WO2017213242A1 - Corps d'affichage - Google Patents

Corps d'affichage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017213242A1
WO2017213242A1 PCT/JP2017/021381 JP2017021381W WO2017213242A1 WO 2017213242 A1 WO2017213242 A1 WO 2017213242A1 JP 2017021381 W JP2017021381 W JP 2017021381W WO 2017213242 A1 WO2017213242 A1 WO 2017213242A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
unit
layer
pixels
display body
light
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2017/021381
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
智子 田代
戸田　敏貴
啓太郎 杉原
Original Assignee
凸版印刷株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP2016114754A external-priority patent/JP6801239B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2016117275A external-priority patent/JP6753158B2/ja
Application filed by 凸版印刷株式会社 filed Critical 凸版印刷株式会社
Priority to EP17810415.4A priority Critical patent/EP3470893A4/fr
Publication of WO2017213242A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017213242A1/fr
Priority to US16/212,492 priority patent/US11059317B2/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1809—Diffraction gratings with pitch less than or comparable to the wavelength
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/328—Diffraction gratings; Holograms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1814—Diffraction gratings structurally combined with one or more further optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors, prisms or other diffraction gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1842—Gratings for image generation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1861—Reflection gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a display body including a plurality of pixels.
  • Authenticated documents, securities, and various items such as banknotes are required to be difficult to forge.
  • a technique that makes it difficult to counterfeit an article a technique of attaching a display body that is difficult to counterfeit to an article is used (for example, see Patent Document 1).
  • the technique for analyzing the display body described above has been developed to develop a configuration that is difficult to forge.
  • the technology for manufacturing the display body is also diversified in order to realize a configuration that is difficult to counterfeit.
  • the improvement in the technology for analyzing the display body makes it easy to analyze the display body for the purpose of counterfeiting the display body, and the diversification of the technology for manufacturing the display body also facilitates the manufacture of counterfeit products. It is said. Therefore, a new structure is strongly desired for each element constituting the display body, as compared with the conventional elements, and in particular, a technique for improving the designability of the display body is required.
  • An object of this invention is to provide the display body which made it possible to improve the designability which a display body has.
  • a display body for solving the above problems includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, each pixel having a pixel unit, and the pixel unit includes a single unit reflection surface. Further, all the unit reflection surfaces include the unit reflection surface that reflects light incident from a predetermined direction in a direction specific to each unit reflection surface, and all of the unit reflection surfaces are reflected by reflection of light by all the unit reflection surfaces. An image is displayed in a specific direction that is a direction common to the reflection surface.
  • each image element constituting an image is displayed by reflection by a single unit reflection surface of each image element, and a single unit reflection surface is positioned in a matrix for each pixel. Therefore, it is possible to directly determine the shape of the reflecting surface from the image data that is data defining the luminance of each pixel. As a result, an image displayed on the display body can be determined directly from the image data, so that the design of the display body can be improved.
  • At least one of the unit reflection surfaces may be composed of a plurality of first surface elements arranged at intervals in one first virtual plane.
  • the unit reflection surface composed of a plurality of first surface elements is included in the pixel, the structure of the unit reflection surface for displaying an image is further complicated, thereby It becomes possible to increase the difficulty of counterfeiting.
  • the plurality of first surface elements diffract light having a wavelength unique to the unit reflection surface and incident on the unit reflection surface from a direction unique to the unit reflection surface in the specific direction. May be.
  • the image may be a first image
  • the unit reflection surface may be a first unit reflection surface
  • the specific direction may be a first specific direction.
  • a plurality of superimposed pixels may be included in all the pixels.
  • each of the superimposed pixels further includes a single second unit reflection surface, and light that is incident from a predetermined direction among all the second unit reflection surfaces is unique to each second unit reflection surface.
  • the second unit reflection surface that reflects in the direction of the second unit reflection surface, and by reflecting light of all the second unit reflection surfaces, further images in a second specific direction that is a direction common to all the second unit reflection surfaces It may be displayed.
  • each superimposed pixel takes charge of the display of the image element constituting the image in the first specific direction and the display of the image element constituting the image in the second specific direction. Can be further increased.
  • At least one of the second unit reflecting surfaces is composed of a plurality of second surface elements arranged at intervals in one second virtual plane, and has a wavelength unique to the second unit reflecting surface. And a plurality of second surface elements that diffract light incident on the second unit reflection surface from a direction specific to the second unit reflection surface in the second specific direction.
  • the resolution of the image displayed in the specific direction is increased, and as a result, the image displayed in each specific direction is visually recognized. It becomes possible to improve the nature.
  • the first unit reflection surface is spaced in the first virtual plane.
  • the second unit reflection surface may be composed of a plurality of second surface elements arranged at intervals in the second virtual plane.
  • the first surface element and the second surface element are alternately arranged in one arrangement direction when viewed from a direction facing the plane in which the pixels are arranged, and the second virtual element is oriented in the direction in which the first virtual plane is oriented, The direction in which the virtual plane faces may be different from each other.
  • the first surface elements and the second surface elements are alternately arranged along the arrangement direction, while the first virtual plane faces.
  • the directions in which the second virtual plane faces are different from each other. Therefore, the structure of the reflecting surface can be further complicated, thereby increasing the difficulty of forging the display body.
  • the first unit reflection surface is arranged at an interval in the first virtual plane.
  • the second unit reflective surface is composed of a plurality of second surface elements arranged at intervals in the second virtual plane, and the first surface element and the second surface element Are alternately arranged in one arrangement direction when viewed from a direction facing the plane in which the pixels are arranged, and an angle formed by the plane in which the pixels are arranged and the first virtual plane, and the plane in which the pixels are arranged The angle formed by the second virtual plane may be different from each other.
  • the first surface element and the second surface element are alternately arranged in the arrangement direction when viewed from the direction facing the plane in which the pixels are arranged, while the plane in which the pixels are arranged and the first virtual plane are The angle formed is different from the angle formed by the plane in which the pixels are arranged and the second virtual plane. Therefore, the structure of the reflecting surface can be further complicated, thereby increasing the difficulty of forging the display body.
  • the superimposed pixel is a single bent surface constituted by two planes.
  • Each of the overlapping pixels is provided with the bent surface that is a single surface, and the bent surface is configured such that the two planes intersect with a straight line that intersects with the plane on which the pixels are arranged, and the bent surface is
  • One plane constituting the first unit reflecting surface may be the first unit reflecting surface, and the other plane constituting the bent surface may be the second unit reflecting surface.
  • the first unit reflection surface and the second unit reflection surface form a single bent surface for each overlapping pixel, the structure of the overlapping pixel is further complicated, thereby It becomes possible to increase the difficulty of forging the body.
  • a display for solving the above problem includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and all the pixels include a plurality of first pixels and a plurality of second pixels, and each of the first pixels includes: Each pixel unit includes a single first unit reflection surface, and all the first unit reflection surfaces have a direction unique to each of the first unit reflection surfaces.
  • the first image in a first specific direction, which is a direction common to all the first unit reflection surfaces, by reflecting light from all the first unit reflection surfaces. Is displayed.
  • Each of the second pixels has a pixel unit, and the pixel unit includes a single second unit reflecting surface, and all the second unit reflecting surfaces receive light incident from a predetermined direction.
  • the second unit reflection surface includes a second unit reflection surface that reflects in a direction unique to the second unit reflection surface, and is a direction common to all the second unit reflection surfaces due to light reflection by all the second unit reflection surfaces. 2 Display the second image in a specific direction.
  • each image element constituting the first image is displayed on each image element by reflection by a single first unit reflecting surface, and each first pixel has a single first unit reflecting surface.
  • each first pixel has a single first unit reflecting surface.
  • each image element constituting the second image is displayed on each image element by reflection by a single second unit reflecting surface, and each second pixel has a single second unit reflecting surface in a matrix shape. Located in. Therefore, it is possible to directly determine the shape of each second unit reflection surface from image data that is data defining the luminance of each second pixel.
  • an image displayed on the display body can be determined directly from the image data, so that the design of the display body can be improved.
  • the block diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell with which the display body in 1st Embodiment is provided.
  • positioning of each pixel with which the display body in a 1st modification is provided.
  • positioning of each pixel with which the display body in a 1st modification is provided.
  • FIG. 9 is an operation diagram for explaining the operation of the pixels in the second embodiment, wherein (a) is a side view showing a side structure of three consecutive pixels, and (b) is a plan view showing a planar structure of three consecutive pixels. .
  • the top view which shows the planar structure of the display body in 2nd Embodiment.
  • the perspective view which shows the perspective structure of the pixel in 2nd Embodiment.
  • the block diagram which shows typically the planar structure of the pixel in 2nd Embodiment.
  • the fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a display body The fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a display body.
  • the fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a support layer The fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a support layer.
  • the fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a support layer The fragmentary sectional view which shows the partial cross-section in an example of a display body.
  • the display body 10 includes a display surface 10S that is a surface on which a plurality of pixels 11A are arranged.
  • Each pixel 11A is a minimum unit of repetition for forming an independent image in the pixel group 11G arranged to display the image PIC in a specific direction, and is arranged in a matrix on the display surface 10S.
  • the image PIC is, for example, a character, a figure, a symbol, a picture, or the like.
  • the display surface 10S may be a flat surface or a curved surface.
  • the image PIC is formed by the pixel group 11G.
  • the position of the pixel 11A is, for example, each unit cell of a rectangular lattice, each unit lattice of an orthorhombic lattice, or each unit lattice of a rhombus lattice.
  • each pixel 11 ⁇ / b> A is arranged along the X direction that is one direction and the Y direction that is one direction orthogonal to the X direction, and the plurality of pixels 11 ⁇ / b> A are expressed.
  • a star-shaped image PIC is displayed in a specific direction. That is, the image PIC is visually recognized in a specific direction.
  • Each pixel 11A is given a gradation so that a darker color is given as the distance between the surface of the pixel 11A and the display surface 10S is smaller.
  • the display surface 10S is a surface on which a virtual lattice BL is defined.
  • the lattice BL includes a plurality of unit lattices L1E occupying a predetermined size on the display surface 10S, and the unit lattices L1E are arranged in a matrix on the display surface 10S.
  • the unit cell L1E is the smallest repeating unit that exhibits an optical function in the cell BL. In the example shown in FIG. 1, each pixel 11 ⁇ / b> A is located one by one in the unit cell L ⁇ b> 1 ⁇ / b> E.
  • each pixel 11A is provided for each unit cell L1E, and each pixel 11A includes a single unit reflection surface 11S.
  • the unit reflection surface 11S is an optical surface that intersects the display surface 10S, and an inclination angle ⁇ b that is an angle formed by the unit reflection surface 11S and the display surface 10S is constant along the Y direction.
  • Each unit reflection surface 11S is a mirror surface that specularly reflects visible light, and regularly reflects light incident on the unit reflection surface 11S in a direction based on the inclination angle ⁇ b.
