WO2017211321A1 - 增强激动型抗体活性的抗体重链恒定区序列 - Google Patents

增强激动型抗体活性的抗体重链恒定区序列 Download PDF

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WO2017211321A1
WO2017211321A1 PCT/CN2017/087620 CN2017087620W WO2017211321A1 WO 2017211321 A1 WO2017211321 A1 WO 2017211321A1 CN 2017087620 W CN2017087620 W CN 2017087620W WO 2017211321 A1 WO2017211321 A1 WO 2017211321A1
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antibody
domain
human
heavy chain
chain constant
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PCT/CN2017/087620
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French (fr)
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李福彬
刘小波
张燕
赵英杰
石欢
张慧慧
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上海交通大学医学院
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Priority to US16/308,156 priority Critical patent/US20190263918A1/en
Priority to JP2019517135A priority patent/JP2019528082A/ja
Priority to EP17809760.6A priority patent/EP3470424A4/en
Publication of WO2017211321A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017211321A1/zh

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of biopharmaceuticals, and in particular to a heavy chain constant region sequence and molecule which enhances the activity of an agonistic antibody or an agonistic molecule (a fusion protein comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence), and based on the heavy chain constant region Constructed antibodies or fusion proteins.
  • These biotherapies can be divided into three main categories based on their mode of action: An effector molecule that cleaves targets (molecules and cells), a blocking molecule that blocks signaling pathways in which the target is involved, and an agonistic molecule that activates a downstream signaling pathway of the target.
  • Tumor immunotherapy has made important breakthroughs in recent years. This is due to the use of antibodies that block the immunosuppressive node and increase the activity of immune cells to kill tumors.
  • antibodies that block the immunosuppressive node and increase the activity of immune cells to kill tumors.
  • agonistic antibodies that enhance the anti-tumor immunity by binding the target molecules of immune activation signals to the surface of immune cells and activating the important immune activation signaling pathways they control. The response indirectly kills the tumor cells.
  • agonistic tumor immunotherapy antibodies have proven their great potential in animal models and have become a widely accepted and optimistic concept of tumor immunotherapy, the development of such antibodies has not been successful yet, and is a field of tumor immunotherapy. A major challenge today.
  • agonistic antibody activation is also a favorable means of interfering and regulating key signaling pathways in other biological processes, and has broad application prospects in the field of disease prevention and treatment. For example, activation of an immunosuppressive signaling pathway may be beneficial in reducing inflammation and autoimmune symptoms.
  • the main technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a heavy chain constant region sequence and a molecule capable of enhancing the activity of an agonistic antibody or an agonistic molecule (a fusion protein comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence), and an antibody constructed based on the heavy chain constant region Or fusion protein.
  • a heavy chain constant region comprising a CH1 domain, a hinge region, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain, and wherein the sequence of the CH1 domain and the hinge region is a CH1 domain and a hinge region derived from human IgG2
  • the sequence of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the heavy chain constant region has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, or the heavy chain constant region has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, or the heavy chain constant region has The sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, or the heavy chain constant region has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • a heavy chain constant region comprising a CH1 domain, a hinge region, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, the sequence of the CH1 domain and the hinge region being a sequence derived from the CH1 domain and the hinge region of human IgG2
  • the sequence of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain is a CH2 domain derived from human IgG and a CH3 domain sequence
  • the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is equal to or higher than that of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB.
  • the I/A ratio of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody is equal to or higher than the I/A ratio of human IgG1.
  • the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 3.2 times or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB, and the I/A ratio of the antibody heavy chain constant region is equal to or higher than 0.32;
  • the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is equal to or higher than the affinity of human IgG1 to human Fc ⁇ IIB, and the I/A ratio of the antibody heavy chain constant region is equal to or higher than 1; more preferably, The affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 30-fold or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB, and the I/A ratio of the antibody heavy-chain constant region is equal to or higher than 1; more preferably, The affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 60-fold or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB,
  • the heavy chain constant region has a higher affinity for an inhibitory Fc receptor, and can significantly enhance cross-linking of an agonistic antibody or an agonistic molecule (eg, an agonistic fusion protein) with an inhibitory Fc receptor, thereby The agonistic activity of the agonistic antibody or agonistic molecule is increased; at the same time, the affinity of the lower activated Fc receptor is also reduced, and the cytotoxicity such as ADCC mediated by activated receptor binding can be reduced.
  • the heavy chain constant region based on the embodiment of the present invention can develop an agonistic antibody or an agonistic molecule having a more excellent activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a fusion protein comprising the heavy chain constant region described above and an antigen binding module located at the N-terminus or C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region.
  • the antigen binding module is selected from the group consisting of an antigen binding fragment of an antibody, an adnectin, a nanobody, a minibody, an affibodies, an affilin, a target binding region of a receptor, a cell adhesion molecule, Any one of a ligand, an enzyme, a cytokine or a chemokine; more preferably, the antigen binding module is a Nanobody.
  • the Nanobody is a heavy chain variable region of an alpaca-derived antibody, and the variable region is fused to the heavy chain constant region of the present invention to construct a chimeric antibody molecule having an intact camelid antibody structure consisting of two heavy chains.
  • the chimeric antibody molecule can have the characteristics of high affinity of the nano-antibody, high specificity, and enhanced agonistic activity of the heavy chain variable region of the present invention, and has a very good development prospect.
  • the antigen binding module is a ligand
  • the ligand is an immunostimulatory molecule selected from the group consisting of CD80, CD86, ICOSL, OX40L, CD137L Any one of CD40L, CD30L, CD27L, CD244, CD150, CD48, CD84, CD319, Ly118 or CD229. These fusion proteins can be used as anticancer drugs.
  • the antigen targeted by the antigen binding module is selected from the group consisting of CD40, DR5, OX40, CD137, CD27, CD30, GITR, HVEM, TACI, DR4 or FAS. Any one.
  • the agonist molecule (fusion protein) targeting CD40 according to the present invention can be used as a vaccine adjuvant.
  • the vaccine adjuvant can be used in combination with a vaccine (e.g., OVA) to form a vaccine composition that can be used to prevent and/or treat a tumor; it can also be used to prevent and/or treat an infection.
  • a vaccine e.g., OVA
  • the antigen targeted by the antigen binding module is selected from any one of PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA, TIM-3, BTLA or LAG-3.
  • the fusion protein can be used to prepare a medicament for reducing inflammation and/or alleviating autoimmune symptoms, for example, for preparing a medicament for treating asthma.
  • the antigen binding module is a ligand
  • the ligand is an immunosuppressive ligand selected from the group consisting of PD-L1, PD- Any of L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD47, VISTA, HVEM or GAL9.
  • the antibodies can be used to prepare a medicament for reducing inflammation and/or alleviating autoimmune symptoms, for example, for the preparation of a medicament for treating asthma.
  • Another aspect of the invention also provides an antibody comprising the above-described heavy chain constant region of the invention.
  • the antibody is an agonistic antibody.
  • the antibody is IgG.
  • the antibody is a human antibody or a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
  • the antigen targeted by the antibody is selected from any one of CD40, DR5, OX40, CD137, CD27, CD30, GITR, HVEM, TACI, DR4, FAS. .
  • the antigen targeted by the antibody is CD40.
  • the heavy chain of the antibody has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27, the light chain of the antibody has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47; or the heavy chain of the antibody has SEQ ID NO: In the sequence shown at 43, the light chain of the antibody has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47.
  • An agonistic antibody that targets CD40 according to the invention can be used as a vaccine adjuvant.
  • the vaccine adjuvant can be used in combination with a vaccine (e.g., OVA) to form a vaccine composition that can be used to prevent and/or treat a tumor, as well as to prevent and/or treat an infection.
  • a vaccine e.g., OVA
  • the antigen targeted by the antibody is an immunosuppressive receptor molecule
  • the immunosuppressive receptor molecule is selected from the group consisting of PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA Any one of TIM-3, BTLA, and LAG-3.
  • the antibodies can be used to prepare a medicament for reducing inflammation and/or alleviating autoimmune symptoms, for example, for the preparation of a medicament for treating asthma.
  • the invention also provides the use of a fusion protein or antibody of the invention in the preparation of an anticancer drug.
  • it is for the preparation of an anti-colon cancer drug or an anti-fibrosarcoma drug.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein or antibody of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be used to prepare a medicament for treating cancer. Preferably, it is for the preparation of an anti-colon cancer drug or an anti-fibrosarcoma drug.
  • the invention also provides a method of enhancing a human immune response in a human comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein or antibody of the invention.
  • the invention also provides an immunotherapeutic method comprising administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein or antibody of the invention.
  • the beneficial effects of the present invention are that the heavy chain constant region sequence provided by the present invention can significantly enhance the activity of an agonistic antibody or a molecule (a fusion protein comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence), which is better than the similar molecules that have been reported. Enhance The effect of activity; and the agonistic antibody or fusion protein having the heavy chain constant region sequence of the present invention has superior activity while having a broader effective dosage range, as well as better safety, and has significant market value.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the basic structure of an antibody.
  • Figure 2 is a sequence alignment of the heavy chain constant regions showing the structure of the heavy chain constant regions of different human IgG subtypes (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4).
  • Figure 3 is an antigen binding activity assay showing that examples of agonistic anti-murine CD40 and anti-human CD40 antibodies according to the invention are capable of specifically binding to mouse and human CD40 antigens, respectively. Binding of anti-CD40 antibodies to CD40 antigen was analyzed by ELISA and showed ELISA signals (A650) detected by anti-human IgG following dilution of various antibodies in combination with coated mouse CD40 (A) or human CD40 (B) .
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing the activity of each IgG subtype on the OVA-specific CD8-positive T cell expansion model, showing that the in vivo activity of the agonistic anti-mouse CD40 antibody is specifically dependent on the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor FcyIIB.
  • the mice were shown to be adoptively delivered with OVA-specific CD8-positive T cells (OT-I T cells). After 1 day, the model antigen OVA (in the form of DEC-OVA, the fusion protein of OVA and anti-DEC205 antibody) was an effective delivery.
  • mice were immunized with the control (Ctl IgG) or anti-CD40 antibody with the constant region of the indicated antibody, and the expansion of OT-I T cells in the spleen was analyzed by flow technique 6 days later.
  • the degree of amplification of OT-I T cells reflects the activation and expansion activity of agonistic anti-mouse CD40 antibodies in OVA-mode antigen-specific CD8-positive T cells in OVA-immunized mice.
  • the dose of the anti-mouse CD40 antibody used in the experiment was 30 ⁇ g/mouse.
  • the activity of the agonistic anti-CD40 antibody requires the participation and interaction of the Fc gamma receptor;
  • the human IgG2 (G2-NA) antibody that has no binding ability to the Fc gamma receptor has no immunostimulatory activity;
  • C agonistic resistance
  • the CD40 antibody has no activity at all in mice (R2-/-) that do not express the inhibitory Fc ⁇ receptor, whereas the inhibitory Fc ⁇ receptor in the mouse (R2-/-hR2BTg) of the humanized suppressor Fc ⁇ receptor It can drive immune activation activity alone.
  • Figure 5 is an in vitro stimulation experiment of mouse spleen cells showing that the in vitro activity of the human agonistic anti-CD40 antibody is dependent on the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor. Analysis of B cell activation activity revealed that the in vivo activity of the agonistic anti-human CD40 antibody is driven by the in vivo activity of the human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor.
  • mice with the indicated genotype hCD40 Tg /hFCGR Tg : simultaneous expression of human CD40 and Fc ⁇ Rs; hCD40 Tg /hR2B-/-: expression of human CD40 and human Fc ⁇ receptors other than Fc ⁇ RIIB
  • the medium containing the indicated control or anti-human CD40 antibody was cultured for 48 hours, and then the expression levels of the B cell activation marker molecules CD80 and CD86 were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the degree of increase in the expression levels of CD80 and CD86 reflected the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody.
  • 2B6 is a blocking antibody specific for the human inhibitory Fc ⁇ receptor Fc ⁇ RIIB.
  • FIG. 6 An ELISA assay according to an example of a heavy chain constant region according to an embodiment of the present invention, showing that different heavy chain constant regions (including JAC3 and JAC4) have different binding characteristics to human Fc gamma receptors (FcyRI, Fc ⁇ RIIA-R131, and Fc ⁇ RIIB).
  • the test method was ELISA, and the recombinant anti-human CD40 antibody was coated with the indicated, and the binding of the biotin-labeled human Fc ⁇ receptor molecule to the coated antibody was examined.
  • Figure 7 is an activity test on an OVA-specific CD8-positive T cell expansion model showing that the anti-CD40 antibody containing the JAC1 sequence is superior to the human IgG2 anti-CD40 antibody.
  • the analysis method was the same as in Fig. 4, but the mice used were hFCGR Tg mice (A) and hCD40 Tg / hFCGR Tg mice (B), and the anti-CD40 antibody dose was 10 ⁇ g/mouse. Shown is the number of OT-I T cells, reflecting the activity of anti-CD40 antibodies to induce OT-I T cell activation and expansion.
  • Figure 8 shows that anti-human CD40 antibodies comprising JAC3 (anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF) and JAC4 (anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG) have greater agonistic activity than hIgG2.
  • the activity of the activated anti-human CD40 antibody-activated B cells was examined in hCD40 Tg hFCGR Tg spleen cells (A) and PMBC cells (B), respectively.
  • B cell activation activity assay showed that anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF and anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG were more able to support agonistic anti-CD40 antibody activity than human hIgG2.
  • the activity of the indicated anti-human CD40 antibody-activated B cells was examined in hCD40 Tg hFCGR Tg spleen cells (A) and PMBC cells (B), respectively.
  • the cells were cultured for 48 hours with a culture medium containing the indicated gradient dilution concentration of the control or agonistic anti-human CD40 antibody, and then analyzed by flow technique for mouse B cell activation marker CD86 expression level (A) or human B cell activation marker molecule.
  • the expression level of CD54 The degree of increase in the expression level of these molecules reflects the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody.
  • Figure 9 shows that the CH1-strand region of hIgG2 confers stronger in vivo immune activation activity to agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies compared to hIgG3.
  • Methods As shown in Figures 4 and 7, the activity of different anti-mouse CD40 antibodies was analyzed in the hFCGR Tg mice using the OVA vaccine model. The degree of amplification of OT-I T cells reflects the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody. The antibody dose was 10 ⁇ g/mouse.
  • hIgG2 has significant activity compared to the control group, and the variant hIgG2 (H3) is substantially inactive after replacing the CH1-strand region of hIgG2 with the CH1-strand region of hIgG3.
  • Figure 10 shows that the CH1-strand region of human IgG2 is more capable of supporting the immunoagonistic activity of anti-CD40 antibodies in the OVA vaccine model than the CH1-strand regions of IgG1 and IgG3.
  • Methods As shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 7, the activity of different anti-mouse CD40 antibodies was analyzed by using the OVA vaccine model in hFCGR Tg mice, and the degree of amplification (A) and CD8: CD4 ratio of OT-I T cells (B). ) reflects the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody. The antibody dose was 10 ⁇ g/mouse.
  • Figure 11 shows that anti-murine CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) containing JAC1 has superior anti-human IgG2 (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2) and anti-mouse CD40 antibody containing V11 (H1) in the OVA vaccine model (Anti -mCD40-hIgG1 (V11)) activity.
  • Methods As shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 7, the activity of different anti-mouse CD40 antibodies was analyzed by using the OVA vaccine model in hFCGR Tg mice, and the degree of amplification (A) and CD8: CD4 ratio of OT-I T cells (B). ) reflects the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody.
  • the antibody dose was 10 ⁇ g/mouse.
  • Figure 12 shows that anti-human CD40 antibody (Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) containing JAC1 in PBMC in vitro stimulation assay has superior anti-human IgG2 (Anti-hCD40-hIgG2) and anti-human CD40 antibody containing V11 (H1) ( Activity of Anti-hCD40-hIgG1 (V11)).
  • Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 V11
  • H1 Activity of Anti-hCD40-hIgG1 (V11)
  • FIG. 13 MC38 tumor growth curve showing that anti-murine CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) containing JAC1 has superior resistance to human IgG2 (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2) and V11 (H1) in MC38 tumor model Activity of murine CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11)).
  • hFCGR Tg mice were subcutaneously implanted with MC38 tumor cells on day 0. After tumor formation, the indicated antibodies were administered intraperitoneally on days 7 and 10 at a dose of 31.6 ⁇ g per mouse, and then tumors were measured. Changes in volume (Tumor Volume) (7 mice per group).
  • Figure 14 is another expression of the test results shown in Figure 13.
  • FIG. 15 MO4 tumor growth curve showing that anti-mouse CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) containing JAC1 is superior to human IgG2 (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2) and contains V11 (H1) in the MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma model.
  • Activity of anti-mouse CD40 antibody Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11)).
  • hFCGR Tg mice were subcutaneously implanted with MO4 tumor cells on day 0, and tumorigenic was administered to the indicated antibody and model antigen OVA (in the form of fusion protein of OVA and anti-DEC205 antibody) by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of Mice were 31.6 ⁇ g of antibody and 2 ⁇ g of OVA model antigen, and then the volume of the tumor was measured.
  • OVA in the form of fusion protein of OVA and anti-DEC205 antibody
  • Figure 16 MC38 tumor growth curve showing that the agonistic anti-mouse CD40 antibody has no anti-tumor activity in IgG Fc receptor knockout mice (FcyR -/- ).
  • Figure 17 shows that a low dose of JAC1-containing anti-murine CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) is active in the OVA vaccine model.
  • Methods As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 7, the activity of the different doses of control and JAC1 anti-mouse CD40 antibody was analyzed in the hFCGR Tg mice using the OVA vaccine model. The degree of amplification of OT-I T cells reflects the activity of anti-CD40 antibody. .
  • Figure 18 shows that anti-mouse CD40 antibody comprising JAC4 has strong agonistic activity in the OVA vaccine model.
  • Methods As shown in Figures 4 and 7, the activity of different anti-mouse CD40 antibodies was analyzed in the hFCGR Tg mice using the OVA vaccine model. The degree of amplification of OT-I T cells reflects the activity of the anti-CD40 antibody.
  • Figure 19 shows that the anti-DR5 antibody comprising JAC1 has a stronger pro-apoptotic ability.
  • the ability to support anti-DR5 antibody activity is superior to human IgG2 and is dependent on human inhibitory Fc gamma receptors.
  • Control and different anti-mouse DR5 antibodies in the absence and presence of genotype mouse spleen cells (FcgR-/- or hFCGR Tg ), and the presence or absence of human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor specific blocking antibody 2B6 MC38 cells were treated, and then the activation of Caspase-3 in MC38 cells (Active caspase-3 (%), reflecting the activity of anti-DR5 antibody to activate apoptosis signal downstream of DR5) was analyzed.
  • Figure 20 shows that increasing the binding capacity of an antibody constant region to an activated Fc gamma receptor (reducing the I/A ratio) attenuates the activity of agonistic anti-CD40.
  • the variant anti-mCD40-hIgG1-SDIE and the variant anti-mCD40-hIgG1-GASDALIE have stronger binding ability to the activated Fc ⁇ receptor, have a lower I/A ratio, and have less immune activation activity in vivo.
  • the antibody with higher I/A ratio, anti-mCD40-G1 (H2) showed a significant decrease in the ratio of OT1 cells and the absolute number of OT1 cells, as well as the ratio of CD8+ T cells, indicating binding to activated Fc ⁇ receptors.
  • the physical activity of ability to compete has an important influence.
  • the enzymatic reaction and purification techniques are based on the manufacturer's
  • the instructions are generally carried out according to methods known in the art or as described herein.
  • the nomenclature, experimental methods and techniques associated with the biology, pharmacology, and medical and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those in the art. Known and commonly used. Chemical synthesis, chemical analysis, pharmaceutical manufacturing, blending and delivery, and patient treatments all use standard techniques.
  • antibody refers to an antibody molecule having a single molecular composition (ie, an antibody molecule having substantially the same primary sequence and exhibiting a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope). a preparation. Antibodies can be made by hybridoma, recombinant, transgenic or other techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • Antibody includes, but is not limited to, immunoglobulin (Ig). According to physicochemical properties and biological functions, antibodies can be divided into IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD five categories.
