器夹持力度的围压泵连接，所述上游标准室的上部出液口通过上游标准室出口控制阀与中间容器的进液口相连，所述上游标准室还设有向夹持器夹持的岩心输出工作液的下部喷淋出液口，所述下游标准室上设有接收所述岩心渗出的工作液的进液口，所述下游标准室的进气口通过抽真空控制阀连接真空泵，所述下游标准室的出液口连接有排液控制阀，所述的上游标准室、下游标准室之间连接有控制上游标准室和下游标准室之间连通性的平衡控制阀，所述的上游标准室、下游标准室分别连接有压力传感器；
    所述的上游标准室、所述下游标准室、所述岩心夹持器、所述抽真空控制阀和所述排液控制阀均放置于所述恒温系统中；
    所述平衡控制阀为流体压力/连通性控制阀，当该平衡控制阀开启时，上游标准室、下游标准室直接连通，当该平衡控制阀关闭时，上游标准室流体只能通过岩心流入下游，间接与下游标准室连通；
    当所述平衡控制阀关闭时，所述中间容器的出口端与所述恒压恒流泵、所述上游标准室入口控制阀、所述上游标准室、所述上游标准室出口控制阀和所述中间容器进口端依次连接，并构成循环回路；所述恒压恒流泵将所述中间容器中的工作液吸入，并通过所述上游标准 室入口控制阀将工作液泵入所述上游标准室中，再经过所述上游标准室出口控制阀返回所述中间容器，完成工作液循环；在工作液循环过程中，当所述上游标准室的流体压力大于所述下游标准室的流体压力时，工作液将在正压差的作用下侵入所述岩心，并流入所述下游标准室，进而模拟实际钻完井和压裂过程中的工作液动态损害评价。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置，其特征在于，所述岩心夹持器中的所述岩心的端面直接与所述上游标准室接触并水力连通。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置，其特征在于，所述压力传感器的采用精度为千分之一的压力传感器；所述恒温系统采用温度控制精度为±0.2℃恒温系统。
  4. 一种基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法，其特征在于，采用权利要求1至3任一所述的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价装置按照下述方法进行：
    S1取测试岩心，80℃下烘干48h；
    S2将测试岩心装入测试岩心夹持器，并通入氦气标定上游标准室和下游标准室的体积；
    S3通过围压泵施加15MPa的围压，通过恒温系统设置系统温度为80℃，并对测试岩心、上游标准室和下游标准室抽真空24h；
    S4关闭上游标准室出口控制阀、抽真空控制阀和排液控制阀，打开上游标准室入口控制阀和平衡控制阀，通过恒压恒流泵的恒压模 式将中间容器中的标准盐水泵入上游标准室、所述下游标准室和测试岩心中，平衡时间为24h，使测试岩心能充分饱和标准盐水；
    S5关闭平衡控制阀，打开上游标准室入口控制阀，调节恒压恒流泵，在所述平衡压力基础上为上游标准室增加一个平衡压力值5％-10％的脉冲压力，并关闭上游标准室入口控制阀，在压差作用下标准盐水会通过测试岩心流入下游标准室，通过压力传感器和压力传感器分别检测上游标准室和下游标准室随时间的压力变化，并计算上游标准室和下游标准室之间液体压差随时间的变化；
    S6根据下式计算工作液动态损害前的测试岩心基准渗透率kL1：
    Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-100001
    式中：μ为标准盐水粘度，mPa·s；L为岩样厚度，mm；A为测试岩心横截面积，mm2；S1、S2和f1分别为标准室体积和液体压缩性有关的参数，A1满足下式：
    Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-100002
    式中：ΔP1[t]为动态损害前t时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的压差，KPa；ΔP1[0]为动态损害前t＝0时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的瞬时压差，KPa；A0和A1分别为ln(ΔP1[t]/ΔP1[0])与时间t的拟合直线的截距和斜率；
    S7将中间容器中的标准盐水替换为待评价的工作液，打开上游标准室入口控制阀和上游标准室出口控制阀，工作液通过恒压恒流泵 的压力值驱动进入上游标准室，该压力值需高于测试岩心的孔隙流体压力，形成上游标准室与测试岩心之间的正压差；同时，保持中间容器出口端与恒压恒流泵、上游标准室和中间容器进口端的工作液动态循环回路开启；在上游标准室中，在正压差作用下工作液通过与测试岩心的接触面侵入测试岩心，进而模拟实际钻完井和压裂中的工作液动态损害过程；工作液循环损害时间为12h；
    S8将中间容器中工作液重新替换为标准盐水，重复步骤4～6，按下式计算工作液动态损害后测试岩心的液测渗透率kL2：
    Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-100003
    其中A2同样满足下式：
    Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-100004
    式中：ΔP2[t]为动态损害后t时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的压差，KPa；ΔP2[0]为动态损害后t＝0时刻测试岩心连接的上游标准室和下游标准室之间的瞬时压差，KPa；A0’和A2分别为ln(ΔP2[t]/ΔP2[0])与时间t的拟合直线的截距和斜率；
    S9采用下式计算工作液对测试岩心的动态损害率D：
    Figure PCTCN2017070613-appb-100005
    式中：D为工作液对测试岩心的动态损害率；
    其中，所述的标准盐水为3％KCl溶液。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的基于液体压力脉冲的页岩基块动态损害评价方法，其特征在于，取直径为38.0mm±0.2mm，厚度为10.0mm±0.2mm的页岩基块岩心为测试岩心。
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