  • Each unit reflecting surface 11S has a range of incident angles (with a certain range of incident angles) and reflects light incident on the unit reflecting surface 11S with a certain range of reflection angles, and an observation direction common to all unit reflecting surfaces 11S.
  • a specific direction DK is included in the range of the reflection angle.
  • the length of each unit reflecting surface 11S in the Y direction is such that light is diffracted in a direction different from the direction in which the light specularly reflected by the unit reflecting surface 11S travels.
  • the traveling direction of the light diffracted by each unit reflecting surface 11S is closer to the normal direction of the unit reflecting surface 11S than the traveling direction of the specularly reflected light.
  • the pixel 11A may be a protrusion having a triangular prism shape on the display surface 10S, or may be a depression having the unit reflection surface 11S on the display surface 10S.
  • the method for manufacturing the display body 10 described above is, for example, a method of copying the display body 10 from an original plate.
  • a photosensitive resist is applied to one side of a flat substrate, and then the photosensitive resist is irradiated with a beam to expose and develop a part of the photosensitive resist. , Manufacture the original.
  • a metal stamper is manufactured from the original plate by a method such as electroplating, and the display body 10 is duplicated using this metal stamper as a mother die.
  • the method of manufacturing the metal stamper may be cutting of a metal substrate using a lathe technique.
  • a method of replicating the display body 10 is a method of forming a molded product by, for example, a hot embossing method, a casting method, or a photopolymer method, and forming a reflective film on the surface of the molded product.
  • a radiation curable resin is poured between a flat substrate such as a plastic film and a metal stamper, and the radiation curable resin is cured by irradiation with radiation, and then the cured resin film is used as a base. The material is peeled off from the metal stamper.
  • the photopolymer method is preferable in that the pixel 11A having high structural accuracy in the pixel 11A and excellent in heat resistance and chemical resistance can be obtained as compared with a pressing method and a casting method using a thermoplastic resin.
  • each image element constituting the image PIC is displayed on each image element by reflection by a single unit reflecting surface 11S. Since the single unit reflection surface 11S is located in a matrix in each pixel 11A, the shape of each unit reflection surface 11S is directly determined from the image data that is the data that determines the luminance of each pixel 11A. Is possible. As a result, the image PIC displayed on the display body 10 can be determined directly from the image data, so that the design of the display body 10 can be improved.
  • the first embodiment can be implemented with the following modifications.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ b is not limited to being constant in the Y direction, and may be different in the Y direction.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ b1 of the base end portion in the Y direction on the unit reflection surface 11S is smaller than the inclination angle ⁇ b2 of the tip end portion in the Y direction on the unit reflection surface 11S.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ b of the unit reflection surface 11S monotonously increases from the base end portion in the Y direction toward the tip end portion.
  • the normal direction of the unit reflection surface 11S is a direction that intersects the X direction and the Y direction when viewed from a direction facing a plane including the X direction and the Y direction.
  • the normal line direction of the unit reflecting surface 11S in the first embodiment is parallel to the X direction when viewed from a direction facing a plane including the X direction and the Y direction. Therefore, according to the pixel 111 in the first modified example, the direction different from the specific direction DK of the pixel 11A in the first embodiment as viewed from the direction facing the display surface 10S, that is, the surface direction including the X direction, A direction different from the plane direction including the Y direction can be set as a new specific direction DK.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ b1 may be larger than the inclination angle ⁇ b2, and the inclination angle ⁇ b of the unit reflection surface 11S may decrease monotonously along the Y direction.
  • the pixel 11 ⁇ / b> A in the first embodiment and the pixel 111 in the first modification can be implemented in appropriate combination.
  • the display body 10 may include a region where only the pixel 11A is located, a region where only the pixel 111 is located, and a region where these are mixed.
  • the position of the pixel 11 ⁇ / b> A and the position of the pixel 111 may be regions occupied by different side surfaces in the image PIC showing the geometric three-dimensional structure.
  • the direction in which each side surface of the geometric three-dimensional structure faces and the direction in which the unit reflecting surface 11S located in the region occupied by the side surface is close to each other.
  • the image by the reflection of the pixel 11A and the image by the reflection of the pixel 111 are visually recognized with lower brightness than the observation in the specific direction DK.
  • the image PIC which shows a geometric three-dimensional structure, it is possible to express the brightness suitable for the position of each side with respect to the visual recognition from each specific direction DK, It is also possible to give a stereoscopic effect to the image PIC.
  • the unit reflection surface 11S is not limited to a single plane and can be embodied as a set of surface elements.
  • the pixel 11A includes a plurality of surface elements 11S1 arranged in the virtual plane 11K.
  • Each surface element 11S1 is a surface extending in the X direction when viewed from the direction facing the display surface 10S, and is arranged at intervals along the Y direction which is the arrangement direction.
  • the virtual plane 11K including the plurality of plane elements 11S1 is a single plane for each unit cell L1E, and is a virtual plane for each pixel 11A.
  • the angle formed by the display surface 10S and the virtual plane 11K is the tilt angle ⁇ b.
  • the angles formed by the display surface 10S and the surface elements 11S1 are all a single inclination angle ⁇ b.
  • the surface element 11S1 is an optical surface that intersects the display surface 10S, and the inclination angle ⁇ b is constant along the Y direction.
  • the length that each virtual plane 11K has in the Y direction may be approximately the same as the length that the unit reflection surface 11S in the first embodiment has in the Y direction, and the specularly reflected light travels.
  • the size may be such that light is diffracted in the direction.
  • the display body in 2nd Embodiment is demonstrated with reference to FIGS. 7-11.
  • the diffraction which is an example of the function which the reflective surface in 2nd Embodiment has is demonstrated.
  • the reflective surface in 2nd Embodiment can also be set as the structure which does not have the function to diffract.
  • FIG. 7B shows a portion of the virtual reflection surface 11KS that is closer to white as the distance from the display surface 10S is larger, and a portion of the virtual reflection surface 11KS that has a smaller distance from the display surface 10S.
  • the virtual reflection surface 11KS has a gradation so as to be closer to black.
  • the pitch of the reflective surfaces 11KS in the direction in which the virtual reflective surfaces 11KS are arranged is set as follows. That is, the traveling direction of the light that is specularly reflected by the virtual reflecting surface 11KS and the m-th order (m is an integer of 1 or more) diffracted light L2 having the specific wavelength ⁇ generated by the virtual reflecting surface 11KS.
  • the pitch of the reflecting surfaces KS is set so as to match the traveling direction.
  • the traveling direction of the mth-order diffracted light L2 is the specific direction DK described above.
  • the unit reflecting surface 11S may be a plane having an inclination angle ⁇ b, or may be a curved surface that is optically regarded as a plane having an inclination angle ⁇ b.
  • the angle formed by the direction in which the incident light L1 incident on the unit reflecting surface 11S travels and the normal direction of the display surface 10S is the incident angle ⁇ .
  • the angle formed by the direction in which the m-th order diffracted light L2 travels and the normal direction of the display surface 10S is the diffraction angle ⁇ .
  • the wavelength of the diffracted light L2 generated by the pixel 11A is the specific wavelength ⁇
  • the diffraction angle ⁇ is common to each unit reflection surface 11S
  • the incident angle ⁇ , the diffraction angle ⁇ , the specific wavelength ⁇ , and the tilt angle ⁇ b are The following expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied.
  • the unit reflecting surface 11S having the inclination angle ⁇ b described above exhibits high diffraction efficiency as the mth-order diffracted light L2 having the specific wavelength ⁇ .
  • each unit reflecting surface 11S converts white incident light L1 into colored light in a specific direction DK, and has a high value as its conversion efficiency.
  • each pixel 11A includes a single unit reflection surface 11S, it is possible to increase the resolution of an image displayed in the specific direction DK. As a result, it is possible to display an image of light with enhanced diffraction efficiency in the specific direction DK, and thus improve the visibility of the image displayed in the specific direction DK.
  • the display body 10 includes a plurality of unit reflecting surfaces 11S each having a different inclination angle ⁇ b, the diffracted light L2 having different specific wavelengths ⁇ is generated. Reflected by each pixel 11A toward a common specific direction DK. Therefore, the display body 10 can form a color image in the specific direction DK.
  • the display body 20 includes a display surface 20S that is a surface on which a plurality of pixels 11A are arranged.
  • a pixel group 11G including a plurality of pixels 11A includes a plurality of overlapping pixels 21M and a plurality of single-plane pixels 21N. Since the single-sided pixel 21N has the same configuration as the pixel 11A described in the first embodiment and the modification thereof, the overlapping description 21M will be described in detail below without redundant description. Note that the above-described specific direction DK, which is the direction in which the diffracted light L2 travels from the single-plane pixel 21N, is the second specific direction.
  • the superposed pixels 21M are arranged in a matrix on the display surface 20S.
  • Each superposed pixel 21M is a minimum of repetition that forms an independent image in the structure for displaying images in the second specific direction and the first specific direction that is different from the second specific direction.
  • the first image PIC1 displayed by the plurality of superimposed pixels 21M is, for example, a character, a figure, a symbol, a design, or the like.
  • the position of the superimposed pixel 21M is, for example, each unit cell of a rectangular lattice, each unit lattice of an orthorhombic lattice, or each unit lattice of a rhombus lattice.
  • the position of the superimposed pixel 21M is a unit grid that is on the grid that is common to the grid BL where the single-plane pixel 21N is located and is different from the position of the single-plane pixel 21N.
  • each superimposed pixel 21 ⁇ / b> M and each single-plane pixel 21 ⁇ / b> N are arranged along the X direction that is one direction and the Y direction that is one direction orthogonal to the X direction.
  • the optical function expressed by the plurality of superimposed pixels 21M displays the first star-shaped image PIC1 in the first specific direction. Further, the optical function expressed by the plurality of superimposed pixels 21M and the optical function expressed by the plurality of single-sided pixels 21N are similar to the star-shaped first image PIC1, and the circular superimposed image PIC2. Is displayed in the second specific direction. A first image PIC1 and a superimposed image PIC2 are formed by the pixel group 11G.
  • the display surface 20S is a surface on which a lattice BL that is a virtual lattice is defined.
  • the unit cell L1E is the smallest repeating unit that exhibits an optical function in the cell BL.
  • each pixel 11A is located one by one in the unit cell L1E.
  • the superposed pixel 21 ⁇ / b> M includes a plurality of first surface elements 21 ⁇ / b> Sx.
  • the multiple first surface elements 21Sx are arranged in a single first virtual plane 21Kx.
  • the superposed pixel 21M includes a plurality of second surface elements 21Sy.
  • the plurality of second surface elements 21Sy are arranged in a single second virtual plane 21Ky.
  • Each of the first surface elements 21Sx and each of the second surface elements 21Sy is a surface extending in the X direction when viewed from the direction facing the display surface 20S, and along the Y direction that is the arrangement direction. Line up one by one.