  • Human IgG comprises four subclasses of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 (Vidarsson G, Dekkers G and Rispens T (2014) IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front. Immunol. 5: 520).
  • hIgG1, hIgG2, hIgG3, and hIgG4 represent human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, respectively.
  • an “antibody” specifically binds to an antigen and includes at least two heavy chains (H) and two light chains (L) that are linked to each other by a disulfide bond.
  • Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region (abbreviated herein as CH); each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL).
  • the antibody "heavy chain constant region” comprises three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3, and a hinge region (Hinge) between the CH1 domain and the CH2 domain.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the basic structure of an IgG antibody.
  • IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERES T 5th Edition, NIHpublication, No. 91-3242, EA Kabat Et Al., all introduced Reference.
  • the IMGT database organizes the EU index for each domain of human IgG (http://www.imgt.org/IMGTScientificChart/Numbering/Hu_IGHGnber.html).
  • the CH1 domain of the heavy chain constant region refers to positions 118-215 numbered according to the EU index of Kabat; the CH2 domain of the heavy chain constant region refers to the site 231-numbered according to the EU index of Kabat. 340; the CH3 domain of the heavy chain constant region refers to the position 341-447 numbered according to the EU index of Kabat; the hinge region of the heavy chain constant region (Hinge) comprises the site 216 (E216 in IgG1)-230 (IgGl P230), which is numbered according to the EU index of Kabat et al.
  • Figure 2 shows a sequence alignment of the heavy chain variable regions of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4.
  • Each light chain comprises a "light chain variable region” (abbreviated herein as VL) and a "light chain constant region”.
  • the light chain constant region consists of one domain CL.
  • the VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into highly denatured regions, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with a more conserved region called the framework region (FR).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework region
  • Each VH and VL consists of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the variable regions of the heavy and light chains comprise a binding domain that interacts with the antigen.
  • Fc region (crystallizable fragment region) or “Fc domain” or “Fc” refers to the C-terminal region of an antibody heavy chain that mediates binding of an immunoglobulin to a host tissue or factor, including in the immune system Binding of Fc receptors on various cells (eg, effector cells), or binding to the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
  • the Fc region consists of two identical protein fragments from the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain of the two heavy chains of the antibody; the Fc region of IgM and IgE is in each polypeptide chain. Contains three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4).
  • the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is generally defined as a stretch of amino acid residues from the heavy chain position C226 or P230 to the carboxy terminus, where the numbering is based on the EU index, as in Same as in Kabat.
  • an Fc region can be a native sequence Fc or a variant Fc.
  • Fc receptor or “FcR” is a receptor that binds to an immunoglobulin Fc region.
  • FcRs that bind to IgG antibodies include receptors of the FcyR family, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors.
  • the human Fc gamma receptor family includes several members: Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RIIA (CD32a), Fc ⁇ RIIB (CD32b), Fc ⁇ RIIIA (CD16a), and Fc ⁇ RIIIB (CD16b). Among them, Fc ⁇ RIIB is the only inhibitory Fc ⁇ receptor, and the others are activated Fc ⁇ receptors.
  • Fc ⁇ RIII activating Fc gamma receptor
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA activating Fc gamma receptor
  • Fc ⁇ RIIB low-affinity receptor
  • Fc gamma receptors are also present in these different Fc gamma receptors and affect their binding affinity.
  • the most common genetic polymorphisms are polymorphic forms such as R131/H131 of FcyRIIA and V158/F158 of FcyRIIIA. Some of these polymorphic forms have been found to be associated with a variety of diseases, and the effectiveness of some specific therapeutic antibodies also depends on whether the patient carries a specific polymorphic form of the Fc gamma receptor gene.
  • sequence as used in the present invention shall be understood to include a sequence substantially identical to the sequence of the present invention, and the term “substantially identical sequence” means that after an optimal alignment, such as using a GAP or BESTFIT program, a default gap is used.
  • the value determines at least 70, 75 or 80% sequence identity between the two peptide sequences, preferably at least 90 or 95% sequence identity, more preferably at least 97, 98 or 99% sequence identity.
  • the difference in residue positions that are not identical is preferably a conservative amino acid substitution.
  • Constant amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of an amino acid residue by an amino acid residue of another side chain R group having similar chemical properties (eg, charge or hydrophilicity).
  • conservative amino acid substitutions do not substantially alter the functional properties of the protein. If two or more of the amino acid sequences differ by conservative substitution, the percent sequence identity or similarity can be up-regulated to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. See, for example, Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 243:307-31 (1994).
  • amino acid groups having side chains of similar chemical nature include: 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic-hydroxy side chains: Serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chain: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chain: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chain: Lai Acid, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chain: aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and 7) sulfur-containing side chain: cysteine and methionine.
  • the conservative amino acid group is: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamic acid - aspartic acid, and asparagine-glutamine.
  • sequence numbers of the amino acids of the antibodies and fragments or domains thereof of the invention are based on the IgG EU number (http://www.imgt.org/IMGTScientificChart/Numbering/Hu_IGHGnber.html).
  • Antibodies typically bind their associated antigens with high affinity, which is manifested as a dissociation constant (KD) of 10 -5 -10 -11 M or less. Any KD greater than about 10 -4 M -1 is generally considered to indicate non-specific binding.
  • KD dissociation constant
  • an antibody that "specifically binds" to an antigen refers to an antibody that binds to the antigen and substantially the same antigen with high affinity, which means that the KD is 10 -7 M or less, preferably 10 -8. M or less, even more preferably 5 x 10 -9 M or less, most preferably 10 -8 -10 -10 M or less, but does not bind to an unrelated antigen with high affinity.
  • the antigen exhibits a high degree of sequence identity to a given antigen, for example, if it shows at least 80%, at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 97%, or even more preferably at least 99% of the sequence with a given antigen.
  • sequence identity is such that the antigen is "substantially identical" to a given antigen.
  • affinity ratio to inhibitory Fc gamma receptor and activating Fc gamma receptor refers to the affinity of a protein molecule for an inhibitory Fc receptor and the affinity for an activating Fc receptor.
  • Antigen binding module refers to a protein that specifically binds an antigen with high affinity, including, but not limited to, an antigen binding fragment of an antibody, an adnectin, a nanobody, a minibody, an affibodies, an affilin, a subject Target binding regions, cell adhesion molecules, ligands, enzymes, cytokines, and chemokines.
  • Antigens targeted by the antigen binding module include, but are not limited to, members of the TNF receptor superfamily, immunosuppressive receptor molecules, and the like.
  • antigen-binding portion of an antibody refers to an amino acid residue of an antibody responsible for antigen binding.
  • the antigen binding portion of an antibody comprises amino acid residues from a "complementarity determining region” or "CDR".
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • FR Framework regions are those variable region regions that are not hypervariable region residues as defined herein.
  • the light and heavy chain variable domains of an antibody comprise regions FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.
  • the CDR3 of the heavy chain is the region that is most conducive to antigen binding and defines antibody performance.
  • CDRs and FRs are defined according to the standards of Kabat et al, SEQ ID NO: rules of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th edition, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991) and/or from "hypervariable loops" The residue is determined.
  • Antibody of the invention includes, for example, naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human or non-human antibodies; fully synthetic antibodies.
  • a “human” antibody refers to an antibody having a variable region having a framework region and a CDR region derived from a human germline immunoglobulin sequence. Moreover, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region is also derived from a human germline immunoglobulin sequence.
  • Human antibodies of the invention can include amino acid residues that are not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-directed mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, as used herein, the term “human antibody” is not intended to include antibodies that are ligated to human framework sequences from CDR sequences of germline from other mammalian species, such as mice. The terms "human” antibody and "completely human” antibody are used synonymously.
  • a “humanized” antibody refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids other than the CDR domain of a non-human antibody are replaced by the corresponding amino acid from a human immunoglobulin. In one embodiment of the humanized form of the antibody, some, most or all of the amino acids other than the CDR domain are replaced by amino acids from a human immunoglobulin, and some, most or all of the amino acids within one or more CDR regions Not changing. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications to amino acids are permitted as long as they do not eliminate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen. A "humanized” antibody retains antigenic specificity similar to the original antibody.
  • Chimeric antibody refers to an antibody from which a variable region is derived from one species and a constant region from another species, such as an antibody from a mouse antibody whose constant region is derived from a human antibody.
  • agonistic antibody is an antibody that binds to a receptor and activates a receptor.
  • functions of agonistic antibodies include, but are not limited to: 1) anti-DR5 agonistic antibodies bind to DR5 and induce apoptosis of the DR5 receptor; 2) anti-CD40 agonistic antibodies are capable of transmitting immunity by binding to immune cell surface Activating the target molecule of the signal and activating the important immune activation signaling pathway it controls, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor immune response and indirectly killing the tumor cells.
  • Table 1 agonistic antibodies that have entered the clinical research phase.
  • an agonistic antibody of the invention can achieve higher agonistic activity by replacing the heavy chain constant region with the heavy chain constant region of the present invention.
  • an agonistic antibody of the invention may employ an antigen-binding fragment of an agonistic antibody listed in the above table to constitute an agonistic antibody with enhanced activity against a particular TNF receptor superfamily member.
  • an "immun costimulatory factor” is a ligand molecule that provides a second activation signal for activation of immune cells.
  • T cells except In addition to the MHC/antigen peptide-T cell receptor (TCR) providing a first signal, activation also requires B7/CD28, ICOSL/ICOS, OX40L/OX40, 4-1BBL/4-1BB, etc. to provide a costimulatory signal.
  • B cell activation also requires a costimulatory signal provided by CD40L/CD40 or the like in addition to the antigen/B cell receptor (BCR).
  • the ligand molecule in such signaling pathways is an immunostimulatory factor.
  • immunocostimulatory factors of the invention include, but are not limited to, B7 (CD80, CD86), ICOSL, OX40L/CD134, 4-1BBL/CD137L, CD40L/CD154, CD30L/CD153, CD27L/CD70 or SLAM family molecules (CD244, CD150, CD48, CD84, CD319, Ly108, CD229, SLAMF8) and the like.
  • tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily or “TNF receptor superfamily” herein refers to a receptor polypeptide that binds to a cytokine of the TNF family.
  • these receptors are type I transmembrane receptors having one or more cysteine-rich repeats in their extracellular regions.
  • cytokines in the TNF gene family include: tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ), tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ or lymphotoxin), CD30 ligand, CD27 ligand, CD40 ligand, OX-40 Ligand, 4-1BB ligand, Apo-1 ligand (also known as Fas ligand or CD95 ligand), Apo-2 ligand (also known as TRAIL), Apo-3 ligand (also known as TWEAK) , osteoprotegerin (OPG), APRIL, RANK ligand (also known as TRANCE), and TALL-1 (also known as BlyS, BAFF or THANK).
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
  • TNF- ⁇ or lymphotoxin tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
  • CD30 ligand CD27 ligand
  • CD40 ligand OX-40 Ligand
  • 4-1BB ligand 4-1BB ligand
  • Apo-1 ligand also known as Fas
  • TNF receptor superfamily examples include: type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR1), type 2 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR2), p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), B cell surface antigen CD40, T cell antigen OX-40, Apo-1 receptor (also known as Fas or CD95), Apo-3 receptor (also known as DR3, sw1-1, TRAMP and LARD), called "transmembrane activator and CAML" - acceptor of "interactor” or "TACI”, BCMA protein, DR4, DR5 (or, also known as Apo-2; TRAIL-R2, TR6, Tango-63, hAPO8, TRICK2 or KILLER), DR6 , DcR1 (also known as TRID, LIT or TRAIL-R3), DcR2 (also known as TRAIL-R4 or TRUNDD), OPG, DcR3 (also known as TR6 or M68), CAR1, HVEM (also known as ATAR or TR2)
  • TNF receptor superfamily of the invention examples include, but are not limited to, CD40, DR5, OX40, CD137, CD27, CD30, GITR, HVEM, TACI, DR4 or FAS, and the like.
  • immunosuppressive receptor is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein capable of inhibiting or blocking the transmission of an activation signal in an immune cell.
  • immunosuppressive receptor molecules include, but are not limited to, PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA, TIM-3, BTLA or LAG-3.
  • immunosuppressive ligand molecules including, but not limited to, PD -L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA, HVEM or GAL9.
  • Immuno response refers to a biological response in a vertebrate to a foreign agent of action that protects the organism from the damage caused by or by the agents of the action medium.
  • the immune response is made up of cells of the immune system (eg, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer NK) cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, or neutrophils) and by these Mediated by any of the cells or by the action of soluble macromolecules (including antibodies, cytokines and complements) produced by the liver, which cause the vertebrate organism to invade pathogens, cells or tissues infected by pathogens, cancer cells or other abnormal cells, Alternatively, in autoimmune or pathological inflammation, selective targeting, binding, damage, disruption, and/or elimination of normal human cells or tissues.
  • Immunotherapy refers to the treatment of a subject having a disease, having a risk of developing a disease, or a relapse of a disease, using a method comprising inducing, potentiating, inhibiting, or modifying an immune response.
  • Enhancing an endogenous immune response means enhancing the effectiveness or strength of an existing immune response in a subject. Such potentiation of efficiency and potential can be achieved, for example, by overcoming the mechanisms that inhibit the endogenous host immune response, or by stimulating mechanisms that potentiate the endogenous host immune response.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of a drug described below, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • the disease can be regressed, and the disease is manifested by a decrease in the severity of the symptoms of the disease, an increase in the frequency and duration of the symptom-free period, or prevention of a disorder or disability caused by the disease.
  • a therapeutically effective amount or dose of a drug includes a "prophylactically effective amount” or “prophylactically effective amount", “prophylactically effective amount” or “prophylactically effective amount” is any amount of a drug as described below, when the amount of the drug is administered alone or When administered in combination with another therapeutic agent to a subject having a risk of developing a disease or suffering from a disease recurrence, the occurrence or recurrence of the disease can be inhibited.
  • the ability of a therapeutic agent to promote disease regression or inhibit disease progression or relapse can be assessed by various methods known to the skilled artisan, such as in animal models of human subjects, in animal model systems that predict efficacy in humans. Or by measuring the activity of the reagent in an in vitro assay system.
  • an anticancer agent promotes tumor regression in a subject.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the drug promotes cancer cell regression or even elimination of cancer.
  • Promote cancer regression means administering a therapeutically effective amount of a drug alone or in combination with an anti-neoplastic agent resulting in reduced or reduced tumor growth, tumor necrosis, reduced severity of at least one disease symptom, no The frequency and duration of the symptomatic period of the disease is increased, preventing the disorder or disability caused by the disease, or otherwise improving the patient's disease symptoms.
  • the terms "effective” and “effective” with respect to treatment include both pharmacological and physiological safety.
  • Pharmacological effectiveness refers to the ability of a drug to promote cancer regression in a patient.
  • Physiological safety refers to the level of toxicity or other undesirable physiological effects (adverse effects) at the cellular, organ and/or organism level due to drug administration.
  • a therapeutically effective amount or dose of a drug preferably inhibits cell growth or tumor growth by at least about 20%, more preferably at least about 40%, even more preferably at least as compared to an untreated subject. About 60%, and still more preferably at least about 80%.
  • a therapeutically effective amount or dose of the drug can completely inhibit cell growth or tumor growth, i.e., preferably inhibit cell growth or tumor growth by up to 100%.
  • the ability of a compound to inhibit tumor growth can be assessed in an animal model system, such as the MC38 colon adenocarcinoma mouse tumor model described herein, which is capable of predicting efficacy in human tumors.
  • this property of the composition can be assessed by examining the ability of the compound to inhibit cell growth, and such inhibition can be measured in vitro by assays known to the skilled artisan.
  • tumor regression can be observed for a period of at least about 20 days, more preferably at least about 40 days, or even more preferably at least about 60 days.
  • Treatment or “therapy” of a subject means reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing or preventing the onset, progression, progression, severity or recurrence of symptoms, complications, conditions or biochemical indicators associated with the disease.
  • the subject is subjected to any type of intervention or treatment for the purpose or to which the active agent is administered.
  • the subject is a human.
  • Cancer refers to a wide variety of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Uncontrolled cell division and growth division and growth lead to the formation of malignant tumors or cells that invade adjacent tissues and can also be transferred to the distal part of the body through the lymphatic system or blood flow. Another equivalent description of “treating cancer” in the present invention is “treating a tumor” or “anti-cancer” or “anti-tumor”
  • an antibody or fusion protein of the invention comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence of the invention for the treatment of a proliferative disease, such as cancer.
  • Cancer is a condition in which uncontrolled cell growth that interferes with the normal functioning of body organs and systems.
  • Suffer A subject having cancer is a subject having an objectively measurable cancer cell present in the body of the subject.
  • Subjects at risk of developing cancer are subjects susceptible to developing cancer (eg, based on family history, genetic predisposition), subjects exposed to radiation or other agents that cause cancer. Cancers that migrate from their original site and inoculate vital organs can ultimately lead to death of the subject through functional deterioration of the affected organs.
  • Hematopoietic cancers such as leukemia, compete for the normal hematopoiesis of the subject, thus causing hematopoietic failure (in the form of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia), which ultimately leads to death.
  • Antibodies or fusion proteins of the invention comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence of the invention can be used to treat a variety of cancers or subjects at risk of developing cancer.
  • cancers include breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, throat cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, testis Cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer and blood cancer (such as leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia).
  • the vaccine compositions of the invention can be used to stimulate an immune response to treat a tumor by inhibiting or delaying the growth of the tumor or reducing the size of the tumor.
  • Tumor-associated antigens can also be primarily, but not limited to, antigens expressed by tumor cells.
  • cancers include, but are not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, biliary tract cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancer, cervical cancer, choriocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, connective tissue cancer, digestive system cancer, uterus Endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, eye cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, intraepithelial neoplasia, renal cancer, laryngeal cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (small cells, large cells), lymphoma (including Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin) Lymphoma; melanoma; neuroblastoma; oral cancer (eg lip, tongue, mouth and pharynx); ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; rectal cancer; respiratory cancer; sarcoma; Cancer; gastric cancer; testicular cancer; thyroid cancer; uterine cancer; urinary system cancer
  • Vaccine refers to a composition that, when administered alone or in combination with an adjuvant, results in an antigenic specific effect on the immune. This includes prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines that confer protection.
  • Infections that can be treated or prevented with the vaccine compositions of the invention include bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
  • Other less common types of infections include rickettsiae, mycoplasms, and pathogens caused by scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and prion diseases (such as Corub disease). (kuru) and Creutzfeldt-Jacobdisease).
  • BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • prion diseases such as Corub disease.
  • bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that infect humans are known.
  • the infection can be acute, subacute, chronic or potential, and it can be local or systemic.
  • the infection may be predominantly intracellular or extracellular during at least one phase of the life cycle of a factor of an infectious organism in the host.
  • Bacterial infections that can be combated using the vaccine compositions and methods of the invention include Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Gram-positive bacteria include, but are not limited to, Pasteurella species, Staphylococci species, and Streptococci species.
  • Gram-negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, and Salmonella species.
  • infectious bacteria include, but are not limited to, Heliobacter pyloris, Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionellapneumophilia, Mycobacteria species (eg, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M) .tuberculosis), M. avium, M. intracellilare, M.
  • kansaii M. gordonae, golden yellow grapes Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogeners, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) Genus, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus), Streptococcus (grass green group), Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus (aenorobicspp.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenic bend Pathogenic Campylobacter species, Enterococcus species, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Corynebacterium species, porcine erythematosus Bacteria (Erysipelothrhrrhusiopathie), Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Enterobacteraerogenes, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida ), Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium nutrium, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Treponemamallidum, Treponemaper pneumonia, Leptospira, Rickettsia and Actinomycesisraelii.
  • Retroviridae eg, human deficient viruses such as HIV-1 (also known as HTLV-III), HIV-II, LAC or IDLV-III/LAV or HIV-III and other isolates, such as HIV-LP, Picornaviridae (eg poliovirus, hepatitis A, enteroviruses, human Coxsackieviruses) , rhinoviruses, echoviruses, calciviridae (eg, strains causing gastroenteritis), Togaviridae (eg, equine encephalitisviruses, Rubellaviruses, Flaviviridae (eg, dengueviruses, encephalitis viruses, yellowfeverviruses, coronaviridae) (eg coronaviruses) ), Rhabdoviridae (eg vesicularstomataviruses, rabiesviruses), Filoviridae (eg E
  • fungi examples include Aspergillus species, Coccidoidesimmitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candidaalbicans and other Candida species, Blastomyces dematidis, and capsular tissue Histoplasma capsulatum, Chlamydiatrachomatis, Nocardia species, and Pneumocytis carinii.
  • Parasites include, but are not limited to, blood-borne and/or tissue parasites such as Babesia microti, Babesidivergans, Entomoebahistolytica, Giardalamblia ), Leishmania tropicala, Leishmania species, Leishmania braaziliensis, Leishmaniadonovdni, Plasmodiumfalciparum, Plasmodium vivax (Plasmodiummalariae), Plasmodiumovale, Plasmodiumvivax, Toxoplasmagondii, Trypanosomagambiense, Trypanosomarhodesiense (African Sleep Disease), Gram Trypanosomacruzi (Chagus'disease) and Toxoplasma gondii, flatworms and roundworms.
  • tissue parasites such as Babesia microti, Babesidivergans, Entomoebahistolytica, Giardalamblia ), Leishmania
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable pharmaceutical carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like which are physiologically compatible.
  • the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).
  • compositions/vaccine compositions of the invention can be administered by a variety of methods well known in the art. As the skilled artisan will appreciate, the route and/or manner of administration will vary with the desired result. To administer a compound of the invention through certain routes of administration, it may be desirable to coat the compound with a material that prevents inactivation of the compound, or the compound is co-administered therewith.
  • a compound can be administered to a subject in a suitable carrier, such as a liposome or diluent.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline solutions and aqueous buffer solutions.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions, as well as sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions as well as sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art.
  • the heavy chain variable and light chain sequences of the anti-mouse CD40 and DR5 antibodies have been obtained in previous studies (Li F, Ravetch JV. 2011. Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities Of agonistic CD40 antibodies. Science 333: 1030-4; Li F, Ravetch JV. 2012. Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fc gamma receptor engagement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 10966-71). Anti-human CD40 antibody heavy chain variable region and light chain sequences have been disclosed in US 7,338,660.
  • the antibody heavy chain constant region sequences of human IgG of the present invention have been obtained in previous studies (Li F, Ravetch JV. 2011. Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives Adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies. Science 333:1030-4; Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10966-71 ), no through genetic synthesis.
  • the variant of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody of the present invention is constructed by a point mutation or the like on the basis of the antibody heavy chain constant region sequence of human IgG described above.
  • the antibodies used were all transiently transfected into HEK 293T cells were expressed and purified by protein G Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (GE Healthcare). Control mouse and human IgG antibodies were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory.
  • Fc ⁇ receptor-deficient mice namely Fc ⁇ receptor ⁇ -chain deficient mice (FcgR ⁇ / ⁇ ), and Fc ⁇ receptor humanized mice (FcgR ⁇ / ⁇ hFCGR Tg , abbreviated as hFCGR Tg ) have been described in the literature ( Smith P, DiLillo DJ, Bournazos S, Li F, Ravetch JV. 2012. Mouse model recapitulating human Fcgamma receptor structural and functional diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 6181-6).
  • Fc ⁇ II receptor-deficient mouse R2 -/- (FcgR2b -/- ) and Fc ⁇ IIB receptor humanized mouse R2 -/- hR2B Tg (FcgR2b -/- hFCGR2B Tg ) has been described in the literature (Li F, Ravetch JV) .2011.Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies.Science 333:1030-4;Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10966-71).
  • the transgenic mouse expressing human CD40 is a BAC transgenic mouse (hCD40 Tg ) expressing human CD40.
  • Hybridization of hCD40 + mice and hFCGR Tg mice can obtain mice with both CD40 and Fc ⁇ receptors (hCD40 Tg hFCGR Tg ), and also can express hCD40 + mice and other hFCGR Tg except hFCGR2B Tg.
  • the recombinant human CD40 protein (Nearshore Protein Technology Co., Ltd.) was coated with the enzyme-linked plate, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature overnight, and 1% BSA was blocked at room temperature for 2 hours, and then washed three times with PBST (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20).
  • PBST PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20
  • Add 100 ⁇ L of the gradient-diluted human agonistic CD40 antibody to each well incubate for 1 h at room temperature, wash four times with PBST, add a 20 ng/ml biotin-labeled anti-human Ig ⁇ light chain secondary antibody, incubate for 1 h at room temperature, and wash with PBST.
  • Add appropriate concentration of SAV-HRP incubate for 1 h at room temperature, add chromogenic substrate, and measure absorbance at 650 nm after 5 minutes.
  • the recombinant mouse CD40 protein (Nearshore Protein Technology Co., Ltd.) was coated, and the HRP-labeled goat anti-human IgG-Fc antibody was used as a secondary antibody.
  • the other experimental methods were the same as above.
  • mice aged 2-4 months were subjected to adoptive transfer of 2 x 10 6 OT-I spleen cells (CD45.1 + ) resuspended in 200 ⁇ l of PBS by tail vein injection, followed by immunization by intraperitoneal injection.
  • the control group was injected with 2 ⁇ g of DEC-OVA protein and a control antibody (Li F, Ravetch JV. 2011. Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies. Science 333:1030-4), and the other groups were injected simultaneously. 2 micrograms of DEC-OVA protein and anti-CD40 antibody.
  • mice spleen cells were taken and erythrocytes were lysed with ACK lysate and resuspended in FACS buffer (PBS plus 0.5% FBS, 2 mM EDTA and 0.1% NaN3) to prepare a single spleen cell suspension; Amplification of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-1).
  • Antibodies used include fluorescently labeled anti-mouse CD45.1, CD4, CD8, and TCR-V ⁇ 2 antibodies. Flow cytometry The dead cells were excluded by DAPI staining, and CD45.1 + /CD8 + /TCR-V ⁇ 2 + was identified as OT-1/CD8 + T cells.
  • mice spleen cells were taken and erythrocytes were lysed with ACK lysate and resuspended in spleen cell culture medium (RPMI + 10% FBS + 1% P/S double antibody), plated at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well, and diluted with gradient dilution.
  • the anti-CD40 antibody was treated, cultured at 37 ° C for 48 hours, and then the expression of mouse B cell surface activation marker molecules (CD80, CD86) was analyzed by FACS.
  • the expression of the activation marker molecule is reflected as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), which is positively correlated with the activity of the agonistic anti-CD40 antibody to activate B cells.
  • MFI mean fluorescence intensity
  • PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy humans were obtained by Ficoll isolation, plated at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well, treated with gradient-diluted agonistic anti-CD40 antibody, cultured at 37 degrees for 48 hours, and then analyzed by FACS for B cell surface in PBMC.
  • the expression of the activation marker molecules CD54, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR
  • MFI mean fluorescence intensity
  • the biotin protein was detected by adding Streptavidin-HRP (BD Biosciences) for 1 hour at room temperature, the supernatant was removed, and the absorbance A650 at 650 nm was measured after 20-40 minutes of color development by adding a coloring solution.
  • the buffer system used in all surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis experiments was: 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.005% surfactant P20, and experiments were performed on the Biacore T100 (GE Healthcare) SPR system. The above is carried out and the set temperature is 25 °C.
  • the His-tagged soluble murine Fc ⁇ R extracellular domain protein (Beijing Yiqiao Shenzhou Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) was immobilized on the CM5 chip by amine coupling at pH 4.5, achieving a response unit density (RUs) density of about 2000. .
  • a double-dilution dilution of the antibody sample with the appropriate concentration range was injected into the mobile phase at a rate of 30 ⁇ L/min, and dissociated for 5 minutes after 3 minutes of binding.
  • the sensor surface was infused with a certain concentration of NaOH at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for 30 seconds.
  • the affinity constant KD value was calculated using the 1:1 binding kinetics model.
  • MC38 is a mouse colon cancer cell line. 2 to 4 months old hFCGR Tg mice were inoculated with 2 ⁇ 10 6 MC38 cells by subcutaneous injection, and the tumor size was measured using a vernier caliper every 3 days, using the formula (L1 2 ⁇ L2). / 2 Calculate the tumor volume, where L1 is the shortest diameter of the tumor tissue and L2 is the longest diameter. Seven days after the tumor cells were inoculated, the mice were randomly grouped according to the tumor size (Day 0), 31.6 ⁇ g of the isotype control IgG was administered by intraperitoneal injection of the control mice, and the remaining groups were administered with 31.6 ⁇ g of the corresponding antibodies. On day 3, the same treatment as day 0 was administered, ie, control mice were given isotype control IgG, and the remaining groups were administered corresponding antibodies. After that, continue to measure tumor size and calculate tumor volume.
  • MO4 is a mouse fibrosarcoma cell line. 2 to 4 months old hFCGR Tg mice were inoculated with 2 ⁇ 10 6 MO4 cells by subcutaneous injection, and tumor size was measured using a vernier caliper every 3 days, and the formula (L1 2 ⁇ L2 was used). / 2 Calculate the tumor volume, where L1 is the longest diameter of the tumor tissue and L2 is the shortest diameter. Seven days after inoculation of tumor cells, mice were randomized according to tumor size (Day 0), and 31.6 ⁇ g of isotype control IgG and 2 ⁇ g of OVA antigen (in the form of DEC205 antibody and OVA fusion protein) were administered by intraperitoneal injection of control mice. The remaining groups were given 31.6 ⁇ g of the corresponding antibody and 2 ⁇ g of OVA antigen (in the form of DEC205 antibody and OVA fusion protein). After that, continue to measure tumor size and calculate tumor volume.
  • MC38 cells were resuspended in ice-fACS buffer (PBS + 0.5% FBS + 2 mM EDTA + 0.1% NaN3), and 3.16-fold gradient dilution control and anti-DR5 antibody were added at a concentration range of 2 ng. -20 ⁇ g/mL, incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature, washed twice with ice FACS buffer; then flow-stained with FITC-labeled goat anti-human antibody (VECTOR FI-3080), incubated on ice for 25 minutes in the dark, FACS buffer Wash twice with liquid and then perform flow analysis.
  • the ability of the antibody to bind to DR5 was positively correlated with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of FITC, and the results showed that the DR5 binding ability of the anti-DR5 antibody was comparable.
  • MFI mean fluorescence intensity
  • the 96-well plate was taken out on ice, and the supernatant was gently aspirated, washed with 200 ⁇ L of ice PBS; digested with 100 ⁇ L of trypsin for 3-5 minutes, and the whole volume of the whole culture solution was terminated, and the cells were collected, and centrifuged at 400°g for 5 minutes at 4° C., and collected.
  • Surface molecular flow staining was then performed with CD45 antibody (clone: 30-F11; Biolegend), followed by activation of caspase-3 intracellular staining (antibody clone C92-605; BD Biosciences) for flow cytometry.
  • MC38 cells were sequentially labeled with a pre-scattering angle FSC and a side-scattering angle SSC, and a CD45-negative circle, and the expression of caspase-3 (activated caspase) was activated.
  • the pro-apoptotic ability is positively correlated with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of activated caspase-3 staining.
  • Example 1 The heavy chain constant region of the invention and an agonistic antibody comprising a heavy chain constant region sequence of the invention
  • the present invention constructs a series of specific examples of heavy chain constant regions by the above-mentioned gene cloning and expression purification techniques, and constructs anti-human CD40 or anti-mouse CD40 antibodies based on these heavy chain constant regions. And antibodies against murine DR5.
  • the heavy chain constant region is divided into two parts for study optimization, including the CH1-strand region portion and the CH2-CH3 domain portion.
  • the CH1-strand region portion means a segment consisting of an antibody CH1 domain and a hinge region
  • the CH2-CH3 domain portion means a segment composed of an antibody CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.
  • the CH1-strand region utilizes the CH1-strand region of unmutated hIgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or the CH1-strand region of hIgG2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), or The CH1-strand region of hIgG3 (SEQ ID NO: 3), or the CH1-linkage region of hIgG4 (SEQ ID NO: 4);
  • the CH2-CH3 domain employs the CH2-CH3 domain of unmutated hIgG1 ( SEQ ID NO: 5), or the CH2-CH3 domain of hIgG2 (SEQ ID NO: 6), or the CH2-CH3 domain of hIgG3 (SEQ ID NO: 7), or the CH2-CH3 domain of hIgG4 (SEQ ID) NO: 8), or a CH2-CH3 domain in which an amino acid mutation is made based on the hIgG CH2-CH3 domain, for example, the CH2-CH3 domain with the V11 mutation (SEQ ID NO:
  • the sequence of the heavy chain constant region is obtained by combining the corresponding CH1-strand region sequence and the CH2-CH3 domain sequence. See Table 2 for specific information on examples of heavy chain constant regions of the invention.
  • the structure of the heavy chain constant region listed in Table 2 is specifically illustrated below.
  • the source of the CH1-strand region of the heavy chain constant region designated G1 is hIgG1
  • the source of the CH2-CH3 domain is hIgG1, thereby indicating that the sequence of G1 is the sequence of the CH1-strand region of the unmutated hIgG1.
  • the sequence of the unmutated hIgG1CH2-CH3 domain is combined.
  • the source of the CH1-strand region of the heavy chain constant region (also referred to herein as JAC1) designated V11 (H2) is hIgG2
  • the source of the CH2-CH3 domain is the G237D/P238D/H268D/P271G/A330R mutation.
  • hIgG1 thus indicating that the sequence of V11 (H2) (SEQ ID NO: 11) is the sequence of the CH1-strand region of the unmutated hIgG2 and the hIgG1CH2- bearing the G237D/P238D/H268D/P271G/A330R mutation.
  • the sequence of the CH3 domain is assembled.
  • the sequences of the examples of other heavy chain constant regions can be derived from Table 2 and the sequence listing attached to the present invention.
  • Table 2 Examples of heavy chain constant regions of the invention.
  • the antibodies constructed in the specific embodiments of the present invention are all human antibodies or chimeric antibodies (all antibody constant regions are human, CDRs of anti-human CD40 antibodies are human, and CDRs of anti-murine CD40 and anti-mouse DR5 antibodies are mouse.
  • the antibody against human CD40 or human anti-mouse CD40 and the antibody against human anti-mouse DR5 are all based on the corresponding heavy chain constant region of the present invention, and thus the corresponding numbers are mainly distinguished by different heavy chain constant regions.
  • the specific information of the antibodies involved in the examples of the present invention is shown in Table 3.
  • the antibodies against the same antigen in the examples of the present invention have the same light chain sequence and the same heavy chain variable region sequence, but the heavy chain constant region has different sequences.
  • the human anti-human CD40 antibody has the same light chain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47) and the same heavy chain variable region sequence in the examples of the present invention; in fact, the present invention is anti-human CD40
  • the light chain sequence and heavy chain variable region sequence of the antibody are identical to the light chain sequence and heavy chain variable region sequence of the agonistic antibody CP-870893, and CP-870893 was originally developed by Pfizer.
  • the human anti-mouse CD40 antibody has the same light chain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 48) and the same heavy chain variable region sequence in the examples of the present invention; human anti-mouse DR5 in the embodiment of the present invention
  • the antibody has the same light chain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49) and the same heavy chain variable region sequence.
  • the antibody examples of the present invention may actually be regarded as fusion proteins constructed using different antibody segments, which retain the characteristics of the antibody in a structural form, but the specific functional portions may be derived from different The antibody IgG subtype, part of which also carries amino acid mutations.
  • sequences of the heavy chain constant regions of the embodiments of the invention may also be applied to other agonistic antibodies or fusion proteins not provided by the above-described embodiments of the invention.
  • the heavy chain variable region and the light chain of an antibody that specifically binds an antigen can be fused to a heavy chain constant region provided by the present invention to obtain other antibodies having enhanced effects, for example, Table 1 above. Fusion of the heavy chain variable region and light chain of the agonistic antibody under investigation listed in the present invention can be achieved by fusion of JAC1 provided by the present invention to obtain antibodies with enhanced activity against different TNFRs.
  • an antigen binding module that specifically binds an antigen can be fused to a heavy chain constant region provided by the present invention to obtain an enhanced fusion protein, for example, a nanobody that specifically binds to CD40. Fusion with the JAC1 provided by the present invention can obtain an activity-enhanced fusion protein.
  • the antibody of the present invention may be a human antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody or the like.
  • Table 3 Specific information for antibody embodiments of the invention.
  • the CD40 binding ability of the anti-CD40 antibody of the present invention was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method mentioned above. As shown in Figure 3, both the anti-mouse CD40 antibody (Fig. 3A) and the anti-human CD antibody (Fig. 3B) were tested for CD40 binding ability. The results showed that the anti-CD40 antibodies constructed in the examples of the present invention all retained the binding ability to CD40. Notably, the ELISA analysis of this experiment showed that the binding ability of Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 and Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 (V11) to hCD40 was lower than other variants.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 (V11), which has a low binding ability, exhibits an activity advantage in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, it is determined that the anti-human CD40 antibody (Anti-hCD40-hIgG) variant binds to human CD40. There are no significant differences.
  • Example 2 Activity of human IgG agonistic antibodies depends on the interaction of antibody Fc with Fc gamma receptor
  • agonistic anti-mouse CD40 antibodies Anti-mCD40-hIgG1, four IgG subtypes (hIgG1, hIgG2, hIgG3, hIgG4) Anti-mCD40-hIgG2, Anti-mCD40-hIgG3, Anti-mCD40-hIgG4 was first used as a model antibody (Fig. 2A) to investigate whether its immune activation activity was affected by Fc ⁇ receptor expression.
  • agonistic CD40 has immunostimulatory activity that promotes antigen-presenting cell activation and induces activation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8-positive T cells
  • agonistic human anti-mouse CD40 antibody Anti-mCD40-hIgG promotes OVA-type antigen-specific CD8
  • Anti-mCD40-hIgG agonistic human anti-mouse CD40 antibody
  • mice were first subjected to OVA-specific CD8-positive T cells (OT-I T cells) for delivery, and one day later received the antigen DEC-OVA (a fusion protein of OVA and anti-DEC205 antibodies, which is an effective delivery of OVA antigen).
  • the means) and the anti-CD40 antibody were immunized, and then the amplification of OT-I T cells was analyzed 6 days after immunization of the mice.
  • a point mutation (N297A) of the N297 glycosylation site was introduced into the human IgG2 anti-mouse CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2), thereby obtaining Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-NA.
  • the ability of the Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-NA antibody Fc to bind to the Fc gamma receptor was lost (Fig.
  • Figure 3B illustrates that the ability of the human Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 antibody to activate is dependent on the ability of the antibody Fc to bind to the Fc gamma receptor.
  • Example 3 Specific interaction of the human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor (hFc ⁇ RIIB) with antibody Fc promotes the activity of agonistic human anti-CD40 antibodies.
  • the heavy chain constant region is the key to optimize the agonistic activity of agonistic antibodies, and preferred heavy chain constant regions can be widely applied to agonistic antibodies against different antigens to obtain similar Fc ⁇ binding patterns as well as agonistic activities.
  • the present invention screens for heavy chain constant regions.
  • Example 4 Selection of a preferred human IgG heavy chain constant region with better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability and propensity.
  • the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB and human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB Increased affinity by 3.2 times Or above, the I/A ratio of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody is equal to or higher than 0.32; and preferably, the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is equal to or higher than the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB.
  • the I/A ratio of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody is equal to or higher than 1; more preferably, the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 30 times or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB.
  • the I/A ratio of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody is equal to or higher than 1; more preferably, the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 60-fold or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB.
  • the I/A ratio of the heavy chain constant region of the antibody is equal to or higher than 40; particularly preferably, the affinity of the antibody heavy chain constant region to human Fc ⁇ IIB is increased by 90-fold or more compared to the affinity of human IgG1 and human Fc ⁇ IIB.
  • the I/A ratio of the antibody heavy chain constant region is equal to or higher than 100.
  • Candidate heavy chain constant region sequences include natural human IgG heavy chain constant region sequences with one or more site-directed mutations, or with one or more random mutations; the Fc portion of the candidate heavy chain constant region includes a natural There are one or more site-directed mutations, or various Fc sequences with one or more random mutations.
  • Mutants V11, V9 based on the Fc portion of the human IgG1 constant region were found to have better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability and propensity by analyzing the Fc gamma receptor binding ability of the Fc portion of the candidate heavy chain constant region or constant region ( Table 4), the Fc portion of these heavy chain constant regions can be combined with other portions of the human IgG heavy chain constant region (CH1-strand region) to obtain candidate IgG heavy chain constant regions.