  • the first virtual plane 21Kx including a plurality of first surface elements 21Sx is a plane for each unit cell L1E and is a virtual plane for each superimposed pixel 21M.
  • the angle formed by the display surface 10S and the first virtual plane 21Kx is the first tilt angle ⁇ bx. That is, the angles formed by the display surface 20S and the first surface elements 21Sx are all the first inclination angle ⁇ bx.
  • the first surface element 21Sx is an optical surface that intersects the display surface 20S, and the first inclination angle ⁇ bx is constant along the Y direction.
  • the first inclination angle ⁇ bx of the first virtual plane 21Kx is set so that the first virtual plane 21Kx is a virtual reflecting surface that satisfies the above-described equations (1) and (2).
  • the second virtual plane 21Ky including the plurality of second surface elements 21Sy is a plane for each unit cell L1E and is a virtual plane for each superimposed pixel 21M.
  • the angle formed by the display surface 10S and the second virtual plane 21Ky is the second tilt angle ⁇ by. That is, the angle formed between the display surface 20S and each second surface element 21Sy is the second inclination angle ⁇ by.
  • the second surface element 21Sy is an optical surface that intersects the display surface 20S, and the second inclination angle ⁇ by is constant along the X direction.
  • the second inclination angle ⁇ by of the second virtual plane 21 ⁇ / b> Ky is set so that the second virtual plane 21 ⁇ / b> Ky is a virtual reflecting surface that satisfies the above-described expressions (1) and (2).
  • the normal direction of the first virtual plane 21Kx is the direction in which the first virtual plane 21Kx faces.
  • the normal direction of the second virtual plane 21Ky is the direction in which the second virtual plane 21Ky faces.
  • the first inclination angle ⁇ bx and the second inclination angle ⁇ by may be equal to each other or different from each other.
  • the direction in which the first virtual plane 21Kx faces is different from the direction in which the second virtual plane 21Ky faces.
  • the direction in which the second virtual plane 21Ky faces is equal to the direction in which the unit reflection surface 11S of the single-plane pixel 21N faces.
  • All of the first surface elements 21Sx included in the first virtual plane 21Kx express the following optical functions in cooperation with them. That is, light that is incident on the first virtual plane 21Kx from a direction unique to the first virtual plane 21Kx and has a wavelength that is specific to the first virtual plane 21Kx is reflected by each first surface element 21Sx. At this time, all the first surface elements 21Sx included in the first virtual plane 21Kx diffract the light in the second specific direction that reflects the light and is common to the first virtual planes 21Kx. To do. In other words, all of the first surface elements 21Sx included in the first virtual plane 21Kx exhibit the same function as the unit reflecting surface 11S described in the first embodiment in the second specific direction through these collaborations.
  • the first surface element 21Sx of each superimposed pixel 21M may generate diffracted light of the same color or different colors.
  • the display body 10 forms a monochromatic image in the first specific direction.
  • the first surface element 21Sx of each superimposed pixel 21M generates diffracted light of different colors, the display body 20 forms a color image in the first specific direction.
  • the first virtual plane 21Kx may be an upper end surface of a protrusion having a triangular prism shape on the display surface 20S, or may be a bottom surface or a side surface of a recess in the display surface 20S.
  • All of the second surface elements 21Sy included in the second virtual plane 21Ky exhibit the following optical functions in cooperation with them. That is, light that is incident on the second virtual plane 21Ky from a direction unique to the second virtual plane 21Ky and has a wavelength that is specific to the second virtual plane 21Ky is reflected by each second surface element 21Sy. At this time, all the second surface elements 21Sy included in the second virtual plane 21Ky diffract the light in the first specific direction that is the direction in which the light is reflected and the direction common to the second virtual planes 21Ky. To do. In other words, all the second surface elements 21Sy included in the second virtual plane 21Ky exhibit the same function as that of the unit reflecting surface 11S described in the first embodiment in the first specific direction through these collaborations.
  • the second surface element 21Sy of each superimposed pixel 21M may generate diffracted light of the same color or may generate diffracted light of different colors.
  • the display body 20 forms a monochromatic image in the second specific direction.
  • the display body 20 forms a color image in the second specific direction.
  • the second virtual plane 21 ⁇ / b> Ky may be the upper end surface of a projection having a triangular prism shape on the display surface 20 ⁇ / b> S, or may be the bottom surface or the side surface of the depression on the display surface 20 ⁇ / b> S.
  • the distance that each first surface element 21Sx has in the Y direction is the first pitch 1PT
  • the distance that each second surface element 21Sy has in the Y direction is the second pitch 2PT.
  • the sum of the first pitch 1PT and the second pitch 2PT is the repetitive pitch SPT.
  • the first pitch 1PT is preferably such that the light from the first surface element 21Sx included in the superimposed pixel 21M is visually recognized as light from one reflecting surface, for example, 0.05 mm or less.
  • the first pitch 1PT that each first surface element 21Sx has in the Y direction is such that light is diffracted in the traveling direction of the light that is specularly reflected by each first surface element 21Sx.
  • the second pitch 2PT is also preferably such that the light from the second surface element 21Sy included in the superimposed pixel 21M is visually recognized as light from one reflecting surface, for example, 0.05 mm or less.
  • the second pitch 2PT that each second surface element 21Sy has in the Y direction is a size at which light is diffracted in the direction in which the light specularly reflected by the second surface element 21Sy travels.
  • repeating pitch SPT is 0.05 mm or less.
  • the superimposed pixel 21M is also provided with a typical gradation so that a darker color is added as the distance between the surface of the superimposed pixel 21M and the display surface 20S is smaller.
  • the first image PIC1 which is an image displayed by each second surface element 21Sy in the first specific direction, is visible. Is done. And the image which each 1st surface element 21Sx displays in a 2nd specific direction and the image which the single-surface pixel 21N displays in a 2nd specific direction are not visually recognized.
  • the image that each first surface element 21Sx displays in the second specific direction and the single-plane pixel 21N are in the second specific direction.
  • the superimposed image PIC2 with the image displayed in the direction is visually recognized.
  • the first image PIC1 displayed by each second surface element 21Sy in the first specific direction is not visually recognized.
  • each 1st surface element 21Sx contained in the 1st virtual plane 21Kx comprises one superimposition pixel 21M with the 2nd virtual plane 21Ky for every 1st virtual plane 21Kx. Since the first virtual plane 21Kx and the second virtual plane 21Ky are located in the same region when viewed from the direction facing the display surface 20S, the superimposed image PIC2 includes the first image PIC1 as a part thereof. An image having the same outer shape is visually recognized.
  • the effects listed below can be obtained.
  • (3) It is possible to increase the intensity of light from each superimposed pixel 21M in a specific direction, and thus improve the visibility of an image displayed in the specific direction.
  • the display body 10 can also display a color image with improved visibility.
  • the superimposition pixel 21M includes the first surface element 21Sx and the second surface element 21Sy, the design property of the display body 20 and the resolution of the first image PIC1 compared to the configuration in which the separate pixels 11A are provided. It is also possible to increase the resolution of the superimposed image PIC2.
  • the display body displays both the image based on the first surface element 21Sx and the image based on the second surface element 21Sy. In 20, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the resolution of the image.
  • the second embodiment can be implemented with the following modifications.
  • [Inclination angle] The direction in which the first virtual plane 21Kx faces and the direction in which the second virtual plane 21Ky faces are equal to each other, but the first inclination angle ⁇ bx and the second inclination angle ⁇ by may be different from each other. According to such a configuration, in addition to the effects described in (1) and (2) above, brightness and color in an image are expressed with high gradation in a specific direction common to the first surface element 21Sx and the second surface element 21Sy. Is possible.
  • the plurality of overlapping pixels 21M may include a plurality of pixels 11A having different first inclination angles ⁇ bx between the overlapping pixels 21M, or may include a plurality of pixels 11A having different second inclination angles ⁇ by between the overlapping pixels 21M. Good.
  • the direction in which the first virtual plane 21Kx faces, the direction in which the second virtual plane 21Ky faces, and the direction in which the unit reflection surface 11S of the single-plane pixel 21N faces may be different from each other. With such a configuration, it is possible to display images separately in the first specific direction, the second specific direction, and the specific direction defined by the unit reflection surface 11S of the single-surface pixel 21N.
  • the single-sided pixel 21N may be omitted from the display surface 20S, that is, the display body 20 may include only the superimposed pixel 21M. Further, the superposed pixels 21M are not arranged in a matrix, but may be scattered, for example, in the single plane pixels 21N arranged in a matrix. Even with such a configuration, it is possible to obtain the effects according to the above (1) to (7).
  • first surface elements 21Sx included in the overlapping pixel 21M is not limited to a plurality, and may be one.
  • second surface elements 21Sy included in the superimposed pixel 21M is not limited to a plurality, and may be one. Even with such a configuration, it is possible to obtain the effects according to the above (1) to (4).
  • the overlapping pixel 21M is a surface that bends at a bending line L that intersects the surface on which the overlapping pixels 21M are arranged, and a bending surface 21ST that is a surface for each overlapping pixel 21M.
  • the first unit reflecting surface 21SA and the second unit reflecting surface 21SB, and the third unit reflecting surface 21SC and the fourth unit reflecting surface 21SD constitute a single bent surface 21ST by sharing the bent line L.
  • the first unit reflection surface 21SA in each superimposed pixel 21M forms an image in a specific direction unique to it
  • the second unit reflection surface 21SB in each superposition pixel 21M has a specific direction specific to it.
  • An image is formed on.
  • the third unit reflecting surface 21SC in each superposed pixel 21M forms an image in a specific direction unique to it
  • the fourth unit reflective surface 21SD in each superposed pixel 21M forms an image in a specific direction unique to it.
  • the direction in which the first surface element 21Sx reflects light and the direction in which the first surface element 21Sx diffracts light may be different from each other. That is, the length of each first surface element 21Sx in the Y direction is the size that light is diffracted in a direction different from the direction in which the light specularly reflected by the first surface element 21Sx travels, as in the first embodiment.
  • the first inclination angle ⁇ bx may be a size that does not satisfy the expressions (1) and (2) described above.
  • the direction in which the second surface element 21Sy reflects light and the direction in which the second surface element 21Sy diffracts light may be different from each other. . That is, the length of each second surface element 21Sy in the Y direction is also the magnitude that light is diffracted in a direction different from the direction in which the light specularly reflected by the second surface element 21Sy travels, as in the first embodiment.
  • the second inclination angle ⁇ by may be a size that does not satisfy the expressions (1) and (2) described above.
  • all the first surface elements 21Sx included in the first virtual plane 21Kx are not limited to display with light with enhanced diffraction efficiency, but with reflected light that does not include diffracted light, as in the first embodiment.
  • An image may be displayed.