  • JAC3 human IgG2 heavy chain constant region sequence with S267E/L328F point mutation
  • JAC4 human IgG2 heavy chain constant region sequence with H268D/P271G point mutation
  • KD Affinity (KD) of the Fc fragment of the IgG heavy chain constant region to the human Fc gamma receptor, the total affinity is represented by the dissociation constant (KD), and the KD value is measured by a surface plasmon resonance test.
  • I/A ratio [KD (hFc ⁇ RIIA-R131) or the lowest value of KD (hFc ⁇ RIIIA-F158))] / KD (hFc ⁇ RIIB).
  • the names of the antibody Fc fragments in Table 4 above are correspondingly indicated by the names of the heavy chain constant regions in Table 2, and the Fc fragments of the corresponding names should be understood as the Fc fragments of the heavy chain constant regions of the corresponding names in Table 2.
  • the present invention uses the judgment method given by the present invention to optimize more CH1-strand regions and CH2-CH3 domains. Selected, thereby obtaining other human IgG (hIgG2, hIgG4) heavy chain constant regions with better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability and propensity. Meanwhile, since the preferred heavy chain constant region of the present invention has a high I/A ratio, that is, a lower binding capacity of the activated Fc gamma receptor, the agonistic antibody constructed based on the preferred heavy chain constant region of the present invention may have Lower induction of ADCC activity may result in less non-specific cytotoxicity.
  • Example 5 Human IgG heavy chain constant region with better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor (hFc ⁇ RIIB) binding ability and propensity supports stronger agonistic anti-CD40 antibody activity
  • Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 V11 was significantly better than Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 (Fig. 7B), In order to stimulate the immune system, the absolute number of OT1 cells and the proportion of CD8+ T cells were significantly up-regulated. Meanwhile, B cell activation activity analysis of anti-human CD40 antibody (Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF, Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG) carrying JAC3 and JAC4 showed that Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF and Anti-hCD40-hIgG2 The activity of HDPG was also significantly better than that of human IgG2 antibody (Fig.
  • Example 6 The CH1-strand region is capable of modulating the activity of an agonistic human IgG anti-CD40 antibody
  • the CH1-strand segment portion of human IgG3 was used to replace the CH1-strand region of the human IgG2 antibody, after replacement
  • the agonistic human IgG2 anti-mouse CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (H3)) lost immune activation activity (Fig. 9B), indicating that the CH1-strand region is capable of modulating the activity of the agonistic human IgG anti-CD40 antibody.
  • Human IgG2 hinge region is capable of supporting stronger agonistic human IgG anti-CD40 antibody activity than the hinge regions of IgG1 and IgG3
  • anti-CD40 antibodies with the same Fc but different CH1-strand regions were prepared. Activity analysis revealed that the activities of these antibodies were significantly different, and the antibody having the CH1-strand region of human IgG2 (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)) was the most active, and the antibody activity of the CH1-strand region of human IgG1 was second ( Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11)), while the antibody with the CH1-linkage region of human IgG3 (Anti-mCD40-hIgG3 (V11)) has the lowest activity (Fig. 10), indicating that the human IgG2 hinge region is compared to IgG1 and IgG3. The hinge region is capable of supporting stronger agonistic human IgG anti-CD40 antibody activity.
  • Example 8 Preferred human IgG2 hinge regions and Fc with better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability and propensity can synergistically provide stronger agonistic human IgG anti-CD40 antibody activity
  • the Fc is capable of synergistically providing additional agonistic human IgG antibody activity.
  • the anti-tumor activity of Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11) also significantly exceeded the anti-tumor activity of Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11) and Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 antibodies (Fig. 13, 14), in Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11)
  • the anti-tumor activities of three antibodies were further analyzed in the MO4 tumor model (test method and materials and methods above).
  • the antitumor activity of Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11) also significantly exceeded the antitumor activity of Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11) and Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 antibodies in this model (Fig. 15).
  • the results of the above anti-tumor activity test are basically consistent with the analysis results based on the OVA vaccine model (Fig. 11). And the three antibodies Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11), Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 and Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11) did not show in the MC38 tumor model of Fc receptor knockout mice (FcyR-/-). Antitumor activity ( Figure 16). It is indicated that the binding of the Fc ⁇ receptor is essential for the antitumor activity of the agonistic antibody, and the heavy chain constant region of the present invention, for example, G2 (V11), also known as JAC1, can enhance the human IgG antibody CD40 antibody as an adjuvant in the vaccine. The activity can also enhance the anti-tumor activity of the antibody.
  • the OVA vaccine model test showed that Anti-mCD40-hIgG2 (V11) showed significant activity at a dose of 3.16 ⁇ g/mouse and 1 ⁇ g/mouse (Fig. 17), while Anti-mCD40-IgG1 antibody was at 10 ⁇ g/ It is no longer active at the mouse dose (Fig. 9A).
  • the immunostimulatory activity of the anti-CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-HDPG) containing the JAC4 sequence and the unmutated IgG2 anti-CD40 antibody (Anti-mCD40-hIgG2) was also compared using the OVA vaccine model, and the results showed that Anti-mCD40 -hIgG2-HDPG was significantly more active than Anti-mCD40-hIgG2, showing a significant increase in the proportion of OT-I cells in CD8 + T cells and the proportion of CD8+ T cells (Fig. 18). Meanwhile, the activity of the Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-HDPG antibody was at least comparable to or higher than that of Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (V11) (Fig. 18).
  • the agonistic anti-CD40 antibody constructed based on the heavy chain constant region of the present invention (for example, JAC1 or JAC4) has better immunostimulating activity and antitumor activity, and the minimum effective dose is only based on the current research.
  • the IgG1 agonistic antibody has a 1/10 or lower lower effective dose, and thus has higher activity, a wider effective dose range, and better safety. It can be developed as an antitumor drug or as a vaccine.
  • the agent enhances the immune effect of a tumor vaccine or a vaccine against infectious diseases.
  • Example 9 Preferred human IgG2 CH1-strand regions and Fc with better human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability and propensity can synergistically provide stronger other agonistic human IgG antibody activity.
  • Example 10 Preferred Antibody Constant Regions Having only the preferred human IgG2 CH1-strand region and Fc with good human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding capacity is insufficient, and Fc also requires good human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding propensity Sex, which is a higher I/A ratio.
  • heavy chain constant regions G2-SDIE, G2-GASDALIE and G1 were constructed, respectively.
  • H2 anti-mouse CD40 antibodies Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE, Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE and Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (H2), and immunoreactive activities with different antibodies were compared in the OVA vaccine model.
  • Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE and Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE have better human inhibition than Anti-mCD40-hIgG1 (H2) Fc gamma receptor binding capacity (Table 4), but at the same time has a stronger ability to bind human activating Fc gamma receptors (Table 4) and therefore has a lower I/A ratio (Table 4).
  • the analysis results in the OVA vaccine model showed that the anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE and Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE antibodies were not superior to the Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(H2) antibody, but worse (Fig.
  • the antibody requires not only enhanced human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding ability, but also a human inhibitory Fc gamma receptor binding propensity. This tendency is reflected in a higher I/A ratio, 0.32 or higher.
  • the preferred embodiments of the antibody heavy chain constant regions provided by the present invention can be used not only to increase the activity of agonistic anti-CD40 and DR5 antibodies, but also to agonistic antibodies against other TNF receptor superfamily members, such as OX40, CD137, CD27, CD30, GITR, HVEM, TACI, DR4, FAS, etc., and agonistic antibodies directed against members of the non-TNF receptor superfamily (CD28, SLAM family molecules).
  • TNF receptor superfamily members such as OX40, CD137, CD27, CD30, GITR, HVEM, TACI, DR4, FAS, etc.
  • agonistic antibodies directed against members of the non-TNF receptor superfamily CD28, SLAM family molecules.
  • agonistic antibodies against receptor molecules that regulate immune activation and induction of programmed cell apoptosis include not only agonistic antibodies against receptor molecules that regulate immune activation and induction of programmed cell apoptosis, but also agonistic antibodies against receptor molecules with other biological functions, such as against immunosuppressive receptor molecules (immunization) Excitation antibodies for checkpoints (eg, PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA, TIM-3, BTLA, LAG-3, etc.).
  • checkpoints eg, PD-1, CTLA-4, VISTA, TIM-3, BTLA, LAG-3, etc.
  • agonistic antibodies based on human IgG antibodies not also agonistic antibodies based on chimeric antibodies containing sequences of other species can be used. It includes not only typical IgG agonistic antibodies containing two heavy and two light chains, but also IgG agonistic antibodies containing only heavy chains, as well as other IgGs.
  • An agonistic antibody in the form of a variant eg, an antibody having more than two antigen binding sites, a bispecific or multispecific antibody with an antigen binding site at the C-terminus of the antibody heavy chain.
  • the invention includes not only an antibody-based agonistic antibody, but also a fusion protein having a target activation function including an antibody constant region sequence, such as a CD40L-Fc fusion protein, an OX40L-Fc fusion protein, a 4-1BBL-Fc fusion protein, CD27L-Fc fusion protein, CD30L-Fc fusion protein, CD95L-Fc fusion protein, TRAIL-Fc fusion protein, PD-L1-Fc fusion protein, etc.; specifically CD40L-JAC1, CD40L-JAC4, OX40L-JAC1, OX40L -JAC4, PD-L1-JAC1, PD-L1-JAC4, etc. (table 5)
  • Table 5 shows examples of fusion proteins based on the heavy chain constant region of the present invention.

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Abstract

一种重链恒定区，包含CH1结构域、铰链区、CH2结构域和CH3结构域，所述CH1结构域和铰链区的序列是来源于人IgG2的CH1结构域和铰链区的序列，所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列为来源于人IgG的CH2结构域和CH3结构域序列，并且所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力等于或高于人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于人IgG1的I/A比值。以及基于上述重链恒定区的抗体或融合蛋白，该抗体重链恒定区可显著增强所述抗体或融合蛋白的激动活性，提高抗体或融合蛋白在肿瘤和自身免疫等其它疾病中的治疗效果。

Description

增强激动型抗体活性的抗体重链恒定区序列 技术领域
本发明涉及生物制药领域，特别是涉及一种可增强激动型抗体或激动型分子(包含重链恒定区序列的融合蛋白)活性的重链恒定区序列和分子，以及基于该重链恒定区而构建的抗体或融合蛋白。
背景技术
基于抗体和重链恒定区(包含Fc片段)的分子靶向治疗，包括抗体和重链恒定区融合蛋白，近三十年来在生物制药领域已经取得了巨大成功并持续成为该领域的重点，为多种疾病的治疗提供了新的方法和可能。已经被批准基于重链恒定区的生物治疗手段(包括重链恒定区融合蛋白的分子)约30个，而在临床试验阶段的超过300个，这些生物治疗基于作用方式主要可以分为三类：清除靶标(分子和细胞)的效应分子、阻断靶标参与的信号通路的阻断型分子、和激活靶标下游信号通路的激动型分子。
肿瘤免疫治疗近年取得了重要突破。这得益于通过阻断免疫抑制节点，提高免疫细胞活性杀灭肿瘤的抗体的使用。但是目前仍有大量癌症患者对已有治疗手段没有应答。因此，一方面需要对目前已有的肿瘤免疫治疗手段进行优化；另一方面亟需研发新的肿瘤免疫治疗药物。需要特别指出的是有一类被称为“激动型抗体”的肿瘤免疫治疗手段，能够通过结合免疫细胞表面传递免疫激活信号的靶标分子并激活其控制的重要免疫激活信号通路，进而增强抗肿瘤免疫应答间接杀死肿瘤细胞。然而，虽然激动型肿瘤免疫治疗抗体已经在动物模型中证明了其巨大潜力，并且已经成为一个被广泛接受并看好的肿瘤免疫治疗理念，但是这类抗体的研发至今尚未成功，是肿瘤免疫治疗领域当前的一个主要挑战。此外，激动型抗体激活也是干预和调控其它生物学过程的关键信号通路的有利手段，在疾病防控和治疗领域有着广泛的应用前景。例如激活免疫抑制信号通路，可能有利于减轻炎症和自身免疫症状。
发明内容
本发明主要解决的技术问题是提供可增强激动型抗体或激动型分子(包含重链恒定区序列的融合蛋白)活性的重链恒定区序列和分子，以及基于该重链恒定区而构建的抗体或融合蛋白。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的一个技术方案是：
提供一种重链恒定区，包含CH1结构域、绞链区、CH2结构域和CH3结构域，并且所述CH1结构域和绞链区的序列是来源于人IgG2的CH1结构域和绞链区的序列，所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列选自于:
a)来源于人IgG1的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含G237D、P238D、P271G和A330R突变；或者
b)来源于人IgG1的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含G237D、P238D、H268D、P271G和A330R突变；或者
c)来源于人IgG2的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含S267E和L328F突变；或者
d)来源于人IgG2的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3 结构域内包含H268D和P271G突变。
较佳地，所述重链恒定区具有如SEQ ID NO:11所示的序列，或者所述重链恒定区具有如SEQ ID NO:12所示的序列，或者所述重链恒定区具有如SEQ ID NO:13所示的序列，或者所述重链恒定区具有如SEQ ID NO:14所示的序列。
另外还提供一种重链恒定区，包含CH1结构域、铰链区、CH2结构域和CH3结构域，所述CH1结构域和铰链区的序列是来源于人IgG2的CH1结构域和铰链区的序列，所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列为来源于人IgG的CH2结构域和CH3结构域序列，并且所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力等于或高于人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于人IgG1的I/A比值。
优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高3.2倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于0.32；同样优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力等于或高于人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于1；更优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高30倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于1；更优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高60倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于40；特别优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高90倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于100。
根据本发明实施例的重链恒定区具有较高的抑制型Fc受体的亲和力，可以显著增强激动型抗体或者激动型分子(例如激动型融合蛋白)与抑制性Fc受体的交联，从而提高所述激动型抗体或者激动型分子的激动活性；同时还具有较低激活型Fc受体的亲和力，可以降低通过激活型受体结合而介导的ADCC等细胞毒性。基于本发明实施例的重链恒定区可以开发具有更优活性的激动型抗体或者激动型分子。
本发明另一方面提供一种融合蛋白，包含上述的重链恒定区以及位于所述重链恒定区N端或C端的抗原结合模块。
较佳地，所述抗原结合模块选自于抗体的抗原结合片段、adnectin、纳米抗体(nanobody)、微型抗体、亲和体(affibodies)、affilin、受体的靶结合区、细胞粘附分子、配体、酶、细胞因子或趋化因子中的任意一种；更优选地，所述抗原结合模块为纳米抗体。
纳米抗体为来源于羊驼的抗体的重链可变区，该可变区与本发明重链恒定区融合，可以构建具有完整骆驼抗体结构(由两条重链构成)的嵌合抗体分子，这种嵌合抗体分子可以同时具有纳米抗体高亲和力、高特异性以及本发明重链可变区增强激动活性的特点，具有非常好的开发前景。
在另一个优选的本发明抗体的实施例中，所述抗原结合模块为配体，所述配体为免疫共刺激分子，所述免疫共刺激分子选自于CD80、CD86、ICOSL、OX40L、CD137L、CD40L、CD30L、CD27L、CD244、CD150、CD48、CD84、CD319、Ly118或者CD229中的任意一种。这些融合蛋白可以用作抗癌药物。
在又一个优选的本发明融合蛋白的实施例中，所述抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原选自于CD40、DR5、OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4或FAS中的任意一种。
根据本发明的靶向CD40的激动型分子(融合蛋白)可用于做疫苗佐剂。该疫苗佐剂可以和疫苗(例如OVA)联用，形成疫苗组合物，可用于预防和/或治疗肿瘤；也可用于预防和/或治疗感染。
在又一个优选的本发明融合蛋白的实施例中，所述抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原选自于PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA或LAG-3中的任意一种。当用于这些靶点时，所述融合蛋白可用于制备减轻炎症和/或减轻自身免疫症状的药物，例如可用于制备治疗哮喘的药物。
在又一个优选的本发明融合蛋白的实施例中，所述抗原结合模块为配体，所述配体为免疫抑制性配体，所述免疫抑制性配体选自于PD-L1，PD-L2，B7-H3，B7-H4，CD47，VISTA，HVEM或GAL9中的任意一种。当用于这些靶点时，所述抗体可用于制备减轻炎症和/或减轻自身免疫症状的药物，例如可用于制备治疗哮喘的药物。
本发明另一方面还提供一种抗体，包括本发明上述的重链恒定区。
优选地，所述抗体为激动型抗体。
优选地，所述抗体为IgG。
优选地，所述抗体为人抗体或者是人源化抗体或者是嵌合抗体。
在另一个优选的本发明抗体的实施例中，所述抗体所靶向的抗原选自于CD40、DR5、OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4、FAS中的任意一种。
更进一步地，所述抗体所靶向的抗原为CD40。
更优选地，所述抗体的重链具有SEQ ID NO:27所示的序列，所述抗体的轻链具有SEQ ID NO:47所示的序列；或者所述抗体的重链具有SEQ ID NO:43所示的序列，所述抗体的轻链具有SEQ ID NO:47所示的序列。
根据本发明的靶向CD40的激动型抗体可用作疫苗佐剂。该疫苗佐剂可以和疫苗(例如OVA)联用，形成疫苗组合物，可用于预防和/或治疗肿瘤，也可用于预防和/或治疗感染。
在又一个优选的本发明抗体的实施例中，所述抗体所靶向的抗原为免疫抑制性受体分子，并且所述免疫抑制性受体分子选自于PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA、LAG-3中的任意一种。当用于这些靶点时，所述抗体可用于制备减轻炎症和/或减轻自身免疫症状的药物，例如可用于制备治疗哮喘的药物。
本发明还提供本发明融合蛋白或者抗体在制备抗癌药物中的应用。
优选地，是用于制备抗结肠癌药物或者抗纤维肉瘤药物。
本发明还提供一种药物组合物，包含本发明融合蛋白或者抗体以及药学上可接受的药物载体。该药物组合物可用于制备治疗癌症的药物。优选地，是用于制备抗结肠癌药物或者抗纤维肉瘤药物。
本发明还提供一种增强人体内源性免疫应答的方法，包括向人体施用治疗有效剂量的本发明融合蛋白或者抗体。
本发明还提供一种免疫治疗方法，包括向人体施用治疗有效剂量的本发明融合蛋白或者抗体。
本发明的有益效果是：本发明提供的重链恒定区序列能够显著增强激动型抗体或分子(包含重链恒定区序列的融合蛋白)的活性，与已经报道的同类分子相比具有更好的增强 活性的效果；并且具有本发明重链恒定区序列的激动型抗体或融合蛋白具有更优的活性的同时还具有更宽的有效剂量范围，以及更好的安全性，具有显著的市场价值。
附图说明
图1是抗体的基本结构示意图。
图2是重链恒定区的序列比对图，显示不同人IgG亚型(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4)的重链恒定区的结构。
图3是抗原结合活性测试，显示根据本发明激动型抗鼠CD40和抗人CD40抗体的实施例能够分别特异结合小鼠和人类CD40抗原。抗CD40抗体与CD40抗原的结合由ELISA分析，显示的是梯度稀释的各种抗体结合包被的小鼠CD40(A)或人类CD40(B)之后被抗人IgG检测到的ELISA信号(A650)。
图4是各IgG亚型在OVA特异CD8阳性T细胞扩增模型上的活性测试，显示激动型抗鼠CD40抗体的体内活性特异依赖于抑制型Fcγ受体FcγIIB。图示小鼠首先接受OVA特异CD8阳性T细胞(OT-I T细胞)过继输送，1天后用模式抗原OVA(以DEC-OVA的形式，OVA和抗DEC205抗体的融合蛋白，是一种有效输送OVA抗原的手段)和对照(Ctl IgG)或者具有图示抗体恒定区的抗CD40抗体免疫小鼠，6天后通过流式技术分析脾脏中OT-I T细胞的扩增情况。OT-I T细胞的扩增程度反映激动型抗鼠CD40抗体促进OVA模式抗原特异CD8阳性T细胞在OVA免疫的小鼠中的活化与扩增的活性。实验所用抗鼠CD40抗体剂量为30μg/小鼠。(A)激动型抗CD40抗体的活性需要Fcγ受体的参与和相互作用；(B)与Fcγ受体没有结合能力的人类IgG2(G2-NA)抗体没有免疫激活活性；(C)激动型抗CD40抗体在不表达抑制型Fcγ受体的小鼠(R2-/-)中完全没有活性，而在人源化抑制型Fcγ受体的小鼠(R2-/-hR2BTg)中抑制型Fcγ受体能单独驱动免疫激活活性。
图5是小鼠脾细胞体外刺激实验，显示人类激动型抗CD40抗体的体外活性依赖于抑制型Fcγ受体。B细胞激活活性分析显示激动型抗人CD40抗体的体内活性依赖于人抑制型Fcγ受体体内活性的驱动。从具有图示基因型的小鼠(hCD40Tg/hFCGRTg：同时表达人CD40和FcγRs；hCD40Tg/hR2B-/-：表达人CD40和人除FcγRIIB之外的Fcγ受体)分离脾脏细胞，在含有图示对照或抗人CD40抗体的培养基中培养48小时，然后通过流式技术分析B细胞活化标识分子CD80、CD86的表达水平，CD80和CD86表达水平的上升程度反映抗CD40抗体的活性。2B6是人抑制性Fcγ受体FcγRIIB特异的阻断抗体。
图6。是根据本发明实施例的重链恒定区实施例的ELISA分析试验，显示不同重链恒定区(包括JAC3和JAC4)与人Fcγ受体(FcγRI、FcγRIIA-R131以及FcγRIIB)的结合特点不同。测试方法为ELISA，用图示的重组抗人CD40抗体包被，检测生物素标记的如图所示人Fcγ受体分子与包被的抗体的结合。
图7是OVA特异CD8阳性T细胞扩增模型上的活性测试，显示含有JAC1序列的抗CD40抗体优于人IgG2抗CD40抗体的活性。分析方法同图4，但是使用的小鼠分别为hFCGRTg小鼠(A)和hCD40Tg/hFCGRTg小鼠(B)，抗CD40抗体剂量为10μg/小鼠。显示的是OT-I T细胞的数量，反映抗CD40抗体诱导OT-I T细胞活化与扩增的活性。
图8显示包含JAC3(anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF)和JAC4(anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG)的抗人CD40抗体较hIgG2有更强的激动活性。图示的抗人CD40抗体激活B细胞的活性分 别在hCD40TghFCGRTg脾脏细胞(A)和PMBC细胞(B)中进行了检测。B细胞激活活性分析显示anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF、anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG较人hIgG2更能支持激动型抗CD40抗体活性。图示的抗人CD40抗体激活B细胞的活性分别在hCD40TghFCGRTg脾脏细胞(A)和PMBC细胞(B)中进行了检测。用含有图示梯度稀释浓度的对照或者激动型抗人CD40抗体的培养液培养细胞48小时，然后用流式技术分析小鼠B细胞活化标识分子CD86表达水平(A)或者人B细胞活化标识分子CD54的表达水平。这些分子表达水平的上升程度反映抗CD40抗体的活性。
图9显示与hIgG3相比，hIgG2的CH1-绞链区区域能给予激动型抗CD40抗体更强的体内免疫激活活性。方法如图4和图7，在hFCGRTg小鼠中用OVA疫苗模型分别分析了图示不同抗鼠CD40抗体的活性，OT-I T细胞的扩增程度反映抗CD40抗体的活性。抗体剂量为10μg/小鼠。(A)4种hIgG亚型中，hIgG2亚型表出很强的免疫激活活性，而其余hIgG亚型，即hIgG1，hIgG3和hIgG4基本没有活性。(B)与对照组相比，hIgG2具有明显的活性，而用hIgG3的CH1-绞链区区替换hIgG2的CH1-绞链区区后，变异体hIgG2(H3)就基本没有活性。
图10显示人IgG2的CH1-绞链区较IgG1和IgG3的CH1-绞链区更能支持抗CD40抗体在OVA疫苗模型中的免疫激动活性。方法如图4和图7，在hFCGRTg小鼠中用OVA疫苗模型分别分析了图示不同抗鼠CD40抗体的活性，OT-I T细胞的扩增程度(A)和CD8:CD4比例(B)反映抗CD40抗体的活性。抗体剂量为10μg/小鼠。
图11显示包含JAC1的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))在OVA疫苗模型中具有优于人IgG2(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)和包含V11(H1)的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11))的活性。方法如图4和图7，在hFCGRTg小鼠中用OVA疫苗模型分别分析了图示不同抗鼠CD40抗体的活性，OT-I T细胞的扩增程度(A)和CD8:CD4比例(B)反映抗CD40抗体的活性。抗体剂量为10μg/小鼠。
图12显示在PBMC体外刺激实验中包含JAC1的抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11))具有优于人IgG2(Anti-hCD40-hIgG2)和包含V11(H1)的抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG1(V11))的活性。
图13 MC38肿瘤生长曲线，显示包含JAC1的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))在MC38肿瘤模型中具有优于人IgG2(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)和包含V11(H1)的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11))的活性。hFCGRTg小鼠在第0天皮下种植MC38肿瘤细胞，成瘤后于第7和10天两次经腹腔注射给予图示抗体进行治疗，剂量为每只小鼠每次31.6μg，然后测量肿瘤的体积(Tumor Volume)的变化(每组7只小鼠)。
图14为图13所示试验结果的另外一种表达形式。
图15 MO4肿瘤生长曲线，显示包含JAC1的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))在MO4小鼠纤维肉瘤模型具有优于人IgG2(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)和包含V11(H1)的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11))的活性。hFCGRTg小鼠在第0天皮下种植MO4肿瘤细胞，成瘤后于第7经腹腔注射给予图示抗体和模式抗原OVA(以OVA和抗DEC205抗体的融合蛋白的形式)进行治疗，剂量为每只小鼠31.6μg抗体和2μg OVA模式抗原，然后测量肿瘤的体积。
图16 MC38肿瘤生长曲线，显示激动型抗鼠CD40抗体在IgG Fc受体敲除小鼠(FcγR-/-) 中没有抗肿瘤活性。
图17显示低剂量包含JAC1的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))在OVA疫苗模型中具有活性。方法如图4和图7，在hFCGRTg小鼠中用OVA疫苗模型分别分析了图示不同剂量对照和JAC1抗鼠CD40抗体的活性，OT-I T细胞的扩增程度反映抗CD40抗体的活性。
图18显示包含JAC4的抗鼠CD40抗体在OVA疫苗模型中具有强的激动活性。方法如图4和图7，在hFCGRTg小鼠中用OVA疫苗模型分别分析了图示不同抗鼠CD40抗体的活性，OT-I T细胞的扩增程度反映抗CD40抗体的活性。
图19显示包含JAC1的抗DR5抗体具有更强促凋亡能力。支持抗DR5抗体活性的能力优于人IgG2，并依赖于人抑制性Fcγ受体。对照和不同抗鼠DR5抗体分别在不存在和存在图示基因型小鼠脾脏细胞(FcgR-/-或hFCGRTg)、以及存在或不存在人抑制性Fcγ受体特异阻断抗体2B6的情况下处理MC38细胞，然后分析MC38细胞中Caspase-3的活化情况(Active caspase-3(％)，反映抗DR5抗体激活DR5下游细胞凋亡信号的活性)。
图20显示提高抗体恒定区与激活型Fcγ受体的结合能力(降低I/A比值)减弱激动型抗CD40的活性。图中，变体anti-mCD40-hIgG1-SDIE和变体anti-mCD40-hIgG1-GASDALIE与激活型Fcγ受体的结合能力更强，有更低的I/A比值，其体内免疫激活活性要小于拥有更高I/A比值的抗体anti-mCD40-G1(H2)，表现为OT1细胞的比例和OT1细胞的绝对数，以及CD8+T细胞比例均显著下调，显示与激活型Fcγ受体的结合能力对抗的体活性具有重要影响。
具体实施方式
除非另有说明，否则本文中所使用的科学与技术术语应具有那些本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。此外，除非本文中另有要求，否则单数术语应包括复数，且复数术语应包括单数。通常，本文中所描述的细胞及组织培养、分子生物学、免疫学及蛋白质与核酸化学所涉及的命名法与其技术均是本领域已知且常用的。
本发明的方法与技术通常依据本领域已知的传统方法进行，且说明于本说明书所摘录和讨论的多种一般性及较专业性参考书中，除非另有说明。参见例如：Sambrook等人的Molecular Cloning：A Laboratory Manual，第2版(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，Cold Spring Harbor，N.Y.(1989))及Ausubel等人的Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(Greene Publishing Associates(1992)，及Harlow与Lane的Antibodies：A Laboratory Manual(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，Cold Spring Harbor，N.Y.(1990))，其内容已以引用的方式并入本文中。酶反应与纯化技术是根据制造商的说明书进行，通常可依本领域已知的方法或依本文说明的方法进行。与本文中描述的生物学、药理学、及医学与医药化学相关的命名法，及实验方法与技术是本领域已知且常用的。化学合成法、化学分析法、医药制法、调配法与传送法，及患者的治疗法均采用标准技术。
除非另有说明，否则下列术语具有如下定义：
术语“抗体”(“mAb”)或“单抗”，是指具有单一分子组成的抗体分子(即一级序列基本上相同、并且对特定表位显示单一的结合特异性和亲和性的抗体分子)的制备物。抗体可以通过杂交瘤、重组、转基因或本领域技术人员已知的其它技术制造。
“抗体”包括但不限于免疫球蛋白(Ig)。按理化性质和生物学功能，抗体可将其分为 IgM、IgG、IgA、IgE、IgD五类。人类IgG包含IgG1，IgG2，IgG3和IgG4四个亚类(Vidarsson G,Dekkers G and Rispens T(2014)IgG subclasses and allotypes:from structure to effector functions.Front.Immunol.5:520)。本发明中hIgG1、hIgG2、hIgG3和hIgG4分别表示人的IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。
“抗体”特异性结合抗原，并且至少包括通过二硫键相互连接的两个重链(H)和两个轻链(L)。每个重链包含重链可变区(本文缩写为VH)和重链恒定区(本文缩写为CH)；每个轻链包含轻链可变区(VL)和轻链恒定区(CL)。抗体“重链恒定区”包含CH1、CH2和CH3三个结构域以及位于CH1结构域与CH2结构域之间的绞链区(Hinge)。附图1显示了IgG抗体的基本结构的示意图。
Kabat等收集了重链和轻链可变区的许多一级序列。他们基于序列保守程度，将各个一级序列分为CDR和框架，并制作了他们的列表(参见SEQUENCES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERES T,5th Edition,NIHpublication,No.91-3242,E.A.Kabat Et Al.,全部引入作为参考)。IMGT数据库整理了人IgG各结构域的EU指数(http://www.imgt.org/IMGTScientificChart/Numbering/Hu_IGHGnber.html)。在IgG抗体背景中，重链恒定区的CH1结构域指依照Kabat的EU指数进行编号的位点118-215；重链恒定区的CH2结构域指依照Kabat的EU指数进行编号的位点231-340；重链恒定区的CH3结构域指依照Kabat的EU指数进行编号的位点341-447；重链恒定区的绞链区(Hinge)包含位点216(IgGl中的E216)-230(IgGl中的P230)，其中依照Kabat等的EU指数进行编号。附图2显示了人的IgG1，IgG2，IgG3和IgG4的重链可变区的序列比对图。
每条轻链包含“轻链可变区”(本文缩写为VL)和“轻链恒定区”。轻链恒定区由一个结构域CL组成。VH和VL区可以进一步细分为高变性的区域，称为互补决定区(CDR)，它们之间散在着较为保守的称作框架区(FR)的区域。每个VH和VL由三个CDR和四个FR组成，从氨基端向羧基端按以下顺序排列：FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3、FR4。重链和轻链的可变区包含与抗原相互作用的结合结构域。
“Fc区”(可结晶片段区域)或“Fc结构域”或“Fc”是指抗体重链的C-末端区域，其介导免疫球蛋白与宿主组织或因子的结合，包括与位于免疫系统的各种细胞(例如，效应细胞)上的Fc受体的结合，或者与经典补体系统的第一组分(C1q)的结合。在IgG，IgA和IgD抗体同种型中，Fc区由来自抗体两条重链的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的两个相同的蛋白片段构成；IgM和IgE的Fc区在每个多肽链中包含三个重链恒定结构域(CH结构域2-4)。虽然免疫球蛋白重链的Fc区的边界可以变化，但是人IgG重链Fc区通常定义为从重链位置C226或P230的氨基酸残基到羧基端的序列段，其中该编号是根据EU索引，如在Kabat中一样。如本文所使用的，Fc区可以是天然序列Fc或变体Fc。
“Fc受体”或“FcR”是结合免疫球蛋白Fc区的受体。结合IgG抗体的FcR包括FcγR家族的受体，包括这些受体的等位基因变体和可变剪接形式。人Fcγ受体家族包括几个成员：FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRIIA(CD32a)、FcγRIIB(CD32b)、FcγRIIIA(CD16a)、FcγRIIIB(CD16b)。其中，FcγRIIB是唯一的抑制性Fcγ受体，其它均为活化型Fcγ受体。大多数天然效应器细胞类型共表达一种或多种激活性FcγR和抑制性FcγRIIB，而自然杀伤(NK)细胞选择性地表达一种激活性Fcγ受体(在小鼠中是FcγRIII，在人中是 FcγRIIIA)，但在小鼠和人类中不表达抑制性FcγRIIB。这些Fcγ受体的分子结构不同，也因此对各IgG抗体亚类具有不同的亲和力。在这些Fcγ受体中FcγRI是高亲和力受体，而FcγRIIA、FcγRIIB和FcγRIIIA是低亲和力受体。基因多态性也存在于这些不同的Fcγ受体中并影响它们的结合亲和力。最常见的基因多态性是FcγRIIA的R131/H131和FcγRIIIA的V158/F158等多态形式。这些多态形式中有的被发现与多种疾病有相关性，一些特定治疗抗体的效果也依赖于病人是否带有特定的Fcγ受体基因多态形式。
本发明所述“序列”应当理解为包括与本发明序列实质相同的序列，所述“实质相同的序列”一词指当经过最适比对后，如：采用GAP或BESTFIT程序，使用默认缺口值测定两种肽序列之间具有至少70、75或80％序列同一性，优选为至少90或95％序列同一性，更优选为至少97、98或99％序列同一性。优选的，不相同的残基位置的差异最好为保守性氨基酸取代。“保守性氨基酸取代”指其中氨基酸残基被另一种具有化学性质(例如：电荷或亲水性)类似的侧链R基的氨基酸残基取代。通常，保守性氨基酸取代实质上不会改变蛋白质的功能性质。若其中两种或多种氨基酸序列的差异在于保守性取代时，可使序列同一性百分比或相似度上调，以校正取代作用的保守性质。参见例如：Pearson，Methods Mol.Biol.243：307-31(1994)。具有相似化学性质的侧链的氨基酸基团实例包括：1)脂肪族侧链：甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、与异亮氨酸；2)脂肪族-羟基侧链：丝氨酸与苏氨酸；3)含酰胺侧链：天冬酰胺与谷氨酰胺；4)芳香族侧链：苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、与色氨酸；5)碱性侧链：赖氨酸、精氨酸、与组氨酸；6)酸性侧链：天冬氨酸与谷氨酸；及7)含硫侧链：半胱氨酸与甲硫氨酸。优选保守性氨基酸取基组为：缬氨酸-亮氨酸-异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸-酪氨酸、赖氨酸-精氨酸、丙氨酸-缬氨酸、谷氨酸-天冬氨酸、及天冬酰胺-谷氨酰胺。