  • all the second surface elements 21Sy included in the second virtual plane 21Ky are not limited to display by light with enhanced diffraction efficiency, but are reflected by reflected light that does not include diffracted light, as in the first embodiment. May be displayed.
  • the display body is not limited to display with light with enhanced diffraction efficiency, and may display an image by reflection from each reflection surface. Even with these configurations, it is possible to obtain the effects according to the above (1) and (2).
  • the image displayed by the display 20 is not limited to a raster image that represents an image by repeating pixels that are unit areas, but may be a vector image that represents an image by a set of areas represented by vectors.
  • the superimposed pixel 21M on the display surface 20S is not a minimum unit of repetition in the structure for displaying an image, but is a display region having a different size for each superimposed pixel 21M, for example.
  • the structure of a reflective surface will be made complicated, and, thereby, the difficulty of forging a display body It is possible to increase.
  • FIG. 13 to FIG. 15 another structural example that can be applied to the reflective surface of the display area in the third modification will be described.
  • a virtual surface including only the first surface element is shown, and an illustration of the virtual surface including the second surface element is shown. Omit.
  • the distance between the virtual surface 21 ⁇ / b> K including the plurality of first surface elements and the display surface 20 ⁇ / b> S is the height H in the display area 21 ⁇ / b> AO.
  • the virtual surface 21K is a curved surface and has a curvature that protrudes toward the direction in which light is reflected.
  • the diffusion of light by the plurality of first surface elements 21Sx suppresses the sharpness of the image displayed in the display area 21AO, thereby displaying a smooth image. It is also possible to do.
  • a part of the virtual surface 21K includes a gentle recess 21SG. It is also possible to suppress the sharpness of the image displayed on the display area 21AO by the diffusion of light by the depression 21SG.
  • a part of the virtual surface 21K includes a protruding portion 21TG that protrudes gently. It is also possible to suppress the sharpness of the image displayed on the display area 21AO by such diffusion of light by the protrusion 21TG.
  • a plurality of display areas wherein the plurality of display areas include a first unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a first direction and a second unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a second direction.
  • the first unit reflection surface is composed of a plurality of first surface elements included in the first virtual surface
  • the second unit reflection surface is composed of a plurality of second surface elements included in the second virtual surface
  • the first surface element and the second surface element are alternately arranged along one arrangement direction as viewed from the direction facing the surface in which the display areas are arranged,
  • a display body in which a direction in which the first virtual surface faces and a direction in which the second virtual surface faces are different from each other.
  • the first surface element and the second surface element are alternately arranged along the arrangement direction, while the first virtual element
  • the direction in which the plane faces is different from the direction in which the second virtual plane faces. Therefore, in a display body that displays two images, each displayed in different directions, the structure of the reflective surface of a single display area is complicated, thereby making it possible to forge the display body. It becomes possible to increase the difficulty.
  • a plurality of display areas wherein the plurality of display areas include a first unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a first direction and a second unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a second direction.
  • the first unit reflection surface is composed of a plurality of first surface elements included in the first virtual surface
  • the second unit reflection surface is composed of a plurality of second surface elements included in the second virtual surface
  • the first surface element and the second surface element are alternately arranged along one arrangement direction when viewed from the direction facing the surface on which the pixels are arranged,
  • a display body in which an angle formed by the plane in which the display areas are arranged and the first virtual plane is different from an angle formed by the plane in which the display areas are arranged and the second virtual plane.
  • the first surface elements and the second surface elements are alternately arranged along the arrangement direction when viewed from the direction facing the surface where the display regions are arranged.
  • the angle formed by the lined surfaces and the first virtual planes is different from the angle formed by the lined pixels and the second virtual planes. Therefore, in the display body that displays the image by the first unit reflection surface and the image by the second unit reflection surface, the structure of the reflection surface of the single display region is complicated, and thus the display body is It becomes possible to increase the difficulty of counterfeiting.
  • a plurality of display areas wherein the plurality of display areas include a first unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a first direction and a second unit reflection surface that reflects incident light in a second direction.
  • the display area is a plane that bends at a bend line that intersects the plane in which the display areas are arranged, and includes a bent plane that is a plane for each display area, and the first unit reflection plane that is a plane, and a plane
  • the display unit in which the second unit reflecting surface is a common bending line and constitutes the bending surface.
  • the first unit reflection surface and the second unit reflection surface constitute a bent surface for each display region. Therefore, in the display body that displays the image by the first unit reflection surface and the image by the second unit reflection surface, the structure of the unit reflection surface of the display area is complicated, and thereby the display body is forged. It becomes possible to raise the difficulty of.
  • a color having a fine structure of the order of the wavelength of light is a structural color
  • a display body that emits a structural color is known.
  • a display body a display body having a fine structure formed by an array of fine particles is known.
  • the display body includes, for example, a base material, a reflective layer, and a display layer, and the display layer includes a periodic structure composed of a plurality of fine particles.
  • the surface in contact with the display layer is a flat surface, and the lattices composed of the fine particles are arranged along the flat surface and stacked on the flat surface.
  • the lattices constituted by the fine particles are arranged on the flat surface, and the particle arrangement surface specified by the fine particles is uniquely specified by the flat surface.
  • the color of light emitted from the fine particle layer that is, the wavelength of light
  • the refractive index of the display layer is substantially determined by the refractive index of the display layer, the distance between the particle arrangement surfaces, and the angle formed by the perpendicular to the display body and the observation direction. Therefore, if the refractive index of the display layer is uniform, in the configuration in which the particle arrangement surface is uniquely specified by the flat surface, the color of light emitted in a specific observation direction is limited to one.
  • the display body 10 includes a base material 110, a support layer 112, and a fine particle layer 113.
  • the support layer 112 has a surface 112S, and at least a part of the surface 112S is a surface having fine irregularities.
  • the base material 110 has a plate shape extending along one surface, and the base material 110 and the support layer 112 are light transmissive.
  • the fine particle layer 113 includes a plurality of fine particles 113g constituting a particle arrangement surface 113s for developing a structural color.
  • the fine particle layer 113 includes a first layer element 113a and a second layer element 113b.
  • the first layer element 113a has a first distance D1 as a distance between the particle arrangement surfaces 113s in the observation direction OD
  • the second layer element 113b has a second distance D2 as a distance between the particle arrangement surfaces 113s in the observation direction OD.
  • At least one of the following (a) to (d) is different between the first layer element 113a and the second layer element 113b. That is, (a) the distance between the centers of the fine particles 113g in the observation direction OD, (b) the two-dimensional direction in which the layer elements spread, (c) the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface 113s spreads, and (d) the particle arrangement surface 113s.
  • At least one of the arrangement of the fine particles 113g in the inside is different between the first layer element 113a and the second layer element 113b.
  • the difference in the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads between the first layer element 113a and the second layer element 113b is also the difference in the normal direction of the plane that supports the layer element.
  • the difference in the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface 113s spreads between the first layer element 113a and the second layer element 113b is also the difference in the normal direction of the particle arrangement surface 113s.
  • the arrangement of the fine particles 113g is an arrangement of a plurality of fine particles 113g in the particle arrangement surface 113s. For example, a body-centered cubic structure and a face-centered cubic structure are applicable.
  • the first distance D1 and the second distance D2 are different from each other because at least one of (a) to (d) is different.
  • the distance between the display 10 and the observation point which is the position of the observer's viewpoint, is significantly larger than the size of the first layer element 113a and the size of the second layer element 113b, and the observation direction OD is the direction of the observer's line of sight. Therefore, the observation direction OD with respect to the first layer element 113a and the observation direction OD with respect to the second layer element 113b can be regarded as being substantially parallel to each other. In each part of the entire display body 10 as well as between the first layer element 113a and the second layer element 113b, the observation directions OD with respect to each part can be considered to be parallel to each other.
  • the wavelength of light emitted from the first layer element 113a in the observation direction OD is different from the wavelength of light emitted from the second layer element 113b in the observation direction. Therefore, compared with the configuration in which the wavelength of light emitted from one fine particle layer 113 in the observation direction OD is uniform, the types of wavelengths of light emitted from the fine particle layer 113 can be increased. The designability of the image displayed by the body 10 can be improved.
  • the display body 10 may be observed from the direction facing the fine particle layer 113 or from the direction facing the substrate 110.
  • a layer composed of a plurality of particles arranged on one particle arrangement surface is a unit layer.
  • a plurality of fine particles 113g are arranged most periodically in the first layer which is a unit layer in contact with the surface 112S of the support layer 112, and among the fine particle layer 113, the unit layer farther from the first layer is finer. The periodicity in the 113 g array tends to be disturbed.
  • the display body 10 is preferably observed from the direction facing the base material 110.
  • FIG. 17 conceptually illustrates light diffraction in the fine particle layer 210
  • the Z direction in FIG. 17 is a direction perpendicular to the particle arrangement surface 212 of the fine particle layer 210.
  • FIG. The X direction and the Y direction are directions orthogonal to the Z direction, respectively, and the particle arrangement surface 212 extends along a two-dimensional direction defined by the X direction and the Y direction.
  • the fine particle layer 210 in which the fine particles 211 are arranged in a predetermined cycle, when incident light IL enters the fine particle layer 210, light diffraction that satisfies the following equation (1) occurs from Bragg's law.
  • m is the diffraction order
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of the diffracted light
  • n is the refractive index of the colloidal crystal
  • d is the distance between the particle array surfaces, that is, the distance between the array surfaces
  • the colloidal crystal is a structure in which the fine particles 211 are arranged in a three-dimensional cycle and can express a structural color.
  • the refractive index n can be approximately obtained from the volume average refractive index of the fine particles 211 and the medium filling the space between the fine particles 211.
  • the filling rate of the fine particles is ⁇
  • the refractive index of the fine particles 211 is nP
  • the refractive index of the medium is nB
  • the refractive index of the colloidal crystal is nC
  • Expression (1) indicates that light that is emitted at an angle ⁇ when each of the incident light IL1 and the incident light IL2 is incident on the particle array surface 212 in which the fine particles 211 are arrayed at an array surface distance d.
  • the optical path difference 2ndsin ⁇ between the incident lights IL1 and IL2 has a wavelength ⁇ that satisfies the formula (1).
  • the expression (1) is viewed from another viewpoint, even if the incident light is incident from the same angle ⁇ , the distance d between the arrangement planes is different, so that the emitted light strengthened by the diffraction at the fine particle layer 210 is different. It can be seen that the wavelength ⁇ changes.
  • incident light entering the fine particle layer 210 at an angle ⁇ is emitted at an angle ⁇ symmetrical to the incident light with respect to a plane perpendicular to the particle arrangement surface 212. That is, the reflection angle is equal to the incident angle.
  • the inclination angle of the particle arrangement surface 212 is 0 degrees, in other words, the particle arrangement surface 212 is horizontal.
  • the normal direction on the inclined surface is shifted from the normal direction with respect to the surface extending along the horizontal direction by the inclination angle.
  • the average particle diameter r of the fine particles 211 constituting the fine particle layer 210 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 180 nm or more and 380 nm or less.
  • equation (1) assuming that the diffraction order m is 1 and the refractive index n is 1, assuming that the incident angle ⁇ of light is 90 degrees, the wavelength ⁇ of the diffracted light is the distance between the array planes d. Doubled.
  • the colloidal crystals described above close-packed opal crystals and non-close-packed colloidal crystals are known.
  • the distance d between the arrangement planes coincides with the average particle diameter r of the fine particles 211. Therefore, when the average particle diameter r of the fine particles 211 is 180 nm or more and 380 nm or less, the opal crystal emits light having a wavelength in the visible light region, and therefore, the light emitted from the opal crystal is visually observed. Easy to do.
  • FIG. 18 shows a schematic structure of a face-centered cubic lattice
  • FIG. 19 shows a schematic structure of a body-centered cubic lattice.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 for convenience of illustration, a structure in which one unit cell is stacked on one unit cell is shown.
  • the close-packed opal crystal has a hexagonal close-packed structure or a face-centered cubic structure
  • the non-close-packed colloidal crystal has a face-centered cubic structure or a body-centered cubic structure.
  • the wavelength ⁇ of light emitted from the fine particle layer to a specific angle ⁇ varies depending on the distance d between the arrangement surfaces.
  • the face-centered cubic lattice 30 shown in FIG. 18 shows a first array surface 31 and a second array surface 32 as an example of a particle array surface that can be set in a unit cell. 19 also shows a first arrangement surface 41 and a second arrangement surface 42 as examples of particle arrangement surfaces that can be set in the unit cell.
  • the first array surfaces 31 and 41 are particle array surfaces that are horizontal with respect to the bottom surface of the unit lattice
  • the second array surfaces 32 and 42 are particle array surfaces that are inclined by 45 degrees with respect to the bottom surface of the unit lattice. It is.
  • the distance between the first array surfaces 31 and 41 is the first array surface distance d1
  • the distance between the second array surfaces 32 and 42 is the second array surface distance d2.
  • the first array surface distance d1 and the second array surface distance d2 in the face-centered cubic lattice 30 are expressed by the following equations (3) and (4). Can be represented by
  • the first array surface distance d1 and the second array surface distance d2 can be expressed by the following equations (5) and (6).
  • the distance d between the arrangement surfaces is changed, and the structure of the unit cell is different.
  • the arrangement of fine particles in the particle arrangement surface is changed.
  • the distance d between the arrangement surfaces also varies depending on the difference.
  • the wavelength ⁇ is proportional to the inter-array surface distance d.
  • the wavelength of the light reflected by the second arrangement surface 32 has a length of about 0.7 times the wavelength of the light reflected by the first arrangement surface 31. .
  • the wavelength of the light reflected by the second arrangement surface 32 is 490 nm. That is, the color of the light reflected by the first array surface 31 is red, while the color of the light reflected by the second array surface 32 is blue or green, and is reflected by each particle array surface. The color of the light is very different.
  • the distance d between the array surfaces in the formula (1) is determined by the particle diameter and the distance between the particles 211. That is, the distance d between the arrangement surfaces is determined by the distance between the centers of the fine particles 211.
  • the particle diameter corresponds to the distance d between the array planes.
  • van der Waals force which is an electrostatic repulsive force acting between the fine particles, is a physical quantity determined by the fine particle diameter and the distance between the fine particles.
  • the distance d between the arrangement surfaces is determined by both the distance between the fine particles.
  • the opal crystal and the non-close-packed colloidal crystal have different distances d between the arrangement planes, but the difference between the distances d between the arrangement planes in the two crystals in this way is the lattice constant of each crystal. Also affects. More specifically, in the non-close-packed colloidal crystal, since the fine particles 211 are not in contact with each other, the lattice constant is not determined even if the particle size of the fine particles 211 is determined. In general, it is known that the formula (7) holds for the face-centered cubic structure and the formula (8) holds for the body-centered cubic structure between the average particle diameter r, the lattice constant a, and the fine particle filling factor ⁇ . Yes.
  • the fine particle layer 210 in order to obtain a light diffraction effect, preferably has two or more unit layers. In other words, in the fine particle layer 210, it is preferable that a plurality of fine particles constitute a plurality of particle arrangement surfaces.
  • the plurality of fine particles 113g included in the first layer element 113a and the plurality of fine particles 113g included in the second layer element 113b belong to respective layers.
  • a plurality of particle arrangement surfaces 113s are formed. Since the intensity of diffracted light increases as the number of particle arrangement surfaces 113s increases, the visibility of structural colors improves as the number of particle arrangement surfaces 113s increases.
  • the fine particle layer 210 is configured to include a first portion composed of a predetermined number of unit layers and a second portion composed of a number of unit layers different from the first portion, the first portion It is possible to add a shade between the structural color at and the structural color at the second portion. Thereby, compared with the structure which cannot express such a light and shade, the designability in the image which a display body expresses increases.
  • the shape of the support layer may be changed as follows. That is, when the surface of the support layer has a predetermined inclination angle, the difference between the position of one end of the surface and the position of the other end may be increased in the cross section along the thickness direction of the display body. Alternatively, when the difference between the position of one end of the surface and the position of the other end is the same in the cross section along the thickness direction of the display body, the inclination angle of the surface may be increased. Further, the number of unit layers constituting the fine particle layer 210 can also be increased by making the particle diameter of the fine particles 211 smaller.
  • FIGS. 20 to 22 An example of the configuration of the display body will be described with reference to FIGS. Hereinafter, three examples of display bodies having different configurations will be described. In each of FIGS. 20 to 22, for the convenience of illustration, only a part of the support layer and the fine particle layer are shown in the display body 10.
  • the fine particle layer 52 includes a first layer element 52a and a second layer element 52b, and the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads between the first layer element 52a and the second layer element 52b. Are different from each other. Further, the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface 52s of each layer element spreads is different between the first layer element 52a and the second layer element 52b.
  • the display body 50 includes a support layer 51, and the support layer 51 includes a surface 51 ⁇ / b> S that supports the fine particle layer 52.
  • the surface 51S includes a first support surface 51S1 and a second support surface 51S2 that support the first layer element 52a.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the first support surface 51S1 extends and the two-dimensional direction in which the second support surface 51S2 extends. Are different from each other.
  • the angle at which the surface 51S is inclined with respect to the horizontal direction that is, the angle formed by the horizontal direction and the surface 51S is the inclination angle.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ in the first support surface 51S1 and the inclination angle ⁇ in the second support surface 51S2 are different from each other, and the inclination angle ⁇ is larger than the inclination angle ⁇ .
  • the support layer 51 is a fine concavo-convex structure, and includes a convex portion including the first support surface 51S1 and a convex portion including the second support surface 51S2.
  • the particle arrangement surface 52s of the first layer element 52a extends along the first support surface 51S1
  • the particle arrangement surface 52s of the second layer element 52b extends along the second support surface 51S2.
  • the fine particles 52g are arranged at an equal period along the particle arrangement surface 52s.
  • the array surface distance da in the first layer element 52a and the array surface distance db in the second layer element 52b are equal to each other.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the first support surface 51S1 extends, the two-dimensional direction in which the second support surface 51S2 extends in other words, the direction of the normal to the first support surface 51S1 and the direction of the normal to the second support surface 51S2 They are different from each other.
  • the particle arrangement surface 52s of the first layer element 52a is along the first support surface 51S1 and the particle arrangement surface 52s of the second layer element 52b is along the second support surface 51S2
  • the first layer element The direction of the normal to 52a is different from the direction of the normal to the second layer element 52b.
  • the light emitted from the first layer element 52a in the predetermined observation direction OD is the emitted light EL1
  • the light emitted from the second layer element 52b in the same direction as the emitted light EL1 is the emitted light EL2.
  • the light for emitting the emitted light EL1 is the incident light IL1
  • the light for emitting the emitted light EL2 is the incident light IL2
  • the angle ⁇ 2 at which the incident light IL2 enters the second layer element 52b is different from each other.
  • the wavelength ⁇ 1 of the emitted light EL1 and the wavelength ⁇ 2 of the emitted light EL2 are different from each other.
  • the color of light emitted from the first layer element 52a and the color of light emitted from the second layer element 52b are different from each other toward the predetermined observation direction OD.
  • the display body 50 is often observed in a state tilted by 45 degrees with respect to the horizontal direction. At this time, the angle formed by the light traveling straight from the display body 50 with respect to the eyes of the observer observing the display body 50 and the direction of the normal to the display body 50 is 45 degrees. Therefore, the angle ⁇ 1 of the light incident on the first layer element 52a can be expressed by the following equation (9) using the inclination angle ⁇ of the first support surface 51S1.
  • the reflected light from the fine particle layer 52 can be obtained when the following expression (10) holds.
  • the reflected light from the first layer element 52a can be obtained when the inclination angle ⁇ is larger than 0 degree and smaller than 22.5 degrees. Since the same relationship holds in the second layer element 52b, the reflected light from the second layer element 52b can be obtained when the inclination angle ⁇ is larger than 0 degree and smaller than 22.5 degrees. it can.
  • the support layer 51 so as to satisfy these conditions, it is possible to cause the display body 50 to exhibit a structural color in the most general observation state.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ of the support surface 51S2 may be an angle outside the above-described range. Even with such a configuration, it is possible to observe the emitted light EL1 from the first layer element 52a and the emitted light EL2 from the second layer element 52b.
  • the fine particle layer 62 includes a first layer element 62a and a second layer element 62b.
  • the direction in which the two-dimensional direction in which the first layer element 62a extends and the two-dimensional direction in which the second layer element 62b extends intersect each other, and the direction in which the particle arrangement surface 62s1 of the first layer element 62a faces, and the second layer element
  • the direction in which the particle array surface 62s2 in 62b faces is different from each other.
  • the direction in which the particle arrangement surface faces is the direction in which the particle arrangement surface faces.
  • the incident angle of the incident light with respect to the fine particle layer 62 has a predetermined range. Of the incident light, the light having the predetermined incident angle is reflected the highest and out of the light emitted from the fine particle layer 62. The intensity of the light emitted at the same angle as the incident angle with the highest incident light intensity is the highest.
  • the observer of the display body 60 visually recognizes the light in which the highest intensity of the emitted light and the other emitted light are mixed. Therefore, the direction in which the particle arrangement surface 62s1 of the first layer element 62a faces and the direction in which the particle arrangement surface 62s2 of the second layer element 62b faces are the same even if the observer visually recognizes such mixed light. It is preferable that the color of the light emitted from the first layer element 62a and the color of the light emitted from the second layer element 62b are different to the extent that they are visually recognized as different colors.
  • the particle arrangement surface 62s1 of the first layer element 62a is different so that the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element 62a and the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element 62b differ by about 20 nm to 50 nm.