本发明抗体及其片段或者结构域的氨基酸的序号是以IgG EU编号(http://www.imgt.org/IMGTScientificChart/Numbering/Hu_IGHGnber.html)为依据的。
抗体通常以高亲和力特异性结合其关联抗原，这表现为10-5-10-11M或更小的解离常数(KD)。任何大于大约10-4M-1的KD通常被认为指示非特异性结合。如本文所使用的，与抗原“特异性结合”的抗体是指以高亲和力与抗原和基本上相同的抗原结合的抗体，这意味着KD为10-7M或更小，优选地10-8M或更小，甚至更优选地5×10-9M或更小，最优选地10-8-10-10M或更小，但是不会以高亲和力与无关抗原结合。如果抗原与给定抗原显示高度的序列同一性，例如，如果它与给定抗原的序列显示至少80％，至少90％，优选至少95％，更优选至少97％，或甚至更优选至少99％的序列同一性，则该抗原与给定抗原是“基本上相同的”。
本发明所述的“对抑制性Fcγ受体以及活化性Fcγ受体的亲和力比值”或者“I/A比值”指蛋白分子对抑制性Fc受体的亲和力和对激活性Fc受体的亲和力的比值，在本发明中I/A比值采用如下方式计算：I/A比值＝[KD(hFcγRIIA)或者KD(hFcγRIIIA)中的较低的KD值]/KD(hFcγRIIB)；其中KD(hFcγRIIA)为该分子对hFcγRIIA受体(以变体hFcγRIIA-R131为代表)的平衡解离常数，KD(hFcγRIIIA)为该分子对hFcγRIIIA受体(以变体hFcγRIIIA-F158为代表)的平衡解离常数，KD(hFcγRIIB)为该分子对hFcγRIIB受体的平衡解离常数；hFcγRIIA是指人的FcγRIIA受体，hFcγRIIIA是指人的FcγRIIIA受体，hFcγRIIB是指人的FcγRIIB受体。所述的“亲和力”是指两个分 子之间的结合能力的大小，通常地可以用KD来衡量。
“KD”指两个分子(例如：特定抗体和抗原或者配体和受体)相互作用的平衡解离常数。“抗原结合模块”是指以高亲和力特异性结合抗原的蛋白质，包括，但不仅限于，抗体的抗原结合片段、adnectin、纳米抗体(nanobody)、微型抗体、亲和体(affibodies)、affilin、受体的靶结合区、细胞粘附分子、配体、酶、细胞因子、和趋化因子等。抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原包括，但不限于，TNF受体超家族成员、免疫抑制性受体分子等。
术语“抗体的抗原结合部分”指负责抗原结合的抗体的氨基酸残基。抗体的抗原结合部分包含来自“互补决定区”或“CDR”的氨基酸残基。“构架”或“FR”区是非如本文中定义的高变区残基的这些可变区区域。因此，抗体的轻链和重链可变结构域从N末端到C末端包含区域FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3和FR4。特别地，重链的CDR3是最有助于抗原结合的和定义抗体性能的区域。CDR和FR根据Kabat等，SEQ ID NO:uences of Proteins of Immunological Interest，第5版，Public Health Service，National Institutes of Health，Bethesda，MD(1991)的标准定义和/或来自“高变环”的残基确定。
本发明“抗体”包括例如天然存在的和非天然存在的抗体；单克隆和多克隆抗体；嵌合和人源化抗体；人或非人抗体；全合成抗体。
“人”抗体是指这样的抗体，其可变区具有来自人种系免疫球蛋白序列的框架区和CDR区。而且，如果抗体含有恒定区，则恒定区也来自人种系免疫球蛋白序列。本发明的人抗体可以包括不是由人种系免疫球蛋白序列编码的氨基酸残基(例如，通过体外随机或定点突变或者通过体内体细胞突变引入的突变)。然而，如本文所使用的，术语“人抗体”，不意图包括来自其它哺乳动物物种(如小鼠)的种系的CDR序列被嫁接到人框架序列上的抗体。术语“人”抗体和“完全人”抗体被同义使用。
“人源化”抗体是指其中非人抗体CDR结构域以外的一些、大部分或全部的氨基酸被来自人免疫球蛋白的相应氨基酸所替换的抗体。在人源化形式抗体的一个实施方案中，CDR结构域以外的一些、大部分或全部氨基酸被来自人免疫球蛋白的氨基酸代替，而一个或多个CDR区域内的一些、大部分或全部氨基酸都不变。允许对氨基酸进行小的添加、删除、插入、取代或修饰，只要它们不会消除抗体结合特定抗原的能力即可。“人源化”抗体保留与原始抗体相似的抗原特异性。
“嵌合抗体”是指可变区来自一个物种而恒定区来自另一个物种的抗体，例如可变区来自小鼠抗体而恒定区来自人抗体的抗体。
“激动型抗体”是与受体结合并激活受体的抗体。激动型抗体的功能实例包括，但不限于：1)抗DR5的激动型抗体与DR5结合并诱导表达DR5受体的细胞凋亡；2)抗CD40的激动型抗体能够通过结合免疫细胞表面传递免疫激活信号的靶标分子并激活其控制的重要免疫激活信号通路，进而增强抗肿瘤免疫应答间接杀死肿瘤细胞。
一些已经进入临床研究阶段的激动型抗体的实例如下表1。
表1：已经进入临床研究阶段的激动型抗体。
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000002
上表所列的激动型抗体可以通过将重链恒定区替换为本发明的重链恒定区而获得更高的激动活性。或者本发明的激动型抗体可以采用上表所列的激动型抗体的抗原结合片段，以构成针对特定TNF受体超家族成员的活性增强的激动型抗体。
“免疫共刺激因子”是为免疫细胞活化提供第二活化信号的配体分子。T细胞除了 MHC/抗原肽-T细胞受体(TCR)提供第一信号之外，活化还需要包括B7/CD28、ICOSL/ICOS、OX40L/OX40、4-1BBL/4-1BB等提供共刺激信号。B细胞活化也需要抗原/B细胞受体(BCR)之外由CD40L/CD40等提供的共刺激信号。这类信号通路中的配体分子就是免疫共刺激因子。本发明优选的免疫共刺激因子的实例包括，但不限于，B7(CD80、CD86)、ICOSL、OX40L/CD134、4-1BBL/CD137L、CD40L/CD154、CD30L/CD153、CD27L/CD70或者SLAM家族分子(CD244、CD150、CD48、CD84、CD319、Ly108、CD229、SLAMF8)等。
本文的“肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族”或“TNF受体超家族”，是指可与TNF家族的细胞因子结合的受体多肽。一般而言，这些受体是在其胞外区具有一个或多个半胱氨酸丰富的重复序列的I型跨膜受体。TNF基因家族中细胞因子的实例包括：肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、肿瘤坏死因子-β(TNF-β或淋巴毒素)、CD30配体、CD27配体、CD40配体、OX-40配体、4-1BB配体、Apo-1配体(也称作Fas配体或CD95配体)、Apo-2配体(也称作TRAIL)、Apo-3配体(也称作TWEAK)、osteoprotegerin(OPG)，APRIL、RANK配体(也称作TRANCE)，和TALL-1(也称作BlyS、BAFF或THANK)。TNF受体超家族中受体的实例包括：1型肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR1)、2型肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR2)、p75神经生长因子受体(NGFR)、B细胞表面抗原CD40、T细胞抗原OX-40、Apo-1受体(也称作Fas或CD95)、Apo-3受体(也称作DR3、sw1-1、TRAMP和LARD)、称作“跨膜激活剂和CAML-相互作用子(interactor)”或“TACI”的受体、BCMA蛋白、DR4、DR5(或者，也称作Apo-2；TRAIL-R2，TR6，Tango-63，hAPO8，TRICK2或KILLER)、DR6、DcR1(也称作TRID、LIT或TRAIL-R3)、DcR2(也称作TRAIL-R4或TRUNDD)、OPG、DcR3(也称作TR6或M68)、CAR1、HVEM(也称作ATAR或TR2)、GITR、ZTNFR-5、NTR-1、TNFL1、CD30、淋巴毒素β受体(LTBr)、4-1BB受体和TR9(EP988,371 A1)。本发明优选的TNF受体超家族成员的实例包括，但不限于，CD40、DR5、OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4或者FAS等。
“免疫抑制性受体”是一类跨膜糖蛋白，能够抑制或阻断免疫细胞内活化信号的传递，本发明的实施例中免疫抑制性受体分子包括，但不限于，PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA或者LAG-3等。
“免疫抑制性配体”免疫抑制性受体的配体，能够结合免疫抑制性受体并激活其下游抑制性信号，本发明的实施例中免疫抑制性配体分子包括，但不限于，PD-L1，PD-L2，B7-H3，B7-H4，VISTA，HVEM或GAL9中的任意一种。
“免疫应答”是指脊椎动物体内针对外来作用介质的生物学应答，该应答可保护生物体免于被这些作用介质或者由其造成的疾病的伤害。免疫应答是由免疫系统的细胞(例如，T淋巴细胞，B淋巴细胞，自然杀伤NK)细胞，巨噬细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞，肥大细胞，树突细胞或嗜中性粒细胞)和由这些细胞的任一种或肝脏产生的可溶性大分子(包括抗体，细胞因子和补体)的作用介导的，其导致脊椎动物机体入侵病原体、细胞或被病原体感染的组织、癌细胞或其它异常细胞，或者，在自身免疫性或病理性炎症中，针对正常的人细胞或组织的选择性靶向、结合、损害、破坏，和/或消除。
“免疫疗法”是指用包括诱导、强化、抑制或者修饰免疫应答的方法对患有疾病、具有发生疾病风险、或者疾病复发的受试者进行治疗。
“增强内源性免疫应答”意思是强化受试者体内现有的免疫应答的有效性或强度。此类效率和潜力的强化可以通过，例如，克服抑制内源性宿主免疫应答的机制，或者通过刺激强化内源性宿主免疫应答的机制来实现。
药物或治疗剂(例如本发明融合蛋白或者抗体)的“治疗有效量”或“治疗有效剂量”是药物的任何如下所述的量，当单独使用或与另一种治疗剂组合使用该量的药物时，可促进疾病消退，疾病消退表现为疾病症状的严重度降低、无疾病症状期的频率和持续时间增加、或者防止由患病导致的障碍或失能。药物的治疗有效量或剂量包括“预防有效量”或“预防有效剂量”，“预防有效量”或“预防有效剂量”是药物的任何如下所述的量，当将该量的药物单独施用或者与另一种治疗剂组合施用于具有发生疾病的风险或者遭受疾病复发的受试者时，可抑制疾病的发生或复发。治疗剂促进疾病消退或抑制疾病发展或复发的能力可以用技术人员已知的各种方法进行评估，例如在人类受试者的临床试验中，在可预测在人类中的效力的动物模型系统中，或者通过在体外测定系统中测定试剂的活性。
作为举例，抗癌剂(治疗癌症的药物组合物)促进受试者体内的肿瘤消退。在优选的实施方案中，治疗有效量的药物促进癌细胞消退乃至消除癌症。“促进癌症消退”意思是单独施用或与抗肿瘤剂(anti-neoplastic agent)组合施用治疗有效量的药物导致肿瘤生长减少或大小减小、肿瘤坏死、至少一种疾病症状的严重程度降低，无疾病症状期的频率和持续时间增加，防止由患病导致的障碍或失能，或者以其他方式改善患者的疾病症状。此外，术语关于治疗的“有效”和“有效性”包括药理学有效性和生理学安全性二者。药理学有效性是指药物促进患者癌症消退的能力。生理学安全性是指由于药物施用导致的细胞、器官和/或生物体水平上的毒性或者其它不良生理效果(不良作用)的水平。
作为肿瘤治疗的例子，与未经治疗的受试者相比，治疗有效量或剂量的药物优选地可以抑制细胞生长或肿瘤生长达至少大约20％，更优选至少大约40％，甚至更优选至少大约60％，并且还更优选至少大约80％。在最优选的实施方案中，治疗有效量或剂量的药物可完全抑制细胞生长或肿瘤生长，即优选地抑制细胞生长或肿瘤生长达100％。化合物抑制肿瘤生长的能力可以在动物模型系统中进行评价，例如本文描述的MC38结肠腺癌小鼠肿瘤模型，它们能够预测在人肿瘤中的效力。作为替代，组合物的这一性质可以通过检验化合物抑制细胞生长的能力进行评估，这样的抑制可以通过技术人员已知的测定法在体外加以测量。在本发明的其他优选实施方案中，肿瘤消退可以观察到，并持续至少约20天，更优选至少约40天，或甚至更优选至少约60天的时间。
对受试者的“治疗”或“疗法”是指以逆转、减轻、改善、抑制、减缓或防止与疾病有关的症状、并发症、病症或生化指标的出现、进展、发展、严重程度或复发为目的对受试者进行任何类型的干预或处理，或者向其施用活性剂。
在本发明免疫治疗方法的优选实施方案中，受试者是人。
“癌症”是指一大类以异常细胞在体内不受控制地生长为特征的各种疾病。不受控制的细胞分裂和生长分裂和生长导致形成恶性肿瘤或细胞，它们侵入邻近组织，还可以通过淋巴系统或血流转移到身体的远端部分。在本发明中“治疗癌症”的另一种等同的描述是“治疗肿瘤”或者“抗癌”或者“抗肿瘤”
如所述，本发明包含本发明重链恒定区序列的抗体或融合蛋白在治疗增殖性疾病如癌症中的用途。癌症是不受控制的妨碍身体器官和系统的正常功能的细胞生长的病症。患 有癌症的受试者是具有客观可测量的存在于受试者机体内的癌症细胞的受试者。处于发展癌症的危险中的受试者是易于发展癌症(例如基于家族史、遗传倾向)的受试者、接触放射或其他引起癌症的试剂的受试者。从其原先部位迁移并且接种重要器官的癌症可通过受影响器官的功能退化最终导致受试者的死亡。造血性癌症(如白血病)能竞争得过受试者的正常的造血室，因此导致造血衰竭(以贫血症、血小板减少症和中性粒细胞减少症的形式)，最终导致死亡。
本发明包含本发明重链恒定区序列的抗体或融合蛋白可用于治疗多种癌症或处于发展癌症的危险中的受试者。这种癌症的例子包括乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、皮肤癌、黑素瘤、结肠癌、胃癌、肝癌、食道癌、肾癌、咽喉癌、甲状腺癌、胰腺癌、睾丸癌、脑癌、骨癌和血癌(如白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病)等。在一个实施例中，本发明的疫苗组合物可用于刺激免疫反应以通过抑制或延缓肿瘤的生长或减少肿瘤的大小来治疗肿瘤。肿瘤相关抗原也可以是主要(但不限于)由肿瘤细胞表达的抗原。
其他的癌症包括但不限于基底细胞癌、胆道癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、脑和中枢神经系统(CNS)癌、宫颈癌、绒毛膜癌、结肠直肠癌、结缔组织癌、消化系统癌、子宫内膜癌、食道癌、眼癌、头颈癌、胃癌、上皮内肿瘤、肾癌、喉癌、肝癌、肺癌(小细胞、大细胞)、淋巴瘤(包括霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤)；黑素瘤；神经母细胞瘤；口腔癌(例如唇、舌头、口和咽)；卵巢癌；胰腺癌；视网膜母细胞瘤；横纹肌肉瘤；直肠癌；呼吸系统癌；肉瘤；皮肤癌；胃癌；睾丸癌；甲状腺癌；子宫癌；泌尿系统癌；以及其他癌和肉瘤。
“疫苗”是指在单独施用或与佐剂的结合施用时导致免疫上的抗原特异性效应的组合物。这包括赋予保护的预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗。
可用本发明的疫苗组合物治疗或预防的感染包括细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫。其他不常见类型的感染也包括立克次体(rickettsiae)、支原体(mycoplasms)和病原体(agents)引起的羊瘙痒病(scrapie)、牛海绵样脑病(BSE)以及朊病毒病(例如库鲁病(kuru)和克雅病(Creutzfeldt-Jacobdisease))。感染人的细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫的例子是已知的。感染可以是急性的、亚急性的、慢性或潜在的，并且它可以是局部的或全身的。此外，感染可在宿主中感染性生物体的因子的生活周期的至少一个阶段期间主要是细胞内或细胞外的。
可使用本发明的疫苗组合物和方法对抗的细菌感染包括革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性菌。革兰氏阳性菌的例子包括但不限于巴氏杆菌属(Pasteurella)物种、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococci)物种和链球菌属(Streptococci)物种。革兰氏阴性菌的例子包括但不限于大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)物种和沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)物种。感染性细菌的特定例子包括但不限于幽门螺杆菌(Heliobacterpyloris)、布氏疏螺旋体(Borreliaburgdorferi)、嗜肺性军团病菌(Legionellapneumophilia)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacteria)物种(例如结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis)、鸟分枝杆菌(M.avium)、胞内分枝杆菌(M.intracellilare)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌(M.kansaii)、戈登分枝杆菌(M.gordonae))、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)、淋病奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)、脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseriameningitidis)、单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌(Listeriamonocytogeners)、酿脓链球菌(Streptococcuspyogenes)(A组链球菌属)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalactiae)(B组链球菌属)、链球菌属(草绿色组)、粪链球菌(Streptococcusfaecalis)、牛链球菌(streptococcusbovis)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)(aenorobicspp.)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneumoniae)、病原性弯 曲杆菌属(pathogenicCampylobacter)物种、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)物种、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilusinfluenzae)、炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillusanthracis)、白喉棒杆菌(Corynebacteriumdiptheriae)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)物种、猪红斑丹毒丝菌(Erysipelothrixrhusiopathie)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridiumperfringens)、破伤风梭菌(Clostridiumtetani)、产气肠杆菌(Enterobacteraerogenes)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae)、多杀巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurellamultocida)、类杆菌属(Bacteroides)物种、具核梭杆菌(Fusobacteriumnucleatum)、念珠状链杆菌(Streptobacillus moniliformis)、梅毒密螺旋体(Treponemapallidum)、极细密螺旋体(Treponemapertenue)、钩端螺旋体属(Leptospira)、立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)和衣氏放线菌(Actinomycesisraelii)。
引起人类感染的病毒的例子包括但不限于逆转录病毒科(Retroviridae)(例如人类缺陷性病毒，如HIV-1(也称为HTLV-III)、HIV-II、LAC或IDLV-III/LAV或HIV-III以及其他分离株，如HIV-LP)、小RNA病毒科(Picornaviridae)(例如脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus)、甲型肝炎、肠道病毒(enteroviruses)、人类柯萨奇病毒(humanCoxsackieviruses)、鼻病毒(rhinoviruses)、艾柯病毒(echoviruses))、杯状病毒科(Calciviridae)(例如导致胃肠炎的菌株)、披膜病毒科(Togaviridae)(例如马脑炎病毒(equine encephalitisviruses)、风疹病毒(rubellaviruses))、黄病毒科(Flaviviridae)(例如登革病毒(dengueviruses)、脑炎病毒(encephalitisviruses)、黄热病毒(yellowfeverviruses))、冠状病毒科(Coronaviridae)(例如冠状病毒(coronaviruses))、弹状病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)(例如水泡性孔病毒(vesicularstomataviruses)、狂犬病毒(rabiesviruses))、纤丝病毒科(Filoviridae)(例如依波拉病毒(Ebolaviruses))、副黏病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)(例如副流感病毒(parainfluenzaviruses)、腮腺炎病毒(mumpsviruses)、麻疹病毒(measlesvirus)、呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratorysyncytialvirus))、正黏病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae)(例如流感病毒(influenzaviruses))、布尼亚病毒科(Bungaviridae)(例如汉坦病毒(Hataanviruses)、布尼亚病毒(bungaviruses)、白蛉热病毒(phleoboviruses)和Nairo病毒))、沙粒病毒科(Arenaviridae)(出血热病毒(hemorrhagicfeverviruses))，呼肠孤病毒科(Reoviridae)(例如呼肠病毒(reoviruses))、环状病毒(orbiviruses)、轮状病毒(rotaviruses))、双RNA病毒科(Bimaviridae)、嗜肝DNA病毒科(Hepadnaviridae)(乙型肝炎病毒)、细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)(细小病毒(parvoviruses))、乳多空病毒科(Papovaviridae)(乳头瘤病毒(papillomaviruses)、多瘤病毒(polyomaviruses))、腺病毒科(Adenoviridae)(腺病毒(adenoviruses))、疱疹病毒科(Herpeviridae)(例如单纯疱疹病毒(herpessimplexvirus)(HSV)I和II、水痘带状疱疹病毒(varicellazostervirus)、痘病毒(poxviruses))和虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)(例如非洲猪瘟病毒(Africanswinefevervirus))和未分类病毒(例如海绵状脑病的致病因子(etiologicagents)、丁型肝炎的因子、非甲型非乙型肝炎的因子(1类肠道传播；2类胃肠外传播如丙型肝炎)；诺沃克(Norwalk)及相关的病毒和星状病毒(astroviruses))。
真菌的例子包括曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)物种、粗球孢子菌(Coccidoidesimmitis)、新型隐球菌(Cryptococcusneoformans)、白色念珠菌(Candidaalbicans)及其他念珠菌属物种、皮炎芽生菌(Blastomycesdermatidis)、荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)、沙眼衣原体(Chlamydiatrachomatis)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)物种和卡氏肺孢子虫(Pneumocytiscarinii)。
寄生虫包括但不限于血源性和/或组织寄生虫，如田鼠巴贝虫(Babesiamicroti)、分歧巴贝虫(Babesidivergans)、溶组织内阿米巴(Entomoebahistolytica)、蓝氏贾第虫(Giardalamblia)，热带利什曼原虫(Leishmaniatropica)、利什曼原虫属(Leishmania)物种、巴西利什曼原虫(Leishmaniabraziliensis)、杜氏利什曼原虫(Leishmaniadonovdni)、恶性疟原虫(Plasmodiumfalciparum)、三日疟原虫(Plasmodiummalariae)、卵形疟原虫(Plasmodiumovale)、间日疟原虫(Plasmodiumvivax)、刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasmagondii)、冈比亚锥虫(Trypanosomagambiense)、罗德西亚锥虫(Trypanosomarhodesiense)(非洲睡眠病)、克式锥虫(Trypanosomacruzi)(恰加斯病(Chagus’disease))和刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasmagondii)、扁虫(flatworms)和蛔虫(roundworms)。
“药学上可接受的药物载体”包括生理上相容的任何及所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等等。优选载体适于静脉内、肌内、皮下、肠胃外、脊锥(spinal)或表皮给药(例如通过注射或输注)。
本发明的药物组合物/疫苗组合物可通过本领域公知的多种方法给药。正如技术人员将会理解的那样，给药路径和/或方式将随期望的结果而变动。为通过某些给药路径给药本发明的化合物，可能需要用防止化合物失活的材料对其进行包衣，或化合物与之共给药。例如，可以向受试者给药处于适宜载体例如脂质体或稀释剂中的化合物。可药用稀释剂包括盐溶液和水性缓冲溶液。
可药用载体包括无菌水性溶液或分散液，以及用于临时制备无菌注射液或分散液的无菌粉剂。此类介质和药剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域公知的。