  • the facing direction and the direction in which the particle arrangement surface 62s2 of the second layer element 62b faces are preferably different.
  • incident light IL1 is incident on the first layer element 62a.
  • the angle ⁇ 1 at which the incident light IL2 is incident on the second layer element 72b is generally different.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the first layer element 62a extends and the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface 62s1 extends are parallel.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the second layer element 62b extends and the two-dimensional direction in which the particle array surface 62s2 extends intersect.
  • the direction facing the first support surface 61S1 and the direction facing the second support surface 61S2 are different from each other.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ of the first support surface 61S1 and the inclination angle ⁇ of the second support surface 61S2 are different from each other.
  • the first layer element 62a extends along the first support surface 61S1
  • the second layer element 62b extends along the second support surface 61S2.
  • the fine particles 62g are arranged in the same period in the direction along the surface 61S.
  • the particle array surface 62s1 along the first support surface 61S1 is a reflection surface
  • the particle array surface 62s2 that intersects the second support surface 61S2 is a reflection surface.
  • the inter-array surface distance da in the first layer element 62a and the inter-array surface distance db in the second layer element 62b are different from each other.
  • the wavelength of the emitted light EL1 emitted from the first layer element 62a is different between the first support surface 61S1 and the second support surface 61S2 because the facing direction and the inclination angle of each surface are different from each other.
  • ⁇ 1 and the wavelength ⁇ 2 of the emitted light EL2 emitted from the second layer element 62b can be made different from each other.
  • the wavelength ⁇ 1 of the emitted light EL1 and the wavelength ⁇ 2 of the emitted light EL2 are different from each other in one observation direction OD, while the emitted light is different in the other observation directions OD.
  • the fine particle layer may be configured such that the wavelength ⁇ 1 of EL1 is equal to the wavelength ⁇ 2 of the emitted light EL2. In such a configuration, by changing the observation direction OD, a change in the color of the image displayed by the display body can be made to move and the eye catching effect can be enhanced.
  • the distance between the fine particles 72g is the interparticle distance dc.
  • the inter-particle distance dc is different between the first layer element 72a and the second layer element 72b.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the first support surface 71S1 extends is equal to the two-dimensional direction in which the second support surface 71S2 extends, and the inclination angle ⁇ of the first support surface 71S1 and the second support surface
  • the inclination angle ⁇ of 71S2 is the same angle as each other.
  • the first support surface 71S1 and the second support surface 71S2 are surfaces parallel to each other.
  • the first layer element 72a extends on the first support surface 71S1, and the particle arrangement surface 72s of the first layer element 72a also extends on the first support surface 71S1. Further, the second layer element 72b extends on the second support surface 71S2, and the particle arrangement surface 72s of the second layer element 72b also extends on the second support surface 71S2.
  • the direction of the normal to the first layer element 72a and the direction of the normal to the second layer element 72b are parallel to each other. Therefore, when the incident angle ⁇ 1 of the incident light IL1 with respect to the first layer element 72a is equal to the incident angle ⁇ 2 of the incident light IL2 with respect to the second layer element 72b, the emitted light of the first layer element 72a. EL1 and the emitted light EL2 of the second layer element 72b are emitted in a predetermined observation direction OD that is the same direction.
  • the wavelength ⁇ 1 of the emitted light EL1 and the wavelength ⁇ 2 of the emitted light EL2 are determined by the inter-array surface distance d and the light incident angle ⁇ .
  • the support layer 71 having a predetermined shape by setting the observation direction with respect to the display body 70, the light emission direction and further the angle ⁇ at which light enters the support layer 71, that is, the fine particle layer 72 are determined. Therefore, Equation (1) can be rewritten as a function of the wavelength ⁇ and the inter-array surface distance d.
  • the particle size is such that the inter-array surface distance d is obtained by the formula (1) and the calculated inter-array surface distance d is satisfied. It is sufficient to select 72 g of the fine particles having the.
  • a material that generates a repulsive force between the fine particles 71g may be selected as a material used for forming the fine particle layer 72 so as to satisfy the calculated distance d between the arranged surfaces.
  • the inter-array surface distance da of the first layer element 72a and the inter-array surface distance db of the second layer element 72b are different from each other. Therefore, the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element 72a toward the observation direction OD and the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element 72b can be made different from each other.
  • the portion having the largest distance from the base material in the thickness direction of the display body 70 is the top portion 72t.
  • the top portion 72t included in the first support surface 71S1 and the second support are provided.
  • the distance between the tops 72t included in the surface 71S2 is the top-to-top distance p.
  • the distance p between the tops is 1 ⁇ m or more.
  • the reason why the distance between the tops is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more will be described below.
  • Expression (11) is known as an appearance condition of the diffracted light by the diffraction grating.
  • Equation (11) m is the diffraction order, ⁇ is the wavelength of the diffracted light, p is the distance between the apexes, and ⁇ is the incident angle of the incident light IL.
  • the wavelength ⁇ coincides with the inter-top distance p.
  • the maximum wavelength in visible light is about 750 nm, and in order to prevent the diffracted light having a wavelength included in the visible range from being emitted from the display body 70, the inter-top distance p may be set to about 1 ⁇ m.
  • the angle changes to an angle different from the incident angle ⁇ of 90 degrees with respect to the support layer 71, or first-order or higher-order diffracted light is observed.
  • the incident angle ⁇ of light is 15 degrees and the diffraction order m is 2
  • the inter-top distance p is about 6 ⁇ m. Therefore, in order to prevent the diffracted light emitted from the support layer 71 having no fine particle layer 72 from being observed, it is more preferable that the distance p between the tops is 6 ⁇ m or more.
  • the fine particle layer 72 includes a plurality of layer elements, and the plurality of layer elements includes a first layer element 72a and a second layer element 72b.
  • the plurality of layer elements are arranged along one direction, and the arrangement period of the layer elements is 1 ⁇ m or more.
  • the area of the layer element is preferably 2 ⁇ m square or more.
  • the fine particles 72g having such a size that can emit light having a structural color can be arranged in a number that can generate a structural color. .
  • Example of support layer shape An example of the shape of the support layer will be described with reference to FIGS. Hereinafter, four examples of support layers having different shapes will be described.
  • FIG. 23 hatching of the support layer is omitted for the sake of convenience of illustrating light emitted outside the display body through the support layer.
  • the first support surface 81S1 and the second support surface 81S2 are alternately arranged along one direction. Between the first support surface 81S1 and the second support surface 81S2, the inclination angles with respect to the horizontal direction are equal to each other, but the two-dimensional direction in which each surface spreads, that is, the direction in which each surface faces, is different from each other.
  • the support layer 81 includes a plurality of convex portions 81a having an isosceles triangular shape.
  • the lengths of two sides sandwiching the top are equal to each other. That is, the angle formed by the extending direction of each side and the horizontal direction is the inclination angle, and the inclination angles of the respective sides are equal to each other.
  • the vertical axis passing through the top of the convex portion 81a is the symmetry axis.
  • the fine particles arranged on the first support surface 81S1 and the fine particles arranged on the second support surface 81S2 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the symmetry axis.
  • the order of the structural colors that change when the display body is tilted in the direction in which the angle formed by the first support surface 81S1 and the vertical direction increases is such that the angle formed by the second support surface 81S2 and the vertical direction increases.
  • the order of the structural colors changes when the display body is tilted.
  • the first support surface 82S1 and the second support surface 82S2 are alternately arranged along one direction. Between the first support surface 82S1 and the second support surface 82S2, the two-dimensional directions in which the surfaces expand are different from each other, more specifically, the inclination angles with respect to the horizontal direction are different from each other, and the directions in which the surfaces face each other are different from each other. Different.
  • the support layer 82 includes a plurality of convex portions 82a having a triangular shape, and each convex portion 82a is horizontally between two sides forming the top portion.
  • the inclination angles with respect to the directions are different from each other.
  • a display body including such a support layer 82 when the display body is tilted in a direction in which an angle formed by the first support surface 82S1 and the shaft increases with respect to an axis extending in the vertical direction, the second support surface 82S2
  • the change in the structural color observed in the observation direction differs between when the display body is tilted in a direction in which the angle formed by the axis increases.
  • the viewing area where the reflected light is observed also varies depending on the tilt angle of the surface 82S, even if the display body is tilted in one direction even when tilted by the same angle, the structural color is observed, When the display body is tilted in another direction, a difference is generated between the region where the structural color is observed.
  • the display body can be configured as follows. That is, when the display body is observed from the first observation direction, the first pattern is displayed by the first layer element located on the first support surface 82S1, and when the display body is observed from the second observation direction, It is also possible to configure the display body so as to display the second pattern by the second support surface 82S2. Furthermore, the first pattern is displayed in red by setting the structural color of the first layer element to red, and the second pattern is displayed in green by setting the structural color of the second layer element to green. It is also possible to configure the display body to display.
  • the support layer 83 includes a first region 83a, a second region 83b, and a third region 83c arranged along one direction in a cross section along the thickness direction of the display body.
  • the first region 83a includes a plurality of first protrusions 83a1
  • the second region 83b includes a plurality of second protrusions 83b1
  • the third region 83c includes a plurality of third protrusions 83c1.
  • Each of the first convex portion 83a1, the second convex portion 83b1, and the third convex portion 83c1 has a right triangular shape, while the direction of the hypotenuse and the horizontal direction between the three convex portions.
  • the inclination angles of the hypotenuse with respect to the direction are different from each other.
  • the plurality of convex portions included in each region are arranged along one direction.
  • the first convex portion 83a1, the second convex portion 83b1, and the third convex portion 83c1 may be arranged in a predetermined order along one direction, or along one direction. May be arranged irregularly.
  • the observer cannot recognize the color difference between the regions unless the region of one color is arranged at a resolution that the viewer can visually recognize at a distance at which the viewer observes the display body. . Therefore, for example, when it is desired to express completely different colors such as red and green in adjacent regions, it is necessary to arrange a plurality of fine structures of the respective colors so as to form a region having a predetermined size.
  • the resolution of the human eye is about 100 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m when an object is observed from a distance of about 30 cm.
  • the region where the fine structures for developing one color are arranged has a size of at least 100 ⁇ m square when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the direction in which the display body spreads.
  • the surface 91S of the support layer 91 includes a first support surface 91S1 and a second support surface 91S2, and between the first support surface 91S1 and the second support surface 91S2.
  • the directions of the faces are different from each other.
  • one convex portion 91a is defined by the first support surface 91S1 and the second support surface 91S2, and the support layer 91 includes a plurality of convex portions 91a.
  • the first support surface 91S1 includes a slope having an inclination angle of 45 degrees and a curved surface having a curvature such that the center of curvature is located outside the support layer 91, and the slope in the direction in which the convex portions 91a are arranged. And a curved surface.
  • the second support surface 91S2 includes a slope having an inclination angle of 45 degrees and a curved surface having a curvature such that the center of curvature is located outside the support layer 91, and in the direction in which the convex portions 91a are arranged. The slope and curved surface are connected.
  • each convex part 91a the slope of the first support surface 91S1 and the slope of the second support surface 91S2 form the top.
  • the curved surface of the first support surface 91S1 included in the one convex portion 91a and the curved surface of the second support surface 91S2 included in the other convex portion 91a are connected, and these two surfaces serve as the bottom portion.
  • the incident light IL incident on the inclined surface of the second support surface 91 ⁇ / b> S ⁇ b> 2 out of the light incident on the display body 90 from the direction orthogonal to the direction in which the base material spreads is adjacent to the convex portion.
  • the light incident on the inclined surface of the first support surface 91S1 is emitted as the emitted light EL in the light incident direction by the fine particle layer 92.
  • the incident light IL incident on the bottom of the support layer 91 is reflected only once at the fine particle layer 92 and is emitted as the emitted light EL in the direction in which the light is incident.
  • the interference conditions change between the two portions of the fine particle layer 92, so that each portion exhibits a different structural color.
  • the two structural colors are different from each other microscopically, but are visually recognized as a mixed color in which the two structural colors are mixed from the position where the observer displays the display body.
  • the angle at the top of the convex portion is the apex angle, and the structural color can be observed when the display body is observed, that is, the light reflected by the fine particle layer formed on the support surface is observed.
  • the angle range of incident light that is emitted toward a person is narrower as the apex angle of the convex portion is smaller. In other words, the smaller the apex angle of the convex portion is, the more the viewing area is limited.
  • the angle range of the incident light described above varies depending on the shape of the convex portion in the cross section along the thickness direction of the display body.
  • the cross-sectional shape is a right triangle
  • the length of the slope is the largest, and in this case, the region where the reflected light is observed on the observer side is the largest. Therefore, if you want to increase the area where the diffracted light can be visually recognized on the display body, that is, if you want to reduce the area that appears dark in the display body and make the entire display body appear brighter, the support layer will It is preferable to include a large convex part.
  • the refractive index n or the inter-array surface distance d in the fine particle layer is set to a predetermined value. In order to do this, it is necessary to select the optimum material.
  • the refractive index n and the array are obtained from the equation (1).
  • a value obtained by multiplying the inter-plane distance d is 600.
  • the refractive index n is the refractive index of the medium, and the inter-array surface distance d can be regarded as the particle size of the fine particles.
  • a combination of a medium having a refractive index of 1 and fine particles having a particle diameter of 600 nm, a combination of a medium having a refractive index of 1.2 and fine particles having a particle diameter of 500 nm, and a refractive index of 1.5 Any combination of the medium and the fine particles having a particle diameter of 400 nm may be selected. Thereby, reflected light having a wavelength of 600 nm can be obtained in a specific observation direction.
  • the refractive index n and the inter-array surface distance d take into account the filling rate and electrostatic repulsion. You have to ask.
  • the display body 50 may include a coating layer 53 that fills between the plurality of fine particles 52 g and covers the entire fine particle layer 52.
  • the coating layer 53 is light transmissive, and a material for forming the coating layer 53 is, for example, a polymer gel.
  • the fine particles 52g constituting the fine particle layer 52 are located apart from each other in the fine particle layer 52. Therefore, the bonding force between the fine particles 52g is weaker than that of the opal crystal, and the arrangement period of the fine particles in the fine particle layer 52 may be disturbed by vibrations applied to the colloidal crystal.
  • the colloidal crystal as the fine particle layer 52 of the display body 50 while maintaining the arrangement period of the fine particles 52g, it is preferable to fix the crystal structure of the colloidal crystal by the coating layer 53.
  • the material for forming the coating layer 53 is, for example, a polymer gel fixed by irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
  • examples of the polymer gel include polyacrylamide, gelatin, and polyethylene glycol.
  • the coating layer 53 has light transmittance, natural light and light from a light source such as a fluorescent lamp can enter the fine particle layer 52 and light can be emitted from the fine particle layer 52.
  • the difference in refractive index between these is preferably 0.02 or more.
  • the refractive index of a resin having a relatively high refractive index is about 1.7
  • the minimum refractive index that can be considered as the refractive index of the fine particles 52g is the refractive index of air.
  • the difference between the refractive index of the fine particles 52g and the refractive index of the coating layer 53 is about 0.7 at the maximum.
  • the difference between the refractive index of the fine particles 52g and the refractive index of the coating layer 53 is substantially the same. The maximum is about 0.3. For this reason, when the coating layer 53 covering the fine particles 52g is formed, the difference between the refractive index of the fine particles 52g and the refractive index of the coating layer 53 is 0.02 or more and 0.7 or less. And the forming material of the coating layer 53 may be selected.
  • planar structure of display The planar structure of the display body will be described with reference to FIG. In addition, below, the display body demonstrated previously with reference to FIG. 20 among each form of the display body mentioned above is demonstrated. Note that the configuration described below can also be applied to display bodies having other forms.
  • the fine particle layer 52 when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the two-dimensional direction in which the fine particle layer 52 spreads, the fine particle layer 52 has a plurality of pixels 52p.
  • the display body 50 including the fine particle layer 52 has a rectangular shape when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the two-dimensional direction in which the fine particle layer 52 extends.
  • the fine particle layer 52 includes a pixel 52p having a rectangular shape.
  • a plurality of pixels 52p in which the shape of one pixel 52p is the same as the shape of all the other pixels 52p are partitioned.
  • the plurality of pixels 52p are arranged along one direction and a direction orthogonal to the one direction.
  • Each pixel 52p has a size of, for example, 100 ⁇ m square or more and 300 ⁇ m square or less.
  • the fine particle layer 52 includes a plurality of first layer elements 52a and a plurality of second layer elements 52b.
  • the plurality of pixels 52p includes a plurality of first pixels 52p1 and a plurality of second pixels 52p2.
  • each first pixel 52p1 is composed of a plurality of first layer elements 52a
  • each second pixel 52p2 is composed of a plurality of second layer elements 52b.
  • the image displayed on the display body 50 is displayed by the plurality of first pixels 52p1. It is the image comprised from the part and the part which the some 2nd pixel 52p2 displays.
  • the display body 50 can display an image composed of alphabets “O” and “K” and their backgrounds.
  • the IC card 100 includes a base material 101, an IC chip 102, and a display body 10.
  • the IC chip 102 and the display body 10 are located on one surface of the substrate 101 when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the direction in which the substrate 101 spreads.
  • Method of forming fine particle layer A method for forming a colloidal crystal constituting the fine particle layer will be described. Hereinafter, a method for forming a close-packed opal crystal contained in a colloidal crystal and a method for forming a non-close-packed colloidal crystal will be described in order.
  • a method using the phenomenon of self-assembled arrangement in the process of aggregation of fine particles is known.
  • a sedimentation method is known.
  • a plurality of colloidal fine particles having a small surface charge and a uniform particle diameter are dispersed in a dispersion medium, and the fine particles are settled using gravity. It is a method of arranging or arranging a dispersion medium by evaporating.
  • the dispersed state of the fine particles becomes an equilibrium state, and the colloidal fine particles are not crystallized.
  • various factors such as the particle size of the colloidal particles, the specific gravity difference between the colloidal particles and the dispersion medium, the temperature of the reaction system, and the evaporation rate of the dispersion medium affect the crystallization of the colloidal particles. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the optimum conditions.
  • non-close-packed colloidal crystals are those in which colloidal fine particles having a charge on the surface are dispersed in a liquid and the colloidal fine particles are periodically arranged by electrostatic repulsion.
  • the colloidal fine particles are crystallized in a state of being separated from each other, so that the disorder of the arrangement in the colloidal fine particles due to the variation in the particle diameter is alleviated.
  • Such crystals are known as charged colloidal crystals, but when the repulsive force between the colloidal particles is weak, the colloidal particles are randomly distributed, so the repulsive force is sufficient to arrange the colloidal particles periodically. Must be bigger.
  • the surface of silica particles generally used in the production of colloidal crystals has a plurality of silanol groups (Si-OH), but only part of the silanol groups are dissociated in pure water. Is small. Therefore, when an alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the dispersion medium, the number of charges increases as the dissociation of silanol groups proceeds.
  • an alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • the variation in the particle size of the fine particles is 10% or less.
  • the fine particles that can be prepared so as to satisfy this condition include silica (SiO 2 ) fine particles, polystyrene (PSt) fine particles, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fine particles.
  • silica, polystyrene, and polymethylmethacrylate have a relatively large specific gravity, these materials are effective for producing a close-packed colloidal crystal by a precipitation method.
  • the support layer having each shape described above can be formed using the following method.
  • an original plate for forming the support layer is formed.
  • a photolithography method can be used for forming the original plate.
  • a substrate such as a glass substrate is prepared, and a photosensitive resist is uniformly applied to one surface of the substrate.
  • an arbitrary region of the photosensitive resist is exposed using an electron beam or a laser, and the exposed photosensitive resist is developed to form a resist pattern.
  • the photosensitive resist is either a positive resist in which the exposed portion of the photosensitive resist dissolves during development or a negative resist in which the unexposed portion of the photosensitive resist dissolves. May be. Then, a resist pattern may be designed according to the selected resist material.
  • a substrate having a resist pattern is used as an original plate for forming a support layer on a film or the like, in other words, as a stamper.
  • a metal stamper is formed from this substrate using electroforming or the like.
  • electroforming a substrate is immersed in an electrolytic solution, and metal ions deposited by electrolysis are electrodeposited on the surface of the substrate. According to electrocasting, the concavo-convex structure of the substrate can be reproduced almost faithfully, and a stamper as a duplicate plate having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less can be formed.
  • the substrate needs to have conductivity. Since the photosensitive resist usually does not have electrical conductivity, it is necessary to form a metal thin film on the surface of the photosensitive resist by sputtering, vacuum deposition, or the like before electroforming the substrate. .
  • the fine uneven structure of the master is transferred to the material for forming the support layer.
  • a base material formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), or the like is prepared, and a thermoplastic resin or a photo-curing resin is applied to one surface of the base material. Then, in a state where the metal stamper is pressed against the surface of the resin applied to the substrate, the resin is cured by applying heat or light, and then the metal stamper is released from the resin.
  • a Step & Repeat method As the transfer method, a Step & Repeat method, a Roll to Roll method, or the like can be used.
  • a stamper and a resin are arranged in parallel, and the entire surface of the stamper is pressed against the resin at once. For this reason, when the area of the stamper pressed against the resin is large, it is difficult to apply a uniform pressure to the entire stamper, and air bubbles easily enter between the stamper and the resin.
  • the resin is pressed with linear pressure while rotating the roll while the stamper is wound around a metal roll, so the pressure is evenly applied to the resin compared to the Step & Repeat method. You can hang it.