下面结合附图对本发明的较佳实施例进行详细阐述，以使本发明的优点和特征能更易于被本领域技术人员理解，从而对本发明的保护范围做出更为清楚明确的界定。
材料与方法
本发明具体的实施例中所采用的部分材料和试验方法列举如下。本文列举的材料和方法中未尽的事项以及本文所涉及的其他材料和方法均属于现有技术中常规的技术手段，本领域的技术人员可以根据现有技术而获得，在此不做更多的描述。
1、抗体
在具体的实施例中，抗鼠CD40和DR5抗体的重链可变区和轻链序列已经在以前的研究中获得(Li F,Ravetch JV.2011.Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies.Science 333:1030-4；Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10966-71)。抗人CD40抗体重链可变区和轻链序列已经在US7338660中披露。
本发明的人IgG的抗体重链恒定区序列(包括人IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4的抗体重链恒定区)已经在以前的研究中获得(Li F,Ravetch JV.2011.Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies.Science 333:1030-4；Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10966-71)，没有的通过基因合成。本发明的抗体重链恒定区的变体是在上述人IgG的抗体重链恒定区序列的基础上通过点突变等方法构建的。所用抗体均通过瞬时转染HEK 293T细胞表达，并通过protein G Sepharose 4 Fast Flow(GE Healthcare)纯化上清获得。对照小鼠和人类IgG抗体从Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory购得。
2、小鼠
Fcγ受体缺陷鼠即Fcγ受体α链缺陷型鼠(FcgR-/-)，和Fcγ受体人源化小鼠(FcgR-/-hFCGRTg，简称hFCGRTg)都已经在文献中描述过(Smith P,DiLillo DJ,Bournazos S,Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Mouse model recapitulating human Fcgamma receptor structural and functional diversity.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:6181-6)。FcγII受体缺陷鼠R2-/-(FcgR2b-/-)和FcγIIB受体人源化小鼠R2-/-hR2BTg(FcgR2b-/-hFCGR2BTg)已经在文献中描述过(Li F,Ravetch JV.2011.Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies.Science 333:1030-4；Li F,Ravetch JV.2012.Apoptotic and antitumor activity of death receptor antibodies require inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10966-71)。表达人类CD40的转基因小鼠为表达人CD40的BAC转基因小鼠(hCD40Tg)。hCD40+小鼠和hFCGRTg小鼠杂交可以获得CD40以及Fcγ受体均人源化的小鼠(hCD40Tg hFCGRTg)，同时也可以获得表达hCD40+小鼠和除了hFCGR2BTg之外的其它hFCGRTg的小鼠(hCD40Tg hR2B-/-)。所有实验鼠养殖在上海交通大学医学院动物科学实验中心,所有实验的开展均符合我国法律和各级规章并获得上海交通大学医学院动物护理和使用委员会的许可。
3、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定抗CD40抗体的CD40结合能力分析
分析抗人CD40抗体时，用重组人CD40蛋白(近岸蛋白质科技有限公司)包被酶联板，常温过夜，1％BSA室温封闭2h后用PBST(含0.05％吐温20的PBS)洗三次，每孔加入100μL梯度稀释的人激动型CD40抗体，室温孵育1h后用PBST洗四次，加入浓度为100ng/ml生物素标记的抗人Igκ轻链的二抗，室温孵育1h后PBST洗4次，加入适宜浓度的SAV-HRP，室温孵育1h后加入显色底物，5分钟后于650nm处测吸光值。
分析抗鼠CD40抗体时，使用重组鼠CD40蛋白(近岸蛋白质科技有限公司)包被，HRP标记的山羊抗人IgG-Fc抗体作为二抗进行检测，其他实验方法同上。
4、OVA特异CD8阳性T细胞扩增模型
年龄2-4月的小鼠通过尾静脉注射过继转移2 x 106个重悬于200微升PBS中的OT-I脾细胞(CD45.1+)，之后通过腹腔注射进行免疫。对照组注射2微克的DEC-OVA蛋白和对照抗体(Li F,Ravetch JV.2011.Inhibitory Fcgamma receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies.Science 333:1030-4)，其余组同时注射2微克的DEC-OVA蛋白和抗CD40抗体。6天以后，取小鼠脾脏细胞并用ACK裂解液裂解红细胞后重悬于FACS缓冲液(PBS加0.5％FBS,2mM EDTA和0.1％NaN3)中制备单个脾细胞悬液；然后通过流式染色分析OVA特异性CD8+T细胞(OT-1)的扩增。用到的抗体包括荧光标记的抗小鼠CD45.1，CD4，CD8，和TCR-Vα2抗体。流式分析用DAPI染色排除死细胞，CD45.1+/CD8+/TCR-Vα2+被鉴定为OT-1/CD8+T细胞。
5、小鼠脾细胞体外刺激实验
取小鼠脾脏细胞并用ACK裂解液裂解红细胞后重悬于脾细胞培养液(RPMI+10％FBS+1％P/S双抗)中，每孔2×105细胞铺板，用梯度稀释的激动型抗CD40抗体进行处理，37℃培养48小时，然后用FACS分析小鼠B细胞表面活化标识分子(CD80、CD86) 的表达情况。活化标识分子的表达情况反映为平均荧光强度(MFI)，与激动型抗CD40抗体激活B细胞的活性正相关。
6、PBMC体外刺激实验
Ficoll分离获得健康人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)，每孔2×105细胞铺板，用梯度稀释的激动型抗CD40抗体进行处理，37度培养48小时，然后用FACS分析PBMC中B细胞表面活化标识分子(CD54、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR)的表达情况，活化标识分子的表达情况反映为平均荧光强度(MFI)，与激动型抗CD40抗体激活B细胞的活性正相关。
7、ELISA分析抗体与FcγR的结合特性
取适当浓度的100μL的抗体加入酶联板中包被过夜，弃上清，用含1％BSA的PBS封闭2小时，PBST(含0.05％吐温20的PBS)洗涤，然后加入适当浓度的biotin标签的FcγR胞外结构域蛋白(北京义翘神州生物技术有限公司)室温孵育1小时后弃掉上清，PBST洗涤。加入Streptavidin-HRP(BD Biosciences)室温孵育1小时检测biotin蛋白，去除上清，加入显色液显色20-40分钟后测定650 nm的吸光值A650。
8、表面等离子共振
所有的表面等离子共振(SPR)分析实验所用的缓冲体系为：10 mM Hepes(pH 7.4)，150 mM NaCl，3.4 mM EDTA，0.005％表面活性剂P20，实验均在Biacore T100(GE医疗)SPR系统上进行，设定温度为25℃。在pH 4.5的条件下His标签的可溶性鼠FcγR胞外结构域蛋白(北京义翘神州生物技术有限公司)通过胺基偶联固定在CM5芯片，达到约2000的响应单位(response unites,RUs)密度。两倍梯度稀释的具有适当浓度范围的抗体样品以30μL/min的速度注入流动相，结合3分钟后解离5分钟。每次分析循环结束后，以一定浓度的NaOH，50μL/min的流速注入传感器表面30秒对其进行再生。在Biacore T100分析软件(版本1.1，GE医疗)中扣除未固定通道的背景结合信号以后，利用1:1的结合动力学模式进行拟和计算出亲和常数KD值。
9、MC38肿瘤模型
MC38是小鼠结肠癌细胞株，2到4个月年龄的hFCGRTg小鼠通过皮下注射接种2×106个MC38细胞，每隔3天使用游标卡尺测量肿瘤大小，并使用公式(L12×L2)/2计算肿瘤体积，其中L1是肿瘤组织的最短直径，L2是最长直径。接种肿瘤细胞7天以后，根据肿瘤大小将小鼠进行随机分组(第0天)，通过腹腔注射对照组小鼠给予31.6μg同型对照IgG，其余组给予31.6μg相应抗体。第3天时，给予与第0天相同的处理，即对照组小鼠给予同型对照IgG，其余组给予相应抗体。之后，继续测量肿瘤大小，计算肿瘤体积。
10、MO4肿瘤模型
MO4是小鼠纤维肉瘤细胞株，2到4个月年龄的hFCGRTg小鼠通过皮下注射接种2×106个MO4细胞，每隔3天使用游标卡尺测量肿瘤大小，并使用公式(L12×L2)/2计算肿瘤体积，其中L1是肿瘤组织的最长直径，L2是最短直径。接种肿瘤细胞7天以后，根据肿瘤大小将小鼠进行随机分组(第0天)，通过腹腔注射对照组小鼠给予31.6μg同型对照IgG和2μg OVA抗原(以DEC205抗体和OVA融合蛋白的形式)，其余组给予31.6μg相应抗体和2μg OVA抗原(以DEC205抗体和OVA融合蛋白的形式)。之后，继续测量肿瘤大小，计算肿瘤体积。
11、抗DR5抗体的DR5结合能力分析
为了分析不同抗DR5抗体对DR5的结合能力，MC38细胞用冰FACS缓冲液(PBS+0.5％FBS+2mM EDTA+0.1％NaN3)重悬，加入3.16倍梯度稀释对照和抗DR5抗体，浓度范围2ng-20μg/mL，室温孵育15分钟后用冰FACS缓冲液洗两次；然后再用FITC标记的山羊抗人抗体(VECTOR FI-3080)进行流式染色，冰上避光孵育25分钟，FACS缓冲液洗两次，然后进行流式分析。抗体结合DR5的能力与FITC平均荧光强度(MFI)正相关，结果显示抗DR5抗体的DR5结合能力相当。
12、抗DR5抗体促凋亡活性分析
为了分析抗DR5抗体的促凋亡活性，将MC38细胞铺在平底96孔板，培养过夜，弃掉培养液，每孔加入100μL新鲜培养液，分别含或不含106个取自FcgR-/-、hFCGRTg基因型(B6背景)鼠裂红脾细胞，同时每孔另加100μL新鲜培养液，含或不含1μg/mL 2B6抗体的1μg/mL对照或抗DR5抗体，37℃孵育4小时。取出96孔板置冰上，轻轻吸弃上清，200μL冰PBS洗；100μL胰酶消化3-5分钟，等体积全培养液终止，收取细胞，4℃，400×g离心5分钟收集，然后用CD45抗体(clone：30-F11；Biolegend)进行表面分子流式染色，再进行激活caspase-3胞内染色(抗体clone C92-605；BD Biosciences)，进行流式分析。MC38细胞依次用前散射角FSC和侧散射角SSC，以及CD45阴性圈出，分析激活caspase-3(激活型半胱天冬酶)的表达。促凋亡能力和激活caspase-3染色的平均荧光强度(MFI)正相关。
实施例1.本发明重链恒定区以及包含本发明重链恒定区序列的激动型抗体
通过上文所提到的基因克隆和表达纯化技术，本发明构建了一系列不同的重链恒定区的具体的实施例，并基于这些重链恒定区构建了抗人CD40或者抗鼠CD40的抗体以及抗鼠DR5的抗体。
概括地讲，在本发明具体的实施例中，重链恒定区被分成两部分进行研究优化，包括CH1-绞链区部分以及CH2-CH3结构域部分。所述CH1-绞链区部分意指由抗体CH1结构域和绞链区构成的区段，CH2-CH3结构域部分意指由抗体CH2结构域和CH3结构域构成的区段。在具体的实施例中，CH1-绞链区采用了未经突变的hIgG1的CH1-绞链区(SEQ ID NO:1)，或者hIgG2的CH1-绞链区(SEQ ID NO:2)，或者hIgG3的CH1-绞链区(SEQ ID NO:3)，或者hIgG4的CH1-绞链区(SEQ ID NO:4)；CH2-CH3结构域采用了未经突变的hIgG1的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:5)，或者hIgG2的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:6)，或者hIgG3的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:7)，或者hIgG4的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:8)，或者是在hIgG CH2-CH3结构域的基础上进行了氨基酸突变的CH2-CH3结构域，例如：带V11突变的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:9)是在hIgG1的CH2-CH3结构域的基础上进行了G237D/P238D/H268D/P271G/A330R五个突变得到的CH2-CH3结构域；带V9突变的CH2-CH3结构域(SEQ ID NO:10)是在hIgG1的CH2-CH3结构域的基础上进行了G237D/P238D/P271G/A330R四个突变得到的CH2-CH3结构域。
在本发明重链恒定区的实施例中，重链恒定区的序列是由相应的CH1-绞链区序列以及CH2-CH3结构域序列组合得到的。本发明重链恒定区的实施例的具体信息可以参见表2。
需要说明的是，表2中所涉及的重链恒定区的实施例均构架于人的IgG上，hIgG1、hIgG2、hIgG3和hIgG4分别表示人的IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。表2中部分序列带有 突变，具体的突变列在了括号内，且具体突变氨基酸的序号是以IgG EU编号为依据的。
下面具体举例说明表2所列的重链恒定区的结构。名称为G1的重链恒定区的CH1-绞链区的来源为hIgG1，CH2-CH3结构域的来源为hIgG1，由此表示G1的序列是由未经突变的hIgG1的CH1-绞链区的序列同未经突变的hIgG1CH2-CH3结构域的序列拼合而成的。名称为V11(H2)的重链恒定区(在本文中又称JAC1)的CH1-绞链区的来源为hIgG2，CH2-CH3结构域的来源为带有G237D/P238D/H268D/P271G/A330R突变的hIgG1，由此表示V11(H2)的序列(SEQ ID NO:11)是由未经突变的hIgG2的CH1-绞链区的序列同带有G237D/P238D/H268D/P271G/A330R突变的hIgG1CH2-CH3结构域的序列拼合而成的。其他的重链恒定区的实施例的序列均可根据表2以及本发明附属的序列表得出。
表2：本发明重链恒定区的实施例。
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000004
本发明具体的实施例中所构建抗体均为人抗体或者嵌合抗体(全部抗体恒定区为人源的，抗人CD40抗体的CDR是人源的，抗鼠CD40和抗鼠DR5抗体的CDR是鼠源的)，其中人抗人CD40或者人抗鼠CD40的抗体以及人抗鼠DR5的抗体均是基于相应的本发明的重链恒定区的，因而相应的编号主要是通过不同重链恒定区来区分的，本发明实施例中所涉及抗体的具体信息见表3。本发明实施例中针对相同抗原的抗体具有相同的轻链序列以及相同的重链可变区序列，但重链恒定区的序列不同。例如：本发明实施例中人抗人CD40的抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG)具有相同的轻链序列(SEQ ID NO:47)以及相同的重链可变区序列；实际上本发明抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG)的轻链序列、重链可变区序列与激动型抗体CP-870893的轻链序列、重链可变区序列相同，而CP-870893是最早由Pfizer开发的针对hCD40靶点的全人IgG2激动型抗体，用于实体瘤免疫治疗以及增强疫苗活性。本发明实施例中人抗鼠CD40的抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG)具有相同的轻链序列(SEQ ID NO:48)以及相同的重链可变区序列；本发明实施例中人抗鼠DR5的抗体(Anti-mDR5-hIgG)具有相同的轻链序列(SEQ ID NO:49)以及相同的重链可变区序列。
需要说明的是本发明部分的抗体实施例实际上可以看作是运用不同抗体区段构建出来的融合蛋白，其在结构形式上保留了抗体的特征，但是具体的各个功能部分可能源自于不同的抗体IgG亚型，部分还带有氨基酸突变。因而可以理解的是，本发明实施例的重链恒定区的序列还可以应用到其他非本发明上述实施例所提供的激动型抗体或融合蛋白中。
在一个具体的实施例中，可以将特异性结合抗原的抗体的重链可变区和轻链与本发明提供的重链恒定区融合以获得效果增强的其他抗体，例如：将上文表1中所列的在研的激动型抗体的重链可变区和轻链与本发明提供的JAC1融合可以获得活性增强的针对不同TNFR的抗体。
在另一个具体的实施例中，可以将特异性结合抗原的抗原结合模块与本发明提供的重链恒定区融合以获得效果增强的融合蛋白，例如：将特异性结合CD40的纳米抗体(nanobody)与本发明提供的JAC1融合可以获得活性增强的融合蛋白。
在另一个实施例中，本发明的抗体不仅可以使人抗体，还可以是嵌合抗体，人源化抗体等。
表3：本发明抗体实施例的具体信息。
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000007
运用上文所提到的酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)方法，测定了本发明抗CD40抗体实施例的CD40结合能力。如图3所示，抗鼠CD40的抗体(图3A)以及抗人CD的抗体(图3B)均进行了CD40结合能力的测试。结果显示，本发明实施例中构建的抗CD40的抗体均保有对CD40的结合能力。值得注意的是，本实验ELISA分析显示Anti-hCD40-hIgG2和Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11)对hCD40的结合能力相对其他变体较低。而考虑到结合能力偏低的Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11)在体内外的实验中均表现出活性优势，故判定抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG)的变体对人CD40的结合能力没有显著的差异。
实施例2.人类IgG激动型抗体的活性依赖于抗体Fc与Fcγ受体的相互作用
为了研究人类IgG激动型抗体的活性是否受到抗体Fc与Fcγ受体相互作用的调控，四种IgG亚型(hIgG1、hIgG2、hIgG3、hIgG4)的激动型抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2、Anti-mCD40-hIgG3、Anti-mCD40-hIgG4)作为模式抗体(图2A)被首先用于研究其免疫激活活性是否受到Fcγ受体表达的影响。
由于激动型CD40具有促进抗原提呈细胞活化并诱导抗原特异性CD8阳性T细胞的活化与扩增的免疫激活活性，激动型人抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG)促进OVA模式抗原特异CD8阳性T细胞在OVA免疫的小鼠中的活化与扩增的能力被用来评估其免疫激活活性(Science.2011 Aμg 19；333(6045):1030-4)。在这一分析中，小鼠首先接受OVA特异CD8阳性T细胞(OT-I T细胞)过继输送，1天后接受抗原DEC-OVA(OVA和抗DEC205抗体的融合蛋白，是一种有效输送OVA抗原的手段)和抗CD40抗体的免疫，然后在小鼠免疫6天后分析OT-I T细胞的扩增。
如图4所示，较高剂量(30μg/小鼠)的Anti-mCD40-hIgG1、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2、Anti-mCD40-hIgG4抗体在Fcγ受体人源化小鼠中(hFCGRTg)都具有活性，而同样条件下，Anti-mCD40-hIgG1、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2、Anti-mCD40-hIgG4在Fcγ受体缺陷小鼠(FcgR-/-)中却看不到明显活性(图3A)。这说明Fcγ受体的表达对激动型人IgG抗鼠CD40抗体的活性是必要的。
为了研究激动型人IgG抗鼠CD40抗体是否需要具备结合Fcγ受体的能力，N297糖基化位点的点突变(N297A)被引入人IgG2抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)，从而得到Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-NA。Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-NA抗体Fc结合Fcγ受体的能力丧失(图6)，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-NA抗体在OVA疫苗模型中诱导OT-I T细胞活化与扩增的活性也完全丧失(图3B)，说明人Anti-mCD40-hIgG2抗体的免疫激活能力依赖于抗体Fc结合Fcγ受体的能力。
实施例3.人类抑制性Fcγ受体(hFcγRIIB)与抗体Fc的特异相互作用促进激动型人抗CD40抗体的活性。
为了分析在Fcγ受体家族中具体提供人类IgG激动型抗体活性依赖的Fc-Fcγ受体相互作用的特定Fcγ受体，人类抑制性Fcγ受体hFcγRIIB的贡献被进一步分析。在抑制性Fcγ受体人源化小鼠(Fcgr2b-/-hFCGR2BTg)和对照小鼠(Fcgr2b-/-)中，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2抗体在Fcgr2b-/-小鼠中没有活性(图4C)，而在抑制性Fcγ受体人源化小鼠 (Fcgr2b-/-hFCGR2BTg)中的活性(大约有近80％OT-I CD8+，图4C)和在表达全部人类Fcγ受体的人源化小鼠(hFCGRTg)中活性(大约有近60-80％OT-I CD8+，图4A)相当，说明人类抑制性Fcγ受体足以提供支持Anti-mCD40-hIgG2的活性。
同时，当Anti-hCD40-hIgG1、Anti-hCD40-hIgG2、Anti-hCD40-hIgG3、Anti-hCD40-hIgG4体外刺激小鼠B细胞促进活化标识分子(CD80、CD86)表达时，不同Fcγ受体环境(hCD40TghFCGRTg、hCD40TghR2B-/-)对抗体的活性影响很显著(图5)。人类Anti-hCD40-hIgG1、Anti-hCD40-hIgG2以及Anti-hCD40-hIgG4的活性在hCD40Tg/hFCGRTg中活性很好，但在hCD40Tg hR2B-/-环境中活性很弱，几乎完全消失；同时人抑制性Fcγ受体(hFcgRIIB)的特异抗体2B6也能够显著的抑制Anti-hCD40-hIgG抗体的活性，说明人抑制性Fcγ受体对人类IgG(hIgG1，hIgG2，hIgG4)的抗人CD40抗体的活性具有关键正向调控作用。这和基于人类IgG(hIgG1，hIgG2，hIgG4)的抗鼠CD40抗体的研究结果一致，进一步说明人抑制性Fcγ受体与IgG抗体Fc的相互作用对人类IgG(hIgG1，hIgG2，hIgG4)抗CD40抗体活性的正向调控是一个普遍规律。
已有其他文献表明激动型抗体的激动活性依赖于其和抑制性Fcγ受体的结合，而本发明的试验不仅进一步验证了这一规律，并且显示通过移植相同的重链恒定区，可以使得针对不同抗原的激动型抗体趋向于具有基本类似的Fcγ结合模式以及激动活性。例如：上述实施例中Anti-mCD40-hIgG2和Anti-hCD40-hIgG2具有相同的重链恒定区；但是Anti-mCD40-hIgG2的抗原为mCD40，而Anti-hCD40-hIgG2的抗原为hCD40。ELISA、OVA模型以及PMBC刺激试验显示Anti-mCD40-hIgG2和Anti-hCD40-hIgG2具有基本类似的Fcγ结合模式以及激动活性。因此重链恒定区是优化激动型抗体激动活性的关键，并且优选的重链恒定区可以被广泛应用于针对不同抗原的激动型抗体，以获得类似的Fcγ结合模式以及激动活性。因而，本发明对重链恒定区进行了筛选。
实施例4.优选的具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG重链恒定区的选择。
已有相当的研究表明较佳活性的激动型抗体除了需要具备高的FcγRIIB受体亲和力之外，还需要具有高的抑制性Fc受体：激活性Fc受体亲和力比值(I：A比值)。为了分析人抑制性Fcγ受体与IgG抗体Fc的相互作用对人类IgG(hIgG1，hIgG2，hIgG4)抗CD40抗体活性的正向调控作用能够被利用增强抗体活性，需要优选具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的重链恒定区序列。虽然已经有多个基于人IgG1的重链恒定区序列变体已经被报道都具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性，以其它IgG亚型(hIgG2、3、4)重链恒定区序列为基础的具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的恒定区序列则并不清楚。因此，需要进行筛选和分析。人IgG重链恒定区与抑制性Fcγ受体的结合能力由亲和力衡量，而与抑制性Fcγ受体的倾向性由I/A比值衡量。为了优选具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG(hIgG2、hIgG4)重链恒定区，首先比较候选重链恒定区或者恒定区的Fc部分与人Fcγ受体(包括抑制性Fcγ受体(人FcγRIIB)和活化性Fcγ受体(包括人FcγRI、FcγRIIA、FcγRIIIA、FcγRIIIB)的结合能力，挑选具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力(结合亲和力和人IgG1相当或更高)和倾向性(I/A比值等于或高于人IgG1)的人类IgG重链恒定区或恒定区的Fc部分。优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高3.2倍 或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于0.32；同样优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力等于或高于人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于1；更优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高30倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于1；更优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高60倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于40；特别优选地，所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力和人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力相比提高90倍或以上，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于100。