  • the Roll to Roll method it is possible to continuously transfer the concavo-convex structure to the resin sheet by repeatedly rotating the roll. Therefore, the Roll to Roll method is suitable for mass production.
  • the effects listed below can be obtained.
  • the wavelength of light emitted from the first layer element in the observation direction OD is different from the wavelength of light emitted from the second layer element in the observation direction OD. Therefore, compared with the configuration in which the wavelength of light emitted from one fine particle layer in the observation direction OD is uniform, the types of wavelengths of light emitted from the fine particle layer can be increased. The designability in the image to be displayed can be improved.
  • the particle arrangement surface and the direction of light emitted from the particle arrangement surface are formed.
  • the angle can be varied.
  • the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element can be made different from the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element.
  • each layer element includes a plurality of fine particle arrangement surfaces
  • the intensity of diffracted light emitted from each layer element can be increased as compared with the configuration in which each layer element includes only one fine particle arrangement surface.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the surface 62s1 extends may be parallel, and in the second layer element 62b, the two-dimensional direction in which the second layer element 62b extends may intersect with the two-dimensional direction in which the particle array surface 62s2 extends.
  • the angle formed by the first layer element 62a and the second layer element 62b, the particle arrangement surface 62s1 included in the first layer element 62a, and the particle arrangement surface 62s2 included in the second layer element 62b are as follows.
  • the angle to be formed can be made different.
  • the wavelength of the first-order diffracted light or the second-order diffracted light emitted from the fine particle layer is likely to be included in the visible light region.
  • each layer element has a structural color.
  • the fine particles having such a size that the emitted light can be emitted can be arranged in a number capable of generating a structural color.
  • the difference between the refractive index of the fine particles 52g and the refractive index of the coating layer 53 is 0.02 or more and 0.7 or less, the amount of diffracted light emitted from the display body 50 is large enough to be observed visually. It becomes easy to become light quantity.
  • a predetermined image is formed by a set of light emitted from the first layer elements 52a included in the plurality of first pixels 52p1. can do.
  • the embodiment described above can be implemented with appropriate modifications as follows.
  • the curvature between the first layer element and the second layer element is different from each other, so that at least one of (b) the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads and (c) the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface spreads is
  • the first layer element and the second layer element may be different from each other.
  • a surface having a curvature that is, a curved surface, is a plurality of surfaces that can exhibit structural colors, and is a set of a plurality of surfaces that can exhibit different structural colors.
  • a plurality of surfaces constituting each surface are different between surfaces having different curvatures.
  • the following effects can be obtained. (10) Due to the difference between the curvature of the first layer element and the curvature of the second layer element, the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads and the particle arrangement surface spread between the first layer element and the second layer element. At least one of the two-dimensional directions can be made different. As a result, the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element can be made different from the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element.
  • the direction in which the first layer element 62a faces and the direction in which the second layer element 62b faces are different from each other, while the inclination angle of the first layer element 62a ⁇ and the inclination angle ⁇ of the second layer element 62b may be the same size. Even in such a configuration, if the first distance D1 and the second distance D2 are different between the first layer element 62a and the second layer element 62b because the two-dimensional directions in which the particle arrangement surface spreads are different from each other. The effect according to (1) described above can be obtained.
  • the convex part included in the support layer the convex part having a triangular shape is exemplified in the cross section along the thickness direction of the display body, but the convex part is, for example, a semicircle in the cross section along the thickness direction of the display body. It may have other shapes such as a shape, an elliptical shape, and a rectangular shape.
  • the support layer is formed between the first layer element and the second layer element located along the surface of the support layer, (b) the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element extends, and (c) the particle arrangement surface. It is only necessary to have a shape that can make the first distance D1 and the second distance D2 different by changing at least one of the two-dimensional directions that spread.
  • the display body 50 including the plurality of pixels 52p is not limited to the characters including the alphabets described above, and may be configured to display any image such as numbers, symbols, and figures. It may be configured to display two or more images.
  • the article having the display body may be various cards other than an IC card, a magnetic card, a wireless card, and other cards such as an ID (identification) card.
  • the article may be a securities such as a gift certificate and banknotes, or may be a luxury item such as a work of art.
  • the article may be a tag attached to an item to be confirmed as an authentic product, a package that contains an item to be verified as an authentic product, or a package It may be a part.
  • [Appendix 4] Comprising a particulate layer comprising a first layer element and a second layer element, and a support layer; The first layer element and the second layer element are arranged on the support layer; The first layer element has a plurality of first particle arrangement surfaces for developing a structural color, and each first particle arrangement surface is a virtual surface extending in a direction parallel to the first layer element.
  • each first particle arrangement surface has a plurality of second particle arrangement surfaces for developing a structural color
  • each second particle arrangement surface is a virtual surface extending in a direction parallel to the second layer element.
  • a plurality of second fine particles are periodically arranged on each second particle arrangement surface so that the center thereof is placed on the second particle arrangement surface,
  • the distance between the first particle arrangement surfaces in the observation direction is a first distance;
  • the distance between the second particle arrangement surfaces in the observation direction is a second distance,
  • the first distance and the second distance are different from each other, (A) the center-to-center distance of the fine particles in the thickness direction of the layer element, (b) the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads, (c) the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface extends, and (d) the particle arrangement surface
  • the wavelength of light emitted from the first layer element in the observation direction is different from the wavelength of light emitted from the second layer element in the observation direction. Therefore, compared with the configuration in which the wavelength of light emitted from one fine particle layer in the observation direction is uniform, the number of types of light emitted from the fine particle layer can be increased. The design property in the image to be performed can be improved.
  • a support layer including a surface that supports the fine particle layer;
  • the surface includes a first support surface that supports the first layer element and a second support surface that supports the second layer element; (B) at least one of the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element extends, and (c) the two-dimensional direction in which the particle arrangement surface extends are different from each other between the first layer element and the second layer element,
  • the display body according to appendix 4 wherein the two-dimensional direction in which the first support surface extends and the two-dimensional direction in which the second support surface extends are different from each other.
  • the first layer element and the second layer element having the first distance and the second distance different from each other can be formed by forming the fine particle layer following the surface of the support layer. Is possible.
  • the particle arrangement surface and the direction of light emitted from the particle arrangement surface are formed.
  • the angle can be varied.
  • the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element can be made different from the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element.
  • the two-dimensional direction in which the layer element spreads and the particle arrangement between the first layer element and the second layer element At least one of the two-dimensional directions in which the surface spreads can be made different.
  • the wavelength of the light emitted from the first layer element and the wavelength of the light emitted from the second layer element can be made different.
  • the angle formed by the first layer element and the second layer element, the angle formed by the particle arrangement surface included in the first layer element, and the particle arrangement surface included in the second layer element Can be different.
  • Each of the fine particles has a spherical shape, The display according to any one of Supplementary Note 4 to Supplementary Note 8, wherein an average particle diameter of the plurality of fine particles is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
  • the wavelength of the first-order diffracted light or the second-order diffracted light emitted from the fine particle layer is likely to be included in the visible light region.
  • the first layer element and the second layer element are periodic elements; A period in which the periodic elements are arranged on the support layer is 1 ⁇ m or more; The display according to appendix 9, wherein an area of the periodic element is 2 ⁇ m square or more as viewed from a direction facing the support layer.
  • the number of fine particles having a size capable of emitting light having a structural color can be arranged in a number capable of generating a structural color.
  • Appendix 11 It has light transmittance, and further includes a coating layer that fills between the plurality of fine particles and covers the fine particle layer,
  • the amount of diffracted light emitted from the display body tends to be large enough to be visually observed.
  • Appendix 12 The display according to any one of appendix 4 to appendix 11, wherein the fine particle layer includes a plurality of pixels, and each pixel includes the first layer element.
  • a predetermined image can be formed by a collection of light emitted from the first layer element included in the plurality of pixels.

Abstract

Un corps d'affichage selon la présente invention comprend une pluralité de pixels (11A) arrangés sous la forme d'une matrice. Chacun des pixels (11A) a une surface de réflexion unique (11S), et toutes les surfaces de réflexion (11S) comprennent une paire de surfaces de réflexion (11S) qui réfléchissent la lumière incidente depuis une direction prédéterminée dans des directions spécifiques aux surfaces de réflexion individuelles (11S). Une image (PIC) est affichée dans une direction spécifique commune à toutes les surfaces de réflexion (11S) en raison de la réflexion de la lumière par toutes les surfaces de réflexion (11S).
PCT/JP2017/021381 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 Corps d'affichage WO2017213242A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17810415.4A EP3470893A4 (fr) 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 Corps d'affichage
US16/212,492 US11059317B2 (en) 2016-06-08 2018-12-06 Display

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2016-114754 2016-06-08
JP2016114754A JP6801239B2 (ja) 2016-06-08 2016-06-08 表示体、および、物品
JP2016-117275 2016-06-13
JP2016117275A JP6753158B2 (ja) 2016-06-13 2016-06-13 表示体

Related Child Applications (1)

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US16/212,492 Continuation US11059317B2 (en) 2016-06-08 2018-12-06 Display

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WO2017213242A1 true WO2017213242A1 (fr) 2017-12-14

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US (1) US11059317B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3470893A4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2017213242A1 (fr)

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EP3731220A4 (fr) * 2017-12-18 2021-01-27 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Corps d'affichage et procédé de fabrication d'un corps d'affichage
JP2022158738A (ja) * 2021-04-02 2022-10-17 カウナス ユニバーシティ オブ テクノロジー 安全識別のための、整列された散乱体アレイによる光学的デバイス、およびそれを生成する方法
JP2022548658A (ja) * 2019-09-20 2022-11-21 中建材硝子新材料研究院集団有限公司 透明カバープレートの加工方法及びカバープレート

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EP3805823A4 (fr) 2018-05-25 2021-08-11 Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. Filtre optique, filtre optique multiplex, et dispositif électroluminescent et système d'éclairage utilisant lesdits filtres

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US20080258456A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2008-10-23 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Visually Variable Security Element and Method for Production Thereof
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3731220A4 (fr) * 2017-12-18 2021-01-27 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Corps d'affichage et procédé de fabrication d'un corps d'affichage
US11555952B2 (en) 2017-12-18 2023-01-17 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Display and method of producing display
JP2022548658A (ja) * 2019-09-20 2022-11-21 中建材硝子新材料研究院集団有限公司 透明カバープレートの加工方法及びカバープレート
JP2022158738A (ja) * 2021-04-02 2022-10-17 カウナス ユニバーシティ オブ テクノロジー 安全識別のための、整列された散乱体アレイによる光学的デバイス、およびそれを生成する方法
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US20190105939A1 (en) 2019-04-11
EP3470893A1 (fr) 2019-04-17
US11059317B2 (en) 2021-07-13
EP3470893A4 (fr) 2020-02-26

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