候选重链恒定区序列包括自然的、带有一个或多个定点突变、或带有一个或多个随机突变的人类IgG重链恒定区序列；候选重链恒定区的Fc部分包括自然的、带有一个或多个定点突变、或带有一个或多个随机突变的各种Fc序列。通过分析候选重链恒定区或者恒定区的Fc部分的Fcγ受体结合能力，基于人IgG1恒定区的Fc部分的突变体V11、V9被发现具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性(表4)，这些重链恒定区的Fc部分可以和人类IgG重链恒定区的其它部分(CH1-绞链区)结合获得候选人类IgG重链恒定区。通过进一步分析候选完整人类IgG重链恒定区序列的Fcγ受体结合能力，检验这些抗体是否具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性，发现具有JAC1(带有V11 Fc序列的人IgG2重链恒定区)和JAC2(带有V9 Fc序列的人IgG2重链恒定区)的重链恒定区是具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG2重链恒定区序列(图6)。同时，在候选人类IgG2重链恒定区序列中，JAC3(带有S267E/L328F点突变的人IgG2重链恒定区序列)和JAC4(带有H268D/P271G点突变的人IgG2重链恒定区序列)重链恒定区序列也被发现具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性(图6)。
表4：IgG重链恒定区的Fc片段与人Fcγ受体的亲和力(KD)，全部亲和力由解离常数(KD)表示，KD值通过表面等离子共振试验测得。
Figure PCTCN2017087620-appb-000008
*：I/A比值＝[KD(hFcγRIIA-R131)或者KD(hFcγRIIIA-F158)中的最低值)]/KD(hFcγRIIB)。上述表4中的抗体Fc片段的名称是用表2中重链恒定区的名称来相应表示的，相应名称的Fc片段应该理解为表2中相应名称的重链恒定区的Fc片段。
用本发明给出的判断方法，可以对更多的CH1-绞链区以及CH2-CH3结构域进行优 选，从而得到其它具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG(hIgG2、hIgG4)重链恒定区。同时，由于本发明优选的重链恒定区具有高的I/A比值，即有更低的活化型Fcγ受体的结合力，因而基于本发明优选的重链恒定区构建的激动型抗体可能具有更低的诱导ADCC的活性，可以有更少的非特异性细胞毒性。
实施例5.具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体(hFcγRIIB)结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG重链恒定区支持更强的激动型抗CD40抗体活性
为了分析具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体(hFcγRIIB)结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG(hIgG2、hIgG4)重链恒定区是否能够支持更强的激动型抗CD40抗体活性，带有JAC1重链恒定区的抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))和抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11))在OVA疫苗模型中诱导OT-I T细胞活化与扩增的活性被分析，分析结果表明Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)显著优于Anti-mCD40-hIgG2的活性(图7A)；Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11)显著优于Anti-hCD40-hIgG2的活性(图7B)，表现为刺激免疫系统能力增强，其中OT1细胞绝对数和CD8+T细胞比例均明显上调。同时，带有JAC3和JAC4的抗人CD40抗体(Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF，Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG)的B细胞激活活性分析表明，Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-SELF和Anti-hCD40-hIgG2-HDPG的活性也明显优于人IgG2抗体(图8)，表现为刺激小鼠B细胞表达更高的表面活化分子CD86，人B细胞表达更高水平的表面激活分子hCD54。这些结果证明具有更好人抑制性Fcγ受体(hFcγRIIB)结合能力和倾向性的人类IgG(hIgG2、hIgG4)重链恒定区支持更强的激动型抗CD40抗体活性。
实施例6.CH1-绞链区能够调控激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体的活性
低剂量激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体(10μg/鼠)的活性分析显示在Anti-mCD40-hIgG1、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2、Anti-mCD40-hIgG3和Anti-mCD40-hIgG4中，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2在Fcγ受体人源化小鼠中(hFCGRTg)活性最高而Anti-mCD40-hIgG3活性最弱(图9A)。为了分析人类IgG抗体CH1-绞链区是否具有调控激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体的活性，人IgG3的CH1-绞链区段部分被用来替换人IgG2抗体的CH1-绞链区，替换之后的激动型人IgG2抗鼠CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(H3))失去了免疫激活活性(图9B)，说明CH1-绞链区能够调控激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体的活性。
实施例7.人类IgG2绞链区较于IgG1和IgG3的绞链区能够支持更强的激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体活性
为了比较人IgG1、2、3的CH1-绞链区段支持激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体活性的能力，具有相同的Fc，但CH1-绞链区不同的抗CD40抗体被制备。活性分析显示，这些抗体的活性显著不同，其中具有人IgG2的CH1-绞链区的抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))活性最高，具有人IgG1的CH1-绞链区的抗体活性其次(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11))，而具有人IgG3的CH1-绞链区的抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG3(V11))活性最低(图10)，说明人类IgG2绞链区较于IgG1和IgG3的绞链区能够支持更强的激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体活性。
实施例8.优选的人类IgG2绞链区和具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc能够协同提供更强的激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体活性
由于人类IgG的Fc和CH1-绞链区段都能够影响激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体的活性，有必要研究使用具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc与更好的CH1-绞链 区是否能够进一步提高激动型人IgG抗CD40抗体的活性。比较具有最好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的人IgG1抗体变异体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)，即人IgG1的V11变异体)、具有最好的CH1-绞链区的人IgG2抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)，以及结合了V11的Fcγ受体结合能力和IgG2的CH1-绞链区(JAC1)的抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11))的活性，结果显示结合了Fc优化和CH1-绞链区优选的Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)明显具有更强的活性，表现为在OVA疫苗模型中，OT-I细胞的绝对数目以及CD8+T细胞的比例显著提高(图11)。同时还在PMBC细胞刺激试验中比较了Anti-hCD40-hIgG1(V11)、Anti-hCD40-hIgG2以及Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11)的免疫刺激活性(图12)，结果同样显示结合了Fc优化和CH1-绞链区优选的Anti-hCD40-hIgG2(V11)明显具有更强的活性。
hIgG2(V11)这种更强的活性超过了hIgG1(V11)和hIgG2单独活性的简单叠加，说明优选的人类IgG2 CH1-绞链区和具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc能够协同提供更强的其它激动型人IgG抗体活性。
在MC38肿瘤模型中进一步分析了Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2以及Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)这三种抗体的抗肿瘤活性(试验方法同上文材料和方法部分)，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)的抗肿瘤活性也显著超过Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)和Anti-mCD40-hIgG2抗体的抗肿瘤活性(图13，14)，在Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)治疗组中，7只受试小鼠中有5只小鼠体内的肿瘤被完全清除，显示出极佳的肿瘤治疗活性。
同样地又在MO4肿瘤模型中进一步分析了Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2以及Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)这三种抗体的抗肿瘤活性(试验方法同上文材料和方法部分)，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)的抗肿瘤活性在这个模型中也同样显著超过Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)和Anti-mCD40-hIgG2抗体的抗肿瘤活性(图15)。
上述抗肿瘤活性测试的结果和基于OVA疫苗模型的分析结果(图11)基本保持一致。并且Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2以及Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)这三种抗体在Fc受体敲除小鼠(FcγR-/-)的MC38肿瘤模型中没有显示出抗肿瘤活性(图16)。说明Fcγ受体的结合对于激动型抗体的抗肿瘤活性是必须的，本发明重链恒定区，例如：G2(V11)，又称JAC1，既能提升人类IgG抗体CD40抗体在疫苗中作为佐剂的活性，又能提升抗体的抗肿瘤活性。
而且OVA疫苗模型试验显示，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2(V11)在3.16μg/小鼠以及1μg/小鼠的剂量下均表现出显著的活性(图17)，而Anti-mCD40-IgG1抗体在10μg/小鼠剂量下已经不再具有活性(图9A)。
运用OVA疫苗模型还比较了包含JAC4序列的抗CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-HDPG)同未经突变的IgG2抗CD40抗体(Anti-mCD40-hIgG2)的免疫激动活性，结果显示，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-HDPG较Anti-mCD40-hIgG2明显具有更强的活性，表现为OT-I细胞在CD8+T细胞中的比例以及CD8+T细胞的比例显著提高(图18)。同时，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-HDPG抗体的活性至少和Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(V11)相当，或更高(图18)。
因而，在本发明重链恒定区(例如：JAC1或者JAC4)基础上构建的激动型抗CD40抗体具有更好的免疫刺激活性以及抗肿瘤活性，其最低有效剂量仅为目前在研的基于 IgG1的激动型抗体最低有效剂量的1/10,甚至更低，因而具有更高的活性，更宽的有效剂量范围以及更好的安全性，可以开发作为抗肿瘤药物，也可以用作疫苗佐剂以增强肿瘤疫苗或者针对于感染性疾病的疫苗的免疫效果。
实施例9.优选的人类IgG2 CH1-绞链区和具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc能够协同提供更强的其它激动型人IgG抗体活性。
为了进一步研究Fcγ受体结合能力对其它人激动型抗体活性的影响，以及优选的人类IgG2 CH1-绞链区和具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc是否能够协同提供更强的其它激动型人IgG抗体活性，具有不同CH1-绞链区和Fc的激动型抗DR5抗体(Anti-mDR5-IgG)被制备出来，并分析了抗DR5抗体诱导MC38细胞程序性凋亡的活性。结果显示，人IgG2抗DR5抗体(Anti-mDR5-IgG2)没有活性，而带有JAC1序列的抗DR5抗体(Anti-mDR5-IgG2(V11))具有活性，但是必须在表达Fcγ受体(hFCGRTg)的环境中(图19)。此外，这种活性能够被人抑制性Fcγ受体特异抗体2B6完全阻断，说明带有JAC1序列抗DR5抗体(Anti-mDR5-IgG2(V11))的活性特异的受到和人抑制性Fcγ受体相互作用的调控，也进一步说明，激动型抗DR5抗体活性的调控机制和抗CD40抗体的调控机制是一致的。因此，优选的人类IgG2 CH1-绞链区和具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力和倾向性的Fc能够提供更强的激动型人IgG抗DR5抗体活性。
实施例10.优选抗体恒定区仅仅具有优选的人类IgG2 CH1-绞链区和具有好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力的Fc是不够的，Fc还需要好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合倾向性，即更高的I/A比值。
为了研究人抑制性Fcγ受体结合倾向性对具有增强的抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力的抗体重链恒定区激活活性的影响，分别构建了基于重链恒定区G2-SDIE、G2-GASDALIE和G1(H2)的抗鼠CD40抗体Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE、Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE和Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(H2)，并在OVA疫苗模型中比较了具有不同抗体的免疫激活活性。三个抗体都具有优选的人类IgG2的CH1-铰链区；相较于Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(H2)，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE和Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE都具有更好的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力(表4)，但是同时具有更强的结合人活化性Fcγ受体的能力(表4)，因此具有更低的I/A比值(表4)。OVA疫苗模型中的分析结果显示，Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-SDIE和Anti-mCD40-hIgG2-GASDALIE抗体的活性没有比Anti-mCD40-hIgG1(H2)抗体更优，反而更差(图20)，说明优选抗体不仅仅需要增强的人抑制性Fcγ受体结合能力，还需要人抑制性Fcγ受体结合倾向性。这种倾向性体现为较高的I/A比值，0.32或者更高。
本发明所提供的优选的抗体重链恒定区的实施例不仅可用于提高激动型抗CD40和DR5抗体的活性，也可用于针对其它TNF受体超家族成员的激动型抗体，如OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4、FAS等，以及针对非TNF受体超家族成员(CD28、SLAM家族分子)的激动型抗体。不仅包括针对调控免疫激活和诱导细胞程序性凋亡的受体分子的激动型抗体，还可用于针对具有其它生物学功能的受体分子的激动型抗体，如针对免疫抑制性受体分子(免疫检查点)(如PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA、LAG-3等)的激动型抗体。不仅包括以人IgG抗体为基础的激动型抗体，还可以用于以含有其它物种序列的嵌合抗体为基础的激动型抗体。不仅包括含有两条重链和两条轻链的典型IgG激动型抗体，还包含只含有重链的IgG激动型抗体，以及其它IgG 衍生变体形式的激动型抗体(如具有超过两个抗原结合位点的抗体，抗体重链的C端带有抗原结合位点的双特异或者多特异抗体)。不仅包括以抗体序列为基础的激动型抗体，还包括含有抗体恒定区序列的具有靶点激活功能的融合蛋白，如CD40L-Fc融合蛋白、OX40L-Fc融合蛋白、4-1BBL-Fc融合蛋白、CD27L-Fc融合蛋白、CD30L-Fc融合蛋白、CD95L-Fc融合蛋白、TRAIL-Fc融合蛋白、PD-L1-Fc融合蛋白等；具体的可以是CD40L-JAC1、CD40L-JAC4、OX40L-JAC1、OX40L-JAC4、PD-L1-JAC1、PD-L1-JAC4等。(表5)
表5基于本发明重链恒定区的融合蛋白的实例。
融合蛋白 抗原结合模块 重链恒定区
CD40L-JAC1 CD40L JAC1
CD40L-JAC4 CD40L JAC4
OX40L-JAC1 OX40L JAC1
OX40L-JAC4 OX40L JAC4
PD-L1-JAC1 PDL1 JAC1
PD-L1-JAC4 PDL1 JAC4
Anti-CD40 SCFV-JAC1 Anti-CD40 SCFV JAC1
Anti-CD40 nanobody-JAC1 Anti-CD40 nanobody JAC1
Anti-CD40 SCFV-JAC4 Anti-CD40 SCFV JAC4
Anti-CD40 nanobody-JAC4 Anti-CD40 nanobody JAC4
Anti-OX40 SCFV-JAC1 Anti-CD40 SCFV JAC1
Anti-OX40 nanobody-JAC1 Anti-CD40 nanobody JAC1
Anti-OX40 SCFV-JAC4 Anti-CD40 SCFV JAC4
Anti-OX40 nanobody-JAC4 Anti-CD40 nanobody JAC4
Anti-PD1-SCFV-JAC1 Anti-PD1 SCFV JAC1
Anti-PD1 nanobody-JAC1 Anti-PD1 nanobody JAC1
Anti-PD1-SCFV-JAC4 Anti-PD1 SCFV JAC4
Anti-PD1 nanobody-JAC4 Anti-PD1 nanobody JAC4
尽管上文出于举例说明的目的已经描述了本发明的具体实施方案，然而本领域技术人员将领会，可以对细节进行许多改变而不背离如权利要求所描述的本发明。

Claims (26)

  1. 一种重链恒定区，包含从N端到C端顺序连接的CH1结构域、绞链区、CH2结构域和CH3结构域，其特征在于，所述CH1结构域和绞链区的序列是来源于人IgG2的CH1结构域和绞链区的序列，所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列是:
    a)来源于人IgG1的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含G237D、P238D、P271G和A330R突变；或者是
    b)来源于人IgG1的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含G237D、P238D、H268D、P271G和A330R突变；或者是
    c)来源于人IgG2的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含S267E和L328F突变；或者是
    d)来源于人IgG2的CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列，并且所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域内包含H268D和P271G突变。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的重链恒定区，其特征在于：所述抗体重链恒定区具有如SEQ ID NO:11或者SEQ ID NO:12或者SEQ ID NO:13或者SEQ ID NO:14所示的序列。
  3. 一种重链恒定区，包含从N端到C端顺序连接的CH1结构域、铰链区、CH2结构域和CH3结构域，其特征在于，所述CH1结构域和铰链区的序列是来源于人IgG2的CH1结构域和铰链区的序列，所述CH2结构域和CH3结构域的序列为来源于人IgG的CH2结构域和CH3结构域序列，并且所述抗体重链恒定区与人FcγIIB的亲和力等于或高于人IgG1与人FcγIIB的亲和力，所述抗体重链恒定区的I/A比值等于或高于人IgG1的I/A比值。
  4. 一种融合蛋白，其特征在于，包含权利要求1-3任一所述的重链恒定区以及位于所述重链恒定区N端和/或C端的抗原结合模块。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块选自于抗体的抗原结合片段、adnectin、纳米抗体、微型抗体、亲和体、affilin、受体的靶结合区、细胞粘附分子、配体、酶、细胞因子或趋化因子中的任意一种。
  6. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块为纳米抗体。
  7. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块为配体，所述配体为免疫共刺激分子，所述免疫共刺激分子选自于CD80、CD86、ICOSL、OX40L、CD137L、CD40L、CD30L、CD27L、CD244、CD150、CD48、CD84、CD319、Ly118、CD229或SLAMF8中的任意一种。
  8. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原选自于CD40、DR5、OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4或FAS中的任意一种。
  9. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原为CD40。
  10. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块所靶向的抗原选自于PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA或LAG-3中的任意一种。
  11. 如权利要求4所述的融合蛋白，其特征在于，所述抗原结合模块为配体，所述配体为免疫抑制性配体分子，所述免疫抑制性配体分子选自于PD-L1，PD-L2，B7-H3，B7-H4，CD47，VISTA，HVEM或GAL9中的任意一种。
  12. 一种抗体，包括权利要求1-3任一所述的重链恒定区。
  13. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体为激动型抗体。
  14. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体为IgG。
  15. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体为人抗体或者是人源化抗体或者是嵌合抗体。
  16. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体所靶向的抗原选自于CD40、DR5、OX40、CD137、CD27、CD30、GITR、HVEM、TACI、DR4或FAS中的任意一种。
  17. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体所靶向的抗原为CD40。
  18. 如权利要求17所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体的轻链具有SEQ ID NO:47所示的序列，所述抗体的重链具有SEQ ID NO:27或者SEQ ID NO:43所示的序列。
  19. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体所靶向的抗原为DR5。
  20. 如权利要求12所述的抗体，其特征在于，所述抗体所靶向的抗原为免疫抑制性受体分子，并且所述免疫抑制性受体分子选自于PD-1、CTLA-4、VISTA、TIM-3、BTLA或LAG-3中的任意一种。
  21. 如权利要求4-9任一所述的融合蛋白或者权利要求12-19任一所述的抗体在制备抗癌药物中的应用。
  22. 一种用于治疗增殖性疾病的药物组合物，包含：
    a)治疗有效剂量的权利要求4-9任一所述的融合蛋白或者权利要求12-19任一所述的抗体，以及
    b)药学上可接受的药物载体。
  23. 如权利要求9所述的融合蛋白或者权利要求17-18任一所述的抗体用作疫苗佐剂的用途。
  24. 一种疫苗组合物，包含：
    a)治疗有效剂量的权利要求9所述的融合蛋白或者权利要求17-18任一所述的抗体，以及
    b)疫苗。
  25. 如权利要求24所述的疫苗组合物用于预防和/或治疗肿瘤。
  26. 如权利要求10-11任一所述融合蛋白或权利要求20所述的抗体在制备减轻炎症和/或减轻自身免疫症状的药物中的应用。